What is needed to mark the foundation. How to mark the foundation. Construction lifehack. How to mark the foundation correctly? Basic Tips

It is unlikely that anyone will argue that the design of the future house is a guarantee of its high-quality construction. In this case, the diagram must indicate the exact dimensions of each element of the house, starting from the foundation and ending with the roof. But when the project is ready, the next stage of building construction begins - transferring dimensions from the drawing to the ground. First of all, the foundation is built. Regardless of its type, it is the basis of the future structure, and it determines how long the house will last.

Today, several types of foundations are used in private construction, but the leadership rightfully belongs to strip foundations, since their construction is not only relatively inexpensive, but also accessible even to non-specialists. In this regard, the first question comes to mind: how to mark a strip foundation? Although seemingly easy at first glance, the action is fraught with a lot of difficulties, which must be approached carefully and responsibly.

Features of marking the soil for the foundation

When starting marking for a strip foundation, you must remember that:

the corners of the future building must be perfectly straight;
all dimensions must be observed strictly according to the drawing, errors are not allowed here;
Mistakes not taken into account at the stage of foundation construction can lead to distortion of the walls of the house.

Taking into account all of the above, marking the strip foundation with your own hands must be carried out in accordance with established rules.

Experts note that, despite the versatility and simplicity of arrangement, the foundation of this type is quite difficult to mark.

This is largely due to the design of the foundation itself, which is a single whole and cannot have deviations throughout its entire length.

In order to do this, you will need to prepare the following tool:

a tape measure longer than the longest wall of the house;
stakes made of wood or metal;
thick nylon cord or fishing line;
clips or clothespins;
square with side dimensions of at least 1 m;
level (for ease of use, it is advisable to purchase a level - a laser level).

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Preparation and marking of the site

A well-prepared project for a country house must take into account not only its parameters, but also the landscape features of the site, the groundwater level and soil type.

Based on these indicators, the type of foundation is determined and the depth of its laying is calculated. There are building codes that are mandatory for the construction of country houses of any type. First of all, this is the location of the future building. According to the rules, the house must be located at a distance of at least 5 m from the front side of the plot and at least 3 m from the border with neighboring plots.

Before marking the foundation with your own hands, you should remove debris and grass, uproot bushes and trees. The base should be located on a well-cleaned and level surface. Work must begin with the foundation wall that will face the front side of the site.

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Marking the external contour of the foundation

First, a wooden or metal peg is driven into the corner as close as possible to one of the boundaries. Using a tape measure, a distance equal to the length of the strip foundation is set off from it in the desired direction. Then a distance equal to the width of the base is measured from the same peg.

The next step should be to check the constructed angle for compliance with 90°. To do this, you need to attach a level or a large square to the corner. If none of these devices are available, you can use a nylon cord and make calculations based on the Pythagorean theorem.

How to mark a strip foundation using the Pythagorean theorem? To do this, you need to take a piece of cord or fishing line 12 m long, make marks 3 m from the beginning, then 4 m from the first mark. The cord is fixed on a peg at the 3 m mark. After this, the beginning of the fishing line or cord is fixed along the first marking line, and the 4 m mark along the second line. If the angle is 90°, the free end of the cord should connect to the beginning, forming a single unit. If this does not happen, the stakes must be adjusted and the markings must be leveled.

The marking of the remaining corners and walls of the strip foundation is carried out similarly to the described actions. If the base is a square or rectangle, its uniformity can be checked using the diagonal method. To do this you will need a tape measure and a long cord or rope. The algorithm for checking the foundation corners with your own hands is extremely simple: first you need to measure the distance between 2 diagonally located corner pegs by stretching a rope between them. Then the distance is measured between 2 other pegs. Both distances must be equal.

In a similar way, you can check the corners of irregularly shaped strip foundations. For example, if the base has the shape of the letter “G” or “P”, it must be mentally divided into regular squares or rectangles, and then the dimensions of each of them must be verified.

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Marking the internal contour of the base

After the outer contour of the strip foundation has been outlined, it is necessary to begin marking its interior. In this case, you should take into account the thickness of the base walls, which is usually at least 40 cm. 40 cm is set aside from the external marking line and a line is drawn, which will be the internal border of the strip foundation. All distances are carefully verified with a tape measure and a square.

The foundation for internal load-bearing walls is also marked in the same way. In this case, it is recommended to check the corners of all resulting squares and rectangles using the diagonal method for uniformity. In addition, experts advise paying attention to such a feature of strip foundation markings as the use of cast-offs.

A cast-off is a row of stakes with a nylon cord or fishing line stretched between them. As a rule, cast-offs are marked 5 cm from the internal and external boundaries of the foundation. The use of cast-offs allows you to dig a trench as smoothly as possible, since there is no chance of the marking stakes shifting or collapsing during the work. When installing pegs for strip foundation demolition, you should remember that they must run strictly parallel to the outlined boundaries of the foundation.

The very first stage of construction is the removal of the axes and edges of the house from the drawings or diagrams “in kind”. To do this yourself, you need to follow the technology and control the accuracy of the measurements. In most cases, it is enough to know how to correctly mark the foundation for a house that is rectangular in plan. You can perform work for more complex forms based on these skills. The transfer of geometry to the site depends on the type of foundation, but the initial stage is no different.

The very first stage in this case is finding one of the corners of the house and constructing perpendicular rays from it. Here they use the Egyptian triangle method or the Pythagorean theorem. A geometric figure has one right angle and legs that are multiples of 3 and 4. The hypotenuse must be a multiple of 5.

The step-by-step instructions are as follows:

Determine the location of one of the walls of the house on the site. Most often it is placed so that it is parallel to the fence or property line (if the fence has not yet been built). If you need to mark relative to the fence, then equal sections are laid off from it and a line is laid. Determine the location of one corner (or two corners) of the building and mark them with stakes. The line is secured using a cast-off. To do this, the structure is located at some distance from the slope of the pit (at this stage of its intended location). The cast-off is a structure made of racks and horizontal boards that are attached to them. For a strip foundation, it is enough to make the boards in one row.
Select a corner on the side of the house from which subsequent construction will be done with your own hands. The string is pulled from this point, and this must be done at an angle of 90 degrees as accurately as possible, by eye. It is impossible to do this absolutely precisely in practice, so at this stage there are deviations from the project. At the intersection point (the corner of the house on the first side taken out), the twine is fastened. Initially, work is carried out using a cord. After the right angle is determined accurately, you can install the cast-off with your own hands.
From the intersection point, mark 3 meters on one cord, 4 meters on the second.
Using a tape measure, measure the distance between two marks (hypotenuse) in a straight line. At the same time, the work is difficult to complete alone. It is important to securely fix the measuring device at the starting point.
If the distance is 5 m, then the angle is constructed accurately and its degree measure is 90ᵒ. You can proceed to the next points. If the value does not match, it means that the right angle is not constructed correctly. It is necessary to shift the leg from its original location until the hypotenuse becomes equal to 5 m.
After the constructions are completed accurately, proceed to the next stage.
On the first side (located parallel to the fence), take the second point (the size of the foundation on this side). Just like in the first case, you need to construct a right corner of the house and pull the third string.
The length of the house wall is marked on the second cord and from this point you need to find a right angle and secure the fourth cord.
On the fourth and third sides, segments equal to the dimensions of the building in plan are laid out. If the geometry is done accurately, the marks will coincide. If this does not happen, the cords are moved to ensure a match.
The final step is to check whether the rectangle is constructed correctly. This is not difficult to do. If all actions are performed accurately, then the diagonal measurements should be equal.
The result should be a stretched string or installed cast-off, which indicates the external dimensions of the house.

Advice! When locating a house on a site, it is important to take into account red building lines and fire breaks. The first ones are usually indicated in the urban planning plan. In rural areas and cottage villages, red lines are usually roads (streets and driveways). The minimum distance from the driveway to the wall of the house is 3 m, from the street - 5 m. Fire breaks depend on the materials of the house and are assigned according to SP 4.13130.2009 “Fire protection systems” Table 1.

An alternative way to construct a rectangle

In addition to using the Egyptian triangle, marking the foundation can be done using the “spider web” method. To do this you will need twine, pegs and a tape measure. Actions are performed in the following order:

Advice! For this method, twine is used, which does not cause deformation (does not stretch). If this condition is not met, we cannot talk about the accuracy of the constructions.

The previous two points are valid for any type of foundation, but then there are differences. Strip foundations can be made using two methods:

in the pit;
in the trench.

A pit is needed if the building being constructed has a basement. The cast-off is located only along the outer contour. In the case of a trench, the inner edges of the tape are marked with twine, which is secured to the structure with nails. To do this correctly with your own hands, you need to retreat a distance from the first cord equal to the width of the foundation strip.

Advice! The basic requirements for carrying out work on removing foundations to the area are given in the joint venture “Geodetic work in construction”. The error in measurements and constructions, which is allowed according to the standards, is 1 cm, so special attention should be paid to accuracy.

Marking a columnar foundation

Step-by-step instructions for marking the outer edges of a house with your own hands look the same as in the previous case. To indicate the location of each individual element, install a cast-off around the perimeter at some distance and pull the string. In this case, two horizontal boards are attached to the castoff posts. The first is at the level of the edge of the foundation elements, the second is at the level of the upper edge of the grillage.

To mark the pillars, the twine is pulled so that it runs along the axes of the supporting structures (in the middle). The pitch of the cords is equal to the pitch of the supports under the building. To determine the drilling point or sections of soil from the intersection of the string, a plumb line is lowered. Next, the markings are moved to the outer contour of the supporting elements. All locations are marked on the cast-off with screws or nails.

Marking the grillage is carried out according to the same principle as the strip base (mark the outer and inner edges). You can perform actions based on an existing nail mark. From it, simply measure half the width of the grillage in both directions and hammer in new fasteners onto which the cords are pulled.

Marking the slab foundation

This option is the simplest. Essentially, after steps 1 to 11 described for a strip foundation have been completed, you can complete the work. Here you will need to mark only the outer rectangle with twine stretched between castoffs or pegs.

Carrying out the location of foundations on the ground is a feasible task, but it requires attention and scrupulousness. If the markings are done incorrectly, difficulties may arise during the next stages of building construction.

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Have you ever seen a house with cracked walls, a structure leaning on its side, or a collapsed corner? You will have exactly the same building if the foundation is marked without preliminary preparation.

Preparatory work

You won’t be able to just go out and draw a square or rectangle – you’ll have to spend a lot of time on this. First, you need a project, at least a minimal one, where all the numbers will be agreed upon. In essence, marking is the exact transfer of your project from paper to ground, only respecting the scale. As a rule, the design of a building should be done by an engineer who is thoroughly aware of all the nuances of his work and will make a drawing in accordance with GOST and SNiP.

After you have all the papers in your hands, you can go directly to the site. You will have to work mainly with a laser level and a rangefinder, so the first thing you need to do is clean up. Remove all branches, weeds, and objects that may interfere with the laser beams when measuring the distance between corners.

As a rule, you have to smooth out the area, since there is almost never a flat surface. This can be done manually if the deviation is small or using a tractor with a scoop in front. At the same time as leveling, you will remove a layer of loose soil.

Marking the foundation and installing cast-offs

During this procedure, you need to be extremely careful, since it will be impossible to redo the work. After pouring the concrete, the money will be irrevocably spent, and whether it was wasted or not depends only on you. First, you need to choose an area with a slight slope so that storm water does not get under your house, but flows past, and the ground dries out quickly. One of the most “gross” mistakes of beginners is building a house on a perfectly flat surface or, even worse, in a cozy place in a hollow.. Such a structure will not stand for long, since the foundation will sag within a few months.

The markings for the foundation should not be exposed to weather conditions, so it is best to use fishing line and metal for it. The pegs are made from thick reinforcement, which is driven 35-40 centimeters into the ground so that they do not become loose. After you hammer in the reinforcement in the corners, stretch the fishing line everywhere, you will need to take a level and measure all the stretch marks to zero. When everything comes together, you can already install a full-fledged cast-off, which will be used to measure the foundation pit. To prevent it from interfering, it is best to knock down the boards at a distance of 2 meters from the facade of the house.

The width of the cast-off should be equal to the width of the future foundation; you need to measure the distance between the lines at each corner so that there are no expansions. If everything is done correctly, this should take approximately 2 hours, including knocking down the boards. To avoid the most common mistakes, you need to remember a few rules.

You cannot place a building closer than 3 meters to the border of another site according to fire safety rules. It is also prohibited to construct buildings closer than 5 meters from the front part of another structure according to SNiP. You may be sued for violating regulations, and the building will have to be moved.
Marking the foundation with your own hands is a rather labor-intensive process, since you will first have to remove a layer of soil and the entire carpet of plants. The site must be level, and the foundation cannot be made narrower than the thickness of the wall plus 10 centimeters. That is, with a wall of 15 cm, the foundation must be at least 25 cm.
Do not forget to check the angles of the future foundation, they must be strictly 90 degrees, no more, no less. A deviation of only 2-3 0 will be very noticeable at the other end of the wall, which will “go away” by 10-15 centimeters. The only way to accurately measure an angle is with a laser level and a tape measure. Clearly measured diagonals should converge - then you have 90 0.
Don't forget to stretch the line along the outside of the marking.

If everything is done correctly, then your future building will not be mowed anywhere, and the walls will be perfectly smooth (provided that the brick is laid correctly). It is very difficult to “smooth out” any deviations or inaccuracies in measurement, so it is better to measure 10 times and fill once.

Placing formwork under the foundation

We have already figured out how to correctly mark the foundation, now let’s move on to the next stage, which is no less important than marking. Placing formwork is the most labor-intensive and boring process, but it must be done conscientiously and really evenly, along the line. The smoother you make it, the less financial resources you will have to spend on finishing the base with building materials.

First you need to collect all the necessary props: several dozen wooden blocks 40x40x400 mm (height, width, length), which will act as spacers, OSB sheets, as well as pegs that will support them. We place the OSB sheets strictly along the line, retreating from the edges by 5 centimeters (remember one of the rules: the foundation is 10 cm thicker than the wall), then we hammer in the reinforcement, supporting the outer side so that the formwork does not “run away”, we tie it with spacers.

Building a house is a very complex and responsible process. Any, even the smallest mistake can lead to the collapse of the entire structure, so most people prefer to turn to professionals in such matters. But, nevertheless, having the necessary knowledge and a head on your shoulders, you can build a house completely on your own.

At the same time, each stage of construction is important; in this article, probably the most important one will be considered, namely, the construction of the foundation.

General markup rules

The first step in building a foundation is marking the foundation, special accuracy is required here, otherwise the house may end up moving or collapsing, so you need to be extremely careful at this stage, take into account the characteristics of the soil on which the house will stand, what kind of house you want to build and what kind you have the means.

Depending on these parameters, you can choose a suitable foundation from several possible ones, namely:

Columnar.
Tape.
Pile.
Slab.

In addition, there are several ways to mark the foundation:

Spider web method.
Golden Triangle.
Worn out.

Each of these methods has its own characteristics, but they all have common markup rules. In order to correctly mark the foundation, one of the main sides of the foundation must be tied to some object on the site, for example, it could be a fence.

Thus, the distance from the fence should be the same throughout the entire wall. Also, to mark the foundation in any way, you must have certain items and tools.

So, what is needed for markup:

Calculator.
Twine. As strong as possible, because for proper marking it will need to be pulled quite tightly.
Roulette. It is desirable that its length be at least equal to the length of the main wall.
Stakes, about a meter long.
Cutting tools.

Methods for marking a rectangular foundation

The rectangular shape of the foundation is the easiest to build. To mark it, you can use the following methods:

Spider web method.
Golden triangle (t. Piagora).
Cast-off (more often used for complex shapes).

Golden Triangle

A very simple and reliable way to mark the foundation. In order to make markup using this method you need:

Drive a peg into the corner of the main wall.
Measure 4 meters along the main wall and drive a peg
Connect 2 existing pegs with rope
Measure 3 meters from the first peg along the adjacent wall and drive the peg.
Connect the 1st and third peg with a rope.
Stretch a rope from a peg located on the main wall to a peg located on the adjacent wall. The length of the rope should be 5 meters.
If the rope does not reach the peg on the adjacent wall, move it closer, but if the rope is not tight, move it further.

This way you will get an even 90 degree angle. Next, you will need to extend the walls to the required length. To get the remaining ones into the walls, measure 2 pieces of rope of the required length and stretch from the corner pegs of the existing walls until tension is reached. Then secure. That's all - the rectangular marking is ready.

Marking depending on the type of foundation

Each foundation has its own characteristics in connection with which there are its own characteristics in the marking.

Strip foundation

Pegs are placed at the corners of the foundation, between which it is necessary to stretch twine or colored tape. Pegs are driven into the corners of the outer edges, while the trench is dripped from the inside of the marking. It is difficult to find a perfectly level area, so the depth of the trench is usually measured at the lowest point of the foundation marking.

For a small building, a trench half a meter deep will be enough. It is extremely important that the bottom of the trench is as level as possible. Also, the trench must have strictly vertical walls.

Columnar foundation

Marking a columnar, pile or slab foundation is very similar to conventional marking, but the process is somewhat more complicated. On the edges of the foundation markings, it is necessary to mark the points for placing supports. The distance between them should be no more than 2 meters.

Let's consider the structure of each type of foundation separately

Strip foundation

Marking the foundation for a 3x3 m house

Strip foundations are trenches filled with reinforced concrete, rubble concrete, brick or reinforced concrete foundation blocks. Trenches are dug directly under the walls.

The material used for the foundation depends on the type of soil:

Brick foundation. It is used extremely rarely, mainly for the outer part of the foundation. This type can be used on clay soil. Under no circumstances should it be used at elevated groundwater levels.
Rubble concrete. Used on rocky or sandy soils.
Concrete slabs and cast reinforced concrete used on clay soils.

The advantages of this foundation are as follows:

Suitable for construction on any soil.
Possibility of placing a basement under construction.
Cheaper and simpler than slab.

The strip foundation can be:

Shallow. Used on stable, stable soils and for the construction of lightweight buildings. The depth of the trench for such soil does not exceed 70 cm, that is, it does not go deeper than the freezing level of the soil.
Recessed foundation. Used only for heavy buildings. The depth of the trench for such soil extends beyond the freezing level of the ground. This type of foundation is good because it is resistant to soil shifts. However, only on condition that the building standing on it is heavy enough.
Monolith. The internal space of the faces is filled with concrete.
Collection tape. This type of foundation is not filled with mortar, but is assembled from separate reinforced concrete.

Marking the external contour of the foundation

Pile foundation

If the soil on which the house is being built is too weak to support the structure, or too uneven, a reasonable solution would be.

Due to the fact that the piles penetrate quite deeply, it becomes possible to bypass weak layers and place support on stronger ones. Beams and walls are installed on top of the piles, thus creating a stable foundation.

Piles are of the following types:

Hammers. Massive, long, reinforced concrete piles with a pointed end. It is driven deep into the ground by driving it using special equipment. It is usually not used in the private construction of small houses, since the use of equipment is quite expensive.
Bored. Instead of driving ready-made piles, holes are drilled in the ground and filled with concrete, the height of the tops of which is adjusted depending on the construction plan. Can be reinforced or unreinforced.
Screw. Metal, pointed piles with screws at the end. This makes it possible to deepen them to the required depth in a simpler way. This type of foundation is more often used in oversized private buildings.

Slab foundation

Universal, reliable and most expensive type of foundation. A monolithic reinforced concrete slab is cast on a “cushion” to the size of the house or slightly larger. When the ground moves, the cushion can float, which gives the structure stability.

may be of the following types:

Shallow slab foundation. Installed on the ground surface. The disadvantage of such a foundation is that it eliminates the possibility of building a basement.
Recessed slab foundation. During its construction, a hole with smooth walls the size of the house is dug, and a slab is poured along the bottom. Using this foundation, it is possible to build a basement.

Foundation marking scheme taking into account the established norms of distance to the neighboring site

Columnar foundation

It is the simplest and cheapest, however, and the most unreliable foundation. Its essence lies in the fact that low pillars made of brick, stones or rubble are installed along the perimeter of the wall contours. They are installed in the most critical places, the distance between them is from 1.2 to 2.5 meters.

A connecting beam is installed on top, which forms the basis for the future structure. There is also a deepening type of columnar foundation. Wells are drilled in the main support areas, which are filled with concrete and reinforced.

From below, for greater stability, such pillars are expanded. A columnar foundation is installed only on stable foundations, and is only suitable for low-rise, light buildings. In addition, the construction of a basement is excluded.

Any house must have a reliable and stable foundation. When building a country house, you need to know how to mark the foundation, because the service life of the building and the level of comfort depend on the quality of the support while living there.

Markings for the house will allow you to navigate the exact location of the object on the site. There should be no mistakes in this work. This affects the stability and strength of the foundation. The marking process involves distribution of all values from the drawn up plan to the site. That is, division is carried out on the ground taking into account the shape of the house and its size.

Preparing to mark the foundation

Before you mark the foundation with your own hands a design for the future building is being drawn up. At the same time, the area of the object, the appearance of the building and the layout of individual rooms are determined. The project is tied to the site where construction will take place. First, soil research is carried out, and then the foundation is marked.

To carry out marking you will need the following tools:

Before making markings for the foundation, it is necessary to carry out preparatory work:

After this, the foundation for the house is marked. The installation technology assumes the presence of rectangular shapes. General rules and regulations for marking are suitable for all types of bases; they are not affected by the material of manufacture or the presence of a basement.

Marking begins on any side of the building. This may be the facade or side of the building. When using a tape measure, you should give preference to metal products that have a length of more than 10 m. Fabric models do not guarantee the accuracy of measurements and sag during measurements.

The site is selected taking into account the following factors:

The prospect of all communications.
Condition of the roads.
Geographic reference to cardinal directions.

The most important purpose of the marking is to ensure the correct orientation of the future structure relative to the terrain. This will allow the building to be built taking into account standard technological rules.

Stages of taking measurements

Correct marking for the foundation consists of several stages. First of all, the main point is determined, which is the right corner of the building. It is installed taking into account the design specifications. The first peg is mounted at this point.

Start of marking

A distance is set aside from the peg that is equal to the size of the foundation. Conducted segment must be parallel to the front line. A perpendicular guide is measured inside. In this case, the resulting angle should be 90 degrees. The angle is verified with a level.

The designation of external boundaries is carried out as follows:

In the same way other elements are marked. If the diagonals of the resulting rectangle are the same, then the angles are right.

Internal boundaries

When deciding how to mark the foundation on your own, it’s worth pay attention to correct measurements of the internal contour. The thickness of the foundation should not be less than 45-50 cm. This distance is measured inward from the outer boundaries and is marked with pegs. If internal load-bearing walls are planned, then additional markings are also performed. In each element of a rectangular or square shape, the equality of the diagonal lines is checked.

When it is planned to construct a complex base shape, the entire area is divided into separate rectangles and each element is checked separately.

After marking is completed, all values are checked again and pegs are installed in the right places. This work must be carried out responsibly, and measurements must be carefully verified. Even a small error in calculations will affect the quality of the support. Proper marking of corners helps to further minimize pressure on the ground.

Performing cast-offs

After marking work is completed, wear-out is carried out. This stage of the process is considered necessary for control measurements. All contours of the future structure are brought to the surface of the earth. The top layer is removed and a recess is made to the size of a shovel bayonet.

Casting is the installation of wooden posts, which are driven in pairs into the soil at a distance of 1.5-2 meters from the corner of the base. Cast-off allows you to create the correct contour of vertical planes. In this case, the planes have a pair of columns. The horizontal parts of the pillars must be located at the same level.

The height of the cast-off is equal to the height of the base of the building. Marking the depth of the trench is done from cast-offs. In this case, the perimeter, regardless of the nature of the relief, must be the same.

Using the level

The laser level is level for marking. The internal bubble level allows you to check whether the level is level. Modern models have automatic mechanisms that adjust the position level. When deciding how to mark the foundation on your own, you can use this device.

The following actions are performed:

From the mark of the corner of the building, using a level, a line is calculated and drawn, which should coincide with one of the walls of the future building.
All measurements are taken from the same starting point. This will improve the accuracy of the measurements taken.
The zero mark is made on any visible element.

Features of strip foundation markings

Creating a strip foundation with your own hands begins with the correct markings. Similar foundation made from continuous reinforced concrete strips, which are placed in the trench. The width of the support depends on the quality of the soil. The foundation should not be thinner than the walls. Its thickness should be more than 50 cm if the building will be erected from bricks or blocks.

The depth of foundation depends on the level of soil freezing. Such structures are erected on solid soils and are easy to install, and also allow you to equip the ground floor and basement.

When marking, it should be taken into account that the building from the fence and neighboring territory should be located at the following distances:

According to fire safety rules, the distance from windows to the walls of another building must be at least 6 meters. At least 3 meters from the building to the neighboring property.
According to sanitary standards, at least 3 meters.

Marking for a strip foundation is carried out according to the general rules for marking a site for construction. The same is true for cast-off.