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From time immemorial, we have built houses from wood. Sometimes completely without the use of other building materials, with the help of only an ax, without a single nail ... Well, you know, right?

Originally Russian technologies are not forgotten. There are still hereditary specialists who will slowly but surely assemble you an authentic hut, as in the good old days. But basically, the methods and approaches have changed significantly - to the topic of the day and in accordance with modern requirements for comfort, energy efficiency, and safety. They have evolved and taken it to the next level. Now we are successfully applying, so to speak, world experience - the developments of builders from other countries, which have long proved their worth.

One of these well-established borrowings is the perforated fastener system (which is still considered innovative in our country), which is designed for quick and reliable assembly of all kinds of frame structures from edged lumber. The elements of this complex system are various angles and brackets, tapes and plates, which are equipped with a large number of pre-prepared holes. A nail plate stands somewhat apart in a large list of fixing devices, we will talk about it later.

What is MZP?

A metal-toothed plate (MZP), or as this fastener is also called a “nail plate”, is a flat rectangular (sometimes square) part made of cold-rolled steel. One of the MZP options is a "studded disc" or "studded strut".

The thickness of the plate can vary from 1 to 2.5 mm, which allows solving a variety of tasks in terms of loads. The thicker the metal, the larger the section of the structural elements the plate can connect. In any case, the steel grade is used so that the product has a balanced combination of ductility and strength.

The general dimensions of the samples sold are usually in the range of 2.5-18 cm in width and up to 30 cm in length. However, of course, the available range is much wider, many domestic manufacturers offer quick production of MZP according to individual, practically unlimited sizes. Terms of cutting the required size of non-standard minimum wages is about 7-14 days.

Like any other version of perforated fasteners, the steel toothed plate is necessarily endowed with a layer of zinc, which protects the fastener from corrosion. For use in open visible structures, the product can be coated with a colored powder coating.

Compared to conventional perforated products with round holes for nails, screws, bolts or anchors, here we have a large number of spikes on the surface of the product, extruded from the metal using a punching press.

The number of cloves can reach up to 80 pieces per decimeter of the product. Each of them, during installation, enters the tree, where it clings to the fibers, and the fasteners begin to work as a whole. After pressing the MZP, the board or beam no longer chipped in the attachment zone, the forces acting on the assembly can only act on crushing, and the bearing capacity of the finished structure only increases significantly because of this. Under extreme loads, the spliced ​​lumber breaks on the array, but does not separate under the nail plate. That is, to compare this hardware with a hundred scattered carnations is at least incorrect.

It should be noted that the height of the spikes in different nail plates may be different. The traditional option can be considered teeth with a length of 8-10 mm, but there are also products with a brushing of 14-15 mm or 25-26 mm. As a rule, there is a dependence and relationship between the thickness of the plate and the height of the tooth (the thicker the MZP - the longer the tooth - the larger lumber can be collected).

It is customary to distinguish between two fundamental options for nail plates, depending on the shape of the spikes:

• With multidirectional notch,
• With unidirectional notch.

Teeth with one direction and angle work fine, but with multi-vector loads, fixation in some directions is considered less effective. In addition, during installation, it is necessary to take a more serious approach to the orientation of the plate relative to the direction of the fibers of the board or beam, which are loaded more in the assembly. The upgraded MZPs with one direction of perforation are endowed with a displacement of studs (staggered type) in each adjacent row, which improves the engagement effect.

Experts are convinced that very good performance is given by plates in which the teeth are inclined in different directions (usually two mutually perpendicular), for example, along the diagonals of a rectangular plate or along its length and width. So, in theory, fasteners work equally well with lumber, which has any orientation of the fibers in the array, and also holds loads no matter where they are directed during the operation of the truss. There are also models in which the studding is performed not only in different directions, but also the rows of teeth are tilted at different angles.

Important! The choice of a specific plate model is based on the thickness of the fastener, overall dimensions, number of teeth, their inclination, length, section shape ... There are computer programs that allow you to calculate the appropriate MWP as accurately as possible for any type of structure.

Where is the MSP applied?

The main function of a metal toothed plate is to connect two or more edged boards or beams in one plane. Moreover, the best reliability indicators will be achieved if the sawn timber is not used wet, which is not prone to drying out and cracking.

The first samples of MZP began to be used in the patrimony of frame housing construction (in North America) at the beginning of the last century. The experience turned out to be successful. In complex spatial structures, toothed plates create a strong fixed connection, acting simultaneously as a reference base plane for frame elements.

Based on them, they collect:

• wall load-bearing frames and panels,
• various three-dimensional structures made of wood (for example, stairs),
• powerful formwork,
• longer beams by splicing lumber end-to-end,
• thicker or higher beams by splicing lumber overlay (layers or edges, respectively),
• arched structures made of piece elements (without the use of wood bending).
• complex elements of a wooden roof.

At the moment, in our country, they prefer to buy metal toothed plates mainly for creating roof trusses, which can cover very large spans - up to several tens of meters, with a variety of docking angles. Fasteners are actively used both in industrial and private construction.

Among the benefits we receive are the following:

• There are no restrictions on the maximum length of lumber available for sale,
• The terms for assembling structures are reduced, the complexity of operations for connecting elements is reduced (since there is no need to perform cuts or tie-ins, no need to massively turn screws, hammer nails).
• There is no need to purchase ruffed nails or corrosion-resistant self-tapping screws in large volumes, which are very expensive.
• The reliability of the assembled units increases with a decrease in cross sections and mass.
• The amount of wood that goes to waste is reduced.
• The number of available design solutions is increasing, especially if specialized software is used for design.

There are also some restrictions:

• It will not work to assemble directly on the spot.
• It is necessary to prepare a flat area on the ground or work in the workshop.
• You need to have some of the equipment for a reliable installation of the MZP.

What are the nuances of installing nail plates?

1. The most important point is that each connection node is fixed with a plate on both sides.
2. The platinum with unidirectional teeth should be oriented so that the rows of spikes are parallel to the fibers of the beam or board, which should perform a larger load-bearing function.
3. For installation of the MZP, options with a hammer or sledgehammer are not suitable. The pressure is too weak and uneven. Vibration is very harmful, even when struck through spacers, the plate and its spikes can be deformed.
   In order for, for example, rafter boards to evenly accept fasteners over its entire area, you need to use a rolling press. Accordingly, the assembly of roof trusses and wall frame sections is mainly carried out in workshops. And only then the frame is transported to the construction site, where it is lifted and secured in place with the help of a crane.
4. It is still possible to mount the MZP at the facility. To do this, they create a flat, clean working platform on the ground, and use a metal frame (shaped like a clamp) as a pressing device, as well as a bottle-type car jack, the working force of which is from 30 tons.
5. From lumber prepared in size, the truss is set up on stands, and through the toothed plates with single self-tapping screws, all elements are temporarily fixed in the design position.
6. All plates are laid out in the right places.
7. An impromptu press is brought under the connection zone with the plate. First, the outer corners of the structure are crimped, and then other joints.
8. The MZP is pressed into the wood smoothly until the entire plane of the plate is pressed against the truss array (squeezing, of course, is not welcome). Normally sliced ​​lumber is assembled tightly, although gaps between the ends of boards / beams up to 5 mm are possible according to the technology.

In conclusion, I would like to note that the assembly of complex frame structures from edged lumber using notched plates is slowly, but gaining popularity. Accordingly, the offer for the sale of this interesting fastener is growing very quickly. As practice shows, samples of the minimum wage of very low quality appeared on the market. Not only do one-day firms that press gear perforated fasteners do not comply with the basic requirements for the design of the spikes, they can also use low-grade steel with low strength, or a very thin zinc coating that does not last more than a couple of seasons. Therefore, the acquisition of minimum wages must be taken extremely responsibly, giving preference to trusted suppliers. In order for trusses and frames to work as expected, it is also equally important to buy a board or timber of normal quality.

The construction of frame houses is gaining popularity: they are relatively cheap and comfortable. In classic projects of houses and structures made of stone, brick and other materials, truss systems are made of wooden elements, so the issue of reliable connection of beams, timber or other wooden elements is constantly relevant. Recently, a nail plate has been widely used - a novelty among fasteners, which has successfully replaced nails, dowels and screws.

Design and material of manufacture

From the name it is clear that the nail plate in its design is a strip of metal with an analogue of nails. Its thickness is from 1 to 2 mm, the dimensions vary from 40 to 200 mm in width, and the length can be any. Different manufacturers have their own size standards. Most often, nail plates are produced with a length step of 25 mm.

The starting material for manufacturing is high-strength sheet alloyed or galvanized steel. In production, it is cut into plates of the required size, and then thin protrusions up to 8 mm long are squeezed out on a special press. They play the role of nails, firmly entering the wooden structures.

Application area

Any wooden structures that are interconnected must have an overall rigidity to maintain load-bearing capacity and prevent deformation of the entire structure. Fasteners that best cope with this task are nail plates. They are used in residential, public, industrial construction during the construction of frame wooden structures and the installation of truss systems.

Ways to use

The production of wall panels, or arches, is carried out in production workshops. Structural elements are fixed in conductors or other devices and connected with a nail plate using a press. This connection method is the highest quality, but it is not always possible to apply it.

On the construction site, the use of nail plates using a press is not possible. They are simply hammered with a hammer and at the same time they monitor the uniformity of the entry of the protrusions into the tree.

Main advantages

The popularity of nail plates is due to their advantages over other types of fasteners:

• the possibility of connecting elements in the same plane without significant protrusions on the surface;
• low own weight, which reduces the overall weight of the structure;
• the use of nail plates allows you to mount complex systems in stages without the use of heavy construction equipment;
• reduction in the total cost of the object under construction (prices are quite high, but the fasteners in question are relatively inexpensive);
• the use of a plate increases the rigidity and strength of the joints in composite structures;
• installation of the nail plate is quite simple and does not require specialized knowledge.

Existing deficiencies

This type of fastener is not without its drawbacks, of which the most significant are the following:

• low strength and rigidity under bending loads at the junction;
• manual installation of nail plates does not always provide maximum rigidity and strength of the connection;
• to obtain a high-quality structure with accurate design dimensions, a site with perfect evenness is required.

Types by tooth arrangement

Manufacturers often try to reduce the price of the building material they produce. One way to do this is to simplify the design and manufacturing technology. In this regard, most of the used nail plates are of the simplest and cheapest type with unidirectional teeth. But there are other options that are used in critical designs: with multidirectional teeth in adjacent rows and with teeth located at an angle of 45 degrees to the longitudinal axis of the plate. These options are more difficult to produce, and therefore the price of building materials for these types of fasteners is somewhat higher.

Classification and manufacturers

In the LNG countries, the classification of MPZ (metal-toothed plates - the name of nail plates according to GOST) has been adopted by thickness: MPZ-1.0, MPZ-1.2 and MPZ-2.0 are made with a thickness of 1.0, 1.2 and 2.0 mm, respectively.

In Western Europe, a popular standard is the bi-directional gang-nail spline key from manufacturing companies in Sweden, Germany, Poland and Finland. In Hungary and neighboring countries, arpad nail plates are popular, which stand out for their high strength. The price of one plate, depending on the type, size and manufacturer, ranges from 10 to 120 rubles.

Metal gear plates (MZP)- these are steel elements with a thickness of 1 ... 2 mm, which are obtained by stamping and have sharp metal teeth of various shapes and lengths on the working side,

each of which has its own functional purpose, photo 1. MZP, due to their teeth, their shape, angle of inclination and location, provide high strength fastening with wood.

MZP - the use of plates, their varieties and characteristics, installation

Photo 1. Metal-toothed plates

MZP are intended for the device of roofing and other designs from wood. MZP have the optimal thickness, shape and number of teeth for the construction of structures with such spans:

• up to 12 m - truss trusses, interfloor trusses;
• up to 30 m - arched and frame structures;
• up to 10 m - beams.

You should be aware that, in general, designs using MZP are carried out in industrial conditions. This is especially true for structures such as:

• Wall panels;
• floor beams;
• cover farms.

This is due to the fact that in production it is easy to fix structural elements in the exact design position, and allows robots to perform with high accuracy (± 10mm) and quality. Photo 2 shows the structural units with the use of MZP.

Photo 2. Units and structures using MZP

For precise fixation of structural elements at the enterprise, it is necessary to use the following equipment:

• hanging press bracket with conductor;
• mobile press;
• stationary press.

Metal-toothed plates are made of galvanized cold-rolled steel. The steel has a zinc coating with a thickness of 14…17 microns.

Metal-toothed elements are used not only in industrial housing construction, but also in private. Also, with the help of MZP, it is possible to carry out the installation of wooden formwork and the manufacture of packaging containers.

The main types of MZP are divided depending on their thickness, and the thickness determines the width of the plate and its area of ​​​​application with different cross-sections of beams. Most manufacturers produce MZP of three thicknesses: 1; 1.2; 2 mm, tab. 1. Below are their main parameters.

Table 1

Types of MW

There are MZPs that can be used to connect wooden beams with a thickness of 70 mm or more. Manufacturers offer the following plates depending on their thickness:

A) with a thickness of 1.2 mm:

• length - 160 ... 340 mm;
• width - 80 ... 140 mm;
• teeth length - 14.8 mm.

B) with a thickness of 2.0 mm:

• length 160…400 mm;
• width 80…200 mm;
• the length of the teeth is 23.5 mm.

Depending on the country of the manufacturer, the minimum wage may differ:

• according to the material of manufacture;
• according to the shape and number of teeth;
• plate thickness.

In the elements of the MZP, the teeth are located very often in order to ensure that the wood works for crushing, and not for chipping. Density of teeth can reach 70 pcs/dm 2 .

MZP are produced with:

• unidirectional arrangement of teeth (Russia);
• bidirectional arrangement of teeth (Poland, Finland, Germany).

The most common design of MZP inserts with unidirectional teeth is a slight offset of adjacent longitudinal rows relative to each other. The main disadvantage of plates with unidirectional teeth is the different strength and deformability of the teeth, the value of which depends on the angle between the axis of the plate and the axis of the force, as well as the angle of direction of the wood fibers to the axis of the force. However, there is a more improved design of the MZP, in which the teeth have a different direction - parallel to the sides and diagonals of the square (it turns out a "herringbone").

The most common MZP in the construction market are the following types (systems):

• Gang Neil (Europe);
• MZP-1.0; MZP-1,2 and MZP-2 (CIS countries);
• Arpad (Hungary).

System Feature Arpad is the arrangement of teeth in rows with different angles, directed towards each other, which, when pressed into wood, results in their jamming and increases the overall strength of the connection.

The most effective are the types of MZP Gang Neil And Arpad, however, every year the design of metal-toothed plates is being improved more and more by leading manufacturers.

The main characteristics of the MZP are given in tab. 2, 3.

table 2

The main characteristics of compounds from MZP

Table 3

Estimated bearing capacity of the MZP

Installation of MZP plates

One simple joint requires two plates, one on each side. To obtain a connection with high strength, it is necessary to use a special press that fixes the exact position of the plates and ensures the required speed of pressing the teeth into the wood.

As noted above, the installation of the minimum wage and the assembly of the main elements (structures) is carried out in the workshop, and then the finished structure is transported to the construction site, photo 3. The plates should be set so that the rows of teeth are parallel to the wood fibers of the element that takes the most effort.

Photo 3. Manufacturing and installation of wooden structures with MZP

The main advantages of MZP

1. Possibility of location of connecting elements in one plane.
2. The overall consumption of wood is reduced.
3. Relatively low weight of the entire structure.
4. The ability to carry out the installation of wooden structures without the use of special lifting equipment.
5. Relatively low labor intensity of installation work. Works on the arrangement of grooves and spikes in the elements are excluded.
6. Reduction of financial costs during the transportation and installation of wooden structures.
7. High durability of MZP elements and structures with their application.
8. Connections are obtained with relatively high strength compared to adhesive and nail joints.
9. The optimal number of people for the construction of wooden structures with a minimum wage is 4 ... 5 people.
10. Possibility of the device of wooden designs of any complexity.
11. There is software that allows you to speed up the process of designing wooden structures, eliminating the possibility of gross errors in the calculation of the strength of joints and the selection of the desired section of composite beams.

Photo 4. The main advantages of the minimum wage

The main disadvantages of the MZP

1. For the manufacture of wooden structures with MZP, a perfectly flat area is required.
2. The need for special equipment for the press, which provides the maximum and required strength of the connection. Manual installation of MZP (pressing) is not recommended, as it significantly reduces the strength of the connection. The technology of construction of wooden structures with the use of MZP is not widely used in private housing construction, as it requires the use of special equipment and is almost always performed in an industrial workshop.
3. Since the MZP of the Gang-Neil system is mainly used, one of the main drawbacks is the different work of the plate and its teeth in different directions.
4. Under the action of a load on the plate along the main axis, its bending strength of the spikes will be minimal.
5. The weak point of the teeth of the plates is at the base, where the minimum value of bending stiffness.

Konev Alexander Anatolievich