Lexical homonyms are combined into rows, each of which includes at least two words belonging to the same part of speech. There are two types of lexical homonyms: complete and incomplete (partial). Full homonyms- these are words that coincide in all grammatical forms, for example: Lavka (1) - “bench” and Lavka (2) - “ small room for trade".
These words will appear in the same forms in all cases, and the forms will also be the same plural.
Incomplete homonyms- these are words belonging to the same part of speech, in which the system of grammatical forms does not completely coincide, for example:
Shelf - “a device for storing something”, can be in the form of units. and many more h. (shelf - shelves, many shelves);
Shelf - “destruction of weeds” (a verbal noun formed from the verb weed), exists only in the singular form. h.
So, from the first word the singular and plural forms are formed, from the second word it is impossible to form the plural form. Both complete and partial (incomplete) homonyms are studied by lexicology. One should distinguish from them phenomena that lexicology does not study, although it mentions them, comparing them with homonyms. In other words, other types of homonymy should be distinguished from lexical homonyms, both full and partial. In modern Russian, these types of homonymy are presented as follows.
1) Phonetic homonymy- words match only in sound:
Pond - rod, Carry - lead, Code - cat
Such words are called homophones.
2) Graphic homonymy- words coincide only in spelling while maintaining differences in sound:
zamok (to storm) - zamok (to close); steam (vegetables) - steam (in the clouds); a "tlas (geographical) - atla"s (type of fabric). Such words are called homographs.
3) Morphological homonyms- the coincidence of words belonging to different parts of speech in one or more grammatical forms: three (numeral) - three (command, incl. from the verb to rub); oven (verb in the infinitive form) - oven (noun in I.p.); simple (adjective) - simple (noun). Such words are called homoforms.
One more series of words should be distinguished from homonyms, which are called paronyms. Paronyms(from the Greek Para - about and Onyma - name) - these are words that are similar in sound and morphemic structure, but have different meanings. Typically, paronyms are words formed from the same root, but using different affixes (suffixes, prefixes). For example: Put on (a coat on yourself) - dress (a child); Economical (person) - economical (regime) - economic (crisis); Escalator (moving staircase) - excavator (earthing machine); Zdravitsa (toast, congratulation) - health resort (sanatorium).
The similarity of paronymic words in sound and the common root in them is the main source of errors in their use. Paronyms are sometimes mixed in speech, although they denote different phenomena. For example, they say “put on a coat” instead of “put on a coat.” Meanwhile, the verbs put on and dress differ in meaning: they put on what, and dress whom (put on a coat, hat, mittens - dress a child, a sick person). This example shows that paronyms differ not only in meaning, but also in compatibility with other words.
Homonyms- these are different in meaning, but identical sounding or spelling units of language - words, morphemes.
Derived from Greek homos- identical and onyma- Name.
There are several types of homonyms: full and partial, graphic and grammatical, phonetic and homonymous.
U full/absolute homonyms the entire system of forms coincides. For example, key(for castle) - key(spring), bugle(blacksmith) - bugle(wind instrument).
U partial Not all forms have the same sound. For example, weasel(animal) and weasel(show of tenderness) diverge in the genitive plural form - caress - caress.
Graphic homonyms or homographs- words that are the same in spelling, but differ in pronunciation (in Russian due to differences in stress).
From Greek homos- identical and graphic- writing.
Atlas - atlas
lead - lead
whiskey - whiskey
road - road
castle - castle
smell - smell
great - great
goats - goats
lesok - lesok
little - little
flour - flour
hell - hell
pier - pier
forty - forty
Already - already
Grammatical homonyms or homoforms- words that sound the same only in some grammatical forms and most often belong to different parts of speech.
I'm flying by plane and I'm flying throat (in other forms - fly and heal, flew and treated, etc.); acute saw And saw compote (in other forms - saw and drink, saw and drink, etc.).
Homonymous morphemes or homomorphemes- morphemes that are the same in their sound composition, but different in meaning.
Derived from Greek homos- identical and morphe- form.
For example, the suffix -tel in nouns teacher(actor meaning) and switch(the meaning of the current item); suffix -ets in words sage, male, cutter and brother; suffix -k(a) in words river, training, extras and graduate student.
And the most interesting Phonetic homonyms or homophones- words that sound the same, but are spelled differently and have different meanings.
Derived from Greek ὀμόφωνο
- "sound-likeness".
Examples in Russian:
threshold - vice - park,
meadow - onion, fruit - raft,
mascara - mascara,
fall - you will fall,
ball - point,
inert - bony,
betray - give,
emit - imitate.
In the Russian language, the two main sources of homophony are the phenomenon of deafening consonants at the end of words and before another consonant and the reduction of vowels in an unstressed position.
Homophony also includes cases of phonetic coincidence of a word and a phrase or two phrases. The letters used can be completely identical and the difference in spelling is only in the placement of spaces:
in place - together,
in everything - at all,
from mint - crushed,
from the hatch - and the angry one,
not mine - dumb.
In English, homophones arose as a result of the historically established different designations in writing for the same consonant or vowel sound, for example:
whole-hole,
knew - new.
In French There are whole series of homophones consisting of three to six words, one of the reasons for which is that in French many final letters are not readable.
Sources: Wikipedia, Dictionaries, Directories
Homonyms are words that are identical in sound composition, but not related in meaning: Lezginka (dance) - Lezginka (woman); rook (chess piece) - rook (ship); ambassador (method of procuring food) - ambassador (diplomat). The identical external sound-letter and grammatical form of homonyms makes communication difficult, since distinguishing their meaning is possible only in context, in combination with other words. Homonyms, examples of which show this, cannot be understood without context: an advantageous offer is an impersonal offer; buds are blooming - cure the buds; right hand- right (innocent).
Types and examples of homonyms in Russian
Complete lexical homonymy is the coincidence of words belonging to the same part of speech in all forms: month (calendar) - month (luminary), car assembly (from the verb to collect) - assembly on fabric (fold), motive (musical) - motive (behavior), read (book) - read (adults, parents), outfit (order) - outfit (clothing), note (diplomatic) - note (musical). Incomplete lexical homonymy implies a coincidence in the spelling and sound of words belonging to the same part of speech, not in all forms: stingray (wheel; inanimate) - stingray (to the river; inanimate) - stingray (fish; animate); bury a hole (perfect form - bury) - bury medicine (perfect form - bury); crayfish (river animal) - cancer (disease, has only a singular number).
There are homonyms, examples of which can be seen below, associated with grammatical and sound changes: mouth - gender (pronounced like [roth]); three (from the verb to rub) - three (number); pair (boot) - (clubs) pair; oven (pirozhki) - (Russian) oven.
Homonyms: examples and types by structure
- Root. They have a non-derivative basis: marriage (factory) and marriage (happy), peace (reigns in the family and state) and peace (the Universe).
- Derived homonyms are the result of word formation: drill (drill song) and drill forest.
Phonetic, grammatical and graphic homonyms: examples of use
Homophones (phonetic homonyms) are words that are identical in sound composition, but different in spelling (letter composition): mushroom and flu, code and cat, fort and “Ford”, illuminate and consecrate, people and lyut.
Homographs (letter, graphic homonyms) are words that have the same letter composition, but differ in pronunciation: shelves - shelves, horns - horns, atlas - atlas, soar - soar (the stress in these words falls on different syllables).
Homoforms - the coincidence of grammatical forms of one word or different words: window glass (noun) - glass on the floor (verb in the time to go - summer time; hunting (for predators) and hunting (desire); popsicle ice cream - frozen meat (noun and adjective); return in the spring - enjoy the spring (adverb and noun ); leak on the floor - seal a leak (verb and noun).
Puns and homonyms: examples of words and casual statements
You need to be careful when using homonyms, since in some situations homonymy can distort the meaning of a statement and lead to comedy. For example, the commentator's words football match: “In today’s match the players left without goals” - can be understood in two ways. And even writers are not immune from such speech incidents:
- "Did you hear?"
- "You cannot be indifferent to evil."
The Russian language is one of the top 10 most famous languages in the world. But in several languages there are words that sound the same but are spelled differently, including in Russian.
The names of such words are homonyms. To study in more detail what homonyms are and what types of them exist, you should read this article.
What are homonyms and what are they?
“Homonymy” is translated from Greek as “same name.” Homonyms are those words that are similar in writing and pronunciation, but differ in understanding
For example:
- The word "outfit". At the same time it can mean both the type of clothing and a soldier’s outfit.
- "Onion" is also considered a homonym. In one sense it is a plant, in another it is a weapon.
- The word "shop". One of the meanings of the word “bench” is a trading bench, and the second is an ordinary bench installed in a park on which people sit.
In our language, complete and incomplete homonyms are classified. Full homonyms include those that are one part of speech. For example, the word “smooth” is a noun with a double meaning: it means an even plane and a type of embroidery.
In both cases, “smooth” is a noun, the words are heard and written the same. We can conclude that, in fact, the word “smooth surface” is a homonym.
Types of homonyms - homophones, homographs, homoforms
Let's talk about incomplete homonyms. The translation of the word “homograph” from Greek is “same spelling.” In its turn Homographs are identical in spelling, similar to each other, but differ in pronunciation and meaning.
The most famous example is the word “castle”. When the accent is on the letter a, that is, “lock” is a certain building, and “LOCK” is a device that locks the door.
Or the word "organ". When we stress the first vowel, we get the word “Organ” - an element of a living organism, for example, heart, liver. When the second vowel is stressed, we get the word “organ” - a musical instrument.
The word "homophone" also came to us from the Greeks. Translated, it means “similar sound.” Based on this, we conclude that Homophones are words that are similar in sound but different in spelling. For example, in the expressions “open the door” and “boil dumplings” the verbs sound exactly the same, but when written, and, accordingly, in understanding, they are different.
It remains to figure out what homoforms are. Everything is much simpler here. Homoforms are words that are the same when written and pronounced not in all contexts of sentences.
For example, in the expressions “glass of water” and “glass of glass”, the word “glass” is a homoform.
Homonyms - examples of words
For children, homonyms are shown very clearly in the following pictures.
This concept can be explained to a 5-6 year old child, which is often done by speech therapists, specialized kindergartens and advanced parents.
Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language
They wrote their own dictionaries for homonyms. The dictionary of homonyms, written by O. S. Akhmanova, fully and fully presents the classification of homonyms and information about them.
The dictionary of homonyms, which was created by N.P. Kolesnikov, contains translations of homonyms into 3 languages.
What helps to distinguish between words and homonyms
Homonym words are constantly confused with words that have several definitions, simpler, polysemantic words. Let's figure out what it is?
These are words that have a number of meanings that are interconnected in meaning. For example, the word hat.
The hat can be women's, nail or mushroom. In these cases, the meaning is not particularly different and means some kind of accessory or some kind of upper part.
Grammatical homonyms
These are words that are similar in pronunciation, but in spelling they coincide only in certain grammatical forms. For example, the word “flying”. It can mean the action “heal” in the first person, singular, or “fly”.
Also good example This type of homonym is the word “three”. "Three" can be a verb or the numeral "three" in the dative case.
Functional homonyms
These are words that are similar in spelling and sound, but belong to different parts of speech. They occur due to the transition of words from one part of speech to another.
The most obvious example of this type of homonym is the word “exactly”. It can be either a comparative particle or an adjective.
“To notice accurately” is an adverb. “Like a hurricane flew by” is a comparative particle. “Precisely defined” is an adjective.
Lexical homonyms
Words that have different meanings, but coinciding in pronunciation and writing in almost all forms. They are one part of speech.
A good example is the word “flog”. This is a verb that can mean cutting a sewing stitch or beating.
Morphological homonyms
These are words that are spelled identically, but depending on the context they are in different parts speech.
The word "oven" is both a noun and a verb. It is possible to understand in what form this word is used only from the context.
Examples:
- “Ilya lit the oven so that grandma could make pies,” here the word “oven” is a noun;
- “Grandma was going to bake pies with meat and onions,” in this sentence the word “bake” is a verb.
Homonymous endings
To understand this concept, you first need to remember what case is. Case is a form of a name that indicates the relationship of words in a sentence.
There are 6 cases in the Russian language: nominative (I.p.), genitive (R.p.), dative (D.p.), accusative (V.p.), instrumental (T.p.), prepositional (P. .P.). Among case endings There are also homonym endings.
Homonymous endings are those endings that sound the same, like all homonyms, but have different grammatical meanings.
For example, the words “sisters” and “water”. In the first case, the word “sisters” is plural. h., I. p, and the word “water” is singular. h., R. p.
To summarize, I would like to draw your attention to the fact that the topic of homonyms is complicated not so much by the definitions of this concept, but by the variety of types. To fully understand the topic, you need to carefully familiarize yourself with and understand all types of homonyms and their differences.
