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According to the Koryak language

The name "Koryak" refers to an ethnic group that does not have a single self-name: deer Koryaks call themselves chav'chiv'(pl. chav'chiv'av'), settled Koryaks living on the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Bering Sea call themselves nimylg'yn(pl. nimylg'o). The self-name of the settled Koryaks "nymylans" and the name "nymylan language" in the early 30s of the twentieth century. were used to name the entire ethnic group and its language instead of the traditional names "Koryaks" and "Koryak language", however, these names, like other innovations in the designation of peoples Far North did not take root.

Variants of the name and self-name of the language

The main name of the language is the Koryak language. The name "Nymylan language", formed from the name and self-name of a part of the settled Koryaks, introduced in the 1930s, quickly fell into disuse.

Genetic affiliation

The Koryak language is one of the languages of the Chukchi-Kamchatka, or Chukchi-Koryak group, which conditionally refers to the "Paleo-Asiatic" languages. The group of Chukchi-Koryak languages also includes the Alyutor and Kerek languages, the former of which often belongs to the Koryak dialects. No distant family ties have been identified for this group.

Geography of language distribution

The Koryaks live in the northern and middle parts of the Kamchatka Peninsula, on the coast of the Bering and Okhotsk Seas, the bulk of the representatives of the ethnic group live in the Koryak Autonomous Okrug. A small part of the Koryaks live in areas of the Kamchatka region that were not part of the Koryak Autonomous Okrug (Bystrinsky, Sobolevsky), more than 700 Koryaks live on the territory of the modern Severo-Evensky district of the Magadan region, mainly on the Taigonos peninsula (settlement Topolovka, Upper Paren, partly . Gizhiga), about 100 Koryaks live in the southeast of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. According to toponymy and historical sources, in the second half of the 17th century. The Taui River was the western border of the settlement of the Koryaks on the Okhotsk coast, at present this border has shifted east to the Gizhiga River.

Language contacts

The Koryak language is currently in contact with a number of Even dialects, but it influences the Even language to a much greater extent than it is subjected to. external influence. Until the 18th-early 19th century, the Koryak actively contacted the Itelmens, and the Koryak language acted as an intermediary language in the communication of Russian Cossacks and travelers with the Itelmens. The consequence of these contacts is the presence in the Itelmen language of a large number of Koryak words dating back to different (at least two) dialects). There are facts that speak of contacts between the Koryak language and the language of the Ainu, who lived in the past in the south of Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands.

Number of native speakers

According to the 1989 census, the number of Koryaks is 8942 people (in 1959 people, in 1979 7900 people). In 1989, 52.4% of Koryaks called the Koryak language their native language (in 1979, 69.6%), 46.8% of Koryaks consider Russian as their native language (in 1979, 30.1%). According to available data, only 5.4% of Koryaks are fluent in the Koryak language.

Presence of dialects

The Koryak language, in contrast to the Chukchi language, as well as the Alyutor and Kerek languages, represented by a small number of speakers, is characterized by a significant dialect fragmentation. Already in the 1740s, G.V. Steller distinguished three dialects in the Koryak language, including Alyutor. Nowadays, the following dialects are distinguished in the composition of the Koryak language: Chavchuvensky, Parensky, Itkansky, Apukinsky, Palansky, Karaginsky, Kamensky. Sometimes the Alutor dialect is also called as a dialect of the Koryak language, which many consider to be an independent language of the Chukchi-Kamchatka (Chukotka-Koryak) group.

Linguistic characteristics of the language

Phonological information. In terms of sound structure and grammatical composition, the Koryak language is close to the Chukchi language. The Koryak language has 6 (in some dialects up to 4) vowels and up to 20 consonants (there is no vibrant r in the Chavchuven dialect) The pharyngeal consonant g' corresponds to the Chukchi guttural stop in the Koryak language: the main differences between the Koryak language and the Chukchi language in phonetics are in opposition language of labiolabial w (in the current chart c') and labiodental v (in chart c), in the presence of palatalized l'. There are no voiced stops in the consonant system. There are also differences between the Chukchi and Koryak languages in the rules of vowel harmony: in certain morphemes and word forms of the Koryak language, a combination of vowels belonging to different synharmonic series is allowed, which is not allowed by vowel harmony in the Chukchi language.
Morphology. The morphological structure of the Koryak language is agglutinative, while it uses both suffixes and prefixes and confixes (combinations of prefixes and suffixes). In the field of morphology, the Koryak language is characterized by the opposition of the dual and the plural (in the Chukchi language, the category of the dual is lost, but the Chukchi plural indicator is T corresponds to the Koryak suffix of the dual number), as well as the presence of specific case forms that are absent in the Chukchi language. In the inflection of the verb, two types of conjugation are contrasted - subjective and subject-object, while subject-object forms distinguish the person and number of the subject and object. The following tenses of the verb are distinguished: present-past, past completed, past II, future I, future II tenses. The mood category combines the forms of the indicative, imperative and subjunctive moods.
syntactic information. The syntactic structure of the Koryak language is characterized by the opposition of two types of constructions: a nominative construction with intransitive verbs and an ergative construction with transitive verbs, while the word order in the sentence is relatively free.

The lexical composition of the Koryak language reveals a great proximity to the Chukchi language; the dialects of the settled Koryaks, primarily Palanian, are close in vocabulary to the Alyutor language, which is sometimes considered a dialect of the Koryak language. The lexical correlations of the Koryak and Kerek languages have not been studied.

Sociolinguistic characteristics of the language

Legal status, current state of the language

The Koryak language is the language of the titular people of the Koryak Autonomous Okrug, but its multi-dialect character prevents its rise in status. Education is conducted in the language of the Koryak reindeer herders (Chavchuvens), which has been the basis of the Koryak literary (written) language since the 1930s. Intentions to introduce training in primary school schools in the dialect of the settled Koryaks of the Bering Sea coast, voiced in the second half of the 1990s, have not been implemented up to the present.

Writing and spelling

Writing for the Koryaks was created in the early 1930s on a Latin graphic basis using the Unified Northern Alphabet. In 1937, the Latin-based Koryak alphabet was replaced by a Cyrillic-based alphabet without additional characters (in this version of the alphabet, the uvular sound k was transmitted by the Russian letter x, and the back-lingual nasal - by the combination ng), in the 1950s, additional letters v', g', k', n'; in the early 60s, the last two letters were replaced with “k with a tail” and “n with a tail”. elementary school(more than 35 titles released). More than 40 titles of samples of original and translated fiction, journalistic and popular science literature have been published - until the beginning of the 1950s, books were published in Leningrad, later - in Khabarovsk and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. The bulk fiction published in the Chavchuven dialect, which was the basis of the written Koryak language, but in the last 10 years attempts have been made to publish books in the dialect of settled Koryaks (several books by K. Kilpalin). From time to time, at different times, pages in the Koryak language were published in the district newspaper of the Koryak Autonomous Okrug, separate materials in the Koryak language were published in regional newspapers, where local dialects of the Koryak language were used. Reports about the existence among the Koryaks of an alternative original pictorial writing of the hieroglyphic type (A.F. Makeev) have no basis.

Public functions of the language

Photo by M.Ya. Zhornitskaya. Archive of IEA RAS

Koryak currently functions as a language oral communication in the family between representatives of the older and middle generations, the degree of knowledge mother tongue small among young people. The Koryak language is also used in the field of professional communication in those groups that operate in the field of traditional activities of the Koryak ethnic group (reindeer herding teams, fishing teams), in small sewing workshops in the villages. Knowledge of the Koryak language, mainly among the older generation, is widespread among the Evens of the northern part of Kamchatka and the Severo-Evensky district of the Magadan region. Some Koryaks living in the Koryak-Even contact zone speak the Even language. In the 18-19 centuries. Koryak language was used as a means of communication between Koryak and different groups of Itelmens, Koryak “yasyrs” acted as interpreters when Russians communicated with Itelmens. The Koryak language is considered understandable for the Chukchi living in the Berinogovskiy district of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, while the Kerek language is incomprehensible for the Chukchi, and the Kereks spoke Chukchi with the Chukchi. The specificity of the language situation among the Koryaks, compared with the language situation among other peoples with a commensurate population, is the relatively large number of older people who are monolinguals, i.e. speak only Koryak and do not know Russian. However, due to such reasons as the rupture of ties between generations, the employment of representatives different generations in different fields of activity and different educational levels, the age difference between representatives of an ethnic group living in large settlements and national villages or the tundra, older people cannot pass on knowledge of their native language to children and grandchildren. Another feature that distinguishes the existence of the Koryak language from other languages \u200b\u200bof the peoples of the North is territorial polyglossia; even before the 1960s. among the Koryaks, knowledge of neighboring dialects of the Koryak language was widespread, which were used for communication when the speakers' own dialects were mutually incomprehensible (there were cases when one native speaker knew 3-4 dialects of the Koryak language). The Koryak language is the subject of teaching in grades 1-2 of elementary school; in some schools, optional teaching of the Koryak language is conducted in the senior classes. The Koryak language is also taught as a subject at the Palana Pedagogical College and at the Faculty of the Peoples of the Far North of the Russian State University. ped. University named after A.I. Herzen. The regional radio broadcasts in the Koryak language for 3 hours a week. One of the most serious problems, arising from the intensification of teaching the Koryak language - its multi-dialect. Among the factors that have an adverse effect on the linguistic situation among the Koryaks are: 1) a gradual decrease in the number of older people who speak the Koryak language; 2) unfavorable social conditions residence of the ethnic group, the closure of settlements in places of traditional residence of territorial groups of Koryaks and resettlement local residents to settlements with a predominance of a visiting Russian-speaking population; 2) the destruction of the traditional family and the lack of opportunities for children and young people in the family to master the Koryak language; 3) a decrease in the number of traditional production teams and a decrease in the number of representatives of the ethnic group employed in traditional areas of the economy, primarily in reindeer herding; 4) lack of professional and cultural motivations for mastering the Koryak language among young people and people of the middle generation; 5) the insignificant effectiveness of the process of teaching the Koryak language in elementary school.

Degree of study and history of language learning

Most early information about the Koryaks were received at the very beginning of the 50s of the 17th century. S. Dezhnev on the coast of the Anadyr estuary and M. Stadukhin, who committed in 1651-1656. crossing the territory inhabited by Koryaks from the source to the mouth of the Penzhina River and further west along the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk to the mouth of the Taui River and later to Okhotsk. Earlier reports about the "Koryak people" in the documents of the 40s of the 17th century most likely refer to the settled Chukchi of the Arctic coast, the same is true with respect to individual mentions of the Koryaks on the territory of Yakutia in the first third of the 18th century. The first documents covering campaigns in the territory inhabited by Koryaks and providing information about settled Koryaks and "deer Koryaks" (although this phrase contradicts the meaning of the internal form of the name "Koryaks") are "Skaski" by Vladimir Atlasov, compiled not at the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th centuries . A large amount of information about the ethnography of the Koryak and various dialects of the Koryak language was collected in the 40s of the 18th century. during the Second Kamchatka expedition S.P. Krasheninnikov and G.V. Steller, in the same period, valuable materials on the language and ethnography of the Koryaks were collected on the Okhotsk coast by Ya.I. Lindenau. In the 1940s, vocabulary materials on the Koryak language were collected by I.G. Voznesensky, later they were used in the work of L. Radlov, devoted to the comparison of the Chukchi and Koryak languages. At the end of the 19th century ethnography, folklore and the language of the Koryaks were studied by V.I. Yokhelson, author of the two-volume monograph "The Koryak", and V.G. Bogoraz, who compiled a grammatical sketch of the Koryak language in comparison with the Chukchi and Itelmen languages. In the 20s-30s, the study of the Koryak language was continued by direct students of V.G. Bogoraz - S.N.S. Tebnitsky, G.M. Korsakov, G.I. Melnikov, I.S. Vdovin, T.A. Moll, P.Ya. Skorik, N.A. Bogdanova, since the 1950s the Koryak language has been studied by A.N. Zhukov. Currently, she has published a grammar of the Koryak language, a Koryak-Russian dictionary, a voluminous Russian-Koryak dictionary, two monographs on Koryak dialects, as well as an educational Koryak-Russian and Russian-Koryak dictionary and a textbook of the Koryak language for pedagogical schools. The linguistic situation among the Koryak, as well as Russian lexical borrowings in the Koryak language and Russian vocabulary in the Koryak language dictionaries were studied by A.N. Badaev. Work on the study of the vocabulary of the Koryak language is continued by V.R. Dedyk, student of A.N. Zhukova, ethnically Koryak. Ethnography of the Koryaks in the 20th century. was the subject of scientific studies by S.N. Stebnitsky, I. S. Vdovina, I.S. Gurvich, V.V. Antropova, K.G. Kuzakova, V.V. Gorbacheva, Yu.V. Chesnokov.

The morphology and vocabulary of the Koryak language have been studied quite fully, the syntax has been developed and described to a lesser extent. Not all dialects are fixed and described with a sufficient degree of completeness. There are no experimental phonetic studies of the sound structure of the Koryak language.

Materials on the Koryak language and folklore are available in the Archives of the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, Russian Academy of Sciences (Kunstkamera). Recordings of Koryak folklore, stored in the Phonogram Archive of the Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkin House) of the Russian Academy of Sciences, are very few. Materials on the language and folklore of the Alyutors were collected during expeditions conducted by the Department of Structural and Applied Linguistics of the Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov.

Specialists and scientific centers engaged in the study of the Kryak language

Zhukova Alevtina Nikodimovna, Ph.D.
Institute linguistic research Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 199053, St. Petersburg, Tuchkov per. 9
Mudrak Oleg Alekseevich, Ph.D.
101009 Moscow, Bolshoi Kislovsky per. d.1/12, Institute of Linguistics RAS. e-mail: [email protected]
Muravieva Irina Anatolievna, Ph.D. e-mail: [email protected]

KORYAK

Pertaining to the Koryaks, associated with them.

Peculiar to the Koryaks, characteristic of them.

Belonging to the Koryaks.

Large modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. 2012

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KORYAK LANGUAGE

(outdated - Nymy-Lai language) - one of the Chukchi-Kamchatka languages (Chukotka-Koryak branch). Distributed in Koryak, author. env. RSFSR. The number of speakers is 5.4 thousand people. (1979, census). In K. I. the Chavchuvei, Apukinsky, Kamensky, Pareisky and Itkansky dnalects are distinguished. Characteristic features of phonetics: vowel harmony, absence of a vibrant /p/, the presence of a postvelar fricative h (along with a stop ?, which performs an auxiliary function), specific. assimilation yy > hh, distact assimilation of dental consonants according to palatal-evanity, increment of an additional syllable after monosyllabic stems (cf. Koryak, vakky "byt" - Chukot. vak); in Koryak, "/y/, the proto-phonyms *d, *p and *y coincided; syllables of the form SG and SGS are characteristic of the syllabic structure. A feature of morphology is the presence of a special indicator of crust, time ku - ts, In K. Ya. a layer of vocabulary is well developed related to reindeer breeding.The script, created in 1931 on the basis of Latin script, was translated into Russian script in 1936. The Chavchuven dialect was put at the basis of the lithic language. phonetic differences between the dialects of the Nymylan (Koryak) language, in the book: In memory of V. G. Bogoraz, Moscow-Leningrad, 1937; 1972. T. A. Moll, Koryak-Russian Dictionary, L., 1960; A. N. Zhukova, Rus.-Koryak, Elo*var, M., 1967. I. A. Muravieva,

Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. 2012

Phonology

Koryak is characterized by vowel harmony.

stress

In the vast majority of cases, the stress in two-syllable words falls on the first syllable. At the same time, in two-syllable words formed by reduplication of the root morpheme, it is very difficult to determine the stress by ear. In words with more than 2 syllables, it is typical to place the stress on the penultimate syllable (there are exceptions). Thus, the stress is not fixed on any syllable of the stem, but shifts when the word changes. In words with more than 4 syllables, stressed and unstressed syllables alternate relatively evenly.

The reduction of vowels in an unstressed syllable is small, and in stressed and unstressed syllables they retain their qualities.

Morphology

The Koryak language belongs to the languages of the agglutinative type. Each Koryak word has a root and affix morpheme (usually several). Affixal morphemes have several functions, such as: 1. Refinement, addition or transformation of the main lexical meaning of a word; 2. Expression of grammatical categories; 3. Syntactic connection of the word with other words of the sentence.

word formation

As in other Chukchi-Kamchatka languages, Koryak is characterized by the phenomenon of word root reduplication. A significant number of nouns are formed in this way. The repetition of the root morpheme can be either complete or incomplete. Examples: gilgil(floe), wetwet(Job), wilvil(price, fee), g'ylg'yl(snow), kytkyt(nast), dark(village), mygmyg(wave), tilttil(wing), tomtom(needles), cheolchul(salt), g'ichg'ich(drop), etc. Examples of words with incomplete reduplication are: alaal(summer), v'unev'un(cedar cone), giyigy(ladder), ipip(steam, smoke) yittyit(cloudberry), kymgykym(flea), kychchakych(foam), timitim(raft), enmyen(rock), etc. Sometimes in the Koryak language there are words with the same meaning, formed by reduplication and affix, for example: milgymil And milgyn(fire, campfire).

An important role in word formation is also played by the addition of two bases, for example: taʻalevaʈyan- bakery (from the words taalevaӈ-ky- ‘bake bread’ and i-i-a- 'house'); ynpyĄlavol- old man (from the words n-ynpy-ӄin- ‘old’ and Alawol- 'husband'); kalytynik- embroider (from the words kali-cal- ‘painting’ and tynik- 'sew'), v'yitiyu-n- inhale (from the words v'yi- ‘air’ and tiyu- ‘pull, pull’). It is also characteristic that compound words sometimes become a source of formation of new lexical units, for example: gaymo ly҈yk- wish gaymo ly҈gyyӈyk- wish. A number of widely used morphemes of the Koryak language are used both as root and as affixes.

Another way of word formation is affixation (the addition of both suffixes and prefixes is typical in Koryak). Examples: mail-lg'-yn- postman; tg'ol cow- beef; nyvely-ny- stop. Koryak has various derivational suffixes: the diminutive suffix - pil/pel(also carries a diminutive connotation); magnifying - neӄu / naӄo etc. Examples: yayaya(house) - ya-pel(house); miluth(hare) - milute-pil(bunny), v'ala(knife) - v'ala-naӄo(large knife), etc.

The suffix -chg is used to form nouns with derogatory or negative connotations, for example: miluth(hare) - cute-chg-eun(bunny). This suffix can also be included in personal names to give a negative connotation. Nouns meaning a female animal are formed using the prefix - ӈev/ӈav, For example: horse(horse) - ӈav'konya(mare). To form nouns with the meaning of an animal cub, the prefix - ai, For example: ӄaiӈyn(bear) - ӄay-kay҈yn(bear cub).

grammatical number

Koryak has singular, plural and dual numbers. Numbers are actually distinguished only in the basic form of nouns, while in case forms the grammatical number is not expressed: gyynik(a beast, two or many beasts).

Dialects

11 Koryak dialects are mentioned in the literature - Chavchuvensky, Karaginsky, Apukinsky, Alyutorsky (Olutorsky), Palansky (Pallansky, Lesnovsky), Kakhtaninsky, Rekinnikovsky, Kamensky, Itkansky, parensky, Gizhiginsky. S. N. Stebnitsky attributed the Kerek (Kerek) language to the dialects of the Koryak language. At present, the main dialects in KAO are Chavchuven, Palan, Alyutor, Karagin.

The classification of Koryak dialects is based on the sign of correspondence to the sound й in yak dialects (Chavchuven also belongs to yak) to the sounds t, r in takayush-raking dialects: Chavchuven yayaya, Apukian yayaya, Alutor raraa, Pallanian raraa, Karaginsky raraa(cf. Chuk. yarӈy) - house; chavch. yayol, Apuk. yayol, alu. tattoo, fell. tattol, carag. tatol- fox.

Some common words completely coincide in dialects: v'ala- knife (chavch., karag., pal., alyut.) and further in the same dialects - mimyl- water, milgyn- fire, mygmyg- wave, ynnyyn- fish, ӄetaӄet- chum, piӈpiӈ- ash, liglig- egg. Along with this, there are lexical differences: chavch. kmin, epil, carag. nope, oops, fell. unyunyupi- baby; chavch. kalal, carag. assuas, fell. achuach- pink salmon; chavch. g'atken,, carat. diverhack,, fell. nynakk, in- bad"; in most words compared by dialects, sound correspondences are found: chavch. yayatik and alu. taratyk- drop; chavch. yytok and alu. Aytukki- go out; chavch. palac and alu. pilak- leave; chavch. echgi and alu. asgi- Today.

Differences in the declension of nouns come down mainly to a different grouping of locative cases. There are no forms of dual number in Palanian, Karaginian, Chavchuven regularly forms the corresponding forms.

In Chavchuven, Apukinsky, Rekinnikovsky, the present tense of the verb is expressed by the confix ku-/ko-…-ӈ, in Palanian, Alyutor, Karaginsk indicator of the present tense -tyn(cf. Chuk. -rkyn).

Despite some difficulties in communication, understanding is maintained between speakers of different dialects to the extent that is dictated by general rule. The Koryaks, who speak different dialects, have an understanding of ethnic unity and belonging to a common linguistic community.

Koryak reindeer herders speak Chavchuven throughout the district. Describing the Apukinsky dialect of the Koryak language, S.N. Stebnitsky notes that Apukians make up "no more than 4% of all Koryaks."

Writing

The Koryak language is one of the young written languages. Writing in the Koryak language was created in 1931. The first alphabet of the Koryak language was based on the Latin script:

A a	B in	Є є	D d	e e	Ә ә	F f	G g
H h	I i	b b	J j	K k	l l	M m	N n
Ņ ņ	Ŋ ŋ	O o	Pp	Q q	R r	S s	T t
Ţ ţ	U u	Vv	Ww	Zz

Materials on the Koryak language

Dictionaries

Korsakov G. M. Nymylansko-Russian Dictionary. - L., 1939.
Moll T. A. Koryak-Russian Dictionary. - L., 1960.
Zhukova A.N. Russian-Koryak Dictionary. - L., 1967.
Zhukova A.N. Dictionary Koryak-Russian and Russian-Koryak. - 2nd ed. - L., 1989.
Mudrak O. A. Etymological dictionary of the Chukchi-Kamchatka languages. - M., 2000.
Pronina E. P. Educational thematic dictionary of colloquial vocabulary of the Koryak language. - St. Petersburg, 2002.
Pronina E.P. Picture dictionary of the Koryak language. - St. Petersburg, 2003.

Grammar

Zhukova A. N. Grammar of the Koryak language. Phonetics and morphology. - L., 1972.
Zhukova A.N. The language of the Palanian Koryaks. - L., 1980.
Zhukova A. N. Koryak language: Textbook for students pedagogical schools. - L., 1987.
Stebnitsky S. N. Essays on the language and folklore of the Koryaks. - St. Petersburg: Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1994.