Development of the body as an integral system. Systems of organisms and biota of the Earth.

Organism and environment

Following the ecological approach, one can mentally isolate from the world of living nature, from the entire diversity of living organisms, only one individual . This conditionally isolated individual (for example, a hare) will only be exposed to factors environment, among which the main ones will be climatic. It is they, primarily temperature, humidity, illumination, etc., that are of decisive importance in the distribution of certain species on Earth. In addition, for aquatic organisms water is of particular importance as the only habitat, and for terrestrial plants physical and Chemical properties soil. The study of the effect of various natural factors on an individual (artificially isolated organism) is the first and simplest subdivision of ecology - autecology or factorial ecology .

Environment from an ecological perspective. The body is the initial, basic unit of metabolism. It is from the organism that the chain of relationships between living matter begins; it cannot be interrupted at any level. It is clear that there is a deep connection between the organism and the environment.

Wednesday– a complex of natural bodies and phenomena with which the organism is in direct or indirect relationships. In a broad sense, these are material bodies, phenomena and energy that affect the body.

There is significant diversity in the concept of “environment” depending on the degree of specification. So, external environment is considered as a set of forces and phenomena of nature, its substance and space, any activity of a person (organism) located outside the object or subject under consideration and not necessarily in direct contact with it. Concept environment- the same as the external environment, but it is in direct contact with the object or subject. The term obviously requires a defining addition: the environment surrounding whom? What? Therefore, it is more correct to say “the human environment,” etc. There are also natural environment(a combination of natural and human-modified factors of living and inanimate nature that exhibit an effect on the body), abiotic environment(all forces and natural phenomena, the origin of which is not directly related to the life activity of living organisms) and biotic environment(forces and natural phenomena that owe their origin to the vital activity of living organisms).

There is also a specific spatial understanding of the environment as the immediate surroundings of the organism - this is its habitat. It includes only those elements with which a given organism enters into direct or indirect relationships, i.e. this is all that he lives among.

The influence of the environment on the body. The body, experiencing the need for an influx of matter, energy and information, is completely dependent on the environment. It is appropriate here to cite the law discovered by the Russian scientist K.F. Roulier: the results of development (changes) of any object (organism) are determined by the ratio of its internal features and the characteristics of the environment in which he is located. This law, sometimes called the first ecological law of life, has a general meaning, as it applies equally to living and nonliving matter, as well as the social sphere.

The evolutionary adaptation of organisms to environmental conditions, expressed in changes in their external and internal characteristics, is called adaptation .

The ability to adapt is one of the main properties of life in general, since it provides the very possibility of its existence, the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce. At the same time, adaptations can manifest themselves at a variety of levels: from the biochemistry of cells and the behavior of individual organisms to the structure and functioning of communities and ecosystems.

Each organism reacts to its environment in accordance with its genetic constitution. Matching Rule environmental conditions of the genetic predetermination of an organism states: as long as the environment surrounding a certain type of organism corresponds to the genetic capabilities of adaptation of this species to its fluctuations and changes, this species can exist. A sharp change in environmental conditions can lead to the fact that the genetic apparatus of a species will not be able to adapt to new living conditions. The above fully applies to humans.

The influence of living organisms on the environment. Organisms themselves are capable of significantly influencing the environment. Thus, their vital activity significantly affects the gas composition of the atmosphere. This is due, in particular, to the fact that as a result of photosynthesis of green plants, oxygen enters the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, on the other hand, is extracted from atmospheric air plants and re-enters there during the decomposition of the remains of dead organisms.

The limit of the impact of organisms on the environment is indicated by another ecological law of life (Kurazhkovsky Yu.N.): Each type of organism, consuming the substances it needs from the environment and releasing products of its vital activity into it, changes it in such a way that the habitat becomes unsuitable for its existence.

Thus, organisms are exposed to constantly changing environmental conditions, but they themselves are capable of changing these conditions.

State autonomous institution

Kaliningrad region

Professional educational organization

"College of Service and Tourism"

COURSE WORK

According to MDK 0n.0n.____________________ __

On this topic ________________________

Is done by a student _________________

(Full Name)

Group ______________________

(group number)

Training program for mid-level specialists in the specialty _

(code and name of specialty)

Supervisor course work:

(position, full name)

Mark _________________________________

Kaliningrad 2015

INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………….…2

1. Interaction of the human body with the environment………………....3

1.1. Basic human functional systems. The connection between the vital functions of the human body and the environment. The influence of the environment on human performance………………………………………………………3

1.2. The main parameters that determine the production environment (working conditions) in enclosed spaces and their impact on the human body……….5

1.3. The influence of the production environment on labor intensity and the use of working time………………………………………………………...7

1.4. Suggestions for improvement environment in production......9

2. Combustion and fire hazard of substances and industries………………………......11

2.1. Basic concepts. Physico-chemical principles of combustion…………........11

2.2. Properties of substances characterizing their fire hazard………….13

2.3. General fire safety requirements for production facilities…………………………………………………………………………………..16

2.4. Analysis order fire danger production facility and fire risk calculation…………………………………………………………………………………..17

2.5. Classification of basic fire prevention measures. Fire extinguishing means…………………………………………………………………………………...23

INTRODUCTION

A person is in constant relationship with the environment, which determines his behavior in a given situation. Moreover, not only the environment influences a person, but the individual himself influences it, changing it and thereby adapting it to himself.

Life safety is aimed at ensuring favorable conditions people’s lives, their activities, protection of humans and their environment from the effects of external, internal and dangerous factors.

Heavy use natural resources, the introduction of achievements of scientific and technological progress is accompanied by the spread of various natural, biological, man-made, environmental and other hazards. Potential danger is a universal property in the process of human interaction with the environment.

In order for a person to feel comfortable, conditions for his life are necessary in which he feels safe. This can be achieved by establishing an inextricable relationship between man and his environment.

The purpose of the work is to consider the following issues:

Interaction of the human body with the environment;

Combustion and fire safety of substances and industries;

Ventilation and its purpose. Air exchange rate. Calculation method.

Interaction of the human body with the environment

1.1. Basic human functional systems. The connection between the vital functions of the human body and the environment. The influence of the environment on human performance. The human environment is a set of objects, phenomena and factors of the surrounding (natural and artificial) environment that determine the conditions of his life. One of the goals facing this system - safety, i.e. not causing harm to human health. Achieving the safety of the “man-environment” system is possible only if the characteristics of each element included in this system are systematically taken into account.

Characteristic “man-environment” systems: domestic, industrial, urban, natural environment.

The natural environment is factors of purely natural, or natural-anthropogenic systemic origin. The natural environment is a complex and diverse combination and interaction of the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere as a whole.

With the advent of industry and transport, the problem of maintaining the purity of the atmosphere, the pollution of which is of natural and artificial origin, arose. The main and most dangerous sources of air pollution are industrial, transport and household emissions. In the atmospheric air, and primarily in the air of industrial centers and cities, as a result of complex chemical reactions mixtures of gases flowing in its lower layers form various substances that accumulate in a toxic fog - “smog”. This phenomenon is associated with a deterioration in people's well-being, the occurrence of influenza epidemics, and a sharp increase in the number of pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases.

In addition, the ozone layer is destroyed in the atmosphere, which is protective screen from ultraviolet radiation. This occurs due to the penetration into the atmosphere of so-called freons, used in the form of aerosols, solvents, etc. both at home and at work. In addition, there is a global increase in temperature on the planet due to the “greenhouse effect”, because... The content of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere is growing rapidly.

All these and other changes occur due to the fault of man, in the process of his industrial and other activities. Currently, a number of countries are trying to combat this problem.

Another important component of the natural environment is the hydrosphere. Humanity is not threatened by water shortages. He faces - disadvantage clean water. The main sources of pollution are industrial and municipal sewage, washing away from the fields part of the soil containing various agrochemicals, etc.

All objects of the living world can be divided into plants and animals. The role of vegetation in people’s lives is great (the forest releases oxygen and absorbs carbon dioxide, people eat plants, etc.). But there are many threats to this component (fires, pollution by industrial waste, etc.). The fauna represents an important part of the biosphere of our planet, but the number of fauna is currently declining, which cannot but affect the existence of humanity.

The majority of a person’s active life is spent on purposeful professional work, carried out in a production environment, which, in the event of non-compliance with accepted regulatory requirements may adversely affect his performance and health.

Performance-value functionality of the human body, characterized by the quantity and quality of work performed in a certain time. During work, the body's performance changes over time.

The production environment is part of the human environment, including natural and climatic factors associated with professional activities (noise, vibration, dust, etc.), called harmful and dangerous. Exposure to negative factors in the working environment leads to injuries and occupational diseases of workers. The most hazardous professions in the national economy include (%): driver (18.9), tractor driver (9.8), mechanic (6.4), electrician (6.3), gas fitter (6.3), gas electric welder (3 ,9), handyman(3.5).

Human labor activity and the production environment are constantly changing in the process of intensive use of the products of scientific and technological progress and the implementation of broad socio-economic transformations.

The intensive growth of cities in the twentieth century, the concentration of the bulk of the population in territories saturated with industrial enterprises, transport routes, residential buildings, have given rise to a number of problems, including the general problem of human security. Cities, especially large ones, contain a number of environmentally hazardous industrial production, energy facilities, an integral part of which are: powerful emissions of waste into the environment; thermal, electromagnetic, noise pollution; potential danger of large-scale man-made accidents and so on.

Currently automobile transport has become the most dangerous for humans. Its victims are not only drivers and passengers, but also pedestrians. Other modes of transport are also dangerous. In the list of emergency situations, fires occupy the leading position in terms of frequency of occurrence and the amount of material damage caused. At the same time, methods of combating and protecting against them are developed carefully and systematically. In Russia modern methods ensuring life safety is reflected in legislative acts in all areas of human activity.

Based on all of the above, we can conclude that basically a person creates a threat to his own life and activity.

1.2. The main parameters that determine the production environment (working conditions) in enclosed spaces and their impact on the human body

Any type of work activity is a complex complex physiological processes, which involves all organs and systems of the human body. In order for a person to feel comfortable during the production process, which means his performance is increased, it is necessary that his working conditions comply with basic standards and requirements. General safety requirements for production equipment and production processes are established by GOST 12.2.003-91 and GOST 12.3.002-75. The safety of production processes is mainly determined by the safety of production equipment.

Most often, a person works indoors, and his working conditions must meet certain parameters. Including the factors of harmfulness. Maintaining the body's thermal balance is very important. The production microclimate depends on climate zone and the season of the year, the nature of the technological process, the type of equipment used, the size of the premises and the number of workers, heating and ventilation conditions.

Standard indicators of industrial microclimate are established by GOST 12.1.005-88 and SanPiN 2.2.4.584-96.

In the work area production premises optimal and permissible micro climatic conditions. This is achieved through industrial ventilation (natural and artificial).

A factor affecting the human body, and, accordingly, the quality of performance of a production task, is lighting. At proper lighting working area and production premises, the number of accidents decreases and labor productivity increases. Deviations in lighting harm the health of workers, can cause diseases (for example, myopia), are fraught with a decrease in mental and physical performance, and an increase in the number of errors in production processes. Lighting can be natural or artificial. When organizing industrial lighting It is necessary to ensure an even distribution of brightness across work surface and surrounding objects. The organism surrounding the production environment.

Chemicals and synthetic materials used irrationally in production conditions pose a great danger. Vapors, gases, liquids, aerosols, compounds in contact with the human body can cause diseases or health problems. Exposure to harmful substances on humans can be accompanied by poisoning and injury. At work, toxic substances enter the human body through the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract and skin. Maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in the air of the working area are regulated by GOST 12.1.005-88 and GN 2.2.5.686.

Another important hazard factor is mechanical vibrations: vibration, noise, infrasound, ultrasound. All these physical processes are associated with the transfer of energy, which, at a certain magnitude and frequency, can have an adverse effect on a person: cause various diseases, create additional dangers. There are several types of vibration, depending on each of them the consequences of this factor are different. When the body is exposed to general vibration, they suffer musculoskeletal system, nervous system and analyzers such as vestibular, visual, tactile. Local vibration causes spasms of the blood vessels of the hand and forearms, associated with a disruption in the blood supply to the extremities. At the same time, vibrations act on nerve endings and muscle bone tissue. Noise, infrasound and ultrasound are classified as acoustic vibrations, which can be either audible or inaudible. Intense noise in production leads to a decrease in attention and an increase in the number of errors when performing work. Due to noise, labor productivity decreases and the quality of work deteriorates. The entire human body is exposed to noise: it depresses the central nervous system, causes changes in the rate of breathing and pulse, contributes to metabolic disorders, the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases, stomach ulcers, etc. Infrasound is classified as vibrations inaudible by humans. In production conditions, infrasound, as a rule, is combined with low-frequency noise, and in some cases with low-frequency vibration. When the body is exposed to infrasound with a level of 110 to 150 dB, unpleasant subjective sensations and functional changes may occur: disturbances in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, the central nervous system, and the vestibular analyzer.

1.3. The influence of the production environment on labor intensity and use of working time

Human labor activity and the environment are constantly changing in the process of accelerating scientific and technological progress and the implementation of broad socio-economic transformations. At the same time, labor remains the first, basic and indispensable condition of human existence. Various forms of labor activity are divided into physical and mental labor.

Physical labor is characterized primarily by an increased load on the musculoskeletal system and its functional systems (cardiovascular, neuromuscular, respiratory, etc.) that support its activity.

Mental work combines work related to the reception and processing of information, which requires the primary tension of the sensory apparatus, attention, memory, as well as the activation of thinking processes and the emotional environment.

Currently, there are several main forms of labor that require a certain intensity of labor and the use of working time.

1. Forms of labor that require significant muscle energy.

Strenuous physical labor, which stimulates the development of the muscular system and metabolic processes, at the same time has a number of disadvantages. The main one is inefficiency associated with low labor productivity and the need for breaks to restore physical strength, amounting to up to 50% of working time.

2. Mechanized forms of labor.

Mechanization of labor makes it possible to reduce the nature of muscle loads and complicate action programs. However, the monotony simple actions and the small amount of information perceived at the same time lead to monotony of work.

3.Forms related to automated production.

With automated forms of labor, the employee is required to be constantly ready for action and quick to react, which is necessary for the timely elimination of problems that arise.

4. Group forms of labor - conveyor, distinctive feature which is the division general process for specific operations, a strict sequence of their implementation, automatic supply of parts to each workplace using a conveyor belt.

One of the negative consequences of assembly line work is monotony, which is expressed in premature fatigue and nervous exhaustion.

5. Forms of labor associated with the management of production processes and mechanisms (mental labor).

Intellectual work consists of processing and analyzing a large volume of varied information, and therefore requires the mobilization of memory, attention, tension of the sensory apparatus, and activation of thinking processes. Muscle loads are insignificant.

Intellectual work is characterized by hypokinesia, i.e. a significant decrease in a person’s motor activity, leading to a weakening of the body’s reactivity and increased emotional stress.

1.4.Proposals for improving the industrial environment

To increase a person’s performance, you need to create for him comfortable conditions at the workplace, no matter what work he does. For example, to protect a person from mechanical injuries, it is necessary either to prevent him from entering hazardous areas, or to build special devices that protect people from a dangerous factor.

It is very important to ensure safe and reliable operation equipment, install information, warning, emergency automatic control and alarm devices.

It is very important to organize correctly workplace for those who work on personal computers. To do this, it is necessary that the room be sufficiently spacious, well ventilated, and properly lit. You cannot work on a computer in a dark or semi-dark room.

In addition, a person, working at a computer, moves very little, which negatively affects his health. In such organizations, you can organize, for example, a “sports day” twice a month (go to the gym, swimming pool, etc.). In my opinion, this will relieve the employee emotionally and maintain physical fitness, which will only have a positive impact on his performance and efficiency in completing assigned tasks.

In production, to protect workers from harmful emissions and emissions, it is necessary to install various filters to reduce their concentrations in the ambient air. To protect against harmful discharges of the hydrosphere, methods such as rational placement of discharge sources and organization of water intake and drainage are used; diluting harmful substances in water bodies to acceptable concentrations, and also using wastewater treatment means (mechanical, physico-chemical, biological methods).

It is very important to learn how to protect the environment from waste generated from industrial and other industries. To do this, it is necessary to introduce technologies for waste collection and disposal. Including waste recycling, which will ensure minimal environmental pollution. The most effective solution to the problems of protection from industrial waste is possible with the widespread introduction of low-waste technologies.

Man and his body are integral part environment, “immersed” in the world of quantum fields, the Nature of planet Earth and Space, and are connected with it by a huge number of all kinds of connections.

The main life processes (or functions) and organs in the human body are the mechanisms that provide these connections and exchange information, energy and substances through them.

1. The largest and most important is the connection between the body and external environment through the senses, mind and consciousness. The material representative in the body is the brain and spinal cord with the entire nervous and endocrine systems, which coordinate and adapt the internal work of the body to changes in the external environment. The nervous system permeates the entire body and is associated with all its functions.

Communication through consciousness and the nervous system allows a person to interact with the external environment: as with the Reasonable Principle (through religion); as with the driver of biological rhythms (change of day and night, seasons of the year and other influences); correctly navigate in space (just move normally); carry out some kind of economic activity (for food, etc.); interact with other people (live in society according to its norms and rules); self-realization.

Depending on the degree and strength of the violation of this connection, adverse consequences are transmitted to the entire body and can manifest themselves in the form of mild health disorders, serious psychosomatic diseases, and bad fate.

2. The next important connection between the body and the external environment is breathing through the lungs. The importance of this connection is evidenced by the fact that without breathing a person dies within 5-10 minutes.

The entire human body is involved in the breathing process. It begins in the lungs, reaches every cell of the body (due to transportation in the blood) and returns to the lungs. Breathing provides energy (redox reactions involving oxygen) to all life processes in the body at the cellular level, and therefore to the body as a whole. With the help of breathing, the body maintains the most favorable environment for the flow of life processes.

According to K. Buteyko, depending on the disruption of this connection, a person can become ill with 150 types of diseases.

3. The third most important connection between the body and the external environment will be fluid intake and digestion. Exchange nutrients between the body and the environment is carried out through the surfaces of the digestive tract. A person can live 5-10 days without water, 40-70 days or more without food, depending on the initial body weight.

Digestion, like breathing, also involves the entire body. It begins in the oral cavity and continues in the gastrointestinal tract. The broken down substances enter the blood, pass through the liver, are transported through the “wilds” of connective tissue and finally enter the cell, where they are consumed. Waste products from cells travel through the bloodstream to the excretory organs.

Nutrition, in addition to its main purpose - to provide for the body " building material", performs many other necessary and important functions for the body. For example, it adapts the body to the environment and provides immunity. Violation of this connection leads the human body to a host of various disorders and diseases - from mild vitamin deficiency to oncology.

4. The fourth important connection between the body and the external environment is through the skin, the area of ​​which is about 2.5 m2.

The skin is a unique organ through which many body functions are carried out. It protects, regulates the temperature inside the body, breathes, can absorb and release substances, energy, etc. The skin is connected to all internal organs (it is possible to specifically influence internal organs by acting on certain areas of the skin) and is a mirror of the body’s health.

Personally, I believe that activity is synchronized through the skin and the acupuncture system located on its surface internal organs with the processes taking place in surrounding the body environment. It is through the acupuncture system, which begins in the skin and permeates the entire body, that biorhythmological influence is carried out. The main functions of the body work for two hours a day (the evacuation function of the large intestine is especially active from 5 to 7 o'clock, the digestive function of the stomach - from 7 to 9 o'clock, the spleen and pancreas - from 9 to 11 o'clock, etc.).

Disruption of the body's connection through the skin with the environment has a detrimental effect on the vital functions of the entire organism (this is especially complicated by extensive skin burns).

Immune protection is present in all surfaces through which information, energy and substances are exchanged with the environment (lungs, digestive tract, skin, genitourinary tract, paranasal sinuses, eyes, etc.). After all, these are the entrance gates for external aggressors, and they must be reliably protected. No less powerful immune defense is needed inside the body. It is performed by lymphocytes and connective tissue of the body.

6. The sixth most important connection of the body with the environment is its movement - movement (muscular effort). Although it is carried out by muscles, it involves the entire body in the work.

Movement (manifestation of muscular efforts) forces consciousness and feelings to work (it is necessary to calculate the trajectory of movement, carry out these movements and constantly monitor the execution). Breathing is activated, as it is necessary to provide the working muscles with energy. Increased energy consumption and breakdown of muscle structures during muscular efforts activate digestion and absorption of substances. During muscle exertion during movement, body temperature rises. To prevent overheating of the body, the skin thermoregulation function is activated. By sweating, excess heat is released into the external environment. As the temperature rises, the immune system is activated, and metabolic processes in the connective tissue improve.

Thus, motor activity (muscular effort) is a universal means by which one can generally regulate the strength and duration of all connections of the body with the environment. Movement is a universal healing tool.

Lack of sufficient physical activity (hypodynamia) makes the functioning of all connections and functions of the body sluggish and insufficient for normal life. Excessive muscular efforts without providing them with subsequent rest and nutrition lead to overexertion and exhaustion of the body. Reasonable, sufficient strength and duration, daily exercises force all connections of the body with the environment to work fully, and the “metabolic surfaces” (senses, mind, lungs, digestion, skin, immunity and muscles) are kept in perfect order and have increased reserve capabilities.

Here are the six main connections for the exchange of information, energy and substances (through human consciousness, breathing, digestion, skin, immunity, movement) that ensure the life of the body.

Conclusion: for each of the indicated connections, the exchange of information, energy and substances between the body and the environment should have a flow of optimal strength (for each individual person) and harmony. If it is insufficient, it does not provide the proper amount of vital manifestations in the body, but if it is excessively strong, it disrupts the functioning of the body.

Organism - biological system of the biosphere

Any living creature is body, differing from inanimate nature by a set of certain properties inherent only to living matter - cellular organization and metabolism.

From a modern point of view, the body is a self-organizing energy information system that overcomes entropy (see section 9.2) by maintaining a state of unstable equilibrium.

The study of the relationship and interaction in the “organism-environment” system led to the understanding that living organisms inhabiting our planet do not exist on their own. They are completely dependent on the environment and are constantly affected by it. Each organism successfully survives and reproduces in a specific habitat characterized by a relatively narrow range of temperatures, rainfall, soil conditions, etc.

Therefore, the part of nature that surrounds living organisms and has a direct or indirect effect on them is their habitat. From it, organisms obtain everything they need for life and secrete metabolic products into it. The habitat of each organism is composed of many elements of inorganic and organic nature and elements introduced by man and his production activities. Moreover, some elements may be partially or completely indifferent to the body, others are necessary, and others have a negative effect.

Living conditions, or conditions of existence, is a set of environmental elements necessary for an organism, with which it is in inextricable unity and without which it cannot exist.

Homeostasis - self-renewal and maintaining the constancy of the internal environment of the body.

Living organisms are characterized by movement, reactivity, growth, development, reproduction and heredity, as well as adaptation. During metabolism, or metabolism, a number of chemical reactions occur in the body (for example, during respiration or photosynthesis).

Organisms such as bacteria are capable of creating organic compounds at the expense of inorganic components - nitrogen or sulfur compounds. This process is called chemosynthesis.

Metabolism in the body occurs only with the participation of special macromolecular protein substances - enzymes, acting as catalysts. Enzymes help regulate the metabolic process in the body vitamins and hormones. Together they carry out the overall chemical coordination of the metabolic process. Metabolic processes occur throughout the entire path of individual development of the organism—ontogenesis.

Ontogenesis - a set of successive morphological, physiological and biochemical transformations undergone by an organism over the entire period of life.

The organism's habitat- a set of constantly changing conditions of his life. The terrestrial biota has mastered three main habitats: , and soil, together with rocks of the near-surface part of the lithosphere.

Content:

Conclusion ……………………………………………………………29

Introduction.

Health is natural state body, which allows a person to fully realize his abilities, to carry out work without restrictions while maximizing the duration of his active life. A healthy person has harmonious physical and mental development, quickly and adequately adapts to the constantly changing natural and social environment, he does not have any painful changes in the body, he has high performance. Subjectively, health is manifested by a feeling of general well-being and joy of life. It is in this broad sense that experts at the World Health Organization (WHO) have succinctly defined health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of physical infirmity or disease.

To find out how the environment affects human health, it is necessary to start by defining the concepts of “nature” and “environment”. In a broad sense, nature is the entire material, energy and information world of the Universe. Nature is the totality of natural conditions of existence of human society, which is directly or indirectly affected by humanity, with which it is connected in economic activity. Human interaction with nature is an eternal and at the same time modern problem: humanity is connected by its origin with the natural environment, existence and future. Man as an element of nature is part complex system“nature - society” At the expense of nature, humanity satisfies many of its needs.

All elements of nature constitute the environment. The concept of “environment” does not include man-made objects (buildings, cars, etc.), since they surround individuals, and not society as a whole.

Human health must be considered holistically, as the health of a single organism, which depends on the health of all its parts.

Life activity is a complex biological process that occurs in the human body, allowing one to maintain health and performance. Necessary and prerequisite the course of the specified biological process is activity. The concept of “activity” forms the entire set of types of human activity. The forms of activity are diverse. They cover practical, intellectual and spiritual processes occurring in everyday life, social, cultural, scientific, industrial and other spheres of life.

The “person-environment” system is dual-purpose. One goal is to achieve a certain effect, the second is to eliminate phenomena, impacts and other processes that cause undesirable consequences (hazards).
In all variants of the “man-environment” system, a person is a constant component, and the habitat is determined by his choice. Thus, a person lives in a constantly changing environment. All manifestations of life are caused by a conflict between the forces of the organism, its constitution and the influence of the environment. Changes in the environment require adaptation from biological systems that is adequate to the impact. Without this condition, the body is not able to survive, reproduce full-fledged offspring, maintain and develop the health of this and future generations of people.
The purpose of this work is to study the relationship of the human body with the environment in order to have a clear understanding of those mechanisms that ensure the harmonious unity of the human body with the environment, as well as their possible violations under the influence of the industrial environment.

Basic human functional systems; connection between the vital functions of the human body and the environment; the influence of the environment on human performance.

Functional systems of the body- dynamic, self-regulating central-peripheral organizations, providing through their activities results that are useful for the metabolism of the body and its adaptation to the environment.

Functional systems at the behavioral and especially mental levels, as a rule, develop as subjects develop special needs and are formed to a large extent during the learning process.

Any functional system has a fundamentally similar organization and includes general (universal for different functional systems), peripheral and central nodal mechanisms.

One of the most important functional systems of a person is nervous system(NS) – connects various systems and parts of the body.

The human nervous system is divided into the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, which make up the nervous fibers and nodes lying outside the central nervous system.

The NS functions on the principle of a reflex. Reflex call any response of the body to irritation from the environment or internal environment, carried out with the participation of the central nervous system. In cases of extreme exposure to the body, the NS forms protective-adaptive reactions and determines the ratio of the influencing and protective effects.

The human body has a functioning immune defense system. Immunity – This is a property of the body that ensures its resistance to the action of foreign proteins, pathogenic microbes and their toxic products. There are natural and acquired immunity.

Natural or innate immunity - it is a species trait that is inherited (for example, people do not get rinderpest from cattle).

Acquired immunity appears as a result of the body's struggle with foreign proteins in the blood. A significant role in immunity belongs to specific protective factors of blood serum - antibodies that accumulate in it after an illness, as well as after artificial immunization (vaccinations).).

The category “environment” includes a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors. The latter are factors generated by man and his economic activities and have a predominantly negative impact on humans. Changes in the health status of the population caused by the influence of environmental factors are quite difficult to study methodologically, since this requires the use of multivariate analysis.

The influence of the atmosphere on the human body.

The atmosphere serves as a source of oxygen respiration, perceives gaseous metabolic products, and influences heat exchange and other functions of living organisms. Of primary importance for the life of the body are oxygen and nitrogen, the content of which in the air is 21% and 78%, respectively.

Oxygen is necessary for the respiration of most living things (with the exception of only a small number of anaerobic microorganisms). Nitrogen is part of the composition of proteins and nitrogenous compounds, and the origin of life on earth is associated with it. Carbon dioxide is a source of carbon organic matter– the second most important component of these compounds.

During the day, a person inhales about 12-15 m3 of oxygen and emits approximately 580 liters of carbon dioxide. Therefore, atmospheric air is one of the main vital important elements environment around us.

To date, a lot of scientific data has accumulated that air pollution, especially in major cities, has reached levels dangerous to human health. There are many known cases of illness and even death of residents of cities of industrial centers as a result of emissions of toxic substances by industrial enterprises and transport under certain meteorological conditions. In this regard, the literature often mentions catastrophic cases of poisoning of people in the Meuse Valley (Belgium), in the city of Donora (USA), in London, Los Angeles, Pittsburgh and a number of other large cities, not only Western Europe, but also in Japan, China, Canada, Russia, etc.

Air pollution has a particularly detrimental effect on humans in cases where meteorological conditions contribute to air stagnation over the city.

Harmful substances contained in the atmosphere affect the human body upon contact with the surface of the skin or mucous membrane. Along with the respiratory system, pollutants affect the organs of vision and smell, and by affecting the mucous membrane of the larynx, they can cause spasms of the vocal cords. Inhaled solid and liquid particles measuring 0.6-1.0 microns reach the alveoli and are absorbed in the blood, some accumulate in the lymph nodes.

Signs and consequences of air pollutants on the human body manifest themselves mostly in a deterioration in general health: headaches, nausea, a feeling of weakness, decreased or lost ability to work. Certain pollutants cause specific symptoms of poisoning. For example, chronic phosphorus poisoning initially manifests itself as pain in the gastrointestinal tract and yellowing of the skin. These symptoms are accompanied by loss of appetite and slow metabolism. In the future, phosphorus poisoning leads to deformation of bones, which become increasingly fragile. The body's resistance as a whole decreases.

The influence of water resources on human life.

The waters located on the surface of the planet (continental and oceanic) form a geological shell called the hydrosphere. The hydrosphere is in close connection with other spheres of the Earth: the lithosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. Water spaces - water areas - occupy a significantly larger part of the surface of the globe compared to land.

Water is vital. It is needed everywhere - in everyday life, agriculture and industry. The body needs water more than anything else, with the exception of oxygen. A well-fed person can live without food for 3-4 weeks, but without water - only a few days.

Water helps regulate body temperature and serves as a lubricant, facilitating joint movement. It plays an important role in building and repairing body tissues.

With a sharp reduction in water consumption, a person becomes ill or his body begins to function worse. But water, of course, is needed not only for drinking: it also helps a person keep his body, home and living environment in good hygienic condition.

Without water, personal hygiene is impossible, that is, a set of practical actions and skills that protect the body from diseases and maintain human health at all times. high level. Washing, a warm bath and swimming bring a feeling of vigor and calm.

The water we consume must be clean. Diseases transmitted through contaminated water cause deterioration in health, disability and death of a huge number of people, especially children, mainly in less developed countries where low levels of personal and communal hygiene are common. Diseases such as typhoid fever, dysentery, cholera, and hookworm are transmitted primarily to humans as a result of contamination of water sources with excrement excreted from the body of patients.

Without any exaggeration, we can say that high-quality water that meets sanitary, hygienic and epidemiological requirements is one of the indispensable conditions for maintaining human health. But for it to be beneficial, it must be cleared of all harmful impurities and delivered clean to a person.

In recent years, the way we look at water has changed. Not only hygienists, but also biologists, engineers, builders, economists, and politicians began to talk about it more and more often. And it’s clear - rapid development social production and urban planning, the growth of material well-being and the cultural level of the population constantly increase the need for water and force it to be used more rationally.

Soil and man.

Soil is the main component of any terrestrial ecosystem; a variety of physical, chemical and biological processes take place in it, and it is inhabited by many living organisms. The content of mineral and organic substances, as well as microorganisms, is influenced by the climatic conditions of a particular area, the presence of industrial and agricultural facilities, the time of year and the amount of precipitation.

The physical and chemical composition and sanitary condition of the soil can affect the living conditions and health of the population.

Soil pollution, as well as atmospheric air pollution, is associated with human production activities.

Sources of soil pollution are agricultural and industrial enterprises, as well as residential buildings. At the same time, chemicals (including very harmful to health: lead, mercury, arsenic and their compounds), as well as organic compounds, enter the soil from industrial and agricultural facilities.

From the soil, harmful substances (inorganic and organic origin) and pathogenic bacteria can enter with rainwater into surface reservoirs and aquifers, polluting water used for drinking. Some of the chemical compounds, including carcinogenic carbohydrates, can be absorbed from the soil by plants, and then enter the human body through milk and meat, causing changes in health.

Man and radiation.

Radiation by its very nature is harmful to life. Small doses of radiation can “trigger” an incompletely established chain of events leading to cancer or genetic damage. At high doses, radiation can destroy cells, damage organ tissue and cause rapid death of the body.

Damage caused by high doses of radiation usually appears within hours or days. Cancers, however, appear many years after exposure - usually not earlier than one or two decades. And congenital malformations and other hereditary diseases caused by damage to the genetic apparatus appear only in the next or subsequent generations: these are children, grandchildren and more distant descendants of the individual exposed to radiation.

Of course, if the radiation dose is high enough, the exposed person will die. In any case, very large radiation doses of the order of 100 Gy cause such serious damage to the central nervous system that death usually occurs within a few hours or days. At doses ranging from 10 to 50 Gy for whole-body irradiation, the CNS damage may not be severe enough to be fatal, but the exposed person will still likely die within one to two weeks from gastrointestinal hemorrhages. At even lower doses, serious damage may not occur gastrointestinal tract or the body can cope with them, and yet death can occur within one to two months from the moment of irradiation, mainly due to the destruction of red bone marrow cells, the main component of the body’s hematopoietic system: from a dose of 3-5 Gy when the whole body is irradiated, one dies approximately half of all those exposed.

The influence of sounds on the human body.

Man has always lived in a world of sounds and noise. Sound refers to such mechanical vibrations of the external environment that are perceived by the human hearing aid (from 16 to 20,000 vibrations per second). Vibrations of higher frequencies are called ultrasound, and vibrations of lower frequencies are called infrasound. Noise is loud sounds merged into a discordant sound.

In nature, loud sounds are rare, the noise is relatively weak and short-lived. The combination of sound stimuli gives animals and humans the time necessary to assess their character and formulate a response. Sounds and noises of high power affect the hearing aid, nerve centers, and can cause pain and shock. This is how noise pollution works.

Each person perceives noise differently. Much depends on age, temperament, health, and environmental conditions.

Constant exposure to loud noise can not only negatively affect your hearing, but also cause other harmful effects - ringing in the ears, dizziness, headaches, and increased fatigue. Very noisy modern music also dulls hearing and causes nervous diseases.

Noise is insidious, it harmful effects on the body occurs invisibly, imperceptibly. Disturbances in the human body due to noise become noticeable only over time.

Weather and human well-being

The central place among all rhythmic processes is occupied by circadian rhythms, which are of greatest importance for the body. The body's response to any impact depends on the phase of the circadian rhythm, that is, on the time of day. This knowledge led to the development of new directions in medicine - chronodiagnosis, chronotherapy, chronopharmacology. They are based on the proposition that the same drug at different times of the day has different, sometimes directly opposite, effects on the body. Therefore, to obtain a greater effect, it is important to indicate not only the dose, but also the exact time of taking the medication.

Climate also has a serious impact on human well-being, influencing it through weather factors. Weather conditions include a complex of physical conditions: atmospheric pressure, humidity, air movement, oxygen concentration, degree of disturbance magnetic field Earth, level of air pollution.

With a sharp change in weather, physical and mental performance decreases, illnesses worsen, and the number of mistakes, accidents and even deaths increases.

Weather changes do not affect the well-being of different people in the same way. In a healthy person, when the weather changes, physiological processes in the body are timely adjusted to the changed environmental conditions. As a result, the protective reaction is enhanced and healthy people practically do not feel the negative influence of the weather.

Landscape as a health factor.

A person always strives to go to the forest, to the mountains, to the shore of the sea, river or lake.
Here he feels a surge of strength and vigor. No wonder they say that it is best to relax in the lap of nature. Sanatoriums and holiday homes are being built in the most beautiful corners. This is not an accident. It turns out that the surrounding landscape can have different effects on the psycho-emotional state. Contemplation of the beauty of nature stimulates vitality and calms the nervous system. Plant biocenoses, especially forests, have a strong healing effect.

Polluted air in the city, poisoning the blood with carbon monoxide, causes non-smoking person the same harm as smoking a pack of cigarettes a day by a smoker. A serious negative factor in modern cities is the so-called noise pollution.

Considering the ability of green spaces to favorably influence the state of the environment, they need to be brought as close as possible to the place where people live, work, study and relax.

Humans, like other species of living organisms, are capable of adapting, that is, adapting to environmental conditions. Human adaptation to new natural and industrial conditions can be characterized as a set of socio-biological properties and characteristics necessary for the sustainable existence of an organism in a specific ecological environment.

Each person's life can be considered as a constant adaptation, but our ability to do this has certain limits. Also, the ability to restore one’s physical and mental strength is not endless for a person.

2. The main parameters that determine the production environment (working conditions) in enclosed spaces and their impact on the human body.

Work environment- the space in which human labor activity takes place. The main elements of the production environment are labor and the natural environment. The labor process is carried out in certain conditions of the production environment, which are characterized by a set of elements and factors of the material and production environment that affect the ability to work and the state of human health in the process of work. The production environment and labor process factors together constitute working conditions.

Dangerous and harmful factors have a great influence on human health, vitality and vital activity.

Hazardous factors can, under certain conditions, cause acute health problems. Harmful factors negatively affect performance and cause occupational diseases (physical, physiological, neuropsychic overload). The main signs of dangerous and harmful factors include: the possibility of a direct negative effect on the human body; complication of the normal functioning of human organs; possibility of violation normal condition elements of the production process, which may result in accidents, explosions, fires, injuries.

Hazardous factors are divided into:

chemical, arising from toxic substances that can cause adverse effects on the body;

physical, the cause of which may be noise, vibration and other types of vibrational influences, non-ionizing and ionizing radiation, climatic parameters (temperature, humidity and air mobility), atmospheric pressure, light level, as well as fibrogenic dust;

biological, caused by pathogenic microorganisms, microbial preparations, biological pesticides, saprophytic spore-forming microflora (in livestock buildings), microorganisms that are producers of microbiological preparations.

Harmful (or unfavorable) factors also include:

physical (static and dynamic) overload - lifting and carrying heavy objects, uncomfortable body position, prolonged pressure on the skin, joints, muscles and bones;

physiological – insufficient motor activity (hypokinesia);

neuropsychic overload - mental overstrain, emotional overload, overstrain of analyzers.

Work zone– a space 2 m high above the floor or platform on which the workplace is located.

Each hazard (harmfulness) zone has its own production risk; wherein acceptable conditions labor in the workplace can only take place if the following requirements are met:

the values ​​(levels) of VPF and OPF in potentially hazardous areas do not exceed standard values;

in potentially hazardous areas there is an anthropometric, biophysical and psychophysiological compatibility of the worker with the material elements of the working environment.

In cases where these requirements are not met, working conditions at workplaces must be recognized as harmful or dangerous as a result of their certification.

Certification of workplaces according to working conditions is a system of analysis and assessment of workplaces for carrying out health-improving measures, familiarizing workers with working conditions, certifying production facilities, confirming or canceling the right to provide compensation and benefits to workers engaged in heavy work and work with hazardous and dangerous conditions labor.

Ventilation and air conditioning.

Ventilation and air conditioning in enterprises create an air environment that meets occupational health standards. With the help of ventilation you can regulate the temperature, humidity and air purity in the premises. Air conditioning creates an optimal artificial climate.

The need for air ventilation in administrative, domestic and other premises is caused by:

technological processes(use of machines and equipment that emit harmful gases during operation; unpacking, packing, packing - emission of dust);

the number of workers and visitors (a significant number of visitors in various commercial enterprises requires more intensive air exchange);

sanitary and hygienic requirements (pharmaceutical production requires special cleanliness, including air).

Insufficient air exchange in enterprise premises weakens the attention and ability of workers, causes nervous irritability, and as a result, reduces productivity and quality of work.

Lighting of premises and workplaces

Visible light is electromagnetic waves with a wavelength of 380–770 nm (nanometer = 10–9 meters). From a physical point of view, any light source is a collection of many excited or continuously excited atoms. Each individual atom of a substance is a generator of a light wave.

3. The influence of the production environment on labor intensity and use of working time

Any type of work activity is a complex complex of physiological processes, which involves all organs and systems of the human body. The central nervous system (CNS) plays a huge role in this work, ensuring the coordination of functional changes that develop in the body while performing work.

Labor is divided into mental and physical. Physical labor is characterized by stress on the musculoskeletal system and functional system body. Mental work is associated with the reception and processing of information, which requires primary attention, as well as activation of thinking.

Muscular work of varying intensity can cause shifts in different parts of the central nervous system, including the cerebral cortex. Heavy physical activity often causes a decrease in cortical excitability, a violation of conditioned reflex activity, as well as an increase in the sensitivity threshold of the visual, auditory and tactile analyzers.

On the contrary, moderate work improves conditioned reflex activity and reduces the threshold of perception for these analyzers.

Some features of physiological changes in the body occur when performing mental work with the predominant participation of higher nervous activity. It has been noted that during intense mental activity (as opposed to physical work), gas exchange either does not change at all or changes slightly.

Intense mental work causes deviations from the norm in the tone of the smooth muscles of internal organs, blood vessels, especially the vessels of the brain and heart. On the other hand, a huge number of impulses coming from the periphery and internal organs, from several types of receptors (exteroceptors, interoreceptors and proprioceptors), influence the course of mental work.

Intense work, both physical and mental, can lead to fatigue and overwork.

In labor physiology, the most important concepts are performance and fatigue. Under efficiency understand the potential ability of a person to perform work of a certain volume and quality for a given time and with sufficient efficiency. Human performance during a work shift is characterized by phase development. The main phases are:

The phase of working in, or increasing efficiency. During this period, a restructuring of physiological functions occurs from the previous type of human activity to production. Depending on the nature of the work and individual characteristics this phase lasts from a few minutes to 1.5 hours.

Phase of sustained high performance. It is characterized by the fact that relative stability or even a slight decrease in the intensity of physiological functions is established in the human body. This state is combined with high labor indicators (increased output, reduced defects, reduced working time spent on operations, reduced equipment downtime, erroneous actions). Depending on the severity of the work, the phase of stable performance can be maintained for 2-2.5 hours or more.

The phase of development of fatigue and the associated decline in performance lasts from several minutes to 1-1.5 hours and is characterized by a deterioration in the functional state of the body and the technical and economic indicators of its work activity.

Fatigue is understood as a special physiological state of the body that occurs after work done and is expressed in a temporary decrease in performance.

One of the objective signs is a decrease in labor productivity, but subjectively it is usually expressed in a feeling of fatigue, i.e., reluctance or even impossibility of further continuing work. Fatigue can occur with any type of activity.

With prolonged exposure to the body of harmful factors of the working environment, overwork can develop, sometimes called chronic, when night rest does not completely restore the performance that has decreased during the day. Symptoms of overwork are various disorders of the neuropsychic sphere, for example, weakening of attention and memory. Along with this, overtired people experience headaches, sleep disorders (insomnia), decreased appetite and increased irritability.

In addition, chronic fatigue usually causes weakening of the body, a decrease in its resistance to external influences, which is reflected in an increase in morbidity and injury. Quite often this condition predisposes to the development of neurasthenia and hysteria.

Joint work requires unity in the distribution of labor over time - by hour of the day, day of the week and over longer periods of time.

The work and rest schedule is the order of alternating periods of work and rest and their duration established for each type of work. A rational regime is a ratio and content of work and rest periods in which high performance labor is combined with high and stable human performance without signs of excessive fatigue for a long time. This alternation of periods of work and rest is observed at various periods of time: during a work shift, day, week, year in accordance with the operating mode of the enterprise.

The development of a work and rest regime is based on solving the following questions: when should breaks be assigned and how many; how long each should be; what is the content of rest?

The dynamics of a person’s performance throughout the day and week are characterized by the same pattern as for performance during a shift. At different times of the day, the human body reacts differently to physical and neuropsychic stress. In accordance with the daily cycle of performance, its highest level is observed in the morning and afternoon hours: from 8 to 12 hours in the first half of the day, and from 14 to 17 hours in the second. In the evening hours, performance decreases, reaching its minimum at night.

During the day, the lowest performance is usually observed between 12 and 14 hours, and at night - from 3 to 4 hours.

Developing new work and rest regimes and improving the existing one should be based on the characteristics of changes in working capacity. If the work time coincides with periods of highest performance, the employee will be able to perform maximum work with minimal energy consumption and minimal fatigue.

4. Suggestion for improving the industrial environment

In companies and other organizations, the need for improvement of the work environment and the expectations of the results of such improvement are largely related to the economic significance of a particular case or problem of the work environment. Because of this, economic factors influence the role of the administration in each situation, as well as the appropriateness and effectiveness of the control method. The program for the development of the economics of the production environment gives the following division:

1) Improving the working environment, economically beneficial for the enterprise: Implementation benefits everyone, implementation is a matter of awareness and skill.

2) Improvement of the working environment, beneficial from the point of view of the national economy, but not profitable for the enterprise: Officials exert influence by setting norms and exercising control; new ones should be developed economic methods management.
3) Economically unprofitable improving the working environment: authorities exert influence by setting standards and exercising control; they should be carried out as economically as possible, and new economic methods of management may need to be developed.

Improving the working environment does not always happen, and should not always be economically beneficial for the enterprise. The capital investments required to ensure occupational safety and health are part of production costs. Poor planning or poor implementation of occupational safety measures, however, leads to unnecessary costs... From a productivity point of view the most important place Among the issues of labor protection belongs to the mental state of the employee, the content, versatility and organization of work. These factors should be taken into account and combined with other control objects.

Conclusion.

No society has been able to completely eliminate the dangers to human health arising from ancient and new environmental conditions. Most developed modern societies have already significantly reduced the damage from traditional deadly diseases, but they have also created lifestyles and technologies that entail new threats to health.

All forms of life arose through natural evolution and are sustained by biological, geological and chemical cycles. However Homo sapiens is the first species capable and willing to significantly alter natural life support systems and strives to become a preeminent evolutionary force acting in its own interests. By extracting, producing and burning natural substances, we disrupt the flow of elements through soils, oceans, flora, fauna and the atmosphere; we are changing the biological and geological face of the Earth; We are changing the climate more and more, depriving plant and animal species of their usual environment faster and faster. Humanity is now creating new elements and compounds; New discoveries in genetics and technology make it possible to bring new dangerous agents to life.

Many environmental changes have created favorable conditions that contribute to increased life expectancy. But humanity has not conquered the forces of nature and has not come to a full understanding of them: many inventions and interventions in nature occur without taking into account possible consequences. Some of them have already caused catastrophic impact.

The surest way to avoid environmental changes that threaten with insidious consequences is to weaken changes in ecosystems and human intervention in nature, taking into account the state of his knowledge about the world around him.

Caring for human health involves improving health surrounding nature- living and non-living. And only we can decide in what environment our children and grandchildren will live.

List of used literature.

Agadzhanyan N. Ecology, health and prospects for survival // Green World. – 2004. - No. 13-14. – pp. 10-14

Hygiene and human ecology: Textbook for students. Avg. Prof. Textbook Establishments / N.A. Matveeva, A.V. Leonov, M.P. Gracheva, etc.; Ed. N.A. Matveeva. – M.: Publishing Center “Academy”, 2005. – 304 p.

Kukin P.P. Life safety: Textbook. Benefit. – M.: University textbook, 2003 – 208 p.

Mikhailov L.A. Life safety: Tutorial. – 3rd ed. – M.: Finance and Statistics, 2001. – 672 p.

Stepanovskikh A.S. Applied ecology: environmental protection: Textbook for universities. – M.: UNITY-DANA, 2003. – 751 p.

Shlender P.E., Maslova V.M., Podgaetsky S.I. Life safety: Textbook. Manual / Ed. prof. P.E. Shlender. – M.: University textbook, 2003 – 208 p.

Protasov V.F. Ecology, health and environmental protection in Russia: Educational and reference manual. – 3rd ed. – M.: Finance and Statistics, 2001. – 672 p.