Unified State Exam 2018. Biology. Typical test tasks.

M.: 2018. - 160 p.

The authors of the assignments are leading specialists directly involved in the development teaching materials to prepare for performing control measurements Unified State Exam materials. Typical test tasks in biology contain 14 variant sets of tasks, compiled taking into account all the features and requirements of the Unified state exam in 2018. The purpose of the manual is to provide readers with information about the structure and content of the 2018 test measurement materials in biology, their differences from previous years, and the degree of difficulty of the tasks. The manual provides answers to all test options, and also provides samples of forms used in the Unified State Exam for recording answers and solutions. The manual is intended for teachers to prepare students for the biology exam, as well as for high school students - for self-preparation and self-control.

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Size: 4.9 MB

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CONTENT
Instructions for performing work 5
Introduction 8
An approximate version of the examination paper with analysis of tasks 9
Part 1 9
Part 2 16
Option 1 21
Part 1 21
Part 2 27
Option 2 29
Part 1 29
Part 2 34
Option 3 36
Part 1 36
Part 2 42
Option 4 44
Part 1 44
Part 2 49
Option 5 51
Part 1 51
Part 2 57
Option 6 59
Part 1 59
Part 2 65
Option 7 66
Part 1 66
Part 2 71
Option 8 73
Part 1 73
Part 2 79
Option 9 80
Part 1 80
Part 2 85
Option 10 87
Part 1 87
Part 2 93
Option 11 95
Part 1 95
Part 2 101
Option 12 103
Part 1 103
Part 2 109
Option 13 111
Part 1 111
Part 2 117
Option 14 119
Part 1 119
Part 2 125
Replies 126
Option 1 126
Option 2 128
Option 3 130
Option 4 133
Option 5 135
Option 6 138
Option 7 141
Option 8 143
Option 9 146
Option 10 148
Option 11 151
Option 12 153
Option 13 156
Option 14 158

The examination paper consists of two parts, including 28 tasks. Part 1 contains 21 short answer questions. Part 2 contains 7 tasks with detailed answers.
The examination work in biology takes 3.5 hours (210 minutes).
The answers to the tasks in Part 1 are a sequence of numbers, a number or a word (phrase). Write your answers according to the samples below in the answer field in the text of the work without spaces, commas and other additional characters, and then transfer them to answer form No. 1-
Part 2 tasks (22-28) require a complete answer (give an explanation, description or justification; express and argue your own opinion). In answer form No. 2, indicate the task number and write down its complete solution.
All Unified State Exam forms are filled out in bright black ink. You can use a gel, capillary, or fountain pen.
When completing assignments, you can use a draft. Entries in the draft are not taken into account when grading work.
The points you receive for completed tasks are summed up. Try to complete as many tasks as possible and score the most points.

The Unified State Exam in biology is taken at the choice of a student who plans to enter a higher education institution with a certain specialization. In terms of popularity, this subject ranks 5th-6th every yearplaces, about 18% of schoolchildren pass it. Which universities require biology? This subject is taken in educational institutions in the following areas: medicine, biology, pedagogy with the specialty “Biology teacher”, Agriculture, veterinary medicine, Physical Culture, psychology, garden design, ecology, technical specialties where biology meets physics. Professions: psychologist, ecologist, athlete, engineer, doctor.

The work consists of tasks that are conventionally divided into two parts. In 2018, there were 28 tasks: 21 - tests, you need to choose an option from the proposed ones, 7 - increased complexity, you need to give a detailed answer.

The work is given 210 minutes - the student decides independently how to allocate time for answers.

The threshold score for admission to various universities depends on the specific requirement educational institution– this information needs to be clarified at the university.

• The first part contains tasks on knowledge of theory and the ability to use this knowledge. Types of tasks in the first part: multiple choice (can be accompanied by a picture), establishing a logical sequence, solving problems, adding data to a table, analyzing data.
• The second part aims to identify the characteristics and depth of knowledge of the subject. The purpose of such tasks is to test the ability to establish cause-and-effect relationships, draw conclusions, use theory in practice, justify one’s position, and think logically. It is this part of the test that is key in the selection process of potential university students.

The first part is checked automatically using a computer. The second is analyzed by specialists.

How difficult is the biology exam?

• The main difficulty is the significant amount of information that needs to be repeated. The school course begins in grades 5-6, so when preparing you will have to “dig deep.”
• Difficulties are also associated with the structure of the exam. High-quality theoretical knowledge does not necessarily guarantee successful passing of the Unified State Exam - you need to learn how to perform certain types of tasks. You can learn this with the help of a professional tutor or by taking an online test. Every year, tasks of a new type are introduced into the structure - you need to be prepared for this.
• The most difficult topics are: photosynthesis, DNA, energy metabolism. It is better to contact a tutor for these sections and assignments on this topic.

How to effectively prepare for the exam?

• The main thing is to listen carefully in class and study textbooks. This will provide a solid basis for successfully passing the exam.
• Planning: systematic preparation requires a stable and thorough study of the material of the Unified State Examination program.
• Self-education: read reference books, on one's own.
• Take the online test.

Main advantage online testing– the opportunity to develop the ability to solve problems to the point of automaticity different types and level of difficulty, correctly allocate time during the exam. It is recommended to prepare for the second part with a teacher or tutor.

The authors of the assignments are leading experts who are directly involved in the development of methodological materials for preparing for the implementation of control measuring materials of the Unified State Exam. Typical test tasks in biology contain 14 variant sets of tasks, compiled taking into account all the features and requirements of the Unified State Exam in 2018. The purpose of the manual is to provide readers with information about the structure and content of the 2018 test measurement materials in biology, their differences from previous years, and the degree of difficulty of the tasks. The manual provides answers to all test options, and also provides samples of forms used in the Unified State Exam for recording answers and solutions. The manual is intended for teachers to prepare students for the biology exam, as well as for high school students for self-preparation and self-control. Order No. 699 of the Ministry of Education and Science Russian Federation teaching aids publishing house "Exam" are approved for use in educational institutions.

Examples.
Choose two correct answers out of five and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
Genetic terms include
1) allele
2) phylogeny
3) phenotype
4) consumer
5) divergence
The tasks in this line test knowledge of biological terminology in different sections of biology, knowledge of the levels of organization of living things, and knowledge of research methods. Students must make a multiple choice and find two correct answers out of five options. The basic level task is worth two points.

There are 8 chromosomes in a Drosophila somatic cell. What set of chromosomes does the egg of this organism have? Write down only the number of chromosomes in your answer.
To correctly complete the tasks of this line, it is necessary to be able to solve the simplest problems in cell biology, determine the properties of the genetic code, differences in the chromosomal set of somatic cells and gametes. The basic level task is worth one point.

All of the following features, except two, can be used to describe the structure and functions of mitochondria. Identify two characteristics that “drop out” from the general list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
1) is a double-membrane organelle
2) has its own closed DNA molecule
3) is a semi-autonomous organelle
4) forms the spindle
5) filled with cell sap with sucrose.

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1) What allowed doctors to successfully transfuse blood from a donor to a recipient?

2) In what case do they resort to autohemotransfusion?

3) The deficiency of which blood elements will be replenished first in a victim with anemia caused by large loss of blood?

MODERN BLOOD TRANSFUSION TECHNIQUES

Blood transfusions treat many diseases. In case of wounds, burns, or life-threatening injuries, blood transfusion is the only means of salvation.

Blood groups were discovered at the beginning of the twentieth century. Since that time, it has become possible to correctly select a donor for a recipient. As a result, it was practically possible to reduce mortality during this procedure to zero.

Currently, the following methods of blood transfusion are used in medical practice: indirect, direct, exchange, autohemotransfusion.

The most common method is indirect transfusion of whole blood and its components. Blood and its components are usually administered intravenously. Direct transfusion is carried out using special equipment directly from the donor to the patient intravenously. Direct blood transfusions are resorted to in case of sudden massive blood loss in the absence of fresh frozen plasma or red blood cells. In this case, only whole blood without a preservative is transfused.

Autohemotransfusion is the transfusion of one’s own blood, prepared in advance using a preservative solution. This method ensures better functional activity and survival of red blood cells in the recipient's vascular bed; complications associated with blood incompatibility, transmission of infectious and viral diseases. Indications for autohemotransfusion are the presence of a rare blood group and the impossibility of selecting donors, surgical intervention in patients with impaired liver and kidney function.

Whole blood transfusion poses a certain danger, since in addition to the blood components it needs - red blood cells - the recipient receives destroyed white blood cells, platelets, plasma proteins, and antibodies that are unnecessary for his body, which can cause complications.

In addition, by the end of the storage period, 70–80% of red blood cells remain viable in canned blood, and platelets and leukocytes lose their properties on the first day after blood collection. Currently, whole blood transfusion is limited to the introduction of component hemotherapy, that is, transfusion of individual cellular or protein fractions of blood, depending on the deficiency.