Good day, friends, guys and colleagues! Ivan Nekrasov is with you. In the Unified State Examination tests national history very common Various types tasks aimed at testing the ability to apperate using the material from the course “Ancient Rus'”. As a rule, these are the first 4 tasks of the part with a choice of answers, by the way, this year RIANovosti confirmed the changes in the 2016 CIMs (read here) and you know, there is an opinion on the Internet that this will not happen, it’s all complete nonsense and nonsense, but not in vain after all, for the second year in a row we are being led to this change, first introduce continuous numbering, so that tasks without a choice of answer will not have a classification, they will either be just questions with a short answer, or an oral part, about which a word was put in on the PDA + 1-2 tasks short/long answer type.

The cost of an error, as you understand, is very high and you probably don’t want to lose an extra 5-6 initial points... First, you need to familiarize yourself with the material in the articles:

Done? Excellent) Now let's self-test our knowledge on the topics covered. In the coming days, I conducted a special test in our VKontakte group to determine the level of applicants. It is still in the public domain, you can see the assignments and the guys’ answers.

The average student score was 75 points. The result is not bad, but you yourself understand that this is only the beginning, later from such values, namely their arithmetic average, a general picture of knowledge of the course will emerge... and ancient Rus' in the 9th-11th centuries. considered one of the easiest periods to study. Where did the guys go wrong?

1. Often the failure was the inability to identify the most advantageous areas of activity, or applicants absolutely do not know what it is, although through dialogue with them, teachers explained to them the principles of working with the 40th task. If we take into account the fact that in next year perhaps they will enter an essay instead of characterizing a single historical figure and the score increases to 11 primary, the cost of a mistake is too high!

2. Many of the students confuse events between historical figures, so for some, the treaties of 907 and 911 suddenly become the merit of Igor the Old. Result: inability to systematize information and imagine time intervals on a time scale.

3. A similar story, as with personalities, is repeated in dates; many, having not heard about the date of creation of the Notification System, try to guess, this cannot be done! It is necessary to narrow the circle of suspected dates, so to speak, to go from century to date in a logical chain: period, century, ruler, quarter or third of a century, decade, etc.

This is due to incorrect work with historical material. All this will be covered in detail and clearly in our school of preparation for the Unified State Exam from ZERO to the result...

Now remove all manuals, notebooks, close unnecessary browser tabs and read on... Your task now is to do three simple steps:

1. Solve the thematic test on Ancient Rus' in a multiple-choice form and write down your % of the topic completed in a notebook

2. Download the archive of assignment materials with a short answer. I do not include the keys to them, your task is to complete the tests on a separate piece of paper and put it aside for now

3. Like and download archive No. 2. There you will find tasks with detailed answers. You can solve them and send them to me for verification in private messages on VKontakte, or to the support service.

4. Go to the Internet and check the answers to the tasks in point No. 2 yourself. Divide 100% by the number of tasks you completed and multiply by the correct number of answers. You will receive %, which you also need to write down in your notebook.

5. Wait for part C to be checked and receive a response of % of the test completed. From these three values, you get a real level of knowledge of the topic, based on which you can work on self-improvement in your level of preparation.

№1:

Evaluation criteria:

90-100% - congratulations! You are doing everything correctly, there are practically no mistakes during preparation. Continuing in the same spirit, you will easily cross the threshold of the TOP 10 universities in Russia!

80-90% - preparation is going well, the material of the period has been mastered qualitatively, errors occur:

a) due to carelessness

b) technical related to work on part 2

70-80% is an acceptable result for those who seek to enter a contract at a local, not prestigious university. If your goals are slightly different, you should think about it...

50-70% is a terrible result, or you have just started preparing, haven’t read the articles or learned anything, and if not, then you’re thinking in the wrong direction. You definitely need the support of a mentor, because otherwise all your efforts will lead you nowhere. Either with self-discipline you will score an average score of 47 points, or you will change your mind about taking history altogether

0-50% - guys, urgently get treatment and buy yourself a brain, and get hold of your head :) It’s time to gnaw on the granite of science, as an option to get a tough grip on yourself and take the time to start preparing before it’s too late. You can write me, I will help with all I can:/

By the way, more than 20 people are already ready to start studying, about 9 more people have not yet clearly declared their intention to study at school and are waiting for the rest:

Preliminary list of students from the Unified State Exam preparation school from ZERO to results

There are fewer and fewer places left. Students can't wait to start taking lessons and doing homework. And in the coming days we will continue to work on this site, subscribe to updates, there will be a lot of interesting material soon... and also, guys, be careful. Recently on VKontakte they were selling some kind of miracle book for 1200 rubles, I asked the “author” for a screenshot of the page to see what kind of 100-point tablet it was, and it turned out to be Baranov’s reference book :) Well, on such a cheerful note I end this article, Bye everyone =)

Best regards, Ivan Nekrasov

By the way, what do you think about this video:/ How can I live with this now... 😀

Similar materials

ANCIENT Rus'

Materials for preparing for the Unified State Exam in History

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PERIOD.

The formation and flourishing of a single Old Russian state covers the period from the 9th to the 11th centuries (framework dates 862 - the calling of the Varangians and 1132 - the death of Mstislav the Great).

In the 5th-8th centuries. East Slavic tribes are settling along the route “From the Varangians to the Greeks” from the Baltic Sea to the mouth of the Danube. These tribes are at the stage of decomposition of the tribal system, which is commonly called “military democracy.” The stratification of society is insignificant, social structure simple. The bulk of the population isstinkers - ordinary community members. Stand outboyars -tribal nobility, heads of clans,princes -military leaders, andvigilantes , constituting a permanent military detachment under the prince.

The largest tribal unions of the Armed Forces are:

Priilmenskie Slovenes live near Lake Ilmen and along the Volkhov River, Novgorod city

clearing Middle Dnieper region, Kyiv city

Drevlyans Iskorosten town

northerners cities of Chernigov and Pereyaslavl

Krivichi Smolensk

Vyatichi Rostov

Polotsk residents Polotsk

Dregovichi

Radimichi

buzhans

Volynians

incriminate

Tivertsy

dulebs

White Croats.

Northern unions pay tribute to the Varangians, southern ones to the Khazars. In the northeast, the Slavs come into contact with the Finno-Ugric tribes Merya, Muroma, Ves, Chud, Mordovians, Korela, Izhora.

The main occupations of the population are slash-and-burn agriculture, cattle breeding, beekeeping, hunting and fishing. Religion-paganism. The main gods are Svarog, Perun, Veles, Dazhdbog, Makosh, Simargl, Stribog, Rod.

The trade route “From the Varangians to the Greeks” had a decisive influence on the process of state formation. The tribal elite joined in international trade by purchasing luxury goods. The princes began to impose tribute on their relatives, collecting it in the skins of fur-bearing animals, and sold these skins to passing merchants, at the same time charging them a fee for traveling through their territory. This contributed to the concentration of wealth in the hands of princes and the strengthening of their power.

The history of the Old Russian state is usually counted from the “calling of the Varangians.” According to the chronicle of Nestor, in 862. The Ilmen Slovenes, wanting to stop the internecine struggle, invited the Varangian king Rurik to reign. He came with the brothers Snevors and Truvor and his retinue and reigned in Novgorod for 17 years. In 879 Rurik died, leaving behind a young son, Igor. His governor or relative Oleg became the prince.

In 882 Oleg made a campaign against Kyiv, captured the city and made it the capital of his principality. Oleg waged wars with the Khazars and made two campaigns against Constantinople.

From 912 to 945 Igor Rurikovich reigns in Kyiv, continues Oleg’s policies, fights the Khazars and also makes two campaigns against Byzantium. In 945 Igor was killed by the Drevlyans while trying to take tribute a second time.

His widow Olga avenged his death and streamlined the collection of tribute, established a cart system, determining the lesson-size of tribute and graveyards-places for collecting tribute. Olga was regent for her young son Svyatoslav, traveled to Constantinople and was baptized.

From 962 to 972, Svyatoslav ruled independently, but he spent almost all his time on campaigns of conquest outside Rus'. He defeated Volga Bulgaria, destroyed the Khazar Khaganate, founded the city of Pereyaslavets on the Danube and planned to move his capital there. But in the war with Byzantium he was defeated, did not retain the conquered lands and was forced to return to Rus'. On the way to Kyiv he died, and after his death the first princely civil strife occurred. Svyatoslav's eldest son Yaropolk killed the middle Oleg, and the youngest Vladimir killed Yaropolk and in 9870. became the prince of Kyiv.

Vladimir reigned from 980 to 1015. he completed the unification of the East Slavic tribes, created a system of defensive fortifications in the South, concluded an alliance with Byzantium and made Christianity the state religion of Rus'. After the death of Vladimir, a second princely feud occurred. Vladimir's stepson Svyatopolk killed four of Vladimir's sons, including Boris and Gleb, the first Russian saints.

As a result, in 1019 Yaroslav the Wise became the prince of Kyiv. The period of his reign is considered the time of the highest prosperity of Ancient Rus'. Yaroslav defeated the Pechenegs, built the stone St. Sophia Cathedral and the Golden Gate in Kyiv, created the first set of laws, Russian Truth, and strengthened the international authority of Rus'.

After the death of Yaroslav, centrifugal processes intensify and the collapse of a single state begins. The regular order of reign established by Yaroslav led to endless “movings” of princes and provoked frequent civil strife. Yaroslav's grandson Vladimir Monomakh tried to stop civil strife and restore the unity of Rus' in 1097. At the Lyubech Congress of Princes, it was decided to stop moving and jointly defend Rus'. Was committed crusade against the Cumans in 1111 During the reign of Monomakh in Kyiv, the unity of Rus' was temporarily restored, the formation of Russian Truth was completed, and the Tale of Bygone Years was written. The last prince of united Rus' was the son of Monomakh, Mstislav the Great. After his death, in the words of the chronicler, “the whole Russian land was torn apart.” The so-called specific period began.

During the period of the existence of the unified Old Russian state, East Slavic society changed greatly. Social stratification intensified, the social structure became more complex, feudal land ownership was formed, stable forms of organization of power emerged, culture and economy developed rapidly.

CHRONOLOGY

482-founding of Kyiv

862-calling of the Varangians

879-death of Rurik

882 - Oleg's campaign against Kyiv, the creation of a unified ancient Russian state.

907, 911 - Oleg’s campaigns against Constantinople

912-death of Oleg

941, 944 - Igor’s campaigns against Constantinople

945 - uprising of the Drevlyans, Olga's reform

962-972-campaigns of Svyatoslav

972-980 - strife among the sons of Svyatoslav

988-baptism of Rus'

1015-death of Vladimir Svyatoslavich

1015-1019 - strife between the sons of Vladimir

1036 - defeat of the Pechenegs

1037 - construction of St. Sophia Cathedral

1054 - death of Yaroslav the Wise

1066 - appearance of the Cumans

1097-Lubech Congress of Princes

1111-crusade to the steppe

1113-popular uprising in Kyiv

1118 - creation of the Tale of Bygone Years

1132 - collapse of the unified state.

GRAND DUKES OF Kyiv

862-879-Rurik, the founder of the dynasty, reigned only in Novgorod.

882-912-Oleg, the first Grand Duke of Kiev, but not Rurikovich.

912-945-Igor Rurikovich, the first Rurikovich on the Kiev throne.

945-972-Svyatoslav Igorevich (until 962 Olga’s regency).

972-980-Yaropolk Svyatoslavich

980-1015-Vladimir Svyatoslavich

1015-1019-Svyatopolk the Accursed

1019-1054-Yaroslav the Wise

1054-1093-Yaroslavich.

1093-1113-Svyatopolk Izyaslavich

1113-1125-Vladimir Monomakh

1125-1132-Mstislav the Great

PERSONALIES

GLOSSARY

Definition

Prince

War chief of the tribe

Druzhina

Permanent armed detachment under the prince

Boyars

Tribal elders

Tribute

Tax from the population in favor of the prince

Polyudye

The prince's tour of the subject lands in order to collect tribute

Smerd

Ordinary community member

Rope

Rural community

Vira

The fine for the crime was paid in favor of the prince

Tiun

Prince's key keeper

Magus

Pagan Priest

Enoch

Monk

Abbot

Abbot of the monastery

Metropolitan

Head of the Russian Church

Bishop

Head of the Church District

Veche

People's Assembly

Purchase

Insolvent debtor

Ryadovich

Employee who has entered into a contract for a specified period

Will hire

Hired employee without a contract

Serf

Bought slave

Forgiveness

Criminal enslaved

Princely husband

Senior warrior

Youth

Junior warrior

Gridney

Prince's bodyguards

Patrimony

Inherited land ownership

Estate

Land ownership provided for service

Hryvnia

Currency unit, 200g silver

Kuna, reza, nogata

Small currency units

Lesson

Tribute size

Pogost

Tribute collection site

Destiny

Share of a member of the princely family in the common property

quitrent

Payment from a dependent peasant to the landowner

Corvee

Free work for a peasant on a landowner's farm

Kremlin

Fortress in the city center

Detinets

Main tower of the Kremlin

Posad

Settlement near the walls of the Kremlin

Hem

Bottom part Kyiv

Tysyatsky

Head of the militia

Plintha

Flat brick

Fresco

Painting on wet plaster

Mosaic

Pattern of pieces of stone or glass

Smalt

Mosaic of their colored glass

Grain, filigree

Jewelry technology

Veno

Bride price

Cyrillic

The alphabet, invented by Saints Cyril and Methodius for the Slavs in the 9th century, came to Rus' along with Christianity

Tithe

Part of the tribute allocated by the prince for the maintenance of the church

Norman theory

The concept of the creation of the Russian state as a result of the Varangian conquest was created in the 18th century by German scientists working in Russia (Bayer, Miller, Schlözer).

The next order of reign “princely ladder”

The order of succession to the Kyiv throne is according to the clan, not the family principle, that is, not from father to son, but from older brother to younger. Until the older generation dies out, the younger generation is not allowed to inherit.

beekeeping

Collecting honey from wild bees

Feeding

Maintaining a squad by granting the right to collect tribute from a certain territory

Topic 2. Old Russian state

Section A

1. What year is considered the date of formation of the Old Russian state?

A) 860; b) 862; c) 882; d) 982 g.

2. What event happened in 862?

a) the Novgorodians called Rurik to reign;

b) detachments of the princes of Rus' attacked Constantinople;

c) the army of the Khazar Kagan was defeated by the Russian princes;

d) the route “from the Varangians to the Greeks” was first discovered.

3. What events relate to the period of Princess Olga’s reign?

a) the siege of Constantinople, the adoption of Christianity by Russia, the introduction of house taxes;

b) the prohibition of blood feud, the destruction of the Drevlyansky land, the founding of Pskov;

c) establishment of a fixed amount of tribute, embassy to Constantinople;

d) embassy to the Pope, campaign in the Balkans, construction of St. Sophia Cathedral.

4 When did the strife between the sons of Prince Vladimir I begin?

A) in 1013; b) in 1015; c) in 1019; d) in 1024

5. With whom did Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich wage war?

a) with the Byzantines, Cumans, Hungarians; b) with the Volga Bulgars, Khazars, Byzantines;

c) with the Khazars, Pechenegs, Avars; d) with the Poles, Drevlyans, Huns.

6.The conclusion of a trade agreement with Byzantium is associated with the name of which prince?

A) Rurik; b) Oleg; c) Svyatoslav; d) Vladimir Monomakh.

7. In what year did Prince Svyatoslav die?

A) in 968; b) in 970; c) in 972; d) in 974

8. What is polyudye?

a) people's militia in Ancient Rus';

b) local government bodies;

c) collection of taxes by the prince from subject tribes;

d) a type of public corporal punishment.

9.What were the consequences of the murder of Prince Igor by the Drevlyans?

a) the end of the princely dynasty;

b) establishing a fixed amount of tribute;

c) a punitive campaign against the Drevlyans, the son of the murdered man - Svyatoslav;

d) introduction of the poll tax.

10.What were the consequences of Russia’s adoption of Christianity?

A) to develop trade with countries Western Europe, first of all with

Italy;

B) to the attempts of the Byzantine emperor to subjugate the Russians by force

land;

C) to the development of culture, education, strengthening the international position of Rus';

D) to a long war with Khazaria.

11. Which of the listed dates relates to the events of the struggle between Rusis and the Polovtsians?

A) 1036; b) 1043; c) 1068; d) 1097

12. What punishment was introduced instead of the right of blood feud in “The Truth of the Yaroslavichs”?

a) payment of a fine; b) imprisonment;

c) death penalty; d) public flagellation.

13.What opponents did the Russian lands have to fight in XI-XIIbb.?

a) Cumans, Pechenegs, Torques; b) Hungarians, Poles, Khazars;

c) Khazars, Varangians, Volga Bulgars; d) Byzantines, Avars, Kasogs.

14.What decision was made at the Lyubech Congress of Princes in 1097?

A) start a new campaign in the steppes against the Pechenegs;

B) stop the princely strife and assign to each of the princes his possessions;

C) elect Vladimir Monomakh to the Kiev throne;

D) approve the final text of “Russian Truth”.

15. Which cities were the largest in the X-XII centuries. ?

a) Kyiv, Novgorod, Smolensk; b) Moscow, Tver, Novgorod;

c) Kyiv, Pskov, Nizhny Novgorod; d) Murom, Chernigov, Ryazan.

16.Why did Svyatopolk the Accursed get his nickname?

A) for refusing to obey his father - Prince Vladimir I;

B) for the massacres of Kiev residents during his reign;

C) for using foreigners - the Polovtsians - in the struggle for the throne;

D) for the murder of brothers - Boris and Gleb.

17. What terms are associated with the concept of “patrimony”?

a) abbot, monk, icon painter; b) posad, settlement, polyudye;

c) rope, plinth, serf; d) boyar, fireman, purchaser.

18. When did the uprising take place in Kyiv, which ended with the invitation to the Kiev throne of Vladimir Monomakh?

A) in 1111; b) in 1112; c) in 1113; d) in 1125

19. What event happened in 1054?

a) construction of the St. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod began;

b) the Dolobsky Congress of Russian Princes took place;

c) the reign of Yaroslav the Wise began in Kyiv;

d) Yaroslav the Wise died.

20. What made Metropolitan Hilarion famous?

a) they wrote the “Sermon on Law and Grace”;

c) according to his design, the St. Sophia Cathedral was built in Novgorod;

21.What concepts relate to ancient Russian culture?

a) vira, purchases, youths; b) zakomars, apse, smalt;

c) plows, beekeeping, guests; d) patrimony, hierarchy, tithe.

22. What genre of literature does “The Tale of Bygone Years” belong to?

A) hagiography; b) chronicle; c) teaching; d) heroic story.

23. What term refers to ancient Russian jewelry art?

A) fresco; b) initial; c) cloisonne enamel; d) pilaster.

Section B

1. Establish a correspondence between concepts and definitions.

1) rope; a) meeting of the free urban population in Ancient Rus';

2) vira; b) a plot of land measured out with a rope to the community.This was also the name of the peasant community itself;

3) veche; c) tax, duty, levied for the transportation of goods,driving livestock, and per person when passing

Through outposts near cities and large villages

4) washed. d) a meeting of smerds and slaves that arosefrom tribal meetings of the Slavs;

D) fine, court fee, goingto the princely treasury.

3. Establish a correspondence between events and dates.

1) adoption of Christianity; a) 1024;

2) the campaign of the united Russian forces against the Polovtsians; b) 1043;

3) the last campaign of the Russian troops against Constantinople; c) 988;

4) uprising in the Rostov-Suzdal land. d) 1111;

e) 1015 g.

4. Read an excerpt from the chronicle and write the date of the event described.

“The Chud, Spovians, Krivichi and all said to the Varangians: “Our land is great and abundant, but there is no order in it. Come reign and rule over us." And three brothers with their clans were chosen (among the Varangians) and came to the Slavs, and the eldest Rurik sat in Novgorod, and the other - Sineus - on Beloozero, the third Truvor - in Izborsk.

Answer:_______________________________________________.

5. Read an excerpt from “The History of the Russian State” by N.M. Karamzin and write in the text the name of the prince who fell victim to the murderer. “Near this city (Smolensk) he was overtaken by a messenger from Yaroslav, Prince of Novgorod, with notification of the death of Vladimirova and the vile treachery of Svyatopolk; but at the very time when _______________sensitive, pious..., was mourning his father and beloved brother, in earnest prayers entrusting his grief to Heaven, armed killers appeared and seized his boat. The Murom squad became afraid: Goryaser, the chief of the villains, ordered the Prince to be killed, and his own cook..., named Torchin, wanting to please Svyatopolk, stabbed his unfortunate Sovereign.”

Section C

Read excerpts from the works of Russian historians about the calling of the Varangians and complete the tasks.

From the work of N. M. Karamzin:

"Start Russian history presents us with an amazing and almost unprecedented case in the chronicles: the Slavs voluntarily destroy their ancient popular rule and demand sovereigns from the Varangians, who were their enemies.... We think that the Varangians, who captured the countries of the Chuds and the Slavs several years before that time , ruled them without oppression and violence, took easy tribute and observed justice. Dominant on the seas, having relations with the South and West of Europe in the 9th century, the Varangians, or Normans, should have been more educated than the Slavs and Finns, imprisoned in the wild reaches of the North, and could have imparted to them some of the benefits of the new industry and trade, beneficial for the people...”

From the work of S. M. Solovyov:

“The first circumstance is the combination of the Slavic and Finnish tribes; What produced this union? Without any doubt, the aforementioned tribes were brought into contact by the Varangian conquest, as were subsequently the rest of the scattered Slavic tribes were brought into contact by princes from the house of Rurik. This close connection between the Chud, the whole, the Ilmen Slavs and the Krivichi was expressed in the friendly expulsion of the Varangians and then in the calling of princes. The northern tribes owed, in all likelihood, a relatively greater degree of social development, or at least the desire for it, to this same conquest, this collision with an alien principle: after the expulsion of the Varangians, they did not want to return to the scattered tribal life and, seeing no way out of it with the selfishness of the clans, they agree to call on power from outside, they call on a prince from someone else’s clan...

The calling of the first princes is of great importance in our history, it is an all-Russian event, and Russian history rightly begins with it. The main, initial phenomenon in the founding of a state is the unification of disparate tribes through the emergence among them of a concentrating principle, power. The northern tribes, Slavic and Finnish, united and called upon this concentrating principle, this power. Here, in the concentration of several northern tribes, the beginning of the concentration of all other tribes was laid, because the called principle uses the power of the first concentrated tribes in order to concentrate others through them; the forces united for the first time begin to act.”

From the work of B. A. Rybakov:

“The Varangians appeared in Eastern Europe, When Kiev State has already taken shape... Clashes with the local population occurred with varying degrees of success: either the “Varangian finders” managed to take tribute from the Slavs and Chuds, or the local tribes “drove our Varangians overseas and did not give them tribute.” For the only time in the entire Middle Ages, the leader of the Varangian detachment, together with the northern Slavs, managed to fraudulently, pretending to be the owner of a merchant caravan, seize power in Kyiv for some time, killing the legitimate prince. Varangians were used in Rus' in X-XI centuries as an employee military force. The Varangians were hired by Svyatoslav and his son Vladimir. The Varangians were hired for dirty murders: the Varangians killed Prince Gleb. The Russian Truth was directed against the outrages of the mercenary Varangians in Novgorod... The absurd identification of the Varangians with Russia, which meant nothing else except that if the Varangians ended up in the capital of Rus', in Kiev, if they entered Russian service, then they were considered Russia ..."

1. What is the “Norman theory”?

2. What is the difference in assessing the significance of the role of the Varangians in the early history of the Old Russian state in the writings of domestic historians?

3. Which of the presented points of view seems more convincing to you? Why?

4. What do you think was genuine? historical basis for the emergence of the theory about the creation of the Old Russian state by the Varangians?

Terms and concepts for the section “Ancient Rus'”

Antes - the name of the union of Slavic tribes among Byzantine and Gothic writers (VI-early 7th century)

Varangians - (Normans, Vikings) the name of participants in predatory campaigns who came from Scandinavia (Danes, Norwegians, Swedes)

Druzhina - a group of permanent military comrades, friends of the prince, professional warriors and advisers to the prince (armed cavalry detachment)

Verv - ancient Slavic community

The world is a peasant community. Form of social organization

The temple is a place of idolatry where pagan cults are celebrated

Idol - image of a deity

Magi and magicians-priests, ministers of pagan cults

Trizna - ritual actions and feasting in memory of the deceased

Evening people's meeting of community members (male warriors)

Servants - servants, slaves

Events - crowded tribal holidays (from -to be together)

Polyudye - collection of tribute from community members in favor of the prince

Youth, child - junior squad, ordinary soldiers

Voi - people's militia

Rat - army

Warrior - warrior

Outposts - border fortresses

Vira - a fine in favor of the prince in the ancient Russian state

Virnik - fine collector

Glagolitic, Cyrillic - Slavic alphabets created by Cyril and Methodius. (the first one is not

got accustomed)

Greedy - princely warriors, bodyguards of the prince, junior squad.

Outcasts - in Ancient Rus' XI-XII centuries. peasants who have broken ties with the community and are not

who enjoyed her patronage, were freed or ransomed

slaves and other persons.

Chronicles - historical works, weather records major events.

Posadnik is an elected official in an ancient Russian city-republic. Chapter

executive power

Posad people (posad) - commercial and industrial population of Russian cities (citizens)

those who carried out duties in favor of the prince (including military service) and paid him

Ognishchanin, tiun - manager in the prince’s household

Gardarika - that’s what Rus' was called in Scandinavia - that is, the country of cities.

The churchyard is a place for collecting tribute, established by Princess Olga

Kupa - loan (grain, livestock)

Purchase - (a peasant dependent on the feudal lord) - working in his field for a purchase (loan)

People are communal peasants (hence - commoners)

Votchina - land inherited from father to son (feudal possession)

Tysyatsky - appointed by the prince or elected head of the city government and

leader of the militia.

Miniature - small colorful drawing

Yoke - (yoke) - oppression, severe bondage, hardships of enslavement.

Yarlyk Khan's charter for the right to own a principality

Ulus - appanage possession of the khan (sons and grandsons of Genghis Khan)

Baskaks - tribute collectors

Golden Horde- state of the Mongol-Tatars

Paiza - a sign of the power of Mongolian officials (silver or gold platinum, on

who were slaughtered by the orders of the khan)

Yasa - a set of laws created by Genghis Khan

Exit - payment of tribute to the Golden Horde

The number is a census of the population of Rus' by the Mongols to collect tribute.

Basic terms and concepts (16-17 centuries)

Arshin– a measure of length equal to 16 vershoks -71.12 cm.

White settlements- the name of settlements whose population was temporarily exempted from state duties.

Vershok– a measure of length equal to 4.4 cm.

Verst- Russian travel measure equal to 1066.7 m.

Head- the name of military and administrative positions in Russia in the 16th-17th centuries.

Golytba- poor poor people. They fled south to the Cossacks and formed the Golutvennye (alien) Cossacks.

Golutvennoye Cossacks- (golutva - clearing, field cleared for cultivation) - was not part of the registered Cossack army, did not receive any income, was engaged in agriculture.

City Clerk- commandant of the fortified city, head of the garrison, later mayor.

Lip- territorial district in Russia in the 16th-17th centuries. headed by the provincial headman.

Lip reform- carried out in the 30-50s. XVI century to remove cases of robbers from the court of governors and transfer them to provincial institutions - local government bodies in the province. First they were in charge of investigation and criminal court, then issues of current management.

Walking people – common name freed slaves, runaway peasants and townspeople. They lived by wage work and robbery.

Dragoons- a type of cavalry designed to operate on horseback and on foot.

Duma boyars- participants of the Boyar Duma, its first rank. In addition to them, it included okolniks, Duma nobles, and Duma clerks.

Heresy- a movement that deviates from the dogmas of the official church, advocating its transformation.

Zaporizhzhya Sich- organization of Ukrainian Cossacks. It was located beyond the rapids of the Dnieper in the form of a freemen - a Cossack republic with a Sich Rada led by a Kosh chieftain.

Zaseka- a defensive line from an external enemy.

Zemshchina- the main part of Russian territory not included in the oprichnina.

Cossacks - free people who served in the border areas. Self-governing communities were created - Cossack freemen with an elected elder.

Privateering(Dutch - sea robbery) - a legal form of piracy, an attack by armed merchant ships of a warring state on foreign ships carrying cargo for the enemy. Used by Ivan the Terrible in Livonian War.

Equerry- court position, the highest rank in the Duma. He headed the Konyushenny Prikaz.

Kopek- Russian small change coin, introduced into circulation in 1534, was 1/100 of a ruble.

Serfdom- the most severe form of peasant dependence, manifested in their attachment to the land and complete subordination to the power of the feudal lord.

Manufactory - a large enterprise with manual labor divided into specialties.

Small-scale production- the labor of artisans who produce products for the market in their workshops, mainly without the use of hired force.

Moskovka– Moscow denga, Russian silver coin (0.34 g)

Hirelings- the general name for bankrupt peasants and townspeople, runaway slaves, etc., who were hired for work and became personally dependent on the employer.

German settlement- a place of settlement for foreigners in Russian cities.

Odnodvortsy - state peasants from former service people “according to the device” (streltsy, gunners, city Cossacks, etc.) until 1840. had the right to own serfs.

Oprich - according to Dahl's dictionary, means: “Outside, around, outside, beyond what.”

Oprichnina- comes from Old Russian "oprich", which means "special", "except". 1. In the Principality of Moscow, oprichnina was the name given to the “widow’s share,” which after the death of the prince was allocated to his widow. 2. The personal destiny of Ivan the Terrible, where a terrorist regime was established, carried out by the guardsmen in the fight against alleged treason among the feudal lords.

Parsuna- (from the word persona) - portrait painting that used icon painting techniques in painting portraits.

Scribe books- summary descriptions of the farm for taxable land taxation - plow letter (collection of taxes from the plow)

Subjects- peasants and townspeople who lost their farms. They lived in the yards of tax-paying people and helped them in their work.

Podyachy- employee in orders and local institutions (clerk's assistant).

Ladles- feudal-dependent peasants who worked for the feudal lord, usually giving him half of the harvest.

Polushka- a small change silver coin minted since the 15th century. The smallest coin of the Moscow State, equal to 1/4 kopeck, amounted to 0.17 g of silver

Local order– centralized government agency. He allocated estates to the nobles, controlled changes in land ownership, conducted an inventory of lands and a population census, and searched for runaway peasants. Central court for land issues.

Orders- organs central control

Protectionism- (Latin - protection) - state policy of protecting the domestic market from foreigners by strengthening exports and limiting imports, introducing high customs duties and a number of other measures.

Robbery order– central state an institution involved in the investigation and trial of major criminal cases, the protests of peasants and townspeople, and the control of provincial institutions.

Rank - appointment to service taking into account localism and with an entry in the rank books, which were maintained by the Rank Order, which was in charge of the affairs of service people, the salaries of nobles, military administration, the appointment of regimental and city governors, and the border service.

Split- separation from Russian Orthodox Church part of the believers who did not recognize Nikon’s reforms. The supporters of the schism were the schismatics (Old Believers), led by Archpriest Avvakum.

Reitars- (German - horsemen) - heavy cavalry in the Russian army, mainly made up of foreign mercenaries.

Autocracy- a monarchical form of government in Russia, based on the strong, almost unlimited power of the tsar.

"The Sovereign's Word and Deed"- a system of political investigation of the late 15th-18th centuries: everyone, under pain of death, is obliged to report known intentions against the tsar, about high treason. The informer uttered the phrase “Word and deed” and stated the fact. The informer and the accused were subjected to interrogation and torture.

Sokha – unit of taxation, measured by the amount of labor, in the 15th century. - the Novgorod plow was equal to 3 obzham (a hobshaft, a measure of land plowed per day by one horse) From the middle of the 16th century. a large plow consisted of several quarters (400-600 hectares of land).

Mill- administrative-territorial unit. 2-3 camps made up a district.

Sagittarius- service people, infantrymen with firearms, made up a standing army. They were recruited from the free population and could engage in trade and crafts. The service became lifelong and hereditary with a cash and grain salary.

Tamga- a state duty levied for the transportation of goods, which were marked with a special stamp - tamga. From this word comes the concept of customs, an institution that controls the transportation of goods across the border and sets customs duties.

Specific lands- the share of a member of the princely family in the ancestral domain, component a large grand duchy, ruled by a member of the grand ducal family - appanage principality: land property of the imperial family, created in 1797. from palace lands.

Enamel- a type of cloisonne enamel (in jewelry).

Kisser- an official elected from the townspeople or black-growing peasants to carry out financial and judicial matters. Took an oath (kissed the cross)

Quarter- an ancient measure of land equal to 40 fathoms in length and 30 in width. Fathom 2.134 m.

Topic: “Ancient Rus'.

The period of the first princes"

Cheat card No. 1.

September. 1st week.

Prince Igor collects tribute from the Drevlyans in 945.

Painting by artist K.V. Lebedev. 1903

I offer a series of cards for preparing for the Unified State Exam in history - generalization and repetition by topic. The material of each card must be memorized during weeks. Learn, guys, repeat. If you practice systematically, then this weekly preparation will definitely give results.

So, the first week of September is the study of the period reign of the first princes. Get started with us. Don't fall behind.

Topic: “Ancient Rus'. The period of the first princes."
Dates	Events
	The calling of the Varangians, the formation of the state according to Norman theory
	Unification of Kyiv and Novgorod by Oleg. Formation of the state according to the anti-Norman theory.
907, 911	Oleg's campaigns against Constantinople, 911 - the first trade agreement.
	First appearance of the Pechenegs
941, 944	Igor's campaigns against Constantinople, a less successful trade agreement in 944.
945-947	Olga's tax reform.
	Olga's adoption of Christianity.
	Defense of Kyiv from the Pechenegs.
964-966	Svyatoslav's campaigns against the Khazars, the defeat of the Khazar Kaganate.
	Defeat of Volga Bulgaria
970- 971	Wars with Byzantium, treaty with it.
	Battle of Dorostol (victory over Danube Bulgaria)
PERSONALITY. Princes
Rurik 862-879
Oleg 879-912
Igor 912-945
Olga 945- 957 (962)
Svyatoslav 957 (962)-972
Personalities	Briefly about them
Askold and Dir	Kyiv princes. They ruled together from about 864-882. The warriors of Rurik. In 866 (or 860) they made a campaign against Constantinople.
Nestor
Gostomysl	Headman in Novgorod, it was during his time that Rurik and the brothers were invited.
Cyril (827-969) and Methodius (815-885)	Enlighteners, creators of the Slavic alphabet, Christian preachers. WITH 1991 in memory of them, about their activities in Russia a holiday is celebrated - Day of Slavic Literature - May 24.
Sineus, Truvor	Royurika's brothers. Sineus ruled in Beloozero, Truvor in Izborsk.
Small	Prince of the Drevlyans who killed Igor.
Representatives of the Norman theory	German scientists of the 18th century: G.F. Miller, G.Z. Bayer, A.L. Schlötzer. At the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. they were supported by N.M. Karamzin and S.M. Solovyov. 20th century - L.N. Gumilyov, B.L. Vasiliev.
Representatives of the anti-Norman theory	M.V. Lomonosov, V.N. Tatishchev, D.I. Ilovaisky
Representatives of centrist theory	A.L. Yurganov, L.A. Katsva and many modern historians
Vasily 1	Byzantine emperor in 867-886.
Boris 1	Bulgarian Khan in 852-889.
World history
	Fall of the Western Roman Empire. There was a young man at the head Romulus Augustus. Barbarian Odoacer raised a mutiny among the troops. consisting of Germanic tribes, killed his father in 476, deposed the emperor himself
	The emergence of the Frankish state (to 843) Ruler of the Franks Clovis led troops to Gaul, in which the Roman governor continued to rule. Captured her.
	The emergence of Islam on the territory of the Arabian Peninsula. It was this year that the prophet Muhammad The angel Gabriel appeared.
Early 7th century	The emergence of the state among the Arabs. By the end of 630, a significant part of Arabia recognized the power of Muhammad, which meant the formation of the Arab state (caliphate)
	Formation of the Holy Roman Empire. Founded by the King Otto.