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- Positive aspects of participating in school Olympiads
Facilitating admission to university. You can give your child the ultimate goal of the entire educational process, thereby convincing him of the need for good study. Parents often tell their children that if they do not study well, they will not be able to acquire good profession in the future, and will go to wipers. - Peculiarities of schoolchildren's nutrition
Meals at school should be well organized. The student must be provided with lunch and a hot breakfast in the canteen. The interval between the first and second meals should not exceed four hours. Most the best option The child should have breakfast at home, but at school he eats second breakfast - Children's aggression at school and difficulties in the learning process
A certain relationship has been established between children's aggression and difficulties in the learning process. Every student wants to have many friends at school, have good academic performance and good grades. When a child fails to do this, he does aggressive things. Every behavior is aimed at something and has a meaning. - Advice from psychologists to parents
In any Olympiads and all kinds of competitions, a child, first of all, expresses himself and realizes himself. Parents should definitely support their child if he is passionate about intellectual competitions. It is important for a child to recognize himself as part of a society of intellectuals, in which competitive moods reign, and the child compares his achievements - A child refuses to eat in the school cafeteria
A picky child may not like school food. Often, this is the most common reason for a schoolchild to refuse to eat. It all happens because the menu at school does not take into account the taste needs of each individual child. At school, no one will exclude any product from the diet of an individual child in order to - How do parents feel about school?
In order to understand how parents feel about school, it is important to first characterize modern parents, whose age category is very diverse. Despite this, most of them are parents who belong to the generation of the nineties, which was a difficult time for the entire population. - School uniform
The first school gatherings remain forever in the memory of each of us. Parents begin purchasing all the necessary office supplies starting in August. The main school attribute is the student uniform. The outfit must be carefully selected so that the first grader feels confident. The introduction of school uniforms is justified for many reasons.
The period of feudal fragmentation of Kievan Rus, which began in the 30s of the 12th century, lasted until the very end of the 15th century. However, many of its signs became quite clearly visible already in the second half of the 11th century. Among the reasons for feudal fragmentation in Rus', historians note such phenomena as:
- the development of the strengthening of Russian cities, which occurred on a par with the development of Kyiv;
- the estates of the princes were completely independent thanks to subsistence farming;
- the large number of children of most Russian princes;
- traditions of succession to the throne.
During the period of feudal fragmentation, Rus' consisted of many separate principalities. And, if initially Principality of Kiev was in fact the strongest, over time its leadership became formal due to economic weakening.
Despite the will left by Yaroslav the Wise, his sons Izyaslav, Vyacheslav, Igor, Vsevolod and Svyatoslav, who had been making joint campaigns for a long time and successfully defending their lands, began a long and bloody struggle for power. Svyatoslav in 1073 expels the eldest of the brothers, Izyaslav, from Kyiv. And after his death in 1076, a struggle for power breaks out with new strength.
The system of inheritance adopted during that period did not contribute to the creation of a peaceful situation. After the death of the prince, the rights to the throne passed to the eldest in the family. And the prince’s brother became the eldest, which, of course, did not suit the sons. Vladimir Monomakh tried to correct the situation. At the Lyubech Congress in 1097 it was adopted new system succession to the throne. Now power over the principality became the privilege of local princes. But this is precisely what led to the isolation of individual lands and the strengthening of the political fragmentation of Rus' in subsequent centuries. The situation gradually escalated, the strife became more and more brutal. Many appanage princes, seeking help in the struggle for power, brought nomads to their lands. And, if initially Kievan Rus split into 14 principalities: Kiev, Rostov-Suzdal, Murom, Chernigov, Galicia, Smolensk, Pereyaslav, Tmutarakan, Turovo-Pinsk, Vladimir-Volyn, Polotsk, Ryazan, the lands of Pskov and Novgorod, then already in the 13th century there were about 50 principalities!
The consequences of fragmentation in Rus' and the ongoing princely strife soon made themselves felt. Small principalities did not pose a serious threat to the nomads who appeared on the borders. The Russian princes, preoccupied with the problems of seizing and retaining power, were unable to come to an agreement and repel the Tatar-Mongol hordes. But, on the other hand, modern historians consider the period of fragmentation to be a natural part of the history of each state.
Topic 4.2. Feudal fragmentation in Rus' XII-XV centuriesFeudal fragmentation is a natural process in development
feudal state, expressed in the collapse of the once united
states into many independent, practically independent
states
Problematic question on the topic:
Feudal fragmentation is a negative or positive process in
life of the state?
Causes of feudal fragmentation
1. Dominationsubsistence farming
2.Growth of political
independence
princes and boyars
3.Growth of cities, how
major political
and shopping centers
4. Feudal
strife between princes and
their fight for Kyiv
throne
Three political centers of Russian lands during the period of fragmentation
During the period of feudal fragmentation in Rus'Three major political centers emerged:
1. Vladimir-Suzdal Principality
2. Galicia-Volyn principality
3. Novgorod Boyar Republic
These centers differed from each other in natural and climatic conditions, form of government,
cultural styles, but at the same time remained
Russian lands
Vladimir-Suzdal Principality
The principality was located in the northeastRus'. The land is not very fertile, but it gave
good harvest, but less than in the south.
The centers of the earth were Rostov, Suzdal, Vladimir,
Yaroslavl.
With the son of Vladimir Monomakh Yuri
Moscow was founded by Dolgoruky. (1147 first mention)
The struggle between the boyar power and the princely power led to
strengthening of princely power under Andrei
Bogolyubsky (1157 - 1174), which was the capital
made the city of Vladimir. Economic and
political rise of the earth.
After the murder of Andrei Bogolyubsky, the rules
his brother Vsevolod Big Nest. He had 6
sons and after his death strife began.
The principality split into smaller parts, which
contributed to its conquest by the Tatar-Mongols.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gTBFrdky7oI
Principality of Suzdal
Vladimir-
Galicia-Volyn Principality
In the southwest of Rus' was the Principality of Galicia-Volyn. There were fertile lands thereand mild climate, important trade routes passed through.
The boyars played a significant role, a significant role
The top of the trade and craft population also played.
Princes were essentially executors of will
local boyars and urban communities. They were called and
they expelled and set one prince against another.
Great-great-grandson of Vladimir Monomakh Roman
Mstislavich managed to become a prince and unite under
with his power throughout Southwestern Rus'.
Roman's son Daniil waged a stubborn fight against the boyars
Romanovich, later nicknamed Galitsky. Danilo
managed to significantly strengthen his power. He more than once
repelled attacks from its western neighbors. However, when
heirs of Daniil Galician land of the principality
became part of Hungary. Wormwood and Great
Principality of Lithuania.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kWDScEWxALw Galicia-Volyn Principality
Novgorod Boyar Republic
Novgorod was the centervast lands in the north of Rus'.
The city itself, where high level development
reached crafts and trade, had
strong ties with Western countries
Europe and the East. Agriculture Not
could meet the needs
population, so Novgorod imported
bread.
In the Novgorod land there was
republic where the dominant role
the boyars played. At the people's meeting
-Veche elected officials:
mayor, archbishop, thousand.
The prince was invited. Boyarsky
clans were at enmity with each other over
elective positions.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nv8yP
K779bg Novgorod Republic
Mongol invasion of Rus'
The leader of one of the tribes who acceptedname Genghis Khan - great khan
fierce struggle united everything
Mongolian and related
tribes. Genghis Khan put forward
tempting goal - creating
a world state in which
the Mongols will become masters and will
live at the expense of conquered peoples.
Since 1211, Genghis Khan began his
conquest with an attack on China,
then to the state of the Khorezmshahs in
Central Asia.
Battle of the Kalka River 1223
In 1223, the Russian Polovtsian armymet the Mongols
on the Kalka River and suffered
cruel defeat.
Mongol campaigns on Russian lands
1237 fell on the principalities of North-Eastern Rus'. The defeat of the Ryazan principality.1238 (Battle of the City River) defeat of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality.
1238 – campaign against Novgorod. Didn't reach
Novgorod
1239 - campaign against southern Rus'. Pereyaslavl,
Chernigov.
1240 - conquest of the Principality of Kyiv
1241 capture of the Galicia-Volyn principalities.
1241-1242 Batu defeated Hungary, Poland,
Croatia. The army of knights was defeated
sent to meet the Mongols by the emperor
Germany. And yet, in 1242, Batu turned
back.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nZTF3Itq804
10.
11. Tatar-Mongol yoke
Tatar-Mongol yoke - power of the Hordeover Russia. She expressed herself through:
label;
tribute (Horde exit):
Baskachestvo
The Russian yoke brought enormous damage
lands both economically and
cultural development, but it is not
destroyed the national
identity
12. The struggle of Rus' against the expansion of the West
Western neighbors of Rus'intended to use it
defeat. Even at the beginning of the 13th century. V
Germans appeared in the Baltics
knights crusaders, members
various spiritual-knightly
orders Mongol invasion
allowed the crusaders to firmly
to gain a foothold in the Baltic states. Here
a state of knights arose -
Teutonic Order, eastern part
which was called Livonian
order At the Pope's call
The Roman Order launched an offensive
to Rus'. In alliance with the Order
the rulers of Sweden acted.
13. Battle of the Neva July 15, 1240
In 1240, a large detachment of Swedesships entered the Neva River, the banks
which were the possessions of Novgorod.
A 20-year-old son reigned in the city at that time
Grand Duke of Vladimir Yaroslav
(brother of the deceased in the City
Yuri) Alexander.
With a small squad of Novgorodians he
quickly covered the distance from
Novgorod to the mouth of the Neva tributary Izhora,
where the Swedes set up their camp.
In the early morning of July 15, 1240, the Russians
attacked the enemy and defeated him.
This victory in a small battle had
huge resonance in Rus'. In conditions
terrible defeats it was a ray
hope. Prince Alexander received later
nickname Nevsky.
14. Battle of the Ice April 5, 1242
Alexander's choice of Chudsky ice as a site for the battlelake (near the Crow Stone), was important.
First of all, the position occupied by the warriors of the young prince allowed
block the approaches to Novgorod. Surely, Alexander Nevsky
I also remembered that heavy knights are more vulnerable in winter
conditions..
Livonian knights lined up in a well-known battle
wedge. Heavy knights were placed on the flanks, and warriors with light
weapons - inside this wedge. Russian chronicles call
such a “great pig” construction. The knight's blade attacked
guard regiment and moved on, breaking through it quite easily
resistance. However, the attackers met further
There are many unexpected obstacles along the way.
The wedge was caught in pincers and almost completely lost
maneuverability. The attack of the ambush regiment finally tipped the scales
Libra on Alexander's side. Knights dressed in heavy
armor were completely helpless, stolen from their
horses. Those who were able to escape after the battle Novgorodians
pursued, according to the chronicles, “to the Falcon Coast.”
Thanks to the victory of Alexander Nevsky, the threat was eliminated
capture of northwestern Russian territories by the Order. Also, this
allowed the Novgorodians to maintain trade ties with Europe.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6asFFsli5Ik Alexander Nevsky FEUDAL FRONTATION OF Rus'.
MIDDLE 12-15 centuries.
PLAN:
CAUSES OF FEPUDAL FRONTATION
MAIN CENTERS OF THE RUSSIAN LAND DURING THE PERIOD OF FRAGRANCE:
AND SPECIAL IN THEIR DEVELOPMENT
SOCIO-POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF Fragmentation.
The first division of lands took place under Vladimir Svyatoslavich; from his reign, princely feuds began to flare up, the peak of which occurred in 1015-1024, when only three of Vladimir’s twelve sons remained alive. Divisions of land between princes and strife only accompanied the development of Rus', but did not determine one or another political form government organization. They did not create a new phenomenon in the political life of Rus'. Economic basis and main reason feudal
fragmentation is often considered a subsistence economy, the consequence of which was the absence economic ties. Subsistence economy is the sum of economically independent, closed economic units
stages in which a product goes from its manufacture to consumption. The reference to natural farming is only a correct statement of the fact that took place. However, his dominance, which for the feudal
lism is characteristic, does not yet explain the reasons for the collapse of Rus', since subsistence farming dominated both in united Rus' and in the 14th-15th centuries, when the process of forming a single state was underway in the Russian lands.
states based on political centralization.
The essence of feudal fragmentation lies in the fact that it was a new form of state-political organization of society. It was this form that corresponded to the complex of comparisons.
specifically small feudal worlds not connected with each other and the state-political separatism of local boyar unions.
Feudal fragmentation is a progressive phenomenon in the development of feudal relations. The collapse of early feudal empires into independent principalities-kingdoms was an inevitable stage in the development
orbits feudal society, did this concern Rus' in Eastern Europe, France in Western Europe or the Golden Horde in the East.
Feudal fragmentation was progressive because it was a consequence of the development of feudal relations, the deepening of the social division of labor, which resulted in the rise of agriculture
lia, the flourishing of crafts, the growth of cities. For the development of feudalism, a different scale and structure of the state was needed, adapted to the needs and aspirations of the feudal lords, especially the boyars.
The first reason for feudal fragmentation was the growth of boyar estates and the number of smerds dependent on them. The 12th and early 13th centuries were characterized by the further development of boyar land ownership in
various principalities of Rus'. The boyars expanded their possessions by seizing the lands of free community members, enslaving them, and buying lands. In an effort to obtain a larger surplus product, they
increased the in-kind dues and labor that were performed by dependent stinkers. The increase in surplus product received by the boyars due to this made them economically powerful and independent.
telny. In various lands of Rus', economically powerful boyar corporations began to take shape, striving to become sovereign masters of the lands where their estates were located. They wanted to administer justice to their peasants themselves and receive fines from them. Many boyars had feudal immunity (the right of non-interference in the affairs of the estate), "Russkaya Pravda" determined the rights
va boyars. However, the Grand Duke (and such is the nature of princely power) sought to retain full power in his hands. He interfered in the affairs of the boyar estates, sought to retain his
the right to judge peasants and receive vir from them in all lands of Rus'. Grand Duke, considered the supreme owner of all the lands of Rus', and their supreme ruler continued to consider everyone
princes and boyars as his servants, and therefore forced them to participate in the numerous campaigns he organized. These campaigns often did not coincide with the interests of the boyars; they separated them from their native lands.
rank The boyars began to feel burdened by serving the Grand Duke and tried to evade it, which led to numerous conflicts. Contradictions between the local boyars and the Grand Duke of Kyiv
led to an increase in the desire of the former for political independence. The boyars were also driven to this by the need for their own, close princely power, which could quickly implement the norms
we are “Russian Truth”, since the power of the grand ducal virniks, governors, and warriors could not provide quick, real assistance to the boyars of lands remote from Kyiv. The strong power of the local prince was
necessary for the boyars and in connection with the growing resistance of the townspeople, smerds to the seizure of their lands, enslavement, and increased extortions.
The increase in clashes between the smerds and townspeople and the boyars became the second reason for feudal fragmentation. The need for princely power locally, the creation state apparatus forced
local boyars to invite the prince and his retinue to their lands. But when inviting the prince, the boyars were inclined to see in him only a police force and military force, not interfering in boyar affairs. To the princes and squad
such an invitation was also beneficial. The prince received a permanent reign, his land patrimony, and stopped rushing from one princely table to another. The squad was also pleased, which
I’m tired of following from table to table with the prince. Princes and warriors had the opportunity to receive a stable rent-tax. At the same time, the prince, having settled in a particular land, as a rule, does not
was satisfied with the role that the boyars assigned to him, and sought to concentrate all power in his hands, limiting the rights and privileges of the boyars. This inevitably led to a struggle between
prince and boyars.
The third reason for feudal fragmentation was the growth and strengthening of cities as new political and cultural centers. During the period of feudal fragmentation, the number of cities in Russian lands reached 224. Their economic and political role, as the centers of this or that earth. It was on the cities that the local boyars and the prince relied in the fight against the great Kyiv
prince The increasing role of the boyars and local princes led to the revival of city veche meetings. The veche, a unique form of feudal democracy, was a political body. In fact, it is
was in the hands of the boyars, which excluded real decisive participation in government by ordinary townspeople. The boyars, controlling the veche, tried to use the political activity of the townspeople in their interests.
sah. Very often the veche was used as an instrument of pressure not only on the great, but also on the local prince, forcing him to act in the interests of the local nobility. Thus, cities, as local political and economic centers that gravitated towards their lands, were a stronghold for the decentralization aspirations of local princes and nobility.
The reasons for feudal fragmentation should also include the decline Kyiv land from constant Polovtsian raids and the decline of the power of the Grand Duke, whose land patrimony in the 12th century
decreased.
Rus' broke up into 14 principalities, and a republican form of government was established in Novgorod. In each principality, the princes, together with the boyars, “thought about the land system and the rath.” Princes declared wars, made peace and various alliances. The Grand Duke was the first (senior) among equal princes. Princely congresses have been preserved, where issues of all-Russian politics were discussed. The princes were
connected by a system of vassal relations. It should be noted that with all the progressiveness of feudal development
fragmentation it had one significant negative point. The constant strife between the princes, which either subsided or flared up with renewed vigor, exhausted the strength of the Russian lands and weakened their defenses in the face of external danger. The collapse of Rus', however, did not lead to the collapse of the ancient Russian nationality, a historically established linguistic, territorial, economic and cultural community. In the Russian lands, a single concept of Rus', the Russian land, continued to exist. “Oh, Russian land, you were already behind the hill proclaiming the author of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” During the period of feudal fragmentation in the Russian lands, three centers stood out: Vladimir-Suzdal, Galician-Volyn princes -
deities and the Novgorod feudal republic.
2. Vladimir-Suzdal Principality.
The Rostov-Suzdal principality went to the youngest son of Yaroslav the Wise, Vsevolod of Pereyaslavl, and was assigned to his descendants as a family possession. In the XII - first half of the XIII century
The Rostov-Suzdal land was experiencing an economic boom. Fertile lands, huge forests, numerous rivers and lakes created the opportunity for the development of agriculture and cattle breeding.
The iron ore deposits available for mining contributed to the development of handicraft production. The most important trade routes to the south, east and west ran in the Rostov-Suzdal land, which
determined the strong development of trade here. The northeastern lands of Rus' were well protected by forests and rivers from Polovtsian raids, which attracted residents of the southern lands who suffered from the
ty attacks of nomads. Population growth in the Rostov-Suzdal principality had great value for its economic development. The number of cities grew. Before the invasion of Batu, the following cities arose:
like Vladimir, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, Kostroma, Tver, Nizhny Novgorod and others. In the chronicle of 1147, Moscow is mentioned for the first time, a small town built by Yuri Dolgoruky on
the site of the estate of boyar Kuchka. Cities in the Rostov-Suzdal land were created both inside and on the borders, as fortresses, centers of administrative power. They, overgrown with trade and craft villages,
ladies, also turned into centers for the development of crafts and trade. In the 11th-12th centuries, large princely, boyar and church land ownership developed here. The feudal lords seized the lands of rural neighboring communities and enslaved the Smerds. The Rostov-Suzdal land was separated from Kyiv in the 30s of the 12th century under the son of Vladimir Monomakh, Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruk, who ruled from 1125 to 1157. Prince Yuri received the nickname Dolgoruky for his military and political activity. He was always at the center of all the strife and strife of the Russian princes. Yuri Dolgoruky began the fight against Novgorod and Volga Bulgaria, trying to expand the lands of his principality. Under the influence of the Rostov-Suzdal prince
Ryazan and Murom hit. For many years, Yuri Dolgoruky waged a grueling and completely unnecessary struggle for his principality for the Kiev grand-ducal table. Although the power of the Grand Duke was irrevocably a thing of the past, the reign in Kyiv emphasized the seniority of the prince. For the generation of princes Yuri Dolgoruky, this was still important in the political struggle. Subsequent generations of Russian princes, called
those who considered their principalities “great” and themselves “great princes” no longer felt such reverence for the title of the Grand Duke of Kyiv.
After the death of Yuri Dolgoruky, Prince of Rostov-Suzdal
His son Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky, who ruled until 1174, became the principality. He, like his father, continued the fight against Novgorod and Volga Bulgaria, and sought to expand the borders of his principality.
It was Andrei Bogolyubsky who began the struggle for the hegemony of the Rostov-Suzdal princes in the Russian lands. He, claiming the title of Grand Duke of all lands of Rus', captured Kyiv in 1169 and committed
complete defeat, surpassing the Polovtsians in this. But, having taken possession of the title of Grand Duke of Kyiv, Andrei Bogolyubsky, unlike his father, did not remain to reign in Kyiv, but returned to his principality. Attempts
The ambitious and power-hungry prince's attempt to subjugate Novgorod, the princes of all Russian lands, and unite them around the Rostov-Suzdal principality failed. It was in these actions of Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky that the idea of unifying the lands was manifested, i.e. establishing state unity. But not all princes realized it. Andrei Bogolyubsky pursued a policy of power in his principality. Strengthening his power, he attacked the rights and privileges of the boyars. A serious struggle unfolded between them and the prince. Andrei Bogolyubsky dealt with the rebellious boyars, expelled them from the principality, and deprived them of their estates. In the fight against the boyars, he relied on the trade and craft population of the cities, on service people - vigilantes. In an effort to further separate himself from the boyars and rely on the townspeople, Andrei moved the capital from boyar Rostov to the young trade and craft city of Vladimir. The prince set up his residence in Bogolyubovo near Vladimir, for which he received the nickname Bogolyubsky. The powerful prince failed to break the boyars. A boyar conspiracy arose as a result of which Andrei Bogolyubsky was killed in his residence in 1174. After this, boyar strife raged in the Vladimir-Suzdal principality. In 1176, the princely throne was occupied by Andrei's brother Vsevolod the Big Nest, who ruled until 1212. He received this nickname for his large family. Under Vsevolod, the Vladimir-Suzdal principality reached its greatest power and prosperity.
The prince continued his brother's policies. He spoke with the Ryazan princes by force of arms, political methods resolved the issue with the South Russian princes and Novgorod. The name of Vsevolod was known in
all Russian lands. The author of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” wrote about the power of the Prince of Vladimir, noting that Vsevolod’s numerous regiments could splash the Volga with oars and scoop up the Don with their helmets. After the death of Vsevolod the Big Nest, strife began between his sons over the most profitable reign for the princes and their warriors to receive taxes in the Vladimir-Suzdal land. In the second quarter of the 12th century, there were 7 principalities on its territory. All of them eventually united politically under the leadership of the Vladimir prince.
3. Galicia-Volyn principality.
Galicia-Volyn principality with its fertile soils, mild climate, steppe space interspersed with rivers and forests, was the center of highly developed agriculture and cattle breeding. The fishing industry was actively developing in this land. A consequence of the further deepening of the social division of labor was the development of crafts, which led to the growth of cities. Largest cities The Galicia-Volyn principality were Vladimir-Volynsky, Przemysl, Terebovl, Galich, Berestye, Kholm. Numerous trade routes passed through the Galich and Volyn lands. The waterway from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea passed along the Vistula - Western Bug - Dniester rivers, overland trade routes led to the countries of South-Eastern Europe. There was a land trade route with the countries of the East along the Danube. In the Galicia-Volyn land, large princely and boyar land ownership developed early.
Until the middle of the 12th century, the Galician land was divided into small principalities. In 1141, Prince Vladimir Volodarevich of Przemysl united them, moving the capital to Galich. The Galich principality reached its highest power under his son Yaroslav Osmysl (1151-1187), who received this nickname for his high education and knowledge of eight foreign languages. Yaroslav Osmysl had unquestioned authority, both in domestic Russian affairs and in international ones. The author of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” aptly spoke about his power:
"Galich Osmyslovs to Yaroslav!
Sitting high on your gold-plated table,
Supported the Ugorkyi Mountains (Carpathians)
With your iron shelves,
Having stepped in the queen's way...
Your thunderstorms are flowing across the lands."
After the death of Osmysl, the Galician land became the arena of a long internecine struggle between the princes and the local boyars. Its duration and complexity is explained by the relative weakness of the Galician princes,
whose landownership lagged behind the boyars in size. The huge estates of the Galician boyars and numerous servants-vassals allowed them to fight the princes they disliked, since
The latter, having a smaller estate, could not, due to a lack of land, increase the number of service people, their supporters, on whom they relied in the fight against the boyars.
The situation was different in the Volyn land, which in the middle of the 12th century became the family domain of the descendants of Izyaslav Mstislavich. A powerful princely fiefdom developed here early on. Increasing due to
distribution of lands to the number of service people, the Volyn princes began to fight against the boyars for the unification of the Galician and Volyn lands, the strengthening of their power. In 1189, the Volyn prince Roman Mstislavich
united the Galician and Volyn lands. In 1203 he occupied Kyiv. Under the rule of Roman Mstislavich, Southern and Southwestern Rus' united. The period of his reign was marked by the strengthening of the position of the Galicia-Volyn principality within the Russian lands and in the international arena. In 1205, Roman Mstislavich died in Poland, which led to the weakening of princely power in the Galicia-Volyn principality and its
disintegration. The Galician boyars began a long and ruinous feudal war, which lasted about 30 years. The boyars entered into an agreement with the Hungarian and Polish feudal lords, who captured Galicia
land and part of Volyn. The national liberation struggle against the Polish and Hungarian invaders began. This struggle served as the basis for the consolidation of forces in Southwestern Rus'. Prince Daniel
Romanovich, relying on the townspeople and his service people, managed to strengthen his power, establish himself in Volyn, and in 1238 take Galich and reunite the Galician and Volyn lands. In 1240
he took Kyiv and united Southern and Southwestern Rus' again. The economic and cultural rise of the Galicia-Volyn principality during the reign of Daniil Romanovich was interrupted by the invasion of Batu.
4. Novgorod feudal republic.
In Novgorod land, unlike other Russian lands, a boyar republic was established. It was one of the most developed Russian lands. Its main territory was located between Lake Ilmen and Lake Peipsi, along the banks of the Volkhov, Lovat, Velikaya, Msta rivers. The territory of the Novgorod land was divided into Pyatina, which in turn were administratively divided into hundreds and graveyards. On the borders of the Novgorod land, military strongholds were Pskov, Ladoga, Staraya Rusa, Torzhok, Velikiye Luki, Yuryev. Important trade routes passed through these cities. The largest of these cities was Pskov, which by the end of the 13th century became virtually an independent republic. Since the 15th century, residents of the Novgorod and Rostov-Suzdal lands began active colonization of the lands of Karelia, along the Dvina River, around Lake Onega and Northern Pomerania. As a result of colonization, the Karelians, Vods, and Zavolochskaya Chud (Finno-Ugric tribes) became part of the Novgorod land. The Sami and Nenets paid tribute to Novgorod, mainly in furs. Novgorod was the largest commercial and industrial center. The city was located at the center of trade routes that connected the Baltic Sea with the Black and Caspian Seas. Active trade was conducted with Volga Bulgaria, eastern countries. Novgorod, in which archaeologists found the remains of a German trading court, was a major center of trade with the Baltic states, Scandinavia, and northern German cities, which concluded a trade and political union Hansa. Craft production in Novgorod was distinguished by a wide range of
cialization. In general, artisans worked to order, but blacksmiths, weavers, tanners and representatives of a number of other specialties already at that time began to work for the market, both domestic and
to external. The Volkhov River divided Novgorod into two sides - Sofia and Torgovaya. The city was divided into five ends - districts. The ends were divided into streets. Craftsmen and merchants created their own street
There are hundreds of people by profession and brothers. The most significant influence on the life of Novgorod was the merchant association “Ivanskoye Sto”, whose merchants traded in honey and wax. Despite
a large percentage of the trade and craft population; the basis of the economy of the Novgorod land was agriculture. Is it true, climatic conditions did not provide the opportunity to obtain high yields.
In the Novgorod land, boyar agriculture developed early. All fertile lands were actually redistributed among the boyars, which did not lead to the creation of a large princely fiefdom. Its folding
The situation was also not helped by the position of the princes sent as prince-deputies. This weakened the prince’s position in the fight against the Novgorod boyars, who actually turned the prince into a military
but police force. The Novgorod land separated from Kyiv after the uprising of 1136.
The rebellious townspeople expelled Prince Vsevolod Mstislavich for “neglecting” the city’s interests. A republican system was established in Novgorod. Supreme body the authorities in Novgorod became a meeting
free citizens - owners of courtyards and estates in the city - veche.
It gathered either on Sophia Square or on the Yaroslav Courtyard of the Trade Side. The meeting was public. It was very often attended by the mass of the urban population (feudal-dependent, ka-
of foreign and foreign policy, invited the prince and concluded an agreement with him. At the meeting, the mayor, thousand, and archbishop were elected. The mayor administered the administration and court, and controlled the activities of the prince.
Tysyatsky led the people's militia and held court in trade matters. In order to make the Novgorod bishopric their ally, the boyars in 1156 achieved the election of an archbishop, who did not
He only headed the church in Novgorod, but was also in charge of the republic’s treasury and its foreign relations.
The five ends were self-governing, territorial-administrative and political units. At the ends, Konchan veche gathered, where Konchan elders were elected. Bottom step
The Novgorod organization and management were associations of “street residents”, residents of each street, headed by elected elders, elected at street meetings. The veche system of Novgorod was a form of feudal “democracy”, where the democratic principles of popular representation, public
ity and election of officials, created the illusion of democracy.
The actual power in the republic was in the hands of the boyars and the elite of the merchant class. Throughout its history, the positions of mayors, thousand and Konchan elders were occupied only by representatives of the elite
nobility, called "300 golden belts". The “lesser” or “black” people of Novgorod were subjected to arbitrary exactions from the “better” people, i.e. boyars and the elite of the privileged merchants. The response to this was frequent uprisings of ordinary Novgorodians. The largest of them was the uprising of 1207 against the mayor Dmitry Miroshkinich and his relatives. Novgorod waged a constant struggle for its independence against neighboring principalities, primarily against Vladimir-Suzdal, who sought to subjugate the rich and free city. Novgorod was an outpost of the defense of Russian lands from the crusader aggression of German and Swedish feudal lords.
Thus, the following picture emerges in Rus' before the beginning of the 13th century (before the Tatars) Mongol invasion). All feudal Rus' we must imagine how one and a half dozen sa-
sovereign principalities. They all lived independently, independent from each other, representing microscopic states, little connected to each other and to a certain extent free.
free from state control. But it is not correct to consider feudal fragmentation as a time of decline and regression or to identify it with the princely strife that began in the 10th century. For a young Russian
of feudalism, the united Kievan Rus was, as it were, a nanny who raised and protected the whole family of Russian principalities from all troubles and misfortunes. They survived in its composition the two-century onslaught of the liver-
gov, and invasions of the Varangian troops, the turmoil of princely strife, and several wars with the Polovtsian khans. By the end of the 12th century they had grown so much that they were able to start an independent life. And this process
was natural for all European countries, the misfortune of Rus' was that the processes of unification of Russian lands that had begun were disrupted by the Tatar-Mongol invasion, which Rus'
spent more than 150 years.
6. Books and other literature.
Kobrin V.B. "History of the USSR from ancient times to 1861",
"History of the Fatherland: people, ideas, decisions.",
vol. 1-2. M., 1991
"Our Fatherland, the experience of political history.",
vol. 1-2. M., 1991
Kulenov G.V. “Our Fatherland.”, M.: Terra, 1991.
Syrov S.N. "Pages of history.", M.: Russian language, 1977
Maikov A. "The Tale of Igor's Campaign", Yaroslavl, 1971
Karamzin N.M. "History of the Russian State.", M., 1991.
Hours
Lecture 4. Rus' in the XII-first half of the XV centuries.
Rus' IN THE PERIOD OF FEUDAL Fragmentation
(XII-XV centuries)
Plan:
1. Feudal fragmentation in Rus' in the XII-XV centuries.
2. Mongol invasion of Rus' in the XIII-XV centuries.
3. The unification of Russian lands around Moscow in the XIV - first half of the XV centuries.
· Feudal fragmentation is a natural stage in the development of society. Others have also gone through this stage. feudal states. Political fragmentation has become a new form of organization of Russian statehood in the conditions of the development of the country's territory and its further development.
· In the independent lands of Rus', the economy developed, for example, on the eve of the Mongol invasion there were already about 300 cities, arable farming spread, and tools were improved.
However, fragmentation caused a weakening of the country's military potential, which had a tragic effect during the Mongol invasion of Rus'.
· Reasons for feudal fragmentation:
· The growth of population and military potential in different regions of Rus' became the basis for the formation of sovereign principalities.
· Princely and boyar estates had a natural character. They sought to satisfy their needs as much as possible using internal resources. This, on the one hand, strengthened their sovereignty, and on the other, weakened the power of the Grand Duke.
· The dominance of subsistence farming opened up the opportunity for each region to separate from the center and exist as an independent land or principality. Now the princes fought not to seize power throughout the country, but to expand the borders of their principality at the expense of their neighbors, and took care of strengthening their lands.
· Further economic development of individual lands and principalities led to inevitable social conflicts. To resolve them, strong local authorities were needed. Local boyars no longer wanted to depend on the central government in Kyiv. The main force in the process of separation was the boyars. Relying on his power, local princes were able to establish their power in each land. However, subsequently, contradictions arose between the boyars and local princes, a struggle for influence and power.
· The Grand Duke no longer had the strength or power sufficient to prevent or at least stop the political disintegration of a single state. The weakening of central power led to the fact that Kievan Rus disintegrated into a number of sovereign principalities.
· The order of occupation of thrones that existed in Rus', depending on seniority in the princely family, gave rise to a situation of instability and uncertainty, which hindered the further development of Rus'.
At the end of XII - early XIII centuries in Rus' they decided three main political centers - The Vladimir-Suzdal Principality, the Galician-Volyn Principality and the Novgorod Feudal Republic.
In the XII–XIV centuries. there were two main forms government system : feudal principality and feudal republic.
Feudal principalities were fully established states in which the princes had all the rights of sovereign sovereigns in internal and foreign policy. The most famous were the Kiev, Chernigov, Murom, Ryazan, Galician, Polotsk, Pinsk principalities, etc. Each of the lands was ruled by its own dynasty - one of the branches of the Rurikovichs.
In the 12th century, there was a gradual shift in the center of the state from the southwest to the northeast, in the interfluve of the Oka and Volga, where the Vladimir-Suzdal principality stood out, which experienced a significant economic boom: new lands were being developed, crafts and trades were developing, construction fortified cities.
The sixth son of Vladimir Monomakh reigned in Suzdal – Yuri Dolgoruky (1125-1157). For his constant desire to expand his territory and subjugate Kyiv, he received his nickname. Yuri devoted his entire life to the struggle for the Kyiv grand-ducal throne. Having captured Kyiv and becoming the Grand Duke, Yuri Dolgoruky did not forget about his northeastern lands. He actively influenced the politics of Novgorod. Yuri carried out extensive construction of fortified cities on the borders of his principality. IN 1147 The first written news about Moscow appeared.
The policy of Yuri Dolgoruky was continued by his son Andrey Bogolyubsky (1157-1174.), who realized that Kyiv had lost its former role. Under him, the great reign passed from Kyiv to Vladimir, he made Vladimir-on-Klyazma his capital, his residence was in the village of Bogolyubovo, for which he received his nickname. In Vladimir, the Golden Gate was built and the majestic Assumption Cathedral was erected.
To strengthen his power, Andrei increased the number of junior warriors and distributed to them lands inhabited by peasants. Simultaneously with the distribution of land, feudal dependence and exploitation of the peasantry intensified; in addition, huge burdens fell on them and the urban poor. construction work in Vladimir and Bogolyubovo.
Andrei's troops successfully fought with Novgorod and made campaigns against Kyiv
In 1174, Andrei Bogolyubsky was killed by conspiratorial boyars.
During the reign of brother Andrei Vsevolod's Big Nest (1176-1212 .) The Vladimir-Suzdal principality reached its greatest power. Power in the principality was finally established in the form of a monarchy. Vsevolod the Big Nest expanded the territory of his principality at the expense of the Novgorod lands along the Northern Dvina and Pechora. The Vladimir-Suzdal prince at that time was the most powerful in Rus'.
The Vladimir-Suzdal principality retained primacy among the Russian lands, and after the death of Vsevolod the Big Nest. The process of further economic growth of the principality was interrupted by the Mongol invasion.
Feudal republics established in Novgorod and Pskov. The main place in government began to be occupied not by princes, but by boyars and merchants. This elite took into account the activity of the urban plebs, and skillfully used it in the fight against the princely power, defending their own interests. Princes were invited only by own choice and under certain conditions. The prince controlled the army during military campaigns, his squad maintained order in the city.
Big role played by the people's assembly - the veche, which elected, controlled and removed the most important officials, was the supreme body of legislation, administration and court, and elected the head of the church - the bishop. The actual hosts at the meeting were 300 “golden belts” - the largest boyars of Novgorod.
The main official in the department was the posadnik, who was the head of the government and administered justice. Tysyatsky was in charge of the city militia, the commercial court, and tax collection.
Thus, during the period of feudal fragmentation, the Russian lands successfully developed economically, but were weak militarily.
