Strength frame house determined by its design. The weight of the walls, ceilings and roof is supported by the supporting frame of the frame house. For the strength of a frame house, it is important to choose the correct thickness of the supporting posts, as well as the distance between the posts. There are rules. Today we will discuss how to calculate the distance between posts in a frame house, the so-called pitch of posts in a frame house.

Pitch of racks in a frame house

The distance of racks in a frame house is determined by their strength and future load. The stronger the frame posts, the larger the gaps between them can be. In addition, the size of the racks of a frame house is influenced by the size of the finishing materials. Why should the distance between supports take into account the dimensions of the finishing panels?

Step in frame wall.

Let's give an example. For ease of installation of OSB sheets, they try to choose the pitch between the racks taking into account their sizes. The OSB dimensions are 2500x1250 mm. This means that if the distance between the posts is a multiple of 1250 mm (or a multiple of 2500 mm), the consumption finishing material the trimmings will be fairly minimal. The edges of the OSB sheet will be attached to the rack. If the distance is greater than 1250, part of the OSB sheet will be cut off during installation.

They also try to take into account the dimensions of the future insulation. For example, if the insulation of a frame house from the inside is carried out with mats made of mineral wool Rockwool, then their dimensions are 1200x600 mm with a deformation strip of 50 mm. Then the distance between the racks for the insulation should be 550 mm. Which does not correspond to 1250 mm OSB. In this case, when choosing the support spacing, the dimensions of the insulation are not taken into account, and additional strips are provided for its installation in the frame.

Note

It is also necessary to take into account that in places where doors and windows are installed, the distance between the posts in a frame house may be greater or less. The distance should correspond to the width of the future window or doorway.

Choice fastening elements will be determined by the frame material. The vertical posts of a wooden frame house are attached to the lower and upper frames using metal corners and nails. And the metal vertical supports are bolted or arc welded.

So, we’ve sorted out the peculiarities of choosing a pitch and selecting fasteners. Now let's turn to the calculations and calculate the weight of the future frame, the thickness of the supports and the distance between them.

How much does a frame weigh?

The frame of the house is a load-bearing system. Its strength must withstand the pressure of walls, ceilings and roofs. Therefore, to calculate the racks of a frame house, it is necessary to determine the weight of the future structure. How to do this?

Weight of frame walls.

There are several methods for determining the weight of a future structure. Let's give two:

1. Determining the weight of a building using an online calculator. In this option, the values ​​of the width and length of the walls of the building, its height, the number of load-bearing partitions, as well as the material of the walls, their thickness are entered into the calculator and the finished result is obtained - the approximate weight of the future structure.
2. Calculations using construction tables. This is more complex and painstaking work, during which you can get a more accurate result. According to construction tables approximate is determined specific gravity 1 cu. m, as well as the linear weight of each meter of floors and roofing sheets. The data obtained is multiplied by the area of ​​the walls of the house or roof, summed up and added to the total weight of the frame house.

The weight of the future structure obtained in the calculations is multiplied by a factor of 1.1. It takes into account the additional weight of plumbing fixtures and furniture that will be located in the building. As a result, we get the weight that the house frame must withstand for many years of use.

According to the online calculator, we get that 8x8 m with a roof made of metal profile And wooden joists, in a climate zone with winter temperatures of -10 will be about 10.5 tons. Multiplying by the coefficient, we get 11.55 tons, which for convenience of calculations we round up to 12 tons of construction weight. So what to do next?

Frame house racks

Next, let's look at the strength of wooden posts and find out how much weight each support post can support. Traditionally for wooden frames one-story buildings They use corner posts of a frame house with a cross-section of at least 100x50 mm, for two-story houses - 150x50 mm. Using reference tables, we will determine the load-bearing capacity of the frame rack.

Distance between bases.

Note

Calculating bearing capacity using formulas is quite complex and involves knowledge of the resistance of materials.

According to the directory physical properties wood, the compressive strength of wood is 30 – 50 MPa (depending on the type of wood). This means that each cm of cross-section can support 30-50 kg of weight. The wall posts of a 100x50 mm frame house are guaranteed to withstand 300 kg.

Taking into account the total weight of the house, determined earlier, you can calculate the minimum number of support posts. To do this, we divide 12,000 kg by 300 kg, as a result of which we obtain that the installation of racks will require 40 boards with a cross-section of 100x50 mm.

Distance between supports

The distance of the posts in a frame house is determined by the load or weight of the house and the number of supports. Using the data obtained, we determine the required distance between the frame posts. To do this, we calculate the total perimeter of the wall. In a house 8x8 m it will be 32 m. Then we divide the resulting 32 m by the number of racks - 40 pieces. We get a distance of 0.8 m or 800 mm.

In the construction literature there is general recommendations, how to properly fasten the racks of a frame house. They say that if it is impossible to carry out construction calculations, the step between is selected in the amount of 500 to 700 mm. And one more thing: it is accepted that the pitch of the racks of a frame house should not exceed 1 m.

Question:

I am designing a frame Canadian house and am slightly confused: the width of the insulation is 600 mm, the width of the stand is 40 mm, the size of the OSB board is 2500x1250 mm and it is necessary to make a gap between them of 2-3 mm. And how to calculate the pitch of the frame posts so that it all fits without large excesses?

Answer:

When structurally designing or building a Canadian house, place the posts at a distance of 625 mm from each other - you can’t go wrong. This will allow you to easily install OSB sheets with the necessary gaps, because As you place the racks, you will still move a couple of millimeters in one direction or another. And yet, in this case, with a rack thickness of 40 mm, the free distance between them is 585 mm. Accordingly, 15 mm will be spent on pressing the mineral insulation, and this is necessary so that the insulation mat does not slide down.

Some manufacturers, such as KNAUF, produce mats with a width of 610 mm to provide space, but I still recommend a pitch of 625, because 10 mm in insulation savings will not make a difference, but cutting off OSB can result in a very significant amount.

The distance between the outer posts is also adjusted to the size of the OSB. For example, if this is the main wall on which the OSB will be mounted from the edge of the outer stud, then the pitch is 605 mm (625 mm pitch minus 20 mm of half the thickness of the stud). If this is an adjacent wall with 40x200 racks, and the OSB is mounted overlapping the slabs of the wall to which it is adjacent, then we get 393 mm (625 - 20 - 200 - 12). Yes, the insulation mat will have to be trimmed, but its excess will then be dispersed to other places without any problems.

Naturally, most likely, the opposite edge of the OSB will still have to be cut off and most likely the distance between the last two racks will be narrower than the width of the insulation, but this is not so important - something will still have to be sacrificed and these sacrifices will need to be taken into account when drawing up estimates for construction frame house.

I hope it is shown more clearly in the illustrations above.

However, latest versions CODE regulates the use for two-story houses The pitch of the racks, roughly speaking, is 40 cm. This is probably due to the insufficient rigidity for deflection of the double strapping, which is used in Canadian houses. Accordingly, for our OSB size we get a strut pitch of 415 mm. But what to do with the insulation is a mystery. You'll have to cut it, cut it and cut it, because... In this case, a maximum of 375 mm will remain between the racks. For example, if you cut a standard TeploKNAUF fiberglass board of size 610x1230 into three parts crosswise, you will end up with pieces 410 mm wide, which fits well into the above inter-column size. Considering that KOD is not just a collection of fairy tales, but practical guide, then you should be guided by it. Yes, it will take more boards and labor to form insulated walls, but it will pay off in the reliability of your frame house. Otherwise, I can recommend using the frame construct

Good afternoon (night, morning - depending on who you are) everyone!

I read SNiPs here, looked at the requirements for fastening various slab materials, read bourgeois books (special thanks to the author of the collection of links posted on the forum). Then I did the math a little and thought about it. Namely:

About the thickness of the rack of a frame house. SNiP requirement: distance from the edge of the lumber to the axis of the dowel (nail, screw) 3 - 3.5d. The requirement for fastening Greenboard 3, DSP, OSB is 15 mm from the edge of the sheet (or more). The recommended diameter of screws is 3.9 - 4.2 mm. Accordingly, the thickness of the rack on which the slab materials meet must be at least: 3.9x3x2+15x2=53.4 mm (if the slab material is installed without a gap between the sheets). If you need a gap between the slab material, then the thickness of the rack should be greater...

About the height of the stand. Based on the strength requirements for wooden structures according to SNiP, with a rack thickness of 50 mm, its maximum height can be 266 mm, with a thickness of 45 mm - 240 mm, with a thickness of 40 mm - 213 mm. In this case, the maximum load on a rack with a thickness of 50 mm and a width of 150 mm with a height of 266 mm can be no more than 1507 kgf (the calculation is correct for wood with a moisture content of no more than 12%, I did not find how to calculate it for other humidity levels). I was sitting here, calculating the loads on the racks of the first floor of a frame house for my beloved and slightly tensed - the safety margin was less than 20% with a rack spacing of 600 mm along the axes, and along the central load-bearing wall I could barely fit in with a 400 mm pitch (I will today to recalculate the loads again - it turns out to be a very heavy house). Maybe, of course, out of the old Russian habit, I’m trying to overdo it, but...

This is where some questions arose for me: how do gentlemen in practice attach slab material to racks with a thickness of 50 mm or less, taking into account the fact that manufacturers of slab material require installing self-tapping screws strictly at an angle of 90 degrees to the plane of the sheet?

How are frame struts reinforced, taking into account strength requirements and actual loads?
Is this very slab material needed in the frame at all? Actually, as far as I understand, the displacement of the frame from the vertical is affected by wind loads plus unevenly distributed vertical loads? If so, then it seems to me that two or three correctly installed jibs in each wall should be enough?

Off-top: I talked here to several Moscow companies that make frame houses... (a lot of unprintable words)... transferring loads through window and door frames, 4 meter spans beams 45x145 with a pitch of 600 mm... when asked on the basis of which design decisions were made - they answer on the basis of SNiP, I ask how they considered it - but we don’t count... When using dry lumber (it is not a fact that it will be dry), not only the material becomes more expensive, but also Job…

I was forced to sit down to design it myself - I really don’t want to sit in the bathtub on the second floor and end up on the first... And, alas, the budget is strictly limited...

About the “pie” of genders. I see the following designs for dry rooms:
1. Greenboard 3R – 22 mm
2. Plywood – 21 mm
3. Plywood – 15 mm with scraped joints
4. Cork backing– 2 mm
5. Laminate – 9.5 mm
For wet areas:
1. Greenboard 3R – 22 mm
2. Waterproofing
3. Aquapanel Knauf – 12.5 mm
4. Thin-layer gypsum screed KNAUF Boden 15 with carbon “warm floor” cables recessed into it - 18 mm
5. Tile adhesive Knauf Flex – 5 mm
6. Ceramic tiles – 10 mm
In both cases, the thickness of the “pie” is 69.5 mm (it is clear that I will lose 0.5 mm and it will be 70).

This is what I didn’t find... If I install a multi-span beam and place a wall on top in the places where it is supported, then logically I get a rigid seal in all places where the beam is supported. How then can it be calculated for strength and deflection? Where can I look at the formulas... Or should it be considered as several single-span beams?

External and internal walls are divided into various types depending on their design features and tasks.

Light walls are made from a wooden frame, wooden I-profiles or thin steel profiles. Such walls are sheathed slab materials or clapboard. See fig. 9.1.

Fig 9.1 Light outer wall made of wooden frame with horizontal clapboard outer skin

1. Internal lining
2. Vapor barrier
3. Wall Frame Post
4. Thermal insulation
5. Windproof plate
6. The rail providing ventilation. gap
7. Vent. gap
8. External cladding

As a supporting structure heavy walls reinforced concrete, foam concrete, brick are used. In Scandinavian countries, there is a requirement that such walls be additionally insulated. In such cases, to heavy walls An insulated, insulated wooden frame is attached from the inside.

Heavy walls - can be made on the basis of a load-bearing wooden frame with brick cladding. See fig. 9.2.


Figure 9.2 Heavy timber frame exterior wall with brick exterior cladding

1. Internal lining
2. Vapor barrier
3. Wall Frame Post
4. Thermal insulation
5. Windproof plate
6. High-density mineral wool for facade insulation
7. Anchor for securing brickwork
8. Vent. gap
9. Brick cladding

Load-bearing walls are walls that bear loads from floors and/or roofs. First of all, the wall frame is designed for its ability to withstand vertical loads, but it must also be designed to impart the necessary rigidity to all building structures.

Curtain walls - are called lungs. In larger buildings whose load-bearing structures are made of steel or concrete, the non-load-bearing walls are called infill framing.

Wooden wall frames using Norwegian technology
The wooden frame of the wall consists of racks inscribed in a frame of boards of the upper and lower frame of the wall. Typically, the pitch of the racks is taken to be 600 mm. In load-bearing external walls, the racks are placed coaxially with the beams of the underlying floor.

The openings are framed by horizontal braces. IN load-bearing walls Over the openings, it is necessary to install jumpers - stiffening beams that transfer the load from the upper trim to the racks located on both sides of the opening.

There are also designs with a cross frame. In this case, by supporting frame The walls are covered with sheathing at a pitch adapted to the width of the thermal insulation sheets or to the selected type of cladding. See fig. 9.3.


9.3 Construction of a wooden wall frame - names of parts.

1. End floor beam
2. Bottom frame of a wooden frame wall
3. Wall Frame Post
4. Top frame of a wooden frame wall
5. Jib - wooden diagonal brace
6. Lathing to create a cross frame

Requirements for the quality of lumber for the construction of a wooden frame wall using Norwegian technology
According to the requirements of Norwegian regulatory documentation, wooden wall frames must be built from boards corresponding to a quality class of at least C18, which in turn corresponds to the third grade according to GOST 8486-86E.

The dimensions of lumber must correspond to the nominal value.
Warping of lumber can significantly reduce the load-bearing capacity of frame parts. See fig. 9.4.

Rice. 9.4 Longitudinal warping along the face and along the edge

1. Longitudinal warping along the face: the deflection arrow should not exceed 8 mm for a board 2.0 m long.
2. Longitudinal warping along the edge: the deflection arrow should not exceed 3 mm for a board 2.4 m long.

Selecting the cross-section of lumber for the frame wall
The thickness of the frame wall is selected based on two conditions:

1. Sufficient load-bearing capacity of the walls must be ensured, taking into account the standard loads for each specific region.
2. Sanitary and hygienic standards for thermal protection must be met.

As a rule, in Norway the thickness of frame walls for a residential building is set at 198 mm, with additional insulation along the cross lathing - 50 mm. See fig. 9.3. Thus, the total thickness of standard thermal insulation Scandinavian house is ~250 mm. In this case, variations are possible, for example, sometimes the wall frame is assembled from a 36x148 board with cross lathing on the inside and outside.

To know exactly what thickness of frame walls to choose - according to Norwegian building regulations, you need to use special tables. Table 9.1 shows the relationship between the cross-section of racks in external load-bearing walls, the standard snow load and the maximum width two-story house. The data given in Table 9.1 assumes a rack pitch of 600 mm and a roof structure from simply supported trusses with heavy roof covering(ceramic tiles).

Table 9.1 Maximum width of the house (m) for wooden frame load-bearing walls made of boards of a given section.
Pitch of racks: 0.6 m;

Number of floors: 2;
Frame wall height: 2.4 m;

Type of roofing: heavy.

1. If the width of the house exceeds 12 m, it is necessary to order a comprehensive calculation load-bearing structures from an experienced designer, because in this case, it is necessary to take into account the natural landscape at the construction site, the shape of the building and other factors that determine the load on the structure’s frame.
2. The cross-section of the racks of high frame walls should also be calculated by an experienced engineer, because the higher the height of the racks, the higher value has a standard wind load and the greater the actual deflection of the racks. The thickness of the racks in high frame walls must be at least 48 mm.

Table 9.2 shows the relationship between the height of the load-bearing external walls, the width of the house, the standard snow load and the cross-section of the frame posts for a one-story frame house using Norwegian technology. The data given in Table 9.2 provides for a maximum standard snow load of 3.5 kN/m².
You can find out the details of the technology for calculating and manufacturing high-height wooden frame walls in the original Norwegian manual No. 523.252: https://yadi.sk/i/pHe82IkVgivY2

Table 9.2 Maximum height of supports of load-bearing external frame wall (m)
Pitch of racks: 0.6 m;
Wood quality class: C18 (3rd grade);
Number of floors: 1;
Roof structure: simply supported trusses;
Standard snow load: ≤ 3.5 kN/m².

Sections of frame posts carrying interior walls depends on the design of the house, on how the regulatory loads are distributed. See fig. 9.5.


Rice. 9.5 The load on internal load-bearing walls can vary significantly depending on the design of the house.

In Fig. 9.5(A) it can be seen that the internal walls of the first floor are not load-bearing, since the roof structure provides for simply supported trusses. However, the internal wall of the underground in this case is load-bearing, since the ceiling rests on it.
In Fig. 9.5(B) the internal walls of the first floor are load-bearing, since the design of the house provides for an usable loft resting on the internal wall.
In Fig. 9.5(C) all internal walls are load-bearing, as they carry loads from the roof, loft floor and basement floor.

Internal curtain walls must also be designed to withstand the load from hanging furniture, shelves and sanitary equipment. Calculating the strength of the structure in this case is not enough; for the comfort of the residents, the structure of the house must also be designed for instability. Everything matters; unpleasant vibrations of partitions can occur even from abruptly closing a door or due to a difference in air pressure in the rooms.
Table 9.3 shows the recommended stud sections for timber frame interior walls in low-rise timber frame houses built using genuine Norwegian technology. The pitch of the racks is assumed to be 600 mm.

Table 9.3 Recommended stud sections for timber frame interior walls
Pitch of racks: 0.6 m;
Wood quality class: C18 (3rd grade);
Maximum width of the house: 10 m (distance between load-bearing walls);



An example of choosing the section of racks for the construction of frame walls using original Norwegian technology.

1. Values ​​given in table 9.1. provide roof structure made of simply supported trusses, those. In this case, loads from the roof are transferred only to the external load-bearing walls. In Table 9.1 we see that a building with such a roof structure and a frame of load-bearing walls made of 36x148 boards can have a maximum width of 5.2 m in regions with a standard snow load of 4.5 kN/m². If the wall frame is assembled from 48x148 boards, the maximum width of the house in this case will be 11.4 m.
2. If the roof design involves the use of layered rafters, see fig. 9.5(C), then the vertical load on the external load-bearing walls will decrease by 2 times due to the redistribution of standard loads on the internal wall. In this case, the values ​​​​of the maximum width of the house given in Table 9.1 will indicate the distance between the outer and inner load-bearing walls. In a region with a standard snow load of 4.5 kN/m², in this case, it is possible to build two-story frame houses with external load-bearing walls made of 36x148 mm boards and a total house width of up to 10.4 m - with two spans of 5.2 m each, see fig. . 9.5(C).

Calculation of strapping and racks of a wooden frame wall
consists of two main stages:

• calculation of wooden frame wall posts for longitudinal bending;
• calculation of the frame wall strapping for crushing at the point where the frame post rests on it.

The posts of a timber frame wall are designed primarily to support vertical loads. In a wooden stud, the compressive forces are directed along the fibers, and in a wooden frame wall frame, the compressive forces are directed across the fibers. In wooden frame wall from each rack, the sum of standard loads (snow, wind, dead weight), reaching up to 25 kN (which corresponds to ~2.5 tons), is transferred to the harness.
A post that is not secured by sheathing exceeds the permissible longitudinal deflection along Y axis even at very low load. In this case, unacceptable stresses in a 36x148 rack with a height of 2.4 m will arise already at a load of 4.1 kN (which corresponds to ~410 kg). See fig. 9.6. and table 9.4.

Rice. 9.6 Frame and support of wooden frame walls. Longitudinal bending along the axes X And Y.

1. The place where the wooden post rests on the frame of the wooden frame wall.

Table 9.4 Limit values ​​of the sum of standard loads (kN) per wooden stand height... (m)
Wood quality class: C24 (2nd grade);
Climate class: 1 and 2;


The sheathed studs of a wooden frame wall are designed for longitudinal deflection only along the axis X. If we look at Table 9.4, we will see that if the frame is sheathed, then for the same rack with a cross section of 36x148 and a height of 2.4 m, the load-bearing capacity will be 42.8 kN (which corresponds to ~4.28 tons). In low-rise housing construction, such loads on one rack practically do not happen, so in this case it is necessary to make a calculation of the frame wall strapping for crushing at the point where the frame rack rests on it. In this case, the cross-sectional area of ​​the rack is 36x148 mm = 5328 mm². Knowing that for a wooden frame wall frame made from boards of quality class C24 (2nd grade) the crushing strength is 3.6 N/mm², we find out the maximum load on 1 rack: 5328 * 3.6 = 19.2 kN ( which corresponds to ~1.92 t).

Frame walls made of steel and I-sections
1. Frame walls made of I-profiles on a wood base.
In place of whole ones wooden planks you can use I-beam profiles, in which they are used as shelves wooden blocks or LVL timber, and OSB or HDF as walls.
Wall frames made of I-beam profiles on a wood base are assembled, with minor exceptions, according to the same principle as frames made of solid wooden parts. See fig. 9.7.


Figure 9.7 Frame wall design wooden house from I-profiles

1. Bottom harness
2. Rack
3. Horizontal connections, opening frame
4. Jumper - stiffening beam above the opening
5. Upper harness

To calculate the maximum width of a house whose frame consists of wood-based I-profiles, use Table 9.5, while the spans of beams in the floors of such a house should not exceed 5.0 m.

Table 9.5 Maximum width of the house (m) for frame load-bearing walls made of wooden I-sections (h=200 mm).
Pitch of racks: 0.6 m;
Floor height: 2.4 m;
Roof structure: simply supported trusses;
Beam span interfloor covering≤ 5.0 m.


You can find out the details of the technology for manufacturing wooden frame walls from I-profiles in the original Norwegian manual No. 523.261.

Frame walls made of thin steel profiles
Steel profiles are mainly used to make frames for non-load-bearing walls, partitions, or to make infill frames for subsequent installation in concrete and steel frames of buildings. Thin steel profiles are also used for internal partitions in rooms with increased fire safety requirements. See fig. 9.8.


Rice. 9.8 Infill frame made of thin steel profiles.
There is a wide variety of steel profiles on the construction market. various shapes, thickness, overall dimensions, intended for use in various areas construction industry, including those designed for required thickness insulation. The width of steel profiles for frame walls varies from 70 to 200 mm. The assembly of wall frames from steel profiles is carried out using self-tapping screws or rivets.
You can find out details of the technology for manufacturing frame walls from thin steel profiles in the original Norwegian manual No. 524.233.

Structural components of a Scandinavian frame house
Bottom frame of a wooden frame wall
The bottom trim of a wooden frame wall is usually made double - i.e. Before installing the wall frames, wooden beds are installed under them.
There are several reasons for this:

• if the house is assembled from factory-produced wall panels, then it is more convenient to install them on pre-installed beams along the basement floor, which will serve as guides;
• on concrete foundations, installed on top of the waterproofing in order to thus increase the service life of the wooden frame house;
• The double bottom trim serves as a backing board for fastening the internal wall cladding.

For reliable connection in the corners of the house, the boards of the lower trim should be mounted overlapping, overlapping each other. Lengthwise joints must also be made with an overlap of 600 mm. See fig. 9.9 and 9.10.

Rice. 9.9 Installation of the bottom frame of wooden frame walls using Norwegian technology

1. Technology "Platform"- walls are mounted on top subfloor (1.1) on the basement floor, which is also a working floor. It is used in cases where installation occurs quickly, in good weather. In this case, it is necessary to use waterproof OSB-3 boards with a tongue-and-groove connection to protect the basement floor from moisture in the event of precipitation.
2. Dry installation technology- insulation and sealing of the basement floor is carried out after installation external cladding and roofing of the house when residual moisture wooden structures will be ≤ 13%. In this case, the wall frames are installed on beams mounted on the frame of the basement floor. Built into the basement frame embedded board (2.1) , to which the floor boards are subsequently attached. A special feature of the “dry installation” technology is that a finished floor made of tongue-and-groove floorboards can be immediately installed over the basement beams. According to Norwegian building regulations, you need to attach the lower guide rail to the plinth with 2 nails 3.4x95 (or 3.1x90 for drum nailers) every 500 mm. The second board, directly the lower frame of the wall frame, is attached to the guide rail in a similar way.
3. Installation of walls on concrete foundations. Waterproofing is laid under the wall frames and installed on top of it. industrially impregnated beds in order to thus increase the service life of a wooden frame house. In this case, industrially impregnated beds are attached to the foundation using expandable anchor bolts. The second board, the immediate lower frame of the wall frame, is attached to the impregnated beams with 2 nails of such length as not to disrupt the integrity of the waterproofing laid under the impregnated beams.

Rice. 9.10 The principle of installing a basement floor on a concrete foundation strip. Impregnated beams, end beams of the basement floor, guide beams, and the lower frames of wall frames in the corners must be installed with overlapping joints.

1. Waterproofing is laid on the foundation strip and mounted on top of it. industrially impregnated beds (1).
2. The frame of the basement floor is supported on impregnated beams. Then wall panels factory-made are installed on pre-assembled floor slabs made of regular board (2), which serve as guides;

Sealing the joint between the impregnated bed and the foundation. Norwegian building regulations allow the use of special mineral wool, polyurethane and rubber tapes for these purposes.

Top frame wall frame
According to Norwegian building regulations, the top frame of a frame wall must be double, unless the design provides for a different solution. Double top trim is well suited for attaching internal cladding in cases where the ceiling is already installed. Also, double strapping provides greater rigidity to wooden frame walls and helps to level the frame walls in order to install on them rafter system. Therefore, it is important to choose the straightest boards for making the top trim of frame walls. The top trim is attached to the racks with 3 hot-dip galvanized nails 3.1x90. The boards of the upper wall trim should be mounted with overlapping joints, as shown in Fig. 9.11.


Rice. 9.11 Top frame of a Scandinavian frame wall.

1. Frame wall corner post
2. Double top harness
3. Interfloor end beam
4. Ceiling

Leveling timber frame walls
When raising timber frame walls, it is necessary to align them plumb. First, the lower trims are aligned along the lace, then the corner joints are checked with a plumb line. Finally, aligned along the lace top harnesses walls and stops are installed from inside the room, supporting the outer frame walls, preventing them from falling inside. To facilitate the work of leveling wooden frame walls, it is necessary to initially install the racks so that the deflection formed by the longitudinal warping along the edge faces the inside of the room. Then it will be easy to install interior decoration using special pads for leveling inner surface wooden frame walls. According to the Norwegian national standard NS 3420, vertical deviations are classified as 3% accuracy class RC. This means that with a ceiling height of 2.4 m the maximum permissible deviations the posts must be ≤ 7 mm from the vertical.

Calculation of the length of frame wall posts
Calculating the length of the frame wall posts is necessary to achieve the desired ceiling height. In Norway in low-rise wooden houses standard height ceiling 2400 mm. See fig. 9.12 and 9.13.
Rice. 9.12 Ceiling height measurement according to Norwegian standards.

1. Floor height – 2700 mm
2. Ceiling height – 2400 mm
3. Height of the room along the frame (without finishing)

Rice. 9.13 Example of a typical Scandinavian timber frame wall. See below for an example of calculating the length of a rack to ensure a given ceiling height.
When calculating the length of the racks, take into account:

• floor thickness (A) from the bottom level of the bottom frame and above
• ceiling thickness (B) from the top level of the top trim and below
• total thickness of double lower and upper trims (C = C1 + C2)

If the ceiling height is denoted by the letter H, then the formula for calculating the length of the stand ( L) of a wooden frame wall will take the form: L= H + A + B - C An example of calculating the length of the rack to ensure a ceiling height of 2400 mm for the walls shown in Fig. 9.13:



Design frame houses according to the construction grid
The described Norwegian technology for assembling wall frames with a double top frame without additional stiffening beams involves designing on a 600 mm grid so that on the construction site the beams, struts, posts and rafters can coincide along the axes. Corner joint between pediment and longitudinal wall shown in Fig. 9.14, it is recommended to make pediment walls across the entire width of the house, and place the posts of the pediment walls symmetrically to the ridge line - so that the posts are the same along the length.

Rice. 9.14 Assembling the frame using a 600 mm mesh. Corner joint between gable and longitudinal walls.

Continuation:

SNiP 31-02 imposes requirements on the walls of a house in terms of strength and deformability at the calculated values ​​of impacts and loads, fire resistance limit and class fire danger, durability. External walls must also meet the requirements for resistance to heat transfer from energy saving conditions, for protection against the penetration of atmospheric moisture and air into the structure, for preventing the accumulation of condensation of water vapor inside the structure, as well as for ensuring a reduction in sound pressure from external noise sources to the standard level. Internal walls separating residential units in a block house must meet the requirements for the airborne noise insulation index.

Requirements for ensuring thermal insulation, protection against air penetration and vapor permeation of walls are given in Section 9.
Device requirements exterior finishing walls, as well as to ensure protection against the penetration of atmospheric moisture into external wall structures are given in section 10.

7.1 General design requirements

7.1.1 Walls and partitions consist of a wooden frame, cladding (external and internal in relation to the enclosed premises) and finishing (cladding) layers. If necessary, layers are placed in the walls to provide heat and sound insulation, vapor barrier and protection against the penetration of air and water. The frame of the walls absorbs the loads from the floors and roof of the house. Loads from the floors and roof should not be transferred to the partition frame.
7.1.2 Provisions 6.1.2—6.1.9 of this Code of Rules also apply to the walls of houses.

7.2 Frame structure

7.2.1 The wall frame (Figure 7-1) consists of vertical racks and horizontal elements (upper and lower trim, lintels over window and door openings). The racks within each floor rest on the lower frame frames of the wall, which, through the elements of the floor frame, transfer the load to the upper frame frames of the walls of the floor below (a “platform” type frame with floor racks). Frame sheathing, if made of rigid slab or sheet materials or lumber, provides rigidity to the frame when absorbing wind loads and prevents the racks from losing stability. In the absence of rigid sheathing, diagonal stiffening bracing or bracing shall be used in accordance with the requirements of 7.2.5.
Vertical and horizontal elements The wall frame divides the internal space of the wall into closed cells and performs the functions of fire diaphragms.

7.2.2 Elements of the wall frame must be made of softwood lumber of at least grade 2 according to GOST 8486. The provisions given in this Code of Rules apply to wall frames with posts of a solid rectangular section. It is possible to use racks of a different design (for example, lattice racks).

7.2.3 The cross-section and pitch of the wall frame racks must be calculated depending on the position of the racks along the height of the house and the load transferred to them. In this case, the dimensions of lumber in accordance with GOST 24454 and their strength characteristics in accordance with SNiP II-25 (for 2nd grade softwood) must be taken into account.

The cross-sectional dimensions of the racks, accepted without verification calculations, must be no less, and the steps of the racks must not be more than the corresponding dimensions indicated in Table 7-1.

7.2.4 Wall posts must be continuous and solid along the entire height of the floor (except for posts at openings).

7.2.5 In the cases specified in 7.2.1, stiffening connections must be provided.

In external walls, it is recommended to use boards with a cross-section of at least 18x88 mm as stiffeners, nailed at an angle of 45° to the posts in the plane of the frame on each floor. These boards should cut into the studs in such a way that they do not interfere with the fastening of the sheathing to the studs.

In internal walls, wooden blocks can be used as stiffening links to prevent the racks from losing stability, which are installed spaced between the racks in the middle of their height and nailed to each rack.

7.2.6 The top frames in load-bearing walls should consist, as a rule, of two boards in height, the bottom ones - of one board.
On a section of wall that includes a lintel above a doorway, it is permitted to have a single-board top trim, provided that the trim is nailed to the lintel.

An upper frame made of one board can also be used in cases where the floor beams and frame racks of the overlying floor or roof rafters, through which the load is transmitted to the frame, rest on it within no more than 50 mm from the edge of the racks on which the frame rests.

7.2.7 The strappings must be made of boards with a thickness of at least 38 mm. The width of the strapping should be no less than the height of the cross-section of the racks.

In internal walls, in which the racks are located directly above the floor beams, it is allowed to use a bottom frame with a thickness of 18 mm.

7.2.8 In external walls, the bottom trim can protrude beyond the support (for example, above a basement wall), but not more than one-third of its width.

7.2.9 The bottom board of the top trim is nailed to each post. The joints of individual elements of the bottom board should be located above the posts.

The top board of the top trim is nailed to the bottom board so that the joints in it are offset relative to the joints in the bottom trim by a distance equal to one step of the posts.

7.2.10 At corners and intersections of walls and partitions, the bottom boards of the top frames must be joined end-to-end, and the top boards of the top frames must overlap these joints. In cases where it is impossible or impractical to fulfill this requirement, to connect the lower boards of the upper trims at corners and intersections, connecting plates from a strip of galvanized steel measuring 75x150 mm, 0.9 mm thick, nailed to each element with at least three nails 60 long should be used. mm. It is permissible to use other connection methods that provide equal strength.

Note - The design of the top frame of the wall frame is associated with the accepted technology of work, which involves assembling walls with a top frame from one board in a horizontal position on the floor, lifting and installing it in the design position, then installing the top board of the top frame in such a way as to ensure the rigidity of the frame walls in the longitudinal direction and in corner connections walls At the next stage, the ends of the floor beams are supported on the top frame.

7.2.11 It is recommended to install the frame in the corners of external walls on two or three racks (see examples in Figure 7-2). When connecting on three racks, an additional rack installed long side section parallel to the wall, intended for fastening internal wall cladding.

7.2.12 It is recommended to arrange connections between partitions and load-bearing walls in accordance with the diagrams shown in Figure 7-3.

7.2.13 Racks on both sides of window and doorways, as a rule, should be double. At the same time internal elements(adjacent to the opening) are installed between the lower trim and the lintel, and external ones - between the lower and upper trims.

It is allowed to use single posts on the sides of the opening in partitions, as well as in load-bearing walls with an opening width corresponding to the distance between the posts or less than this distance; however, the two openings should not be in adjacent spaces between the racks.

7.2.14 Lintels should consist, as a rule, of two boards placed on edge and connected into one element with nails. The thickness of the lintel should be equal to the width of the racks framing the opening. If necessary, to ensure the required thickness of the lintel, spacers (wooden or rigid insulation) can be inserted between its two boards. Fastening the lintels with nails through the posts into the end.

7.2.15 The spans and height dimensions of the section of wooden lintels must be determined by calculation. In cases where the spans of floor beams do not exceed 4.9 m, and the spans of trusses do not exceed 9.8 m, it is allowed to take spans and maximum cross-sectional dimensions for lintels in load-bearing walls according to Appendix B (Tables B-12 - B-14) .

When using racks with a cross-section smaller than 38x89 mm in load-bearing walls, the maximum span values ​​can be taken according to the tables mentioned, provided that the length of the lintels does not exceed 2.25 m, and minimum height their cross-sections are at least 50 mm larger than those indicated in these tables.

7.2.16 The arrangement of nail connections of wall frame elements must comply with Table 7-2.

7.2.17 If necessary, the racks and upper frame frames of the walls can be sawed, cut through, drilled, but in such a way that the undamaged part of the section is at least:

two-thirds of the section thickness for a load-bearing rack or 40 mm for a non-load-bearing rack;

50 mm across the width of the strapping.

With a greater weakening of the cross-section of the frame elements, additional strengthening is necessary.

7.2.18 The wall frame must contain parts for fastening the internal wall cladding and ceiling lining. An example of the arrangement of such parts is shown in Figure 7-4.

7.3 Wall cladding

7.3.1 The cladding of the frame of external walls on the side of the premises, internal walls and partitions on both sides must be made of rigid slab or sheet materials or lumber. It provides spatial rigidity to the wall frame and serves as the basis for subsequent finishing or wall cladding. In cases where the fire resistance limit and fire hazard class of walls are standardized, cladding made of material with appropriate fire-technical characteristics can perform fire-retardant functions.

7.3.2 Sheathing the wall frame from the outside with rigid slabs or sheet materials can be provided to perform load-bearing and insulating functions together with other structural layers, as well as to be used as a continuous lathing for fastening external cladding walls (see sections 9 and 10 of this Code of Practice).

7.3.3 The thickness of materials for wall cladding, depending on the pitch of the wall frame posts to which they are attached, is recommended to be no less than that indicated in Table 7-3.

7.3.4 For frame cladding in walls with standardized fire-technical characteristics, it is recommended to use the materials specified in Table 7-4, taking into account the provisions of 6.5.7 of this Code of Rules.

7.3.5 Fastening the sheathing to the frame elements

7.3.5.1 In cases where materials with insufficient rigidity are used for cladding, the cladding must be attached to the wall frame using lathing, which must meet the requirements of 6.5.2.

7.3.5.2 Fastening sheets or slabs of sheathing material to wall framing members or sheathing using nails or self-tapping screws must be carried out taking into account Table 7-5.

7.3.5.3 All edges of sheets or slabs of sheathing must be located above the supports (frame or sheathing elements).

7.3.5.4 Preparation of wall frame cladding for finishing must be carried out in full accordance with the technological instructions for the construction of houses of this system.

7.3.5.5 Additional requirements for fastening the external protective cladding of the external wall frame are given in Section 10.

7.4 Requirements for fire walls

7.4.1 Fire walls dividing a blocked house into fire compartments and residential blocks must meet the requirements of 5.13 SNiP 21-01 and 6.10 SNiP 31-02.

7.4.2 With stone walls, compliance with requirement 7.4.1 is achieved due to the fact that the purlins or floor beams resting on both sides of the wall are not connected to each other. Bevels should be placed at their ends to prevent the wall from collapsing when beams or purlins collapse (Figure 7-5).

Where beams or purlins rest on fire walls made of concrete or masonry, nests may be provided in these walls. The cross-sectional size of the wall at the location of the nest must be at least 120 mm for a wall of the 1st type and 60 mm for a wall of the 2nd type.

7.4.3 In frame walls, fulfillment of requirement 7.4.1 is achieved by installing a double frame of walls and placing between the frames of adjacent blocks a self-supporting fire wall of the 2nd type with steel frame, facings made of plasterboard or gypsum fiber sheets thickness of at least 15.9 mm and non-flammable insulation (Figure 7-6). It is allowed to make this wall with wooden frame with double cladding with a total thickness of at least 25 mm.

The connection between the fire wall and the frames of adjacent blocks is carried out with self-tapping screws through discrete low-melting elements, for example, in the form of a section of thermoplastic profile. The number of such connections must be sufficient to ensure the stability of the wall during construction and after the collapse of the frame of one of the blocks in a fire.

7.4.4 In cases where external walls and coverings are made using materials of flammability groups G2, G3 and G4 (separate discretely located elements and films total mass up to 5 kg/m2 of wall or covering area are not taken into account), fire walls must intersect these structures and protrude beyond them:

fire walls of the 1st type above the roof - no less than 0.6 m, beyond the outer plane of the wall - no less than 0.3 m;

fire walls of the 2nd type above the roof and beyond the outer plane of the wall - no less than 0.15 m.

In the cases described in 7.4.5, fire walls may not intersect external walls.

7.4.5 In cases where a fire wall separates fire compartments or residential blocks, the external walls of which are at an angle of 135° or less, the sections of external walls forming this angle have a total length of 1.2 m for adjacent residential blocks and 3.0 m for adjacent fire compartments must (regardless of the number of storeys of the building) have a fire resistance limit and a fire hazard class not lower than those required for the corresponding fire wall (Figure 7-7).

7.5 Providing sound insulation

7.5.1 Compliance with the requirement of SNiP 31-02 for the airborne noise insulation index of a wall separating residential blocks in a blocked house is ensured with a thickness brick wall not less than 38 cm, walls made of concrete blocks (made of heavy concrete) - not less than 30 cm. In a frame wall separating residential blocks in a blocked house, to ensure the required sound insulation, it is recommended:

a) fasten the frame sheathing to flexible steel profiles(see example in Figure 7-8);

b) fill with sealants the places where the floor structures adjoin the wall;

c) carry out the measures provided for in Section 13 to seal the passage of utility lines.

7.5.2 In cases where the design assignment, in accordance with the customer’s requirements, provides for the need to ensure sound insulation of walls and partitions inside a residential blockade or separately standing house, it is recommended to choose a means of increasing the airborne noise insulation index with a wall or partition, taking into account the indicative data given in Table 7-6.