Shvernik N.M.
Years of life: 1888-1970
From the biography:
- Nikolai Mikhailovich Shvernik- prominent Soviet politician.
- Born into a working-class family. He graduated from a parochial school and a vocational school.
- Since 1905 - member of the RSDLP (b), Bolshevik. He did a lot of propaganda work.
- In 1910-1911 he was a member of the board of the metalworkers' union in St. Petersburg.
For propaganda work he was exiled to Tula, then exiled to Samara, Saratov. He met the February Revolution in Samara, where he returned after exile. It was here that he began to engage in trade union work.
- Since October 1917 - Chairman of the All-Russian Committee of Workers of Artillery Factories and member of the Board of Artillery Factories.
- He took an active part in the Civil War: in June 1918 against the Czechoslovak Corps. In 1918 - commissar of the regiment of the Siberian division, which overthrew the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly - the anti-Bolshevik government.
- Since 1919 - Chairman of the Samara City Executive Committee.
- In 1919-1921 he held leadership positions and was involved in supplying the army in the Caucasus. Its tasks included procuring everything necessary for the army, providing enterprises with raw materials, producing and repairing weapons, supplying military equipment and uniforms.
- Since 1921 - in trade union work. As a result, in 1930 he became First Secretary of the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions(until 1944)
- In 1937, his work began in Supreme Council of the RSFSR, at first he was its member, and from 1944 - Chairman of the Presidium. From 1946- Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
- During the Great Patriotic War N.M. Shvernik was at the head Evacuation Council. He was involved in the evacuation of factories to the east of the country.
- Continued to work in the trade union. He initiated the creation of the Anglo-Soviet trade union committee, which marked the beginning of the World Federation of Trade Unions.
The main activities of N.M. Shvernik and their results
Activities during the reign of I.V. Stalin
(1924-1953)
- By 1924, when I.V. Stalin became the head of the state, N.M.Shvernik had behind him years of revolutionary struggle, participation in the Civil War. He was a Bolshevik with extensive experience in party work.
- During the initial period of I. Stalin’s reign, N. Shvernik was at trade union work. It was he who headed the main body of trade unions - All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, was his first secretary in 1930 -1944. He was a hardworking, efficient person. Without possessing any pronounced initiative, he was convenient for I. Stalin precisely as a conscientious and responsible executor with extensive experience in organizational work.
- The tasks of the trade unions were concentrated on the development of mass socialist competition - shock movements (since 1935 of the Stakhanov movement), on organizing production meetings, mobilizing the masses to fulfill and exceed the tasks of five-year plans, on providing assistance to the village by sending work teams, creating patronage societies, sending 25 thousand . (actually 27 thousand) workers for permanent work on collective farms. That is, economic tasks mainly prevailed, rather than protecting the interests of workers, which should be the main activity of trade unions. N. Shvernik fully supported I.V. Stalin.
- In the very first years, N. Shvernik began to pursue the policy outlined by I. Stalin, according to disaggregation of trade unions, they began to split them into small organizations, which was convenient, since at that time there was a purge of the trade unions, and personnel were replaced with new ones. Stalin sought to weaken the influence of trade unions on the country's politics. Trade unions did not play a significant role during the period of totalitarian rule. They were necessary as a means of mobilizing the masses to solve important economic problems of the country.
- However, the importance of trade unions cannot be diminished. Despite all their nationalization, trade unions managed enormous public funds, managed social insurance, organized sanatorium treatment and recreation for workers, and recreation and health improvement for children. On behalf of the state, trade unions managed the technical labor inspection, carried out cultural and sports activities, and were the main distributors of public consumption funds. They carried out this work in a socially responsible, fair and professional manner. And this is the considerable merit of Nikolai Mikhailovich Shvernik.
- During the Great Patriotic War, on June 24, 1941, N.M. Shvernik was appointed at the head of the Evacuation Council factories to the east. In the period from June 1941 to the end of 1942, a huge amount of work was carried out to evacuate about 3,000 factories, about 17 million people to the Urals, Central Asia, Siberia, and the work of enterprises was resumed in new places. This work required great organizational skills, the ability to manage and lead masses of people. N. Shvernik had such an experience.
- Since 1944, N.M. Shvernik was involved in state and party work. 1944-1946 - Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR
- 1946-1953 - Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
Thus, during the reign of I.V. Stalin, N.M. Shvernik played an important role as a trade union, party and government figure, supporting the policies pursued by I. Stalin.
Activities during the reign of N.S. Khrushchev
(1953-1964)
- In March 1953, N.M. Shvernik returned to the trade unions and worked there as chairman of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions until March 1956.
- 1956-1966 - Chairman of the Party Control Committee under the CPSU Central Committee
- 1957-1966 - member of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee
- 1958 - Hero of Socialist Labor
- Dealt with issues of rehabilitation of victims of political repression
- He headed the commission for the reburial of I.V. Stalin.
Thus, During the reign of N.S. Khrushchev, N.M. Shvernik continued to play a prominent role in the trade union, party and state politics of the country.
Material for a historical essay
| Historical era | Historical event, cause-and-effect relationships |
| I.V.Stalin
(1924-1953) |
Development of the country's economy, strengthening the power of the USSR.
Causes:
Consequence:
The solution of the set tasks was facilitated by the activities N.M.Shvernik as first secretary of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. Being a responsible and efficient person, he played a significant role in ensuring that trade unions actively participated in fulfilling the tasks set for the country for economic development. |
| I.V.Stalin
(1924-1953) |
Restructuring the country's economic activities on a war footing during the Great Patriotic War
Causes:
Consequence:
Played a significant role in solving the assigned tasks N.M.Shvernik, who in the first days of the war was placed at the head of the created Evacuation Council. |
| N.S. Khrushchev
(1953-1964) |
Establishment of an authoritarian regime in the country
Causes:
Consequence:
To solve the assigned tasks, N.S. Khrushchev relied on some representatives of the old guard who had extensive experience in state and party work. One of these people was N.M.Shvernik, continued to work in the central body of trade unions - the All-Russian Central Trade Union. He supported N.S. Khrushchev in pursuing a policy of criticizing the personality cult of I. Stalin, participated in the reburial of I. Stalin, and dealt with the rehabilitation of victims of political repression. N. Shvernik for 10 years from 1956 was Chairman of the Party Control Committee of the CPSU Central Committee, participating in maintaining the authoritarian regime in the country. Thus, during the reign of N.S. Khrushchev N.M.Shvernik continued to play a prominent role in the country's trade union, party and state politics. |
This material can be used when preparing for assignment No. 25, for writing a historical essay on the era of I.V. Stalin and N.S. Khrushchev.
Material prepared by: Melnikova Vera Aleksandrovna
Ivan Alekseevich Vlasov (acting)
| People's Commissar of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate of the RSFSR |
Saint Petersburg ,
Russian empire
Moscow, RSFSR, USSR
Nikolai Mikhailovich Shvernik(May 7 (May 19), 1888, St. Petersburg - December 24, 1970, Moscow) - Soviet politician. During the last period of Stalin's reign, in - years, he held the highest government position - Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
Member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (1927-38) and the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR (1935-38), deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1937-66).
Biography
Born third in a large working-class family. The Shverniks, who lived on the outskirts of St. Petersburg, had thirteen children, but five died in infancy. Surname Shvernikov was reduced due to an error in the father's metric.
He graduated from a parochial school and then from a vocational school.
As a fourteen-year-old teenager, in 1902, he began working as a turner’s assistant at the Duflon and Konstantinovich electromechanical plant in St. Petersburg.
At the age of 17 he joined the RSDLP, and at the age of 21 he became a member of its St. Petersburg Committee. In 1905 he joined the RSDLP, a Bolshevik. He conducted party campaigning in St. Petersburg, Nikolaev, Tula, Samara.
Member of the Central Control Commission since 1923, since 1924 - member of the Presidium of the Central Control Commission of the RCP (b). At the XIV Party Congress in December 1925, he was elected a member of the Central Committee. In -1926, secretary of the Leningrad Regional Committee and the North-Western Bureau of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. From April 9, 1926 to April 16, 1927 - Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) and at the same time a member of the Organizing Bureau. In 1927, he was released from work in the Secretariat and the Organizing Bureau and was sent to the Urals to work as secretary of the Ural Regional Party Committee (March 1927 - January 1929). He showed himself to be a consistent supporter of industrialization and returned to Moscow in 1929 as Chairman of the Central Committee of the Metalworkers' Trade Union. Nominated again as a candidate for membership in the Organizing Bureau (November 17 - June 26). After the XVI Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks on July 13, 1930, he was elected a member of the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee (until March 18) and a candidate member of the Secretariat of the Central Committee (until January 26). From that time on, Shvernik's work was closely connected with trade unions. Since 1929 - Secretary of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions as part of a secretariat of five people, in 1930 elected first secretary of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (July - March).
During the Great Patriotic War, heading the Evacuation Council, he was responsible for the evacuation of Soviet industry to the eastern regions of the USSR. He was the chairman of the Extraordinary State Commission to establish and investigate the atrocities of the Nazi invaders (November 2, 1942 - June 9, 1951). He initiated the creation of the Anglo-Soviet trade union committee, whose main task was to unite the efforts of trade unions of the two countries to defeat Germany. Participated in the preparation of the conference that laid the foundations of the World Federation of Trade Unions.
In 1944, he was elected first deputy chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (February 1, 1944 - March 19, 1946) and Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR (March 4, 1944 - June 25, 1946).
As a result of the transformation of the Politburo into the Presidium of the Central Committee, Shvernik was elected a member of the Presidium (October 16 - March 5), but the death of Stalin caused Shvernik to leave the main party and government positions. A joint meeting of the CPSU Central Committee, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR recommended moving Shvernik from the post of nominal head of the Soviet state to some other position. By the decision of the Joint Meeting, Shvernik was also transferred to a candidate member of the Presidium of the Central Committee (March 5 - June 29). Acting on the recommendation, the session of the Supreme Council elected Kliment Voroshilov as the new head of state (March 15, 1953). Shvernik returned to work at the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions as chairman of this body (March - February). In December 1953, he was part of the Special Judicial Presence of the Supreme Court of the USSR, which tried Lavrentiy Beria.
He headed the Government Commission for the reburial of Stalin. It is noted that during Stalin’s reburial, Shvernik cried.
In 1942, Nikolai Mikhailovich Shvernik, together with his wife Maria Fedorovna Shvernik, adopted Ziba Ganieva, the first Azerbaijani girl sniper, a hero of the Great Patriotic War, whose life Maria Fedorovna, who worked in a Moscow hospital, literally saved, because the girl was dying of blood poisoning. For eleven months Maria Fedorovna did not leave her bed, and when she rose to her feet, she said with tears in her eyes: “All normal women carry a child for nine months, but I carried you for eleven.” So Ziba became the daughter of Nikolai Mikhailovich and Maria Feodorovna.
Awards
- Hero of Socialist Labor (05/17/1958)
- Five Orders of Lenin (07/15/1938; 01/24/1946; 05/18/1948; 05/17/1958; 05/17/1968)
- medals
Memory
In the 1950s, numerous collective and state farms in the Soviet Union were named after Shvernik, for example:
In Moscow, Samara and Sarov there is Shvernika Street.
In St. Petersburg, the 2nd Murinsky Avenue from until 1993 bore the name of Shvernik.
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An excerpt characterizing Shvernik, Nikolai Mikhailovich
Pierre wanted to be where these smokes were, these shiny bayonets and cannons, this movement, these sounds. He looked back at Kutuzov and his retinue to compare his impressions with others. Everyone was exactly like him, and, as it seemed to him, they were looking forward to the battlefield with the same feeling. All faces now shone with that hidden warmth (chaleur latente) of feeling that Pierre had noticed yesterday and which he understood completely after his conversation with Prince Andrei.“Go, my dear, go, Christ is with you,” said Kutuzov, without taking his eyes off the battlefield, to the general standing next to him.
Having heard the order, this general walked past Pierre, towards the exit from the mound.
- To the crossing! – the general said coldly and sternly in response to one of the staff asking where he was going. “And I, and I,” thought Pierre and followed the general in the direction.
The general mounted the horse that the Cossack handed him. Pierre approached his rider, who was holding the horses. Having asked which was quieter, Pierre climbed onto the horse, grabbed the mane, pressed the heels of his outstretched legs to the horse’s belly and, feeling that his glasses were falling off and that he was unable to take his hands off the mane and reins, galloped after the general, exciting the smiles of the staff, from the mound looking at him.
The general, whom Pierre was galloping after, went down the mountain, turned sharply to the left, and Pierre, having lost sight of him, galloped into the ranks of the infantry soldiers walking ahead of him. He tried to get out of them, now to the right, now to the left; but everywhere there were soldiers, with equally preoccupied faces, busy with some invisible, but obviously important matter. Everyone looked at this fat man in a white hat with the same dissatisfied, questioning look, who for some unknown reason was trampling them with his horse.
- Why is he driving in the middle of the battalion! – one shouted at him. Another pushed his horse with the butt, and Pierre, clinging to the bow and barely holding the darting horse, jumped out in front of the soldier, where there was more space.
There was a bridge ahead of him, and other soldiers stood at the bridge, shooting. Pierre drove up to them. Without knowing it, Pierre drove to the bridge over Kolocha, which was between Gorki and Borodino and which the French attacked in the first action of the battle (having occupied Borodino). Pierre saw that there was a bridge in front of him and that on both sides of the bridge and in the meadow, in those rows of lying hay that he had noticed yesterday, soldiers were doing something in the smoke; but, despite the incessant shooting that took place in this place, he did not think that this was the battlefield. He did not hear the sounds of bullets screaming from all sides, or shells flying over him, he did not see the enemy who was on the other side of the river, and for a long time he did not see the dead and wounded, although many fell not far from him. With a smile never leaving his face, he looked around him.
- Why is this guy driving in front of the line? – someone shouted at him again.
“Take it left, take it right,” they shouted to him. Pierre turned to the right and unexpectedly moved in with the adjutant of General Raevsky, whom he knew. This adjutant looked angrily at Pierre, obviously intending to shout at him too, but, recognizing him, nodded his head to him.
- How are you here? – he said and galloped on.
Pierre, feeling out of place and idle, afraid to interfere with someone again, galloped after the adjutant.
- This is here, what? Can I come with you? - he asked.
“Now, now,” answered the adjutant and, galloping up to the fat colonel standing in the meadow, he handed him something and then turned to Pierre.
– Why did you come here, Count? - he told him with a smile. -Are you all curious?
“Yes, yes,” said Pierre. But the adjutant, turning his horse, rode on.
“Thank God here,” said the adjutant, “but on Bagration’s left flank there is a terrible heat going on.”
- Really? – asked Pierre. - Where is this?
- Yes, come with me to the mound, we can see from us. “But our battery is still bearable,” said the adjutant. - Well, are you going?
“Yes, I’m with you,” said Pierre, looking around him and looking for his guard with his eyes. Here, only for the first time, Pierre saw the wounded, wandering on foot and carried on stretchers. In the same meadow with fragrant rows of hay through which he drove yesterday, across the rows, his head awkwardly turned, one soldier lay motionless with a fallen shako. - Why wasn’t this raised? - Pierre began; but, seeing the stern face of the adjutant, looking back in the same direction, he fell silent.
Pierre did not find his guard and, together with his adjutant, drove down the ravine to the Raevsky mound. Pierre's horse lagged behind the adjutant and shook him evenly.
“Apparently you’re not used to riding a horse, Count?” – asked the adjutant.
“No, nothing, but she’s jumping around a lot,” Pierre said in bewilderment.
“Eh!.. yes, she’s wounded,” said the adjutant, “right front, above the knee.” It must be a bullet. Congratulations, Count,” he said, “le bapteme de feu [baptism by fire].
Having driven through the smoke through the sixth corps, behind the artillery, which, pushed forward, was firing, deafening with its shots, they arrived at a small forest. The forest was cool, quiet and smelled of autumn. Pierre and the adjutant dismounted from their horses and entered the mountain on foot.
- Is the general here? – asked the adjutant, approaching the mound.
“We were there now, let’s go here,” they answered him, pointing to the right.
The adjutant looked back at Pierre, as if not knowing what to do with him now.
“Don’t worry,” said Pierre. – I’ll go to the mound, okay?
- Yes, go, you can see everything from there and it’s not so dangerous. And I'll pick you up.
Pierre went to the battery, and the adjutant went further. They did not see each other again, and much later Pierre learned that this adjutant’s arm was torn off that day.
The mound that Pierre entered was the famous one (later known among the Russians under the name of the kurgan battery, or Raevsky’s battery, and among the French under the name la grande redoute, la fatale redoute, la redoute du center [the great redoubt, the fatal redoubt, the central redoubt ] a place around which tens of thousands of people were positioned and which the French considered the most important point of the position.
This redoubt consisted of a mound on which ditches were dug on three sides. In a place dug in by ditches there were ten firing cannons, stuck out into the opening of the shafts.
There were cannons lined up with the mound on both sides, also firing incessantly. A little behind the guns stood the infantry troops. Entering this mound, Pierre did not think that this place, dug in with small ditches, on which several cannons stood and fired, was the most important place in the battle.
To Pierre, on the contrary, it seemed that this place (precisely because he was on it) was one of the most insignificant places of the battle.
Entering the mound, Pierre sat down at the end of the ditch surrounding the battery, and with an unconsciously joyful smile looked at what was happening around him. From time to time, Pierre still stood up with the same smile and, trying not to disturb the soldiers who were loading and rolling guns, constantly running past him with bags and charges, walked around the battery. The guns from this battery fired continuously one after another, deafening with their sounds and covering the entire area with gunpowder smoke.
In contrast to the creepiness that was felt between the infantry soldiers of the cover, here, on the battery, where a small number of people busy with work are white limited, separated from others by a ditch - here one felt the same and common to everyone, as if a family revival.
The appearance of the non-military figure of Pierre in a white hat initially struck these people unpleasantly. The soldiers, passing by him, glanced sideways at his figure in surprise and even fear. The senior artillery officer, a tall, long-legged, pockmarked man, as if to watch the action of the last gun, approached Pierre and looked at him curiously.
A young, round-faced officer, still a perfect child, apparently just released from the corps, very diligently disposing of the two guns entrusted to him, addressed Pierre sternly.
“Mister, let me ask you to leave the road,” he told him, “it’s not allowed here.”
The soldiers shook their heads disapprovingly, looking at Pierre. But when everyone was convinced that this man in a white hat not only did nothing wrong, but either sat quietly on the slope of the rampart, or with a timid smile, courteously avoiding the soldiers, walked along the battery under gunfire as calmly as along the boulevard, then Little by little, the feeling of hostile bewilderment towards him began to turn into affectionate and playful sympathy, similar to that which soldiers have for their animals: dogs, roosters, goats and in general animals living with military commands. These soldiers immediately mentally accepted Pierre into their family, appropriated them and gave him a nickname. “Our master” they nicknamed him and laughed affectionately about him among themselves.
One cannonball exploded into the ground two steps away from Pierre. He, cleaning the soil sprinkled with the cannonball from his dress, looked around him with a smile.
- And why aren’t you afraid, master, really! - the red-faced, broad soldier turned to Pierre, baring his strong white teeth.
-Are you afraid? – asked Pierre.
- How then? - answered the soldier. - After all, she will not have mercy. She will smack and her guts will be out. “You can’t help but be afraid,” he said, laughing.
Several soldiers with cheerful and affectionate faces stopped next to Pierre. It was as if they did not expect him to speak like everyone else, and this discovery delighted them.
- Our business is soldierly. But master, it’s so amazing. That's it master!
- In places! - the young officer shouted at the soldiers gathered around Pierre. This young officer, apparently, was fulfilling his position for the first or second time and therefore treated both the soldiers and the commander with particular clarity and formality.
The rolling fire of cannons and rifles intensified throughout the entire field, especially to the left, where Bagration’s flashes were, but because of the smoke of the shots, it was impossible to see almost anything from the place where Pierre was. Moreover, observing the seemingly family (separated from all others) circle of people who were on the battery absorbed all of Pierre’s attention. His first unconscious joyful excitement, produced by the sight and sounds of the battlefield, was now replaced, especially after the sight of this lonely soldier lying in the meadow, by another feeling. Now sitting on the slope of the ditch, he observed the faces surrounding him.
By ten o'clock twenty people had already been carried away from the battery; two guns were broken, shells hit the battery more and more often, and long-range bullets flew in, buzzing and whistling. But the people who were at the battery did not seem to notice this; Cheerful talk and jokes were heard from all sides.
- Chinenka! - the soldier shouted at the approaching grenade flying with a whistle. - Not here! To the infantry! – another added with laughter, noticing that the grenade flew over and hit the covering ranks.
- What, friend? - another soldier laughed at the man who crouched under the flying cannonball.
Several soldiers gathered at the rampart, looking at what was happening ahead.
“And they took off the chain, you see, they went back,” they said, pointing across the shaft.
“Mind your job,” the old non-commissioned officer shouted at them. “We’ve gone back, so it’s time to go back.” - And the non-commissioned officer, taking one of the soldiers by the shoulder, pushed him with his knee. Laughter was heard.
- Roll towards the fifth gun! - they shouted from one side.
“At once, more amicably, in the burlatsky style,” the cheerful cries of those changing the gun were heard.
“Oh, I almost knocked off our master’s hat,” the red-faced joker laughed at Pierre, showing his teeth. “Eh, clumsy,” he added reproachfully to the cannonball that hit the wheel and the man’s leg.
- Come on, you foxes! - another laughed at the bending militiamen entering the battery behind the wounded man.
- Isn’t the porridge tasty? Oh, the crows, they slaughtered! - they shouted at the militia, who hesitated in front of the soldier with a severed leg.
“That’s something, little guy,” they mimicked the men. – They don’t like passion.
Pierre noticed how after each cannonball that hit, after each loss, the general revival flared up more and more.
As if from an approaching thundercloud, more and more often, lighter and brighter, lightning of a hidden, flaring fire flashed on the faces of all these people (as if in rebuff to what was happening).
Pierre did not look forward to the battlefield and was not interested in knowing what was happening there: he was completely absorbed in the contemplation of this increasingly flaring fire, which in the same way (he felt) was flaring up in his soul.
At ten o'clock the infantry soldiers who were in front of the battery in the bushes and along the Kamenka River retreated. From the battery it was visible how they ran back past it, carrying the wounded on their guns. Some general with his retinue entered the mound and, after talking with the colonel, looked angrily at Pierre, went down again, ordering the infantry cover stationed behind the battery to lie down so as to be less exposed to shots. Following this, a drum and command shouts were heard in the ranks of the infantry, to the right of the battery, and from the battery it was visible how the ranks of the infantry moved forward.
Pierre looked through the shaft. One face in particular caught his eye. It was an officer who, with a pale young face, walked backwards, carrying a lowered sword, and looked around uneasily.
The rows of infantry soldiers disappeared into the smoke, and their prolonged screams and frequent gunfire could be heard. A few minutes later, crowds of wounded and stretchers passed from there. Shells began to hit the battery even more often. Several people lay uncleaned. The soldiers moved more busily and more animatedly around the guns. Nobody paid attention to Pierre anymore. Once or twice they shouted angrily at him for being on the road. The senior officer, with a frowning face, moved with large, fast steps from one gun to another. The young officer, flushed even more, commanded the soldiers even more diligently. The soldiers fired, turned, loaded, and did their job with tense panache. They bounced as they walked, as if on springs.
A thundercloud had moved in, and the fire that Pierre had been watching burned brightly in all their faces. He stood next to the senior officer. The young officer ran up to the elder officer, with his hand on his shako.
- I have the honor to report, Mr. Colonel, there are only eight charges, would you order to continue firing? - he asked.
- Buckshot! - Without answering, the senior officer shouted, looking through the rampart.
Suddenly something happened; The officer gasped and, curling up, sat down on the ground, like a shot bird in flight. Everything became strange, unclear and cloudy in Pierre’s eyes.
One after another, the cannonballs whistled and hit the parapet, the soldiers, and the cannons. Pierre, who had not heard these sounds before, now only heard these sounds alone. To the side of the battery, on the right, the soldiers were running, shouting “Hurray,” not forward, but backward, as it seemed to Pierre.
The cannonball hit the very edge of the shaft in front of which Pierre stood, sprinkled earth, and a black ball flashed in his eyes, and at the same instant it smacked into something. The militia who had entered the battery ran back.
- All with buckshot! - the officer shouted.
The non-commissioned officer ran up to the senior officer and in a frightened whisper (as a butler reports to his owner at dinner that there is no more wine required) said that there were no more charges.
- Robbers, what are they doing! - the officer shouted, turning to Pierre. The senior officer's face was red and sweaty, his frowning eyes sparkling. – Run to the reserves, bring the boxes! - he shouted, angrily looking around Pierre and turning to his soldier.
“I’ll go,” said Pierre. The officer, without answering him, walked in the other direction with long steps.
– Don’t shoot... Wait! - he shouted.
The soldier, who was ordered to go for the charges, collided with Pierre.
“Eh, master, there’s no place for you here,” he said and ran downstairs. Pierre ran after the soldier, going around the place where the young officer was sitting.
One, another, a third cannonball flew over him, hitting in front, from the sides, from behind. Pierre ran downstairs. "Where am I going?" - he suddenly remembered, already running up to the green boxes. He stopped, undecided whether to go back or forward. Suddenly a terrible shock threw him back to the ground. At the same instant, the brilliance of a large fire illuminated him, and at the same instant a deafening thunder, crackling and whistling sound rang in his ears.
Pierre, having woken up, was sitting on his backside, leaning his hands on the ground; the box he was near was not there; only green burnt boards and rags were lying on the scorched grass, and the horse, shaking its shaft with fragments, galloped away from him, and the other, like Pierre himself, lay on the ground and squealed shrilly, protractedly.
Pierre, unconscious from fear, jumped up and ran back to the battery, as the only refuge from all the horrors that surrounded him.
While Pierre was entering the trench, he noticed that no shots were heard at the battery, but some people were doing something there. Pierre did not have time to understand what kind of people they were. He saw the senior colonel lying with his back to him on the rampart, as if examining something below, and he saw one soldier he noticed, who, breaking forward from the people holding his hand, shouted: “Brothers!” – and saw something else strange.
Birthday May 07, 1888
As a fourteen-year-old teenager (from 1902), he began working as a turner at the Duflon and Konstantinovich electromechanical plant in St. Petersburg. In 1905 he joined the RSDLP, a Bolshevik. He conducted party campaigning in St. Petersburg, Nikolaev, Tula, Samara.
In 1910-1911, member of the board of the Union of Metalworkers (St. Petersburg). In 1917-1918 - chairman of the factory committee of the Pipe Plant (Samara), then chairman of the Pipe District Committee of the RCP (b), member of the Samara Council. Since October 1917 - Chairman of the All-Russian Committee of Workers of Artillery Factories and member of the Board of Artillery Factories. In June 1918, he took part in the battles against the Czechoslovak Corps, which defended Samara from the Reds together with the White Army, and was called “White Czechs” in the Bolshevik press. In July - October 1918 - military commissar of the 2nd Simbirsk Rifle Regiment of the 1st consolidated Simbirsk Division, which overthrew the first people's anti-Bolshevik government in Russia (Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly). Since October 1918 - in the Main Artillery Directorate. From April 1919 - Chairman of the Samara City Executive Committee. In 1919-1921 he worked in senior positions in the army supply system in the Caucasus. Since 1921 - at trade union work. From April 1923 to December 1925 - People's Commissar of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate of the RSFSR. Since November 27, 1923 - Deputy Chairman of the “permanent Commission to combat moonshine, cocaine, beer and gambling (in particular, lotto)” created by the Politburo.
In 1924 he was appointed a member of the Presidium of the Central Control Commission of the RCP (b). At the XIV Party Congress in December 1925, he was elected a member of the Central Committee. In 1925-1926 he worked as secretary of the Leningrad Regional Committee. Further success in his party career was associated with his election as Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (April 9, 1926 - April 16, 1927) and a member of the Organizing Bureau (April 9, 1926 - April 16, 1927). In 1927, he was released from work in the Secretariat and the Organizing Bureau and was sent to the Urals to work as secretary of the regional party organization (1927-1928). He showed himself to be a consistent supporter of industrialization and returned to Moscow in 1929 as Chairman of the Central Committee of the Metalworkers' Trade Union. Again nominated as a candidate member of the Organizing Bureau (November 17, 1929 - June 26, 1930). After the XVI Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, he was elected a member of the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee (July 13, 1930 - March 18, 1946) and a candidate member of the Secretariat of the Central Committee (July 13, 1930 - January 26, 1934). From that time on, Shvernik's work was closely connected with trade unions. In 1930 he was elected first secretary of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (July 1930 - March 1944).
Elected as a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1938-1966), Shvernik took part in the organization of the new Soviet legislative body and was elected Chairman of the Council of Nationalities (January 12, 1938 - February 10, 1946). After the XVIII Party Congress, he was approved as a candidate member of the Politburo of the Central Committee (March 22, 1939 - October 5, 1952). During the Great Patriotic War, he was responsible for the evacuation of Soviet industry to the eastern regions of the USSR, and was the chairman of the Extraordinary State Commission to establish and investigate the atrocities of the Nazi invaders (November 2, 1942 - June 9, 1951). He initiated the creation of the Anglo-Soviet trade union committee, whose main task was to unite the efforts of trade unions of the two countries to defeat Germany. Participated in the preparation of the conference that laid the foundations of the World Federation of Trade Unions.
In 1944, he was elected first deputy chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (February 1, 1944 - March 19, 1946) and Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR (March 4, 1944 - June 25, 1946).
After Mikhail Kalinin retired, Shvernik replaced him as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (March 19, 1946 - March 15, 1953). Much less famous than Kaliniu. In contrast, he accepted petitioners extremely rarely. Occupying the highest post in the country according to the Constitution, he was a born bureaucrat and loved to work with the apparatus. Initiator of an ineffective campaign to increase the role of local councils. On March 26, 1947, he signed a decree initiated by Stalin abolishing the death penalty in the country. On January 12, 1950, he signed a new decree reinstating the death penalty. He headed the Committee for the development and organization of events related to the 70th anniversary of Stalin’s birth (December 1949). He proposed to establish the Order of Stalin, but the idea was not supported by Stalin.
Nikolai Mikhailovich Shvernik ... Wikipedia
- (1888 1970) politician. Hero of Socialist Labor (1958). In 1925 27 secretary of the Leningrad regional committee and the Central Committee, in 1927 28 secretary of the Ural regional committee of the CPSU (b). Since 1946, Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces. Since 1953 Chairman of the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions. In 1956 66... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Soviet statesman and party leader, Hero of Socialist Labor (1958). Member of the CPSU since 1905. Born. in a working-class family. Since 1902, a metal worker. In 1905–17 a member of the St. Petersburg, Nikolaev ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- (1888 1970), statesman and political figure, Hero of Socialist Labor (1958). In 1925 27 secretary of the Leningrad regional committee and the Central Committee, in 1927 28 secretary of the Ural regional committee of the CPSU (b). Since 1930, 1st Secretary of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. Since 1944, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council... encyclopedic Dictionary
- (1888, St. Petersburg 1970, Moscow), political and statesman, Hero of Socialist Labor (1958). From a working-class family. Graduated from the city school. Since 1905 member of the RSDLP(b). In 190517 at party work in St. Petersburg, Nikolaev, ... ... Moscow (encyclopedia)
Communist, prominent party and trade union leader (born 1888). From a working-class family, he graduated from a city four-year school and in 1902 began working at a factory as a metal turner. In 1905 he joined the RSDLP, joining its Bolshevik wing; since then... Large biographical encyclopedia
