English language - grammar - pronouns - personal pronouns. Personal pronouns in English What is a 1st person pronoun

How important are personal pronouns in English ? We can safely say that personal pronouns are the basis of any language, especially English.

If they did not exist, even the most famous phrase I love you(Russian: I love you) could not exist! After all, it already contains two personal pronouns: I- me and you- You.

The pronoun is one of the most terrifying masks man has invented.

The pronoun is one of the most terrifying masks created by man

Personal pronouns in English have many similarities with Russian pronouns: they also change according to gender, number, and even cases. But there are also pitfalls to be aware of when learning personal pronouns on your own.

Today we will tell you what personal pronouns are there in English, we will give examples of sentences and reveal all the secrets of their use.

Personal pronouns in English!

Comparative table of personal pronouns in the nominative and objective cases, English.

As you know from the Russian language course, personal pronouns replace a noun. These can be names of people, places or objects. Mostly, personal pronouns are used instead of a noun to avoid repetition and make speech easier.

We usually add personal pronouns to a sentence when the noun has been mentioned before, that is, when the reader or listener knows what we are talking about.

For example:

Liz bought a new car two months ago. She absolutely loves it.(Russian Liz bought the car two months ago. She is crazy about it)

In the second sentence She absolutely loves it two pronouns are used: personal pronoun she replaces proper name Liz, and the personal pronoun it used instead of a noun car .

Important!

Personal pronouns in English help avoid repeating the same noun over and over again in a story.

The noun that is replaced is called antecedent(eng. antecedent). If you know the antecedent, you can always choose the correct personal pronoun that agrees on numbers (singular or plural), persons (first, second or third), gender (masculine, feminine, neuter) and cases (nominative, objective, ).

Basic grammatical features of personal pronouns in English:

English personal pronouns have a singular ( I, he, it etc.) and plural (we, they etc.);

Personal pronouns in the English language change according to gender in the 3rd person singular: husband. ( he- he), female ( she-she), sr.( it-it);

This type of pronoun varies by person: 1st person ( I, we), 2nd person ( you), 3rd person ( he, she, it, they)
Personal pronouns in English have two cases: nominative ( he, she, we, they etc.) and object ( me, them, us etc.).

But first things first. Let's first look at How do personal pronouns change in English? by persons, genders and numbers in various cases.

Personal pronouns in English: nominative case

English personal pronouns in the nominative case are called Subject Pronouns. Word subject the subject is translated into Russian, and in linguistics the term is used Subjective Case(Russian subject case).

The English subject case corresponds to the Russian nominative, which answers questions Who? So what? and acts as the subject of a sentence.

Therefore, English personal pronouns in the nominative case perform the function of the subject.

Pronouns I, we(Rus. I, we) are the first person singular and plural and are used on behalf of the speakers.

Remember!

Pronoun I(Russian я) is always written with a capital letter, regardless of its place in the sentence.

Pronoun you is the second person singular and plural and corresponds to the Russian pronouns “you”, “you”, “You” (polite form). This pronoun is used in relation to the interlocutor or interlocutors.

Quite a large number of people learning English from scratch are trying to use the English pronoun you with a singular verb, but this is incorrect. Even when addressing one interlocutor, personal pronoun you always bears the characteristic of the plural.

Compare:

You are a student(Russian: You are a student.)

You are students(Russian: You are students)

Pronouns he, she, it(Russian he. she, it) and they(Russian they) are representatives of the third person singular and plural.

As you probably already know, the verb is in the 3rd person singular. numbers (that is, when used with personal pronouns he, she, it) has a number of features in the formation of sentences in a number of other times.

Let's look at how personal pronouns are used in a sentence with examples.

Examples of sentences with personal pronouns in English with translation

Object case of personal pronouns in English

Objective case Objective Case) in English performs functions similar to those performed in Russian by other cases except the nominative.

Therefore, there are quite a few options for translating personal pronouns in the objective case into Russian, as you can see in the table.

Table of personal pronouns in the nominative case:

As you can see from the table, we can draw an analogy between pronoun her(objective case of personal pronoun she) in a sentence I see her with Russian accusative I see (who, what?) her.

English personal pronouns in the objective case often appear in sentences as direct or indirect object .

Compare:

I phoned him to congratulate him.(Russian: I called him to congratulate him), where is the pronoun him is a direct complement.

She apologized to me.(Russian. She apologized to me) - where is the pronoun (to) me used with a preposition and is an indirect object

Personal pronouns with prepositions in English

An example of the use of personal pronouns as subject, direct and indirect object in English

English personal pronouns in the subjective (nominative) case serve as the subject of a sentence.

For example:

I like your flowers.- I like your (your) flowers.

They are working in the garden.- They are working in the garden.

We go to the cinema.- We're going to the cinema.

But with personal pronouns in the objective case, not everything is so simple. Let's look at the main functions in the sentence of object pronouns in English, and with which Russian cases they are more similar.

Object pronouns in English as direct object corresponds to the accusative case in Russian (whom? what?)

Doesn't love me(Russian: He loves me)

Do you know him?(Russian. Do you know him?)

I see her everywhere(Russian. I see her everywhere)

Personal pronouns in the objective case can serve as non-prepositional indirect object and are similar to the Russian dative case, answering the question to whom? what?:

He have her book(Russian: He gave her a book)

Mary told us to choose a dish(Russian Mary told us to choose a dish)

Sometimes English object pronouns perform role of the subject in short remarks, which is typical for spoken language, which is not entirely grammatically correct:

Who did it? - Not me! /Me(Russian. Who did this? - Not me! / I)

I am feeling tired - Me too(Russian: I'm very tired. - Me too)

Combination of pronoun with preposition to corresponds dative case in Russian (to whom?) and performs the function indirect (indirect) object:

Show the book to him(Russian: Show the book to him)

I sent a letter to them(Russian: I sent a letter to them)

Pronoun combination with prepositions by and with corresponds to the instrumental case in Russian (by whom? what?) and is indirect object:

This article was translated by her(Russian. This article was translated by her)

I want to go with you(Russian: I want to go with you/with you)

After the words except(Russian except) and but(Russian except) only object pronouns should be used:

Nobody but him helped me(Russian. Nobody but him helped me.)

Everyone except me went home(Russian. Everyone except me went home.)

Personal pronouns in English: sentences with examples

Only I can change my life. No one can do it for me. (Russian: Only I can change my life. No one can do this for me).

In this section we will talk about the generally accepted rules for using personal pronouns in English.

When to use I and me, we and us, he and him, etc.

As we have already written, English pronouns are in the nominative case ( I, you, he, she, it, we, they) act as the subject.

They are typically used before a verb to show who is doing the action.

For example:

Peter complained to the chef about the meal.(Russian Peter complained to the chef about the dish.)

She wasn’t very helpful so he spoke to the manager.(Russian. She didn’t really help, so he turned to the manager)

In the second sentence the pronouns she And he indicate who directly performed the action (she didn’t help, he turned).

Pronouns in the objective case ( me, you, him, her, it, us, them) are additions. In a sentence they are usually used after a verb or preposition.

Also, they can be used as short answers, mainly in colloquial speech.

For example:

A: Where’s the knife? I can't find it(Russian. Where is the knife? I can’t find it)

B: It is in the drawer.(Russian: It's in the box)

In the first sentence pronoun it used in the objective case, and is the object on which the action is performed (I can’t find it=knife). In the second sentence this is the same pronoun it is in the nominative case and is the subject (He = knife in the drawer)

Examples of using personal pronouns in English

Subjective pronoun	Translation into Russian	Object pronoun	Translation into Russian
He loves playing football.	He loves to play football.	Children love playing football with him.	Children love to play football with him.
They are your friends.	They are your friends.	Give the present to them.	Give the gift to them.
We are going to visit Katy at the weekend.	We are going to visit Katie this weekend.	Katy is going to visit us at the weekend.	Katie is going to visit us this weekend.
I thank you for help.	I thank you for your help.	Thank you for everything you did for me!	Thank you for everything you have done for me!
I called you yesterday but you were out.	I called you yesterday, but you weren't at home.	-Who called me? -Me. (I did)	-Who called me? -I.

Personal pronouns he, she, it

Personal pronouns he, she, it are representatives of the third person singular, and determine the feminine, masculine and neuter form.

Nowadays in colloquial speech you can notice the use of several pronouns, a kind of “neutral form”, if the speaker is not sure about a person’s belonging to a certain gender, for example: he or she, he/she, s/he, (s)he.

For example:

The bank manager could help with your problem. He or she will probably be able to give you a loan.(Russian: The bank manager can help you. He or she will probably be able to give you a loan.)

It is necessary to remember some features of the use of the pronoun “it” in English.

Personal pronoun it defines objects and is often translated as “he/she” in Russian. English pronoun it denotes not only inanimate objects, but often even animals.

Pronoun it often used in impersonal sentences when there is no subject:

gives an assessment of some action, for example: It is important to know this(Russian. It is important to know this);

indicates space and time: It is 10 km to the airport(Russian: 10 km to the airport), It is 10 o"clock now.(Russian: It’s 10 o’clock now.)

indicates the weather: It is getting dark(Russian: It’s getting dark)

Example sentences with pronouns he, she, it

Using it and that, it and this

Many English language learners are interested in how sentences like this differ This is a pen from It is a pen, since both sentences are translated This is a pen.

Difference in usage this and it often underestimated, since many believe that there is no difference and “they will understand you either way.” But it's not that simple...

Pronoun this

when refers to a person, thing or thing that is spoken of or which is nearby or implied or has recently been mentioned: These are my pens(Russian. These are my hands)

when indicating something that is being researched or discussed nearby or is currently being explored: This is iron and that is tin.(Russian: This is iron, and that is tin)

Pronoun it used in the following cases:

when identifying an inanimate object: Took a quick look at the house and noticed it was very old(Russian: I looked at the house and noticed that it was old)

refers to a person or animal whose sex is unknown or irrelevant: I don't know who it is(Russian. I don’t know who it is)

defines a group of people or things, or an abstract entity: Beauty is everywhere and it is a source of joy.(Russian: Beauty is everywhere and it is a source of admiration)

Remember!

Definitive pronoun this used in relation to a person or thing that is being spoken about, which is implied or which will be discussed later, while personal pronoun it usually refers to an inanimate thing, or is used in relation to a person, thing, idea, etc., taken in a more abstract way.

There are other special uses pronouns it and that in English.

1. Pronoun this used as a definition and comes before a noun:

This cat is black(Russian. This cat is black).

Pronoun It cannot be used in this function.

2. Pronoun it used in impersonal sentences as a formal subject that is not translated:

It is dark(Russian: Dark).

If you use in this sentence this, there will be no error, but the meaning will change, since now the sentence is not impersonal, but personal, in which this will be translated because it replaces the above noun: This is my room and that is yours. This (one) is dark and that (one) is not.(Russian. This is my room, and that one is yours. Mine (this room) is dark, but yours (that room) is not)

3. Pronoun it can also be a substitute word for the above-mentioned noun and act as a subject and as an object:

This is a cat. This cat is black = It is black(Russian. This is a cat. This cat is black. = She is black)

I will take this (book) not that (one)(Russian. I buy this book, but not that one). The semantic emphasis on this particular book is this, and not on that one - that .

I will take it.(Russian: Buying/Taking), semantic emphasis on taking – will take

Choice it or this in this case it depends on what task the speaker faces:

must be used this, if you need to point to a specific object in the field of view or highlight this object against the background of other “distant” objects;

must be used it, if you need to generalize without transferring the semantic load to the addition, as if we said: “everything that you already know from the previous sentence, so I won’t be specific.”

4. Pronoun it used in intensifying sentences as a formal subject:

Roll call response: It's me (I)(Russian: I / Here / I am present)

Answer to the question Who's there? when knocking on the door: It's me, Tom!(Russian: I / It's me, Tom)

In fact, these sentences are intensifying: It is I who has been called over. It is I, Tom, who has knocked at your door.(Russian. It’s me, the one you called. It’s me, the one who knocked on the door.) In this function this cannot be used.

Also, one of the differences between the pronouns under consideration is that this enters new information(remu), and it– known information (topic), therefore this always translated, but it- No.

Another significant difference is that the word it used in expressions related to time and weather, as well as in some stable expressions, For example:

It's five past twelve(Russian: Time is five minutes past twelve)

It often rains in our region(Russian: It often rains in our region)

It isn’t easy to believe him again(Russian: It's not easy to trust him again)

Using the pronoun they

Pronoun they used to identify people, animals and objects in the plural.

Also, pronoun they refers to institutions, authorities, or groups of people in general.

Example sentences with the pronoun they

Special cases of using personal pronouns in English

In colloquial speech, the rules for using personal pronouns in English may not be followed. The picture shows the inscription I do. Me too instead of I do. So do I.

Using personal pronouns in informal conversation

You and me or you and I?

Sometimes there is a difficult choice between: You and me or you and I? It seems that both options sound familiar and correct. But in fact, one option is correct (and therefore standard), and the second is grammatically incorrect, but still used in informal speech.

To determine correct option, look at which part of the sentence this combination is: subject or object:

You and I will work tomorrow

(Russian: You and I will work tomorrow)

Now take it away you and we get: I will work tomorrow(Russian: I will work tomorrow) or Me will work tomorrow(Russian: I will be working tomorrow)

The second sentence is incorrect because the object pronoun me cannot be a subject. However, in informal conversation, you can hear You and me will work tomorrow, even though it is grammatically incorrect.

Another example:

They invited you and I

They invited you and me(Russian: They invited you and me)

Now let's remove the pronoun you :

They invited I(Russian: They invited me)

They invited me(Russian: They invited me)

Here the second sentence is correct because subject pronoun I cannot be an addition.

Personal pronouns after “Than” and “As”

The correct grammatical form is to use personal pronouns in the nominative case followed by an auxiliary verb:

You are taller than I am(Russian: You are taller than me)

I earn as much money as he does

However, quite often a simple pronoun in the objective case is used; this option is simply considered typical for a colloquial, informal style:

You are taller than me(Russian: You are taller than me)

I earn as much money as him(Russian: I earn as much money as he does)

Using personal pronouns in short answers

An object pronoun cannot be the subject of a sentence, but such use can be found after verb to be in short answers:

Who is there? - (It is) me!(Russian. Who's there? - (It's) me)

Who gave you this? - (It was) him.(Russian. Who gave you this? - (It was) him)

“Omitting” a personal pronoun

Sometimes, a personal pronoun next to an auxiliary verb can be omitted in colloquial speech.

Don't know = I don't know(Russian: I don’t understand = I don’t understand)

Just kidding = I am just kidding(Russian: I'm kidding = I'm kidding)

Understand? = Do you understand?(Russian: Got it? = Do you understand?)

When are personal pronouns not used?

One of the features of personal pronouns is that they are not used after infinitive constructions if the subject and object are the same person:

This phone is easy to use (it).(Russian. This phone is easy to use.)

You are easy to understand (you).(Russian. You are easy to understand.)

But, the pronoun should be used if the impersonal pronoun it begins:

It is easy to understand you.(Russian: You are easy to understand)

Video about English personal pronouns

If there was anything unclear to you in our article, we recommend watching a video about personal pronouns in English.

Video on Personal Pronouns

Instead of a conclusion:

Pronouns help replace a person or thing, you need to be extremely careful not to confuse them, because this can confuse the listener or completely change the meaning of the sentence.

However, due to the fact that grammatically English personal pronouns They are very similar to Russian ones; their study and use does not cause serious problems.

We hope that after reading this article you will be able to use personal pronouns in English with ease!

Exercises on personal pronouns in English

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the personal pronoun:

Sample: Who is that woman? Why are you looking at her?

“Do you know that man?’ “Yes, I work with _ .’

Where are the tickets? I can't find_.

I can't find my keys. Where are _?

We're going out. You can come with _.

Margaret likes music. _ plays the piano.

I don't like dogs. I'm afraid of _ .

I"m talking to you. Please listen to _.

Where is Ann? I want to talk to_.

My brother has a new job. He doesn’t like _ very much.

1. Pronoun- an independent part of speech that indicates objects, signs, quantity, but does not name them.

For pronouns, you can ask questions about nouns (who? what?), adjectives (which? whose?), numerals (how many?), adverbs (how? when? where?).

Basic features of pronouns

2. Classes of pronouns in relation to other parts of speech:

1. Pronouns-nouns - I, you, we, you, he, who, what, someone, no one, yourself etc.:

point to objects;
answer questions about nouns (who? what?);
change by case;
are associated with other words in a sentence, like nouns;

2. Pronouns-adjectives - my, yours, ours, yours, which, some, this, that etc.:

indicate the characteristics of objects;
answer questions about adjectives (which? whose?);
are associated with nouns, like adjectives;
They change, like adjectives, by number, gender (singular) and case.
A pronoun that adjoins adjective pronouns (it changes according to gender, number and cases), but, like an ordinal number, indicates the order of objects when counting (cf.: - What time is it? - Fifth);

3. Numeral pronouns - how many, as many, several:

indicate the number of items;
answer the question (how much?);
associated with nouns as cardinal numerals;
usually change by case;

4. Pronouns-adverbs - so, there, because, where, where etc.:

indicate signs of action;
answer questions with adverbs ( How? Where? When? Where? Why? For what?);
do not change, like adverbs;
are associated with verbs in the same way as adverbs.

Notes Traditionally, adverb pronouns are excluded from pronoun composition. In this case, the pronouns include only those words that correlate with nominal parts speech (with nouns, adjectives, numerals). But since the pronominal adverbs there, then, etc., like other pronominal words, do not name, but only indicate (in this case, signs of actions), we consider them within pronouns as a special group.

3. Classes of pronouns by meaning and grammatical features:

1. Personal pronouns: I, you, we, you, he (she, it, they) - indicate the persons who participate in the speech:

These are noun pronouns;
the constant morphological feature for all personal pronouns is the person (I, we - 1st p.; you, you - 2nd p.; he (she, it, they) - 3rd p.);
a constant morphological feature of personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd liters. is a number (I, you - singular; we, you - plural);
all personal pronouns are changed by case, and not only the ending is changed, but also the whole word ( I - me, you - you, he - him);
The 3rd person pronoun he changes in number and gender (singular) - he, she, it, they.

2. Reflexive pronoun oneself - means that an action performed by someone is aimed at the actor himself:

it is a noun pronoun;
a reflexive pronoun has no gender, person, number or form nominative case;
The reflexive pronoun changes according to cases ( yourself, yourself, yourself).

3. Possessive pronouns: my, yours, ours, yours, yours- indicate the attribute of an object according to its affiliation:

These are adjective pronouns;
possessive pronouns change according to numbers, genders (singular), cases ( my, my, mine, mine, mine etc.).

When indicating ownership of a third party, the frozen forms of the genitive case of personal pronouns are used - his, her, theirs.

4. Interrogative pronouns: Who? What? Which? whose? which? How many? Where? When? Where? where? For what? etc. - used in interrogative sentences:

Who? What? - pronouns-nouns; have no gender, person, number; change by case ( who, whom, what, what etc.);
Which? whose? which? which, which, which, which, which etc.);
How many? - numeral pronoun; changes by case ( how many, how many, how many etc.);
Where? When? Where? where? For what?

5. Relative pronouns coincide with interrogatives - who, what, which, whose, which, how many, where, when, where, from, why etc., but are used not as question words, but as allied words in subordinate clauses:

I know who is to blame for our failure; I know how much effort he put into completing this task; I know where the money is hidden.

The morphological and syntactic characteristics of relative pronouns are the same as those of interrogative pronouns.

6. Indefinite pronouns: someone, something, some, some, someone's, some, several, how many, somewhere, ever, somewhere, from somewhere, for some reason etc. - indicate vague, unknown objects, signs, quantity.

Indefinite pronouns are formed from interrogative pronouns using the prefixes non-, co- and postfixes -this, -either, -something:

who → someone, someone, someone, anyone, anyone, someone; how much → several, how much, how much; where → somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, somewhere.

The morphological and syntactic characteristics of indefinite pronouns are the same as those of interrogative pronouns, from which indefinite pronouns are derived.

7. Negative pronouns: no one, nothing, none, no one's, not at all, nowhere, never, nowhere, no need etc. - indicate the absence of objects, signs, quantity.

Negative pronouns are formed from interrogative pronouns using the prefixes not-, ni-:

who → no one, how many → not at all, where → nowhere, when → never.

The morphological and syntactic characteristics of negative pronouns are the same as those of interrogative pronouns, from which negative pronouns are derived.

8. Demonstrative pronouns: that, this, this, that, such, so much, there, here, here, there, here, from there, from here, then, therefore, then etc. - are a means of indicating certain objects, characteristics, quantity (distinguishing one from the other):

that, this, this, that, such- pronouns are adjectives and change according to numbers, gender (singular), cases ( that, that, that, those; such, such, such, such etc.);
so much is a numeral pronoun; changes by case ( so many, so many, so many etc.);
there, here, here, there, here, from there, from here, then, therefore, then etc. - pronominal adverbs; unchangeable words.

9. Determinative pronouns: himself, most, all, every, each, other, other, any, everywhere, everywhere, always etc. - serve as a means of clarifying the subject or feature in question:

himself, most, all, every, each, other, other, any- pronouns are adjectives and change according to numbers, gender (singular), cases ( every, every, every, every, every etc.);
everywhere, everywhere, always- pronominal adverbs; unchangeable words.

Pay attention!

1) The pronouns that, himself, the pronouns this, all in the singular form, neuter (this, everything) and some others in certain contexts can act as pronouns-nouns, like substantivized adjectives ( That no longer dangerous to us; Myself will come; This book ; All ended well).

2) Some pronouns have homonyms among functional parts of speech ( this is what, how, when): This book(pronoun). - Moscow is the capital of Russia(indicative particle); I know what to tell him(pronoun). - I know he's here(union).

3. Morphological analysis pronouns:

Pronoun analysis plan

I	Part of speech, general grammatical meaning and question.
II	Initial form. Morphological characteristics:
	A	Constant morphological characteristics:
		1	category in relation to another part of speech (pronoun-noun, pronoun-adjective, pronoun-numeral, pronoun-adverb);
		2	category by meaning (personal, reflexive, possessive, interrogative, relative, indefinite, negative, demonstrative, attributive);
		3	person (for personal pronouns);
		4	number (for personal pronouns of the 1st person and 2nd person).
	B	Variable morphological characteristics:
		1	case;
		2	number (if any);
		3	gender (if any).
III	Role in sentence(which part of the sentence is the pronoun in this sentence).

Samples of pronoun parsing

Imagine the joy of some botanist who suddenly finds himself on a desert island, where no human has ever set foot before and where he can enrich his collection with all sorts of outlandish representatives of the flora(N.S. Valgina).

(Imagine) to myself

to whom?
N. f. - myself. Morphological characteristics:

2) returnable;
B) Variable morphological features: used in the dative case.
There is an addition in the sentence.

some (botany)

A pronoun indicates an object, attribute, quantity, without naming them; answers the question which one?
N. f. - some. Morphological characteristics:
A) Constant morphological characteristics:
2) uncertain;
B) Variable morphological features: used in the singular, masculine, genitive form.

which

A pronoun indicates an object, attribute, quantity, without naming them; answers questions which? Which? Who?
N. f. - which. Morphological characteristics:
A) Constant morphological characteristics:
1) pronoun-adjective;
2) relative;
In a sentence - the subject.

Where

A pronoun indicates an object, attribute, quantity, without naming them; answers the question Where?
N. f. - Where. Morphological characteristics:
A) Constant morphological characteristics:
1) pronoun-adverb;
2) relative;
B) Unchangeable form.
In a sentence there is a circumstance of place.

(to) these (por)

A pronoun indicates an object, attribute, quantity, without naming them; answers the question which ones?
N. f. - this. Morphological characteristics:
A) Constant morphological characteristics:
1) pronoun-adjective;
2) index;
B) Variable morphological features: used in the plural form, genitive case.
In a sentence - part of the adverbial time.

draw (leg)

A pronoun indicates an object, attribute, quantity, without naming them; answers the question whose?
N. f. - nobody's. Morphological characteristics:
A) Constant morphological characteristics:
1) pronoun-adjective;
2) negative;
B) Variable morphological features: used in the singular, feminine, nominative case.
The sentence contains an agreed definition.

A pronoun indicates an object, attribute, quantity, without naming them; answers the question Who?
N. f. - He. Morphological characteristics:
A) Constant morphological characteristics:
1) pronoun-noun;
2) personal;
3) 3rd person;
B) Variable morphological features: used in the singular, masculine, nominative case.
In a sentence - the subject.

my (collection)

A pronoun indicates an object, attribute, quantity, without naming them; answers the question whose?
N. f. - mine. Morphological characteristics:
A) Constant morphological characteristics:
1) pronoun-adjective;
2) possessive;
B) Variable morphological features: used in the singular, feminine, accusative form.
The sentence contains an agreed definition.

all sorts of (representatives)

A pronoun indicates an object, attribute, quantity, without naming them; answers the question what?
N. f. - any. Morphological characteristics:
A) Constant morphological characteristics:
1) pronoun-adjective;
2) definitive;
B) Variable morphological features: used in the plural form, instrumental case.
The sentence contains an agreed definition.

Exercise for the topic “3.6.1. The concept of a pronoun. Pronoun categories. Morphological analysis of pronouns"

The book contains in a concise and accessible form the necessary reference material for all types of analysis in Russian language lessons for the course. primary school, many diagrams and examples of grammatical analysis are presented.

Classes of pronouns 1. Personal I, we - 1st person you, you - 2nd person he, she, it, they - 3rd person 2. Reflexive self 3. Interrogative Who? What? Which? Whose? Which? What? How many? 4. Relative Who, what, which, whose, which, which, how many 5. Indefinite Someone, something, someone, something, several, some, any, some, whose that, someone etc. 6. Negative Nobody , nothing, no one, nothing, none, no one's 7. Possessives My, yours, yours, yours, ours; his, her, their 8. Demonstratives This, such, such, so much; 9. Qualifiers Every, every, most, all, other, other, any, himself

Determinative pronouns Determinative pronouns (all, everyone, each, himself, most, any, other, other). They change by gender, number and case.

The pronoun most, when used with a noun, specifies the place: An old man lived with his old woman by the very blue sea. (A. Pushkin.), and when used with adjectives it serves to form superlatives: Native land- the most magnificent thing that we have been given for life. (K. Paustovsky.) The pronoun himself has the meaning “exactly this person” (The author of the book himself came to the reading conference.) or “independently, without the help of others” (Vitya himself handed over the book he read to the library.).

Consider the table of declension of the pronouns sam (self, sama, sami). Pay attention to the emphasis in case forms. Cases Singular husband. and Wed feminine gender Plural (for all genders) I. himself, herself herself R. herself herself d. herself herself c. most, most t.

Determinative pronouns Decline: the most beloved time, spring itself is a beauty, the most precious, the jury itself. Indicate where the stress in pronouns falls, based on the table in ex. 660.

Indefinite pronouns someone, something, some, several, once, someone that that, someone, some, when that, where that, some who, some where, some when, etc. indicate indefinite, unknown objects, signs, quantity. Indefinite pronouns, except for someone and something, change according to cases. Some indefinite pronouns also change according to gender and number.

Indefinite pronouns In indefinite pronouns someone, something, some, several, the prefix is not always under stress and is written together. Several (unspecified) pattern of spelling notation. Make up sentences with these phrases. Indicate the spelling and determine the cases of indefinite pronouns. In (not) how many minutes, after (not) some time, In (not) how many words, since (not) some time.

Indefinite pronouns with the prefix koe and the suffixes -to, -or, -ni are written with a hyphen: someone, that, someone, something, some, some, something, some who, somewhere, somewhere , sometime, some why. Someone, some who If something is separated from a pronoun by a preposition, then it is written separately: from someone, about something.

Negative pronouns. Negative pronouns are formed from interrogatives using the prefixes not and neither. They express the absence of something: an object, a sign, a quantity. The prefix is not always stressed, nor is the prefix unstressed. Negative pronouns change by case. The pronouns nogogo, nogogo have no nominative case.

Declension of negative pronouns there is no one, there is nothing Pad f I. p. com Not about anything

Spelling of negative pronouns In negative pronouns the prefix is unstressed. A letter is written in it and no one's nothing

Negative pronouns Look at the examples. In what case are there separate spellings in negative place names? I. - nothing R. - nothing, from nothing D. - to nothing, for nothing V. - nothing, for nothing, for nothing T. - nothing, with nothing, before nothing P. - about nothing , on nothing

Negative pronouns If neither and are not separated from a pronoun by a preposition, then they are written separately in negative pronouns. For nothing, for nothing, for nothing

Possessive pronouns. Possessives: mine, yours, yours, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs. Possessive pronouns indicate that an object belongs to a person or another object (This is my briefcase. Its size is very convenient).

Demonstrative pronouns. Demonstratives: this, such, such, so much, this (obsolete), this (obsolete). These pronouns indicate the attribute or quantity of objects. April 26 is a very significant day. This day marks the birthday of the great Tatar poet. Who knows the name of this poet?

Demonstrative pronouns. This, such - changes by gender, numbers and cases, like adjectives. This - by numbers and gender, like a short adjective: such is the language, such is the task, such is the solution, such are the plans. So much - changes only by case.

In (3) volumes (this) enc. . Clopedia for schoolchildren you can find any int. . information relevant to you. There are books to... . which they call. . in a tricky word - enz. . clopedia. People turn to (these) books when they want to find out. . Something interesting, new and incomprehensible. The preface to the first edition of the book was written by the children's writer L. Kassil.

Task: Find pronouns, write the categories. Explain punctuation marks. At night, many animals go hunting: ferrets, foxes, wolves. Their amazing vision helps them find food. But there are birds whose vision is sharper than those of these animals. Who are they? Owls and eagle owls. Owls see best of all because their eyes can detect even the faintest light. Their keen hearing also helps them out. The owl's ear can even hear the rustling of mouse paws from afar. (Based on the book “Why”)

Syntactic function of pronouns. Pronouns inflecting like nouns: personal pronouns reflexive pronoun Pronouns inflecting like adjectives: possessive pronouns Demonstrative pronouns Determinative interrogatives

Morphological analysis of pronouns. Parsing order. I Part of speech. General value. initial form (I.p., singular), II Morphological features: what category is this pronoun, person (for personal pronouns); case, number (if any), gender (if any). III Syntactic role.

Personal pronouns. in English they have two cases: nominative (usually in the role subject) And object (in a sentence in the role additions).

Face	Nominative case	Objective case
	Singular
	I [ aI] I	me [ mJ] me, me
	you [ jH] You	you [ jH] you, you
	he [ hJ] He she [ S.J.] she it [ It] he, she, it	him [ hIm] him, him her [ hW] her, her it [ It] his, her, him, her
	Plural
	we [ wJ] We	us [ As] us, us
	you [ jH] You	you [ jH] you, you
	they [ DeI] They	them [ Dem] them, them

I [ aI] - I

Pronoun I is always written with a capital letter, regardless of the place it occupies in the sentence. If it is in the same sentence with other personal pronouns (or nouns), then it is placed after them:

you [ jH] - you, you

In English there is no distinction between polite forms of address You and more familiar - You , similar to the Russian language. Pronoun you has the same form for singular and plural, and the predicate after it is always placed in the plural.

Note: When they want to ensure understanding of a pronoun you How plural numbers, then in British English they say: you two / three ..., you lot, you people, and in American - you folks, you all 's, you guys (regardless of the gender of the interlocutors).

he [ hJ] - He

she [ S.J.] - she

Pronoun he replaces a noun denoting males. Pronoun she replaces a noun denoting female persons. When talking about animals, pronouns he or she They are used only when they want to emphasize their gender, as well as in various fairy tales, fables, or in descriptions of the habits and character of their pets, thus distinguishing them from the crowd.

Exception: In England, when talking about a ship (of any size and purpose) or a car, they use the pronoun she(but speaking, for example, about an airplane - it). The names of most countries are also considered feminine nouns: England, Russia, etc.

it [ It] - he, she, it

Pronoun it replaces a noun denoting an inanimate object, abstract concept, animal or plant, and also replaces a noun baby, child – child, if they do not focus on the gender of the child. Translated into Russian by words he, she, it depending on the gender of the corresponding noun in Russian.

I looked at the window. It was closed.	I looked at window. It was closed.
Where is your cat? – It is on the sofa. It is sleeping.	Where is your cat(yours cat)? – He (she) on the sofa. He (she) is sleeping.

they [ DeI] - They

Pronoun they replaces both animate and inanimate plural nouns:

Personal pronouns in the nominative case perform the function subject And nominal part of a compound predicate.

1 As subject:

2 As noun part compound predicate It is possible to use personal pronouns as in nominative, and in objective cases. At the same time, the forms of the nominative case are considered bookish-official, and the forms of the objective case are considered colloquial.

Who is there? – It is I. = It is me . (colloquial form) Who's there? - This I.

Objective case.

Pronouns without a preposition.

Typical model: indirect object without preposition+ direct object .

Personal pronouns in the objective case perform the following function:

1 direct object (accusative case, answer the question whom? What?)

He saw me in the street.	He saw me on the street.
I love you.	I love you.
Do you know him?	You know his?
Take it!	Take it her/it! (for example, a notebook)

2 or non-prepositional indirect object(dative case answering the question to whom?):

In the last example, "book" is a direct object. A pronoun without a preposition that answers a question whom? - to whom?, is a non-prepositional indirect object and always comes before a direct object (unlike a prepositional pronoun).

3 and also used in short remarks:

Who broke the vase? – Not me! / Me. Who broke the vase? - Not I! / I .

I am feeling tired. – Me too.I'm (very) tired/(feeling tired). – I Same.

Pronouns with a preposition.

Typical model: direct object + indirect object with preposition .

Combination of a pronoun in the objective case with a preposition is a prepositional indirect object and always comes after a direct object.

1 Pronoun combination with a pretextto corresponds dative case in Russian ( to whom?):

2 Pronoun combination with prepositionsby Andwith corresponds to Russian creative case( by whom? how?):

3 Pronouns in the objective case, used with any prepositions, are translated into Russian by pronouns in various indirect cases (gen. who?, what?; date to whom?, to what?; creates. by whom?, by what? and prepositional about whom?, about what?) depending on the preposition followed by the pronoun:

This letter is for you.	This letter for you.
Tell me everything about them.	Tell me everything about them.
She looked at us in silence.	She looked silently on us.

After any preposition, you should use a pronoun in the objective case, for example: From whom? From whom?-From me. From me .; To whom? To whom?-To me. Co. to me .; With whom? With whom?- With me. Co me .

The ambiguity of the pronoun it.

Pronoun it May be personal, index And impersonal:

1 Personal pronoun. Translated: he, she, it or him, her etc.

A) If the pronoun it comes first in a sentence, replacing what was previously mentioned inanimate noun, then it is translated nominative case - he, she, it , For example:

b) If the pronoun it follows the predicate, taking the place of the direct object, then it is transl. objective case pronouns, namely - him, her, to him etc.

2 Index pronoun. Translated as " This ".

What is it ? - It is a tree.

WhatThis ? - This - tree.

Can be used instead of previously mentioned words:

Instead of the previously mentioned concepts and descriptions:

3 Impersonal service word. Doesn't translate.

A) If the pronoun it comes first in a sentence, but does not replace a previously mentioned noun, it is formal subject of an impersonal sentence Typical for sentences that talk about weather, time, distance, various measurements, etc.

It is cold. It is dark. It is raining. It is snowing.Cold. Dark. It's raining. It's snowing.

It was winter. It was winter.

Time, distances and various measurements:

What day of the week is it ? What day of the week is it today?

It 's Saturday. It 's the 12th of February. = It 's February 12th.It's Saturday. February 12.

It 's 10 o'clock. Ten o'clock.

It is two miles to the station.The station is two miles away.

And other impersonal suggestions:

It 's too late. It's too late.

b) Pronoun it may be a formal subject in cases where the present subject is expressed infinitive, gerund (-ing form) or subordinate clause and is located at the end of the sentence: In Russian, in these cases they do without a formal subject:

It is dark to read.
It was useless trying to see him.	It was no use try* see him.*
It 's hard to know what he is really thinking.	It's hard to know what does he really think.

V) In passive designs. With some verbs in the passive voice as the formal subject:

It is known…	Known…
It is reported that the plane landed.	They reportthat the plane has landed.

4 Included in composition of the intensifying turn it is (was)…who/that(not translated). Here it refers to a predicate (part of a compound predicate), which becomes the informational focus of the sentence.

It was he who did it.	Exactly Hedid it.
It is here that we meet every Sunday.	Exactly Herewe meet every sunday.

Used in fixed expressions:

It 's wonderful!	Fabulous!
It 's great! It 's super!	Great! Super!
It 's no use. It 's no good.	No use.
It doesn't matter.	Doesn't matter. It doesn't make any difference.

Pronoun- a part of speech that indicates a person, object or sign, but does not name them. Pronouns are divided into:

Personal: I, we, you, you, he, she, it, they.

Returnable: myself.

Possessives: mine, ours, yours, yours, yours.

Interrogative-relative: who, what, which, which, which, whose, how many.

Index fingers: this, that, such, such, so much.

Definitive: himself, most, all (all, everything, everything), everyone, each, any, other.

Negative: no one, nothing, no, no one's, no one, no one, nothing.

Undefined: someone, something, some, some, several, someone, something, some, any, something etc.

1. Personal pronouns- pronouns indicating persons who participate in speech: these are noun pronouns. The constant morphological feature for all personal pronouns is person (I, we - first person; you, you - 2nd person; he (she, it, they) - 3rd person). A constant morphological feature of personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person is number (I, you - singular; we, you - plural). All personal pronouns change by case, while not only the ending changes, but also the whole word (I - me, you - you, he - his); The 3rd person pronoun changes according to number and gender (singular) - he, she, it, they.

2. Reflexive pronoun- a pronoun that denotes that an action performed by someone is directed at the actor himself. This is a noun pronoun. The reflexive pronoun has no gender, person, number or nominative case form; the reflexive pronoun changes according to cases (self, itself, by itself).

3. Possessive pronouns- indicate the attribute of an object by its affiliation: these are adjective pronouns.

Possessive pronouns change according to number, gender (singular), case (my, my, mine, mine, mine, etc.). When indicating belonging to a third party, the frozen forms of the genitive case of personal pronouns are used - his, her, theirs.

4. Interrogative pronouns- used in interrogative sentences. Who? What? - pronouns-nouns. They have no gender, person, or number; change according to cases (who, whom, what, what, etc.). Which? whose? which? - pronouns-adjectives, change according to numbers, genders (singular), cases (which, which, which, which, which, etc.). How many? - numeral pronoun; changes according to cases (how many, how many, how many, etc.). Where? When? Where? where? For what? and others - pronominal adverbs; unchangeable words.

5. Relative pronounscoincide with interrogatives - who, what, which, whose, which, where, when, how many, where, where, why and others, but are used not as question words, but as allied words in subordinate clauses (I know how much effort he put into completing this task; I know who is to blame for our failure; I know where the money is hidden. ). The morphological and syntactic characteristics of relative pronouns are the same as those of interrogative pronouns.

6. Demonstrative pronouns- these are means of indicating certain objects, signs, quantity (with distinguishing one from the other). That, this, this, such are pronouns-adjectives and change according to numbers, genders (singular), cases (that, that, that, those; such, such, such, such, etc.). So much is a numeral pronoun; changes according to cases (so many, so many, so many, etc.). There, here, here, there, here, from there, from here, then, therefore, then and others - pronominal adverbs; unchangeable words.

7. Determinative pronouns- serve as a means of clarifying the subject or feature in question. Himself, most, all, every, each, other, other, any - pronouns are adjectives and change according to numbers, genders (singular), cases (every, every, every, every, everyone, etc.). Everywhere, everywhere, always - pronominal adverbs; unchangeable words.

8.Negative pronouns- indicate the absence of objects, signs, quantity. Negative pronouns are formed from interrogative pronouns using the prefixes not-, nor-: who → no one, how much → not at all, where → nowhere, when → never. The morphological and syntactic characteristics of negative pronouns are the same as those of interrogative pronouns, from which negative pronouns are derived.

9. Indefinite pronouns- indicate vague, unknown objects, signs, quantity. Indefinite pronouns are formed from interrogative pronouns using the prefixes not-, some- and postfixes -that, -either, -someone: who → someone, someone, someone, anyone, anyone, someone; how much → several, how much, how much; where → somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, somewhere. The morphological and syntactic characteristics of indefinite pronouns are the same as those of interrogative pronouns, from which indefinite pronouns are derived.

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