Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva (September 26 (October 8), 1892, Moscow, Russian Empire- August 31, 1941, Elabuga, USSR) - Russian poet, prose writer, translator, one of the largest Russian poets of the 20th century.

Marina Tsvetaeva was born on September 26 (October 8), 1892 in Moscow. Her father, Ivan Vladimirovich, is a professor at Moscow University, a famous philologist and art critic; later became director of the Rumyantsev Museum and founder of the Museum of Fine Arts. Mother, Maria Main (originally from a Russified Polish-German family), was a pianist, a student of Anton Rubinstein. M. I. Tsvetaeva’s maternal grandmother is Polish Maria Lukinichna Bernatskaya.

Marina began writing poetry - not only in Russian, but also in French and German languages- even at the age of six. Her mother had a huge influence on Marina and on the formation of her character. She dreamed of seeing her daughter become a musician.

Anastasia (left) and Marina Tsvetaeva. Yalta, 1905.

After her mother's death from consumption in 1906, Marina and her sister Anastasia were left in the care of their father. Tsvetaeva's childhood years were spent in Moscow and Tarusa. Due to her mother's illness, she lived for a long time in Italy, Switzerland and Germany. Primary education received in Moscow; continued it in boarding houses in Lausanne (Switzerland) and Freiburg (Germany). At the age of sixteen she took a trip to Paris to audition at the Sorbonne short course lectures on Old French literature.

In 1910, Marina published her first collection of poems, “Evening Album,” with her own money. Tsvetaeva's early work was significantly influenced by Nikolai Nekrasov, Valery Bryusov and Maximilian Voloshin (the poetess stayed at Voloshin's house in Koktebel in 1911, 1913, 1915 and 1917).

In 1911, Tsvetaeva met her future husband, Sergei Efron; in January 1912 - she married him. In the same year, Marina and Sergei had a daughter, Ariadna (Alya).

Sergei Efron and Marina Tsvetaeva. Moscow, 1911

In 1914, Marina met the poetess and translator Sofia Parnok; their relationship lasted until 1916. Tsvetaeva dedicated the cycle of poems “Girlfriend” to Parnok. Tsvetaeva and Parnok separated in 1916;

Marina returned to her husband Sergei Efron. Tsvetaeva described her relationship with Parnok as “the first disaster in her life.” In 1921, Tsvetaeva, summing up, writes: “To love only women (for a woman) or only men (for a man), obviously excluding the usual opposite - what a horror! But only women (for a man) or only men (for a woman), obviously excluding the unusual native - what boredom!" Tsvetaeva reacted dispassionately to the news of Sofia Parnok’s death: “So what if she died? You don't have to die to die." In 1917, Tsvetaeva gave birth to a daughter, Irina, who died in an orphanage at the age of 3 years.

In May 1922, Tsvetaeva and her daughter Ariadna were allowed to go abroad to join her husband, who, having survived the defeat of Denikin as a white officer, had now become a student at the University of Prague. At first, Tsvetaeva and her daughter lived for a short time in Berlin, then for three years on the outskirts of Prague. The famous “Poem of the Mountain” and “Poem of the End” were written in the Czech Republic.

On the far left is Marina Tsvetaeva. Standing behind on the left is Sergei Efron. On the right is Konstantin Rodzevich. Prague, 1923.

On February 1, 1925, Marina Tsvetaeva and Sergei Efron had a son, Moore. full name- Georgy. A few months later, in the fall of the same year, the family moved to Paris... In Paris, Tsvetaeva was greatly influenced by the atmosphere that developed around her due to her husband’s activities. Efron was accused of being recruited by the NKVD and participating in a conspiracy against Lev Sedov, Trotsky's son.

Since the 1930s Tsvetaeva and her family lived in almost poverty. No one can imagine the poverty in which we live. My only income comes from my writing. My husband is sick and cannot work. My daughter earns pennies by embroidering hats. I have a son, he is eight years old. The four of us live on this money. In other words, we are slowly starving to death. (From the memoirs of Marina Tsvetaeva)

On March 15, 1937, Ariadna left for Moscow, the first of her family to have the opportunity to return to her homeland. On October 10 of the same year, Efron fled from France, having become involved in a contracted political murder.

In 1939, Tsvetaeva returned to the USSR following her husband and daughter. Upon arrival, she lived at the NKVD dacha in Bolshevo (now the Museum-Apartment of M.I. Tsvetaeva in Bolshevo), neighbors were the Klepinins. On August 27, daughter Ariadne was arrested, and on October 10, Efron. In 1941, Sergei Yakovlevich was shot; Ariadne was rehabilitated in 1955 after fifteen years of repression. During this period, Tsvetaeva practically did not write poetry, doing translations.

The war found Tsvetaeva translating Federico Garcia Lorca. Work was interrupted. On August 8, Tsvetaeva and her son left by boat for evacuation; On the eighteenth she arrived together with several writers in the town of Elabuga on the Kama. In Chistopol, where mostly evacuated writers were located, Tsvetaeva received consent to register and left a statement: “To the council of the Literary Fund. I ask you to hire me as a dishwasher in the Literary Fund's opening canteen. August 26, 1941." On August 28, she returned to Yelabuga with the intention of moving to Chistopol.

On August 31, 1941, she committed suicide (hanged herself), leaving three notes: to those who would bury her, to Aseev and her son: “Purlyga! Forgive me, but it would have been worse. I’m seriously ill, this is not me anymore. I love you madly "Understand that I could no longer live. Tell dad and Alya - if you see - that I loved them until the last minute and explain that I was in a dead end."

Marina Tsvetaeva is buried at the Peter and Paul Cemetery in Elabuga. The exact location of her grave is unknown. On the side of the cemetery where her lost grave is located, in 1960 the poetess’s sister, Anastasia Tsvetaeva, erected a cross,

And in 1970, a granite tombstone was built.

In exile, she wrote in the story “Khlystovki”: “I would like to lie in the Tarusa Khlystov cemetery, under an elderberry bush, in one of those graves with a silver dove, where the reddest and largest strawberries in our area grow. But if this is unrealistic, if Not only can I not lie there, but the cemetery no longer exists, I would like for a stone to be placed from the Tarusa quarry on one of those hills that the Kirillovnas used to walk to us in Pesochnoye, and we to them in Tarusa: “Here Marina Tsvetaeva would like to lie down.” She also said: “Here, in France, there will be no shadow of my soul.

On the high bank of the Oka, in her beloved city of Tarusa, according to Tsvetaeva’s will, a stone (Tarusa dolomite) was erected with the inscription “Marina Tsvetaeva would like to lie here.” The stone was first erected through the efforts of Semyon Ostrovsky in 1962, but then the monument was removed “to avoid it,” and later restored in calmer times.

In 1990, Patriarch Alexy II gave a blessing for Tsvetaeva’s funeral service (the funeral service took place on the fiftieth anniversary of the death of Marina Tsvetaeva in the Moscow Church of the Ascension at the Nikitsky Gate), while funeral services for suicides are prohibited in the Russian Orthodox Church.
The basis for this was the petition of Anastasia Tsvetaeva, and with her a group of people, including Deacon Andrei Kuraev, to the patriarch.

I know I'll die at dawn! Which of the two
Together with which of the two - you can’t decide by order!
Oh, if only it were possible for my torch to go out twice!
So that in the evening dawn and in the morning at once!

She walked across the earth with a dancing step! - Daughter of Heaven!
With an apron full of roses! - Don’t disturb a single sprout!
I know I'll die at dawn! - Night of the Hawk
God will not send my swan soul away!

With a gentle hand, moving away the unkissed cross,
I will rush into the generous sky for the last greetings.
A slit of dawn - and a reciprocal smile...
- Even in my dying hiccups I will remain a poet!

Biography and episodes of life Marina Tsvetaeva. When born and died Marina Tsvetaeva, memorable places and dates important events her life. Quotes from the poetess, photos and videos.

Years of life of Marina Tsvetaeva:

born September 28, 1892, died August 31, 1941

Epitaph

“And loved, and loved,
They froze over the line,
They just didn't stop
At the cliff above the river.

We were late for the viewing
And they were late for the grave,
And under Marina’s stone
A dream filled with sadness.

Only birds fly by
Over her head
Only the lines sprout
Between flowers and grass."

From a poem by Zoya Yashchenko dedicated to Marina Tsvetaeva

Biography

Marina Tsvetaeva, one of the most prominent Russian poets, was born into the family of a professor at Moscow University, later the founder of the Museum of Fine Arts, a philologist and art critic. Tsvetaeva’s mother was a musician, a student of N. Rubinstein, and wanted her daughter to follow in her footsteps. But already at the age of six, Marina began to write poetry, including in French and German. Marina studied at a private girls' gymnasium, then continued her studies in Lausanne and Freiburg im Breisgau.

Having published her first collection of poems at her own expense, eighteen-year-old Marina Tsvetaeva attracted the attention of the largest poets in Russia at that time: N. Gumilyov, V. Bryusov. The poetess became part of the creative community, participated in literary studios, and visited M. Voloshin several times in Koktebel. She writes a lot, meets her future husband; It seems that life favors the poetess.

But here it happens fateful meeting with the poetess Sofia Parnok, and Tsvetaeva leaves her husband and plunges into a relationship for two years, which she later calls “the first disaster” in her life. And then others will follow, and not of a private nature: the Civil War begins. Three-year-old daughter Irina dies of hunger, her husband fights in the White Guard, is defeated along with Denikin and emigrates to Germany. A few years later, Tsvetaeva is allowed to go to him - and a painful life begins in a foreign land.

Marina Tsvetaeva did not “take root” far from her homeland. Her poetry of this period did not find a response in the hearts of emigrants. True, works in prose became famous: “My Pushkin”, “The Tale of Sonechka”, memoirs of contemporary poets. And only through prose does Tsvetaeva actually save her family from starvation: her husband is sick, her daughter earns pennies by embroidering, her son is still too young.

Tsvetaeva's daughter and husband return to Russia in 1937, the poetess joins them two years later - and they are arrested by the NKVD. Ariadna Tsvetaeva spent 15 years in a camp and exile, Sergei Efron was shot. Tsvetaeva barely earns a living by translating, but a new war begins, and she and her son are evacuated to Yelabuga. The shocks and losses of recent years, unemployment and illness turn out to be too heavy a burden, and Marina Tsvetaeva commits suicide by hanging herself.

The exact place where Tsvetaeva is buried is unknown. In 1960, the poetess’ sister Anastasia erected the first monument among the graves of the unknown, and today this place is considered the “official” grave of Marina Tsvetaeva. In 1990, Patriarch Alexy II gave special permission for the funeral of the suicide, and it was held on the fiftieth anniversary of her death.

Life line

September 28, 1892 Date of birth of Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva.
1910 The first publication of the collection of poems “Evening Album” at his own expense.
1912 Wedding with Sergei Efron and the birth of his daughter Ariadne. Release of the second collection “The Magic Lamp”.
1913 The third collection of Tsvetaeva’s poems, “From Two Books,” has been published.
1914 Meeting with Sofia Parnok.
1916 Moving to Alexandrov to stay with sister Anastasia. Returning to her husband.
1917 Birth of daughter Irina.
1922 Moving to join my husband in Europe. Life in Berlin and Prague.
1925 Birth of son George.
1928 Release in Paris of the last lifetime collection of poems, “After Russia.”
1939 Return to Russia.
August 31, 1941 Date of death of Marina Tsvetaeva.
September 2, 1941 Tsvetaeva's funeral in Yelabuga.

Memorable places

1. Moscow house where Tsvetaeva lived in 1911-1912. (Sivtsev Vrazhek Lane, 19).
2. Tsvetaeva Museum in Moscow, in the house where she settled in 1914 after her marriage and lived until her departure abroad in 1922, at 6 Borisoglebsky Lane.
3. Pragerplatz Square, where in the 1920s. The literary elite of the Russian emigration, including M. Tsvetaeva, gathered in the Pragerdile cafe. The “Prague Pension” was also located here, where the poetess settled after meeting her husband in Berlin.
4. The house where Tsvetaeva and her husband rented a room in Prague in 1923-1924 (Shvedskaya Street, 51).
5. House in Paris, where Tsvetaeva lived from 1934 to 1938 (Jean-Baptiste Potena St., 65).
6. Tsvetaeva House-Museum in Korolev (Bolshevo), where the poetess lived at the NKVD dacha in 1939.
7. House No. 20 on Malaya Pokrovskaya Street (then No. 10 on Voroshilov Street) in Yelabuga, where Tsvetaeva lived recent years and died.

Episodes of life

Russia's two greatest poetesses, Marina Tsvetaeva and Anna Akhmatova, met only once. Tsvetaeva highly valued Akhmatova’s work since 1912, dedicated a series of poems to her, and wrote enthusiastic letters. They met only in 1941, when Akhmatova came to Moscow in the hope of helping her arrested son. Tsvetaeva visited her, and the poetess talked for seven hours straight, but about what remains unknown.

Before her death, Tsvetaeva left three notes in the pockets of her apron, all of which were about her sixteen-year-old son, Moore. The first was addressed to him, the other two to friends and other evacuees. Tsvetaeva asked to take care of her son and teach him, she wrote that he would disappear with her. Moore survived his mother by only three years - he died at the front.

“Conventional” grave of Tsvetaeva in Yelabuga

Testaments

“Don’t be too angry with your parents - remember that they were you, and you will be them.”

“Never say that everyone does this: everyone always does it badly - since they are so willing to refer to them.”

“At some second along the way, the target begins to fly towards us. The only thought: don’t shy away.”

“The soul is a sail. Wind is life."

Tamara Gverdtsiteli performs a song based on Tsvetaeva’s poems “Prayer”

Condolences

"She was somehow God's child in the world of people. And this world cut and wounded her with its corners.”
Writer and memoirist Roman Gul

“She was protected by the stern pride of the vanquished, who has nothing left but pride, and who takes care of this last guarantee so as not to touch the ground with both shoulder blades.”
Writer Romain Rolland

“The pathos of Tsvetaeva’s entire work lies, first of all, in defending her high mission of being a poet on earth. In this mission, her path from the very beginning to the end was heroic. It was this heroism that brought her to Yelabuga - where, saving her pride and the right not to curse everyone - she found her tragic end on August 31, 1941.”
Literary critic Genrikh Gorchakov, author of the book “About Marina Tsvetaeva. Through the eyes of a contemporary"

Name: Marina Tsvetaeva

Age: 48 years old

Height: 163

Activity: poetess, novelist, translator

Marital status: was married

Marina Tsvetaeva: biography

Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva is a Russian poetess, translator, author of biographical essays and critical articles. She is considered one of the key figures in world poetry of the 20th century. Today, Marina Tsvetaeva’s poems about love such as “Nailed to the pillory…”, “Not an impostor - I came home…”, “Yesterday I looked into your eyes…” and many others are called textbooks.

Child photo Marina Tsvetaeva | Museum of M. Tsvetaeva

Marina Tsvetaeva's birthday falls on Orthodox holiday in memory of the Apostle John the Theologian. The poetess would later repeatedly reflect this circumstance in her works. A girl was born in Moscow, in the family of a professor at Moscow University, famous philologist and art critic Ivan Vladimirovich Tsvetaev, and his second wife Maria Main, a professional pianist, a student of Nikolai Rubinstein himself. On her father's side, Marina had half-brothers Andrei and sister, as well as her own younger sister Anastasia. The creative professions of her parents left their mark on Tsvetaeva’s childhood. Her mother taught her to play the piano and dreamed of seeing her daughter become a musician, and her father instilled a love of quality literature and foreign languages.

Childhood photos of Marina Tsvetaeva

It so happened that Marina and her mother often lived abroad, so she spoke fluently not only Russian, but also French and German. Moreover, when little six-year-old Marina Tsvetaeva began to write poetry, she composed in all three, and most of all in French. The future famous poetess began receiving her education at a Moscow private girls' gymnasium, and later studied at boarding schools for girls in Switzerland and Germany. At the age of 16, she tried to attend a course of lectures on Old French literature at the Sorbonne in Paris, but did not complete her studies there.

With sister Anastasia, 1911 | Museum of M. Tsvetaeva

When the poetess Tsvetaeva began publishing her poems, she began to communicate closely with the circle of Moscow symbolists and actively participate in the life of literary circles and studios at the Musaget publishing house. Soon the Civil War begins. These years had a very difficult impact on the morale of the young woman. She did not accept and did not approve of the separation of her homeland into white and red components. In the spring of 1922, Marina Olegovna sought permission to emigrate from Russia and go to the Czech Republic, where her husband, Sergei Efron, who had served in the White Army and was now studying at the University of Prague, had fled several years earlier.

Ivan Vladimirovich Tsvetaev with his daughter Marina, 1906 | Museum of M. Tsvetaeva

For a long time Marina Tsvetaeva’s life was connected not only with Prague, but also with Berlin, and three years later her family was able to reach the French capital. But the woman did not find happiness there either. She was depressingly affected by people's rumors that her husband was involved in a conspiracy against her son and that he had been recruited by the Soviet government. In addition, Marina realized that in spirit she was not an emigrant, and Russia did not let go of her thoughts and heart.

Poems

Marina Tsvetaeva's first collection, entitled “Evening Album,” was published in 1910. It mainly included her creations written during her school years. Quite quickly, the work of the young poetess attracted the attention of famous writers, Maximilian Voloshin, husband Nikolai Gumilyov, and the founder of Russian symbolism Valery Bryusov were especially interested in her. On the wave of success, Marina writes her first prose article, “Magic in Bryusov’s Poems.” By the way, quite remarkable fact is that she published her first books with her own money.

First edition of "Evening Album" | Feodosia Museum of Marina and Anastasia Tsvetaev

Soon, “The Magic Lantern” by Marina Tsvetaeva, her second collection of poetry, was published, then the next work was published, “From Two Books.” Shortly before the revolution, the biography of Marina Tsvetaeva was connected with the city of Alexandrov, where she came to visit her sister Anastasia and her husband. From the point of view of creativity, this period is important because it is full of dedications to loved ones and favorite places and was later called by specialists “Tsvetaeva’s Alexander Summer.” It was then that the woman created the famous cycles of poems “To Akhmatova” and “Poems about Moscow.”

Akhmatova and Tsvetaeva in the images of Egyptian women. Monument " Silver Age", Odessa | Panoramio

During the Civil War, Marina became sympathetic to the white movement, although, as mentioned above, she generally did not approve of dividing the country into conventional colors. During that period, she wrote poems for the collection “Swan Camp”, as well as large poems “The Tsar Maiden”, “Egorushka”, “On a Red Horse” and romantic plays. After moving abroad, the poetess composed two large-scale works - “Poem of the Mountain” and “Poem of the End”, which will be among her main works. But most of the poems from the emigration period were not published. The last collection to be published was “After Russia,” which included the works of Marina Tsvetaeva until 1925. Although she never stopped writing.

Manuscript by Marina Tsvetaeva | Unofficial site

Foreigners appreciated Tsvetaeva's prose much more - her memories of the Russian poets Andrei Bely, Maximilian Voloshin, Mikhail Kuzmin, the books “My Pushkin”, “Mother and Music”, “The House at Old Pimen” and others. But they didn’t buy poems, although Marina wrote a wonderful cycle “To Mayakovsky,” for which the “black muse” was the suicide of the Soviet poet. The death of Vladimir Vladimirovich literally shocked the woman, which can be felt many years later when reading these poems by Marina Tsvetaeva.

Personal life

The poetess met her future husband Sergei Efron in 1911 at the house of her friend Maximilian Voloshin in Koktebel. Six months later they became husband and wife, and soon their eldest daughter Ariadne was born. But Marina was a very passionate woman and at different times other men captured her heart. For example, the great Russian poet Boris Pasternak, with whom Tsvetaeva had almost 10 years of romantic relationship, which did not stop after her emigration.

Sergei Efron and Tsvetaeva before the wedding | Museum of M. Tsvetaeva

In addition, in Prague, the poetess began a whirlwind romance with lawyer and sculptor Konstantin Rodzevich. Their relationship lasted about six months, and then Marina, who dedicated the “Poem of the Mountain” to her lover, full of frantic passion and unearthly love, volunteered to help his bride choose wedding dress, thereby putting a point in love relationships.

Ariadne Ephron with her mother, 1916 | Museum of M. Tsvetaeva

But Marina Tsvetaeva’s personal life was connected not only with men. Even before emigrating, in 1914 she met the poetess and translator Sofia Parnok in a literary circle. The ladies quickly discovered sympathy for each other, which soon grew into something more. Marina dedicated a cycle of poems, “Girlfriend,” to her beloved, after which their relationship came out of the shadows. Efron knew about his wife’s affair, was very jealous, caused scenes, and Tsvetaeva was forced to leave him for Sofia. However, in 1916 she broke up with Parnok, returned to her husband and a year later gave birth to a daughter, Irina. The poetess will later say about her strange relationship that it is wild for a woman to love a woman, but only men are boring. However, Marina described her love for Parnok as “the first disaster in her life.”

Portrait of Sofia Parnok | Wikipedia

After the birth of her second daughter, Marina Tsvetaeva faces a dark streak in her life. Revolution, husband's escape abroad, extreme poverty, famine. The eldest daughter Ariadna became very ill, and Tsvetaeva sent the children to an orphanage in the village of Kuntsovo near Moscow. Ariadne recovered, but Irina fell ill and died at the age of three.

Georgy Efron with his mother | Museum of M. Tsvetaeva

Later, after reuniting with her husband in Prague, the poetess gave birth to a third child - a son, George, who was called “Moore” in the family. The boy was sickly and fragile, nevertheless, during the Second World War he went to the front, where he died in the summer of 1944. Georgy Efron was buried in a mass grave in the Vitebsk region. Due to the fact that neither Ariadne nor George had children of their own, today there are no direct descendants of the great poetess Tsvetaeva.

Death

In exile, Marina and her family lived almost in poverty. Tsvetaeva’s husband could not work due to illness, Georgy was just a baby, Ariadne tried to help financially by embroidering hats, but in fact their income consisted of meager fees for articles and essays that Marina Tsvetaeva wrote. She called this financial situation a slow death from hunger. Therefore, all family members constantly turn to the Soviet embassy with a request to return to their homeland.

Monument by Zurab Tsereteli, Saint-Gilles-Croix-de-Vie, France | Evening Moscow

In 1937, Ariadne received this right; six months later, Sergei Efron secretly moved to Moscow, since in France he was threatened with arrest as an accomplice to a political murder. After some time, Marina herself and her son officially cross the border. But the return turned into tragedy. Very soon the NKVD arrests the daughter, and after her Tsvetaeva’s husband. And if Ariadne was rehabilitated after her death, having served over 15 years, then Efron was shot in October 1941.

Monument in the city of Tarusa | Pioneer Tour

However, his wife never found out about this. When did the Great Patriotic War, a woman with her teenage son went to evacuate to the town of Elabuga on the Kama River. To obtain temporary registration, the poetess is forced to get a job as a dishwasher. Her statement was dated August 28, 1941, and three days later Tsvetaeva committed suicide by hanging herself in the house where she and Georgy were assigned to stay. Marina left three suicide notes. She addressed one of them to her son and asked for forgiveness, and in the other two she asked people to take care of the boy.

Monument in the village of Usen-Ivanovskoye, Bashkiria | School of Life

It is very interesting that when Marina Tsvetaeva was just getting ready to evacuate, her old friend Boris Pasternak helped her in packing her things, who specially bought a rope for tying things up. The man boasted that he had obtained such a strong rope - “at least hang yourself”... It was this that became the instrument of Marina Ivanovna’s suicide. Tsvetaeva was buried in Yelabuga, but since the war was going on, the exact place of burial remains unclear to this day. Orthodox customs do not allow funeral services for suicides, but the ruling bishop can make an exception. And Patriarch Alexy II in 1991, on the 50th anniversary of his death, took advantage of this right. Church rite held in the Moscow Church of the Ascension of the Lord at the Nikitsky Gate.

Stone of Marina Tsvetaeva in Tarusa | Wanderer

In memory of the great Russian poetess, the Marina Tsvetaeva Museum was opened, and more than one. There is a similar house of memory in the cities of Tarus, Korolev, Ivanov, Feodosiya and many other places. On the banks of the Oka River there is a monument by Boris Messerer. Eat sculptural monuments and in other cities of Russia, near and far abroad.

Collections

• 1910 - Evening album
• 1912 - Magic Lantern
• 1913 - From two books
• 1920 - Tsar Maiden
• 1921 - Swan Camp
• 1923 - Psyche. Romance
• 1924 - Poem of the Mountain
• 1924 - Poem of the End
• 1928 - After Russia
• 1930 - Siberia

Name: Marina Tsvetaeva

Age: 48 years old

Place of birth: Moscow

Place of death: Yelabuga, Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Activity: poetess, novelist, translator

Marital status: was married

Marina Tsvetaeva - biography

A woman of average height, but of the highest poetic talent, Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva is known to every educated person. Many people know her poems, even without having any idea that they were written by a poetess.

What was childhood like, the family of Marina Tsvetaeva

Marina was born on a holiday that celebrates Orthodox Church in honor of John the Evangelist. Isn't it significant? A girl born on such a day should have a bright creative biography related to literature. A native Muscovite, she was born into a family of intellectuals and professors. My father was a professor at the University of Moscow, a philologist and an art critic. Marina's mother was his second wife; she played the piano professionally. There were many children in Tsvetaeva’s family: four. Parents are creative people, and they raised their children the same way.

My mother taught music, and my father fostered a true love for other languages ​​and literature. Thanks to the fact that her mother often took Marina with her abroad, she could speak French and German well. From the age of six, Tsvetaeva began to write her poems not only in Russian. In order for the girl to be educated, she is first sent to a private women's gymnasium in Moscow, and then sent to Switzerland and Germany to study in women's boarding schools. At the age of 16 he began his studies at the Sorbonne, studying the literature of old France, but failed to complete his studies.

Literary biography of Marina Tsvetaeva

Poems directly connected Marina with famous literary figures; she attends clubs and studios of the Musaget publishing house. Years Civil War greatly influenced the state of mind of the future famous poetess and her entire poetic biography. It was very difficult for her to understand the moral division of Russia into red and white, and she decides to leave for the Czech Republic.

Marina Tsvetaeva lived in Prague, Berlin, and Paris, but Russia always attracted her and called her back. Poetry collections were published one after another, each of them revealing new stages of the poetess’s work. Poems written during the period school years, included in the very first collection.

Famous literary figures such as Maximilian Voloshin and Valery Bryusov. Tsvetaeva published her first books at her own expense. Pre-revolutionary period creative biography marked by the fact that Marina Tsvetaeva writes a lot of poems, which she dedicates to her loved ones and relatives, familiar places where she is used to visiting.

Wherever the poetess was, she constantly wrote her unique works, and foreign poetry lovers appreciated her creations. Thanks to the work of Marina Tsvetaeva, foreign readers learned about Russian poets.

Marina Tsvetaeva - biography of personal life

Marina Tsvetaeva’s husband, Sergei Efron, courted his future wife for six months, he immediately liked her, but only six months later they got married. Quite soon an addition appeared in their family: a daughter, Ariadne, was born. The creative, ardent nature of the poetess did not allow her to remain a boring woman who was constant in love. She fell in love with herself and fell in love herself.

Many romantic relationships lasted for years, like with Boris Pasternak, for example. Before leaving Russia, the poetess became very close to Sofia Parnok, who also wrote poetry and was a translator. Marina literally fell in love with her friend and dedicated many passionate creations of her soul to her. Soon the ladies stopped hiding the relationship, Efron is jealous, Marina Tsvetaeva does not like these scenes of jealousy, she leaves for her lover, but soon returns to her husband. A second daughter, Irina, is born into their family.

Troubles of the fate of the poetess

The streak of troubles that followed in the period after the birth of my daughter is called “black”, otherwise there is no other way to call it. A revolution has broken out in Russia, the husband emigrates, the family is in need and starving. The illness overtakes Ariadne, so that the girls do not need anything, their mother sends them to a shelter. The eldest daughter recovered from the illness, but Irina, having lived only three years, dies after the illness.

After moving to Prague, Marina Tsvetaeva again unites her fate with her husband and gives birth to his son, who was destined to go to the front and die in 1944. The poetess has no grandchildren; we can say that her family did not continue.

The last years of life and death of Marina Tsvetaeva

Abroad, the Tsvetaev family was begging, although the eldest daughter and Marina herself tried to earn money. They send a petition asking to return to Soviet Union. The family moved to their homeland in different ways, but the streak of troubles did not end: Ariadne was arrested, then Sergei Efron. Fifteen years later, Tsvetaeva’s daughter was released from prison, and the poetess’s husband was shot.

During the war with the Nazis, Tsvetaeva took her son and evacuated to Elabuga. There are many versions about the life of Marina and her son in this small town. But none of these options have been documented. The result is very sad: the poetess commits suicide; she hanged herself in the house where she was assigned to live after her arrival. Tsvetaeva died, but her work lives on.

Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva. Born on September 26 (October 8), 1892 in Moscow - died on August 31, 1941 in Elabuga. Russian poetess, prose writer, translator, one of the greatest poets of the 20th century.

Marina Tsvetaeva was born on September 26 (October 8), 1892 in Moscow, on the day when the Orthodox Church celebrates the memory of the Apostle John the Theologian. This coincidence is reflected in several works of the poetess.

Her father, Ivan Vladimirovich, a professor at Moscow University, a famous philologist and art critic, later became the director of the Rumyantsev Museum and the founder of the Museum of Fine Arts.

Mother, Maria Main (originally from a Russified Polish-German family), was a pianist, a student of Nikolai Rubinstein. M. I. Tsvetaeva’s maternal grandmother is Polish Maria Lukinichna Bernatskaya.

Marina began writing poetry at the age of six, not only in Russian, but also in French and German. Her mother, who dreamed of seeing her daughter as a musician, had a huge influence on the formation of her character.

Tsvetaeva's childhood years were spent in Moscow and Tarusa. Due to her mother's illness, she lived for a long time in Italy, Switzerland and Germany. She received her primary education in Moscow, at the private women's gymnasium M. T. Bryukhonenko. She continued it in boarding houses in Lausanne (Switzerland) and Freiburg (Germany). At the age of sixteen, she took a trip to Paris to attend a short course of lectures on Old French literature at the Sorbonne.

After the death of their mother from consumption in 1906, they remained with their sister Anastasia, half-brother Andrei and sister Valeria in the care of their father, who introduced the children to classical Russian and foreign literature, art. Ivan Vladimirovich encouraged the study of European languages ​​and ensured that all children received a thorough education.

Her work attracted the attention of famous poets - Valery Bryusov, Maximilian Voloshin and. In the same year, Tsvetaeva wrote her first critical article, “Magic in Bryusov’s Poems.” The Evening Album was followed two years later by a second collection, The Magic Lantern.

Start creative activity Tsvetaeva is associated with the circle of Moscow symbolists. After meeting Bryusov and the poet Ellis (real name Lev Kobylinsky), Tsvetaeva participated in the activities of circles and studios at the Musaget publishing house.

Tsvetaeva's early work was significantly influenced by Nikolai Nekrasov, Valery Bryusov and Maximilian Voloshin (the poetess stayed at Voloshin's house in Koktebel in 1911, 1913, 1915 and 1917).

In 1911, Tsvetaeva met her future husband Sergei Efron. In January 1912, she married him. In September of the same year, Marina and Sergei had a daughter, Ariadna (Alya).

In 1913, the third collection, “From Two Books,” was published.

In the summer of 1916, Tsvetaeva arrived in the city of Alexandrov, where her sister Anastasia Tsvetaeva lived with her common-law husband Mauritius Mints and son Andrei. In Alexandrov, Tsvetaeva wrote a series of poems (“To Akhmatova,” “Poems about Moscow,” and others), and literary scholars later called her stay in the city “Marina Tsvetaeva’s Alexandrovsky Summer.”

In 1914, Marina met the poetess and translator Sofia Parnok, their romantic relationship lasted until 1916. Tsvetaeva dedicated the cycle of poems “Girlfriend” to Parnok. Tsvetaeva and Parnok separated in 1916, Marina returned to her husband Sergei Efron. Tsvetaeva described her relationship with Parnok as “the first disaster in her life.”

In 1921, Tsvetaeva, summing up, writes: "To love only women (for a woman) or only men (for a man), obviously excluding the usual opposite - what a horror! But only women (for a man) or only men (for a woman), obviously excluding the unusual native - what boredom!".

Sofia Parnok - lover of Marina Tsvetaeva

In 1917, Tsvetaeva gave birth to a daughter, Irina, who died of starvation in an orphanage in Kuntsevo (then in the Moscow region) at the age of 3 years.

The years of the Civil War turned out to be very difficult for Tsvetaeva. Sergei Efron served in the White Army. Marina lived in Moscow, on Borisoglebsky Lane. During these years, the cycle of poems “Swan Camp” appeared, imbued with sympathy for the white movement.

In 1918-1919, Tsvetaeva wrote romantic plays; The poems “Egorushka”, “The Tsar Maiden”, “On a Red Horse” were created.

In April 1920, Tsvetaeva met Prince Sergei Volkonsky.

In May 1922, Tsvetaeva was allowed to go abroad with her daughter Ariadna - to her husband, who, having survived the defeat as a white officer, now became a student at the University of Prague. At first, Tsvetaeva and her daughter lived for a short time in Berlin, then for three years on the outskirts of Prague. The famous “Poem of the Mountain” and “Poem of the End”, dedicated to Konstantin Rodzevich, were written in the Czech Republic. In 1925, after the birth of their son George, the family moved to Paris. In Paris, Tsvetaeva was greatly influenced by the atmosphere that developed around her due to her husband’s activities. Efron was accused of being recruited by the NKVD and participating in a conspiracy against Lev Sedov, son

Marina Tsvetaeva and Sergei Efron

In May 1926, on Tsvetaeva’s initiative, she began to correspond with the Austrian poet Rainer Maria Rilke, who then lived in Switzerland. This correspondence ends at the end of the same year with the death of Rilke.

Throughout the entire time spent in exile, Tsvetaeva’s correspondence with Boris Pasternak did not stop.

Most of what Tsvetaeva created in exile remained unpublished. In 1928, the poetess’s last lifetime collection, “After Russia,” was published in Paris, which included poems from 1922-1925. Later, Tsvetaeva writes about it this way: “My failure in emigration is that I am not an emigrant, that I am in spirit, that is, in air and in scope - there, there, from there...”.

In 1930, a poetic cycle “To Mayakovsky” was written (on the death of Vladimir Mayakovsky), whose suicide shocked Tsvetaeva.

In contrast to her poems, which did not receive recognition among the emigrants, her prose enjoyed success, and occupied the main place in her work in the 1930s (“Emigration makes me a prose writer...”).

At this time, “My Pushkin” (1937), “Mother and Music” (1935), “House at Old Pimen” (1934), “The Tale of Sonechka” (1938), and memoirs about Maximilian Voloshin (“Living about Living”) were published. , 1933), Mikhail Kuzmin (“Unearthly Evening”, 1936), Andrei Bel (“Captive Spirit”, 1934), etc.

Since the 1930s, Tsvetaeva and her family lived in almost poverty. Salome Andronikova helped her financially a little.

On March 15, 1937, Ariadna left for Moscow, the first in her family to have the opportunity to return to her homeland. On October 10 of the same year, Efron fled from France, having become involved in a contracted political murder.

In 1939, Tsvetaeva returned to the USSR following her husband and daughter, she lived at the NKVD dacha in Bolshevo (now the Memorial House-Museum of M.I. Tsvetaeva in Bolshevo), neighbors were the Klepinins.

On August 27, daughter Ariadne was arrested, and on October 10, Efron. On October 16, 1941, Sergei Yakovlevich was shot at Lubyanka (according to other sources, at the Oryol Central). Ariadne was rehabilitated in 1955 after fifteen years of imprisonment and exile.

During this period, Tsvetaeva practically did not write poetry, doing translations.

The war found Tsvetaeva doing translations. Work was interrupted. On August 8, Tsvetaeva and her son left by boat for evacuation; On the eighteenth she arrived together with several writers in the town of Elabuga on the Kama. In Chistopol, where mostly evacuated writers were located, Tsvetaeva received consent to register and left a statement: “To the council of the Literary Fund. I ask you to hire me as a dishwasher in the Literary Fund's opening canteen. August 26, 1941." On August 28, she returned to Yelabuga with the intention of moving to Chistopol.

On August 31, 1941, she committed suicide (hanged herself) in the Brodelshchikovs' house, where she and her son were assigned to stay. She left three suicide notes: to those who would bury her, to the “evacuees,” to Aseev and her son. The original note to the “evacuees” was not preserved (it was seized as evidence by the police and lost), its text is known from the list that Georgy Efron was allowed to make.

Note to son: “Purlyga! Forgive me, but it would have been worse. I’m seriously ill, this is not me anymore. I love you madly. Understand that I could no longer live. Tell dad and Alya - if you see - that you loved them until the last minute and explain that I'm in a dead end".

Note to Aseev: “Dear Nikolai Nikolaevich! Dear Sinyakov sisters! I beg you to take Moore to your place in Chistopol - just take him as your son - and so that he studies. I can’t do anything else for him and I’m only ruining him. I have 450 rubles in my bag and if try to sell all my things. There are several handwritten books of poetry and a stack of printed prose. I entrust them to you. Take care of my dear Moore, he deserves to be loved like a son. And don’t leave me. I would never be happy if I lived with you. If you leave, don’t leave him!”.

Note to “evacuees”: "Dear comrades! Do not leave Moore. I beg those of you who can, take him to Chistopol to N.N. Aseev. The steamships are terrible, I beg you not to send him alone. Help him with his luggage - fold it and take it. In Chistopol I hope for selling my things. I want Moore to live and study. With me, he will disappear on the envelope. Don’t bury him alive.".

Marina Tsvetaeva was buried on September 2, 1941 at the Peter and Paul Cemetery in Elabuga. The exact location of her grave is unknown. On south side cemetery, near the stone wall where her lost last refuge is located, in 1960 the poetess’s sister, Anastasia Tsvetaeva, “between four unknown graves of 1941” erected a cross with the inscription “Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva is buried on this side of the cemetery.”

In 1970, a granite tombstone was built at this site. Later, already over 90 years old, Anastasia Tsvetaeva began to claim that the tombstone is located at the exact burial place of her sister and all doubts are just speculation.

Since the beginning of the 2000s, the location of the granite tombstone, framed by tiles and hanging chains, has been called “the official grave of M. I. Tsvetaeva” by decision of the Writers’ Union of Tatarstan. The exposition of the Memorial complex of M. I. Tsvetaeva in Elabuga also shows a map of the memorial site of the Peter and Paul Cemetery indicating two “version” graves of Tsvetaeva - according to the so-called “Churbanovskaya” version and the “Matveevskaya” version. Among literary scholars and local historians there is still no single evidentiary point of view on this issue.

Collections of poems by Marina Tsvetaeva:

1910 - “Evening Album”
1912 - “The Magic Lantern”, second book of poems
1913 - “From two books”, Ed. "Ole-Lukoje"
1913-15 - “Youthful Poems”
1922 - “Poems to Blok” (1916-1921)
1922 - “The End of Casanova”
1920 - “The Tsar Maiden”
1921 - “Versts”
1921 - “Swan Camp”
1922 - “Separation”
1923 - “Craft”
1923 - “Psyche. Romance"
1924 - “Well done”
1928 - “After Russia”
collection 1940

Poems by Marina Tsvetaeva:

The Enchanter (1914)
On the Red Horse (1921)
Poem of the Mountain (1924, 1939)
Poem of the End (1924)
The Pied Piper (1925)
From the Sea (1926)
Room Try (1926)
Poem of the Staircase (1926)
New Year's (1927)
Poem of the Air (1927)
Red Bull (1928)
Perekop (1929)
Siberia (1930)

Fairy tale poems by Marina Tsvetaeva:

Tsar-Maiden (1920)
Lanes (1922)
Well done (1922)

Unfinished poems by Marina Tsvetaeva:

Yegorushka
Unfulfilled Poem
Singer
Bus
Poem about the Royal Family.

Dramatic works by Marina Tsvetaeva:

Jack of Hearts (1918)
Blizzard (1918)
Fortune (1918)
Adventure (1918-1919)
A Play about Mary (1919, unfinished)
Stone Angel (1919)
Phoenix (1919)
Ariadne (1924)
Phaedra (1927).

Prose of Marina Tsvetaeva:

"Living about living"
"Captive Spirit"
"My Pushkin"
"Pushkin and Pugachev"
"Art in the Light of Conscience"
"The Poet and Time"
"Epic and Lyrics of Modern Russia"
memories of Andrei Bely, Valery Bryusov, Maximilian Voloshin, Boris Pasternak and others.
Memoirs
"Mother and Music"
"Mother's Tale"
"The Story of One Dedication"
"House at Old Pimen"
"The Tale of Sonechka."