Incomplete sentences – simple sentences with incomplete implementation block diagram phrases or sentences.

Sentences can be incomplete monologically and dialogically (incompleteness is more common)

Types of incomplete sentences:

Structurally complete, semantically incomplete (She imagined something.)

2. structurally incomplete, semantically incomplete:

Situational-incomplete (- Is the bus coming? – It’s coming.)

Contextually incomplete (The king is riding through the village. He is riding.)

3. structurally incomplete, semantically complete – elliptical sentences.

Elliptic sentences are two-part sentences in which, with the named subject, a verb is missing, which can be restored using word forms dependent on it => the semantics of the sentence depends on the context or situation.

1) Sentences with the meaning of movement, movement (Tatyana into the forest, the bear behind her.)

2) Sentences with the meaning “beat”, “hit” (Here I am with a stick!)

3) Sentences with the meaning of thought, speech (I told him about Thomas, and he told me about Yerema.)

4) Sentences with the meaning “take”, “grab” (I am for the candle, the candle is for the stove)

Syntactically indivisible sentences - sentences that cannot be divided into sentence members (word = sentence) are in opposition to syntactically articulated ones.

Meaning is determined based on subsequent or previous context; do not have the entire complex of grammatical features characteristic of syntactically articulated sentences => are considered syntactic statements.

Morphological expression – particles, interjections, modal words, phraseological combinations, yes/no.

1) affirmative - with a direct affirmative answer to the question posed or an expression of agreement with someone’s statement. (words - yes, so, good, true, of course, right, etc.)

2) negative - are a direct negative answer to the question posed or express disagreement with someone’s statement (words/words - no, no, no, no way, can’t be, no way, not at all, etc. )

3) interrogatives - contain a question with a hint of affirmation, denial, motivation, etc.; pronounced with a distinct interrogative intonation (words - yes, no, good, really, really, really, oh, well, etc.)

4) interjections:

Emotional – various feelings are expressed: joy, grief, surprise, fear, etc.

(non-derivative interjections - ah, oh, uh, hurray, etc.;

derivative interjections - fathers, mothers, Lord;

interdom.soch-I - my God, fathers of light, damn it, etc.)

Incentive – expression of will, motivation to action is expressed:

A call to respond - hello, ay, hey

Call for help - guard

Call for silence - shh, shh, shh

Call for attention - chu

Inducement to move or stop - go, march, stop, sabbath

If the interjection is part of simple sentence, it does not form an interjection sentence. (Ah, if only the night would speed up. - A. Ostrovsky.)

Syntactically indivisible sentences that serve to express the rules of etiquette contain gratitude, greeting, apology, and request. (modal words - thank you, please, hello, goodbye, goodbye, etc.)

You can also find the information you are interested in in the scientific search engine Otvety.Online. Use the search form:

More on topic 17. Sentences are complete and incomplete. Types of incomplete sentences. Indivisible sentences:

1. Classification of a simple sentence. Articulated and indivisible sentences. Two- and one-part sentences, their differences. Complete and incomplete sentences. Question about elliptic sentences. Punctuation marks in incomplete and elliptical sentences.
2. Complete and incomplete sentences. Question about elliptic sentences. Punctuation marks in incomplete and elliptical sentences.
3. 6. Design minimum (=basis) of the software. Common and uncommon proposals. Nominal minimum. Incomplete sentences. Elliptical sentences.
4. Structural-semantic classification of sentences. Simple and complex sentences, their distinctive features. Classification of sentences by function and emotional coloring. Classification of sentences in relation to reality.

1. The concept of incomplete sentences.

2. Signals of incompleteness.

3. Types of incomplete sentences:

· contextual;

· situational;

· elliptical.

Only structurally divisible sentences, both one-part and two-part, can be complete or incomplete. A distinction is made between semantic (informational) and structural (grammatical) completeness or incompleteness. Semantic completeness is created by 3 factors:

1. situation,

2. context,

3. shared experience speakers.

If a sentence is taken out of context, it may not be clear to the speaker. In this case, they talk about semantic incompleteness. For example: And this green world sang along with the little singer. This sentence refers to an evil poplar tree. This sentence is complete in structure, but incomplete in semantics. Another example: On the shore of desert waves he stood full of high thoughts. To understand who we are talking about, you must have a certain literary competence. In the context, semantic incompleteness is filled.

In syntax, the term "incomplete" applies only to structurally incomplete sentences. Therefore, to distinguish between complete and incomplete sentences, it is important to take into account the factor of continuity of syntactic connections and relationships. Let's compare 2 proposals. Southern winds bring us warmth. Northern - cold. In the second sentence there is a break in syntactic connections. The word “northern” indicates the omission of the subject “winds,” similarly, the addition “cold” indicates the omission of the predicate “bring.” Since secondary members are always attached to the main ones. The presence of a definition always requires a defined word, the presence of a direct object - a predicate verb. Thus, a violation of the chain of connections is a signal of incompleteness, which is reflected in the definition.

Incomplete sentences– These are sentences in which any member or group of members of the sentence that is obligatory in structure is missing. Incomplete sentences are updated to a greater extent than complete ones. In incomplete sentences, the rhematic group is most easily identified.

Isolated primarily contextually incomplete sentences, which are characterized by the omission of one or more members of the sentence indicated in the context. The soldiers walked in a column that stretched for a block. Sang songs. What is ringing is unclear. May be, forest or air. Someone is holding me by the shoulder. Holds and shakes . Contextually incomplete sentences are typical for writing. Their use makes speech concise and dynamic, and allows you to avoid unnecessary repetitions. Incomplete sentences are especially widely used in dialogue lines. They use words that convey new information, that is, the topic is omitted, but the rheme is present.

So you're married! I didn't know before! How long ago?

About two years.

- On whom?

- On Larina.

In incomplete replicas, both main members are missing; their omission is restored from the context. Usually the first lines of dialogue are complete, the rest are built based on them.

Signals of incompleteness are minor members of the sentence. The omission of a subject is usually indicated by the presence of a definition; the omission of a predicate is usually indicated by the presence of an addition or circumstance. It is easy to qualify as incomplete sentences. in which one of the main members of the proposal is missing, since PPPs are structurally obligatory and in this case the chain of connections is broken.

1. The omission of a subject is evidenced by the presence of a definition or the very form of the predicate. For example, if the predicate is expressed by a past tense verb plural, then such a proposal is incomplete. Vera and Vityakleili wallpaper. Worked together. The second sentence is identical in form to a one-part indefinite-personal sentence. However, according to semantics, the verb “worked” is focused on the subject, since it does not indicate an indefinite figure. Compare with an indefinite personal sentence: His called to the blackboard. When distinguishing such sentences, we will rely on the semantics of the verb. Sentences with a predicate, an expressed verb of the 1st or 2nd person, will be qualified as single-part definitely-personal, since the form of the verb self-sufficiently indicates the doer. Compare: For you I trudge everywhere at random.

If the omission of a subject is evidenced by the presence of a definition, then it is much easier to qualify these cases as incomplete, since the violation of the chain of connections is more noticeable. For example: Old I stop liking the dress, When purchased new. The omission of a subject is indicated by the presence of the definition “new”.

2. The omission of a predicate is evidenced by circumstances and additions that depend on it. In the morning the west wind blows, evenings– eastern.

3. If a minor member of a sentence is missing, then it is more difficult to qualify the sentence as complete or incomplete, since not every minor member is structurally necessary. Let's say. The absence of a definition does not make the sentence incomplete. One-part sentences that lack “obligatory” additions are incomplete. For example: Is there any wind? No ( wind). What's wrong with the roof? Blown away by the wind. ( roof).

The omission of obligatory members of the sentence is indicated by the context. All of the above examples are contextually incomplete sentences.

The second group is situationally incomplete sentences. In them, the missing members are suggested by the setting, the situation, the gesture. They are more typical for colloquial speech. For example: You stand at a bus stop, then shout: “It’s coming!” It is clear to those present that some kind of transport is coming. In the sentence “It’s coming!” missing subject. Or another typical example. You meet a friend who has returned from vacation:

Great!

Dialogue lines are incomplete sentences. There are such sentences in literary texts, if they convey colloquial speech. - How nice! - said Princess Marya, looking at the child.

Naturally, the division into situationally and contextually incomplete is somewhat arbitrary. In literary criticism, by the way, the term “constitution” is accepted, since the situation is often described in the text.

Elliptical sentences- these are sentences in which the predicate verb is missing, and there is no need to restore it from the context. V.V. Babaytseva calls them semantically complete, but structurally incomplete. For example: I - to you! The information is complete, but the structure of the sentence is incomplete, since the position of the predicate is not replaced, as evidenced by the presence of an addition. Moreover, it is in principle impossible to restore the predicate. This can be any verb of motion: ran in, came in, came, looked in, sent, coming. In these constructions, the secondary member of the sentence is updated - an addition or circumstance. Elliptical sentences have a certain stylistic coloring. Compare:

No answer. He again message :

There is no answer to the second or third letter.

You see, the predicate verb is “not compensated” by the context.

Elliptic sentences may lack a verb-predicate of the following semantic groups:

1. Verbs of being, absence, existence. Outside the city there is a field. There is an elderberry in the garden, and an old man in Kyiv.

2. Omitting verbs of motion. Tatiana goes into the forest, the bear follows her.

3. Omitting verbs of speech. I told him about Thomas, and he told me about Yerema.

4. Impersonal elliptical sentences with a missing predicate No. No fire, no black hut. The sky is clear. Some linguists classify them as genitive sentences, and consider the noun in the genitive case as the main member of the sentence.

5. Nominative-incentive. Syringe! Scalpel! They are also considered as incomplete elliptical sentences with the imperative predicate missing. Compare with a typical incomplete sentence. Into the corner!

One-part sentences may also be incomplete. Compare 2 designs: Close the window: it's drafty//Close: it's drafty. In the second construction, the direct object of the predicate verb is missing, and the strongly controlled verb requires an object. In this case, the addition becomes structurally mandatory.

So, the problem of distinguishing between one-part complete sentences and two-part incomplete sentences is the most difficult in the syntax of a simple sentence. The fact is that the same constructions can be considered either as incomplete or as one-component. You should pay attention to the 3rd person singular and plural verbs of the present and future tense. For example: It's coming looks like a dead man. This proposal is incomplete two-part. The omission of a subject is indicated by the presence of a personal verb and a separate definition. It's getting dark . One-part complete. This sentence cannot have a subject because the verb does not imply an agent. They transmit summary. Complete, single-part, indefinitely personal. The children sat down at their desks. They are reading. Incomplete, two-part, since the verb “read” indicates the necessity of the doer.

They are divided into complete and incomplete. If no (major or minor) members are missing, this is a complete sentence: The trees rustled alarmingly outside the window. If one of the necessary members is missing, then such a proposal is called incomplete.

Incomplete sentences, their signs

The main signs of an incomplete sentence are the following:

1. In an incomplete sentence, the missing members are easily restored from the context by any of the participants in the situation or conversation. So, for example, if a group of people is waiting for someone from their company, then the phrase: “He’s coming!” It will be clear to them. The subject is easily restored from the situation: Artem is coming!
2. Incomplete sentences are confirmed by the presence in them of words dependent on the missing member: She became prettier, blossomed, just a miracle! The meaning of this construction can only be restored from the previous sentence: I met Anna yesterday.
3. It is quite common to use an incomplete sentence as one of the parts of a complex sentence: Anton is capable of a lot, you are capable of nothing! In the second part of this complex non-conjunctive sentence, an incomplete construction is visible, in which the predicate ( You are not capable of anything.)

Remember that an incomplete sentence is a variant of a complete one.

Dialogue with incomplete sentences

These types of sentences are especially common in dialogues. For example:

What will you be when you grow up?

An artist.

In the second sentence, the meaning will not be clear without the previous phrase. Formally it should sound: I'll be an artist. But the speaker simplifies the structure of the sentence, reducing it to one word, thus making speech more dynamic, which is one of the signs of a conversational dialogic structure. But it is important to remember that there are also unsaid sentences that are not incomplete. This is a thought interrupted for one reason or another: I think I know what to do! What if... No, it won’t work!(In this sentence, the missing word is not restored.)

Incomplete sentences: their options

Both two-part and one-part sentences, common and non-common, can act as incomplete sentences. And the possibility of missing words, as mentioned before, is explained by the ease of recovering them from the speech situation, the structure of the sentence itself (we are talking about complex sentences) or from the context. Incomplete sentences are typical for spoken language. They should be distinguished from one-part sentences that have one main member. By the way, even such sentences may be incomplete:

Where are you going?

To the party.

In this dialogue, only the first sentence is complete: definitely personal, one-part. And the next two are incomplete one-part ones. Let's add them: I'm going (where?) to a party - definitely personal; (wow!) good - impersonal.

Incomplete sentences: examples of punctuation

A dash often serves as a punctuation signal that we have an incomplete sentence. It is placed in the place of the missing word. As a rule, it is due to the presence of an intonation pause here: My friend was standing on the right, and an unfamiliar guy was on the left.(the word “stood” is missing). On the windowsill there is dried geranium in a pot(the word “was” was missing).

Suggestion from a scientific point of view

The science that studies sentences is syntax. In the history of the Russian language there have been several attempts to define a sentence, among them it is worth noting attempts from the point of view of logic, psychology and grammar.

Members of the sentence

The composition of the subject the subject and all minor members of the sentence that relate to the subject are called (common and non-common definitions).

Likewise, composition of the predicate the predicate and all minor members of the sentence that relate to the predicate are called (circumstances and additions with dependent words).

Types of offers

A sentence does not always express a thought; it can express a question, an impulse, a will, an emotion. Accordingly, proposals are of the following types:

• Narrative a sentence reports a fact, action or event or contains a negation of them.
• Interrogative sentence encourages the interlocutor to answer the speaker’s question. Interrogative sentences are divided into:
  • actually interrogative- contain a question that requires a mandatory answer (Have you done the work? Has it arrived yet?)
  • interrogative-affirmative sentences contain information that requires confirmation (So are you going? Has it already been decided?) (see interrogative and incentive)
  • interrogative-negative the sentences already contain a denial of what is being asked (What could you like here? It doesn’t seem particularly pleasant? So what can you tell us?)
  • interrogative-affirmative and interrogative-negative sentences can be combined into interrogative-narrative offers
  • interrogative and motivating sentences contain an incentive to action expressed in the question itself (So, maybe we can continue our lesson? Let’s start with the preparation first?)
  • V interrogative-rhetorical sentences contain an affirmation or negation. Such a sentence does not require an answer, since the answer is contained in the question itself. (Desires... What is the use of wishing in vain and forever?)
• Incentive the sentence contains the will of the speaker, expressing an order, request or plea. Incentive sentences are distinguished by: incentive intonation, a predicate in the form of an imperative mood, the presence of particles that introduce an incentive connotation into the sentence (come on, come on, let them)
• exclamation point the sentence expresses the emotions of the speaker, which is conveyed by a special exclamatory intonation. Declarative, interrogative, and incentive sentences can also be exclamatory.

If a sentence contains only a subject and a predicate, then it is called undistributed, otherwise - widespread.

The offer is considered simple if it contains one predicative unit, if more - complex.

If a sentence contains both a subject and a predicate, then it is called two-part, otherwise - one-piece.

If a sentence contains all the necessary parts of speech, then it is considered complete, otherwise - incomplete. Both two-part and one-part sentences can be complete or incomplete. In incomplete sentences, some parts of speech are omitted to suit the context or setting.

see also

Literature

• “Modern Russian language” Valgina N. S. Rosenthal D. E. Fomina M. I.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

See what a “Full Sentence” is in other dictionaries:

A sentence that contains all the members necessary for its understanding outside the context and speech situation (cp.: incomplete sentence) ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

Proposal (offer)- Usually a written statement from the seller about the desire to enter into an agreement under certain conditions. In practice, two types of offers are distinguished: 1) a firm offer (or firm offer) is made by the seller (offeror) to only one possible buyer with... ... Legal Dictionary of Patent and Licensing Operations

Economical categories of commodity production. Demand is social needs, mediated and limited by money (see Economic needs). The bulk of the population’s needs for consumer goods and services comes in the form of... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Aggregate offer- AGGREGATE SUPPLY The total volume of goods and services produced domestically, including both consumer goods and capital goods. Aggregate supply and aggregate demand determine the equilibrium level of national income (see... ... Dictionary-reference book on economics

Banknotes in quotes- throwing out words and sentences that are not necessary for the purposes of quoting, which is permissible only on the condition that the thought of the quoted author is not distorted and that K. in c. are indicated by an ellipsis in place of omitted words and an ellipsis in angle brackets on ... Publishing dictionary-reference book

Qeqchi Self-name: Q eqchi Countries: Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador ... Wikipedia

- (French École sémiotique de Paris) founded by A. J. Greimas in the 1960s. Semiotics in the spirit of the School of Paris, unlike most others, does not define its subject as research sign systems(for this area it is used ... ... Wikipedia

This article or section needs revision. Please improve the article in accordance with the rules for writing articles. This term has other meanings, see Topic. A theme in music is a more or less developed structure expressing a certain ... Wikipedia

ARMENIAN APOSTOLIC CHURCH- [Full name Armenian Holy Apostolic Orthodox Church; Arm. Armenian Church people, one of the oldest in the history of Christianity. Belongs to the family of Ancient Eastern Orthodox... ... Orthodox Encyclopedia

The difference between an incomplete sentence and one-part sentences is described in detail. A definition of elliptic sentences is given. The conditions for placing a dash in an incomplete sentence are listed. Exercise on the topic followed by testing.

Download:

Preview:

To use presentation previews, create a Google account and log in to it: https://accounts.google.com

Slide captions:

OK Incomplete sentences are sentences in which a member of the sentence is missing that is necessary for the completeness of the structure and meaning of the given sentence, which is easy to restore from the previous context or from the situation

Missed sentence members can be restored by communication participants from knowledge of the situation discussed in the sentence. For example, if at a bus stop one of the passengers, looking at the road, says: “It’s coming!” ", the rest of the passengers will easily restore the missing subject: The bus is coming.

Missing sentence members can be restored from the previous context. Such contextually incomplete sentences are very common in dialogues. For example: – Is your company assigned to the forest tomorrow? – asked Prince Poltoratsky. - My. (L. Tolstoy). Poltoratsky's response is an incomplete sentence in which the subject, predicate, adverbial place and adverbial time are missing (cf.: My company is assigned to the forest tomorrow).

OK From the situation. At the bus stop: -Coming? (Is the bus coming?) From the previous context. -What is your name? -Sasha. (My name is Sasha.)

Incomplete constructions are common in complex sentences: Everything obeys me, but I obey nothing (Pushkin). The second part of a complex non-union sentence (I am nothing) is an incomplete sentence in which the predicate is missing (cf.: I am not obedient to anything).

Note! Incomplete sentences and one-part sentences are different phenomena. IN one-part sentences one of the main members of the sentence is missing; the meaning of the sentence is clear to us even without this member. Moreover, the structure of the sentence itself (the absence of a subject or predicate, the form of a single main member) has a certain meaning. For example, the plural form of the predicate verb in an indefinite-personal sentence conveys the following content: the subject of the action is unknown (There was a knock on the door), unimportant (He was wounded near Kursk) or hiding (They told me a lot about you yesterday). In an incomplete sentence, any member of the sentence (one or more) may be omitted. If we consider such a sentence out of context or situation, then its meaning will remain incomprehensible to us (cf. out of context: Mine; I am nothing).

OK incomplete one-part 1. One of the main emergency situations is missing 1. Any emergency situation may be absent 2. The meaning of the sentence is clear even without the missing emergency situation 2. Outside the context and situation, the meaning of such a sentence is not clear.

In the Russian language there is one type of incomplete sentences in which the missing member is not restored and is not prompted by the situation or the previous context. Moreover, the “missing” members are not required to reveal the meaning of the sentence. Such sentences are understandable even without context or situation: There is a forest behind you. To the right and left are swamps (Peskov). These are the so-called "elliptical sentences". They usually contain a subject and a secondary member - a circumstance or an addition. The predicate is missing, and we often cannot say which predicate is missing. Wed: There is/is/is a forest behind. And yet, most scientists consider such sentences to be structurally incomplete, since the secondary member of the sentence (adverbial or complement) refers to the predicate, and the predicate is not represented in the sentence.

OK Elliptic sentences This is a type of incomplete sentence in which the missing member is not restored and is not prompted by the situation or previous context. Moreover, the “missing” members are not required to reveal the meaning of the sentence. Such sentences are understandable even without context or situation: There is a forest behind you. To the right and left are swamps

OK Pay attention! Elliptic incomplete sentences should be distinguished: a) from one-component nominal sentences (Forest) and b) from two-component ones - with a compound nominal predicate, expressed indirect case of a noun or adverb with a zero connective (All the trees are in silver). To distinguish between these constructions, it is necessary to take into account the following: 1) one-part denominative sentences cannot contain circumstances, since the circumstance is always associated with the predicate. Among minor members in nominal sentences, the most typical are agreed upon and inconsistent definitions. Spring forest; Entrance to the hall; 2) Nominal part composite nominal predicate– a noun or adverb in a two-part complete sentence indicates a sign-state. Wed: All the trees are in silver. - All trees are silver.

OK Punctuation marks in an incomplete sentence Omission of a member within a sentence in oral speech may be marked by a pause, in place of which a dash is placed on the letter: Behind is a forest. To the right and left are swamps (Peskov); Everything obeys me, but I obey nothing (Pushkin).

OK Most regularly, a dash is placed in the following cases: in an elliptical sentence containing a subject and an adverbial adverbial object, an object - only if there is a pause in oral speech: There is fog outside the night window (Block); in an elliptical sentence - with parallelism (sameness of sentence members, word order, forms of expression, etc.) of structures or their parts: Here are ravines, further are steppes, even further is a desert (Fedin);

in incomplete sentences constructed according to the scheme: nouns in the accusative and dative cases(with the omission of the subject and predicate) with a clear intonation division of the sentence into parts: For skiers - a good ski track; Youth – jobs; Young families - benefits; in an incomplete sentence forming part complex sentence, when the missing member (usually a predicate) is restored from the previous part of the phrase - only if there is a pause: The nights have become blacker, the days have become cloudier (in the second part a bunch of steel is restored).

Place the missing dashes in the sentences. Justify the placement of punctuation marks. Yermolai shot, as always, victoriously; I'm pretty bad. Our job is to obey, not to criticize. The land below seemed like a sea, and the mountains looked like huge petrified waves. The artist’s job is to resist suffering with all his might, with all his talent. I love the sky, grass, horses, and most of all the sea.

Let's check 1. Ermolai shot, as always, victoriously; I – pretty bad (incomplete sentence, predicate omitted; parallelism of constructions). 2. Our job is to obey, not to criticize (the subject is a noun in I. p., the predicate is an infinitive, the connective is zero). 3. The earth below seemed like a sea, and the mountains looked like huge petrified waves (incomplete sentence, missing connective SIS; parallelism of constructions). 4. The artist’s job is to resist suffering with all his might, with all his talent (the subject is the noun in the I. p., the predicate is the infinitive, the connective is zero). 5. I love the sky, grass, horses, and most of all, the sea (the second part of a complex non-union sentence is an incomplete sentence with the predicate omitted, I love).

6. When I was walking to the tram, on the way I tried to remember the girl’s face. 7. Through the huge black branches of larches there are silver stars. 8. He won’t get to his feet soon, and will he even get up at all? 9. The river turned blue and the sky turned blue. 10. And the color of these fields changes endlessly throughout the day: one in the morning, another in the evening, a third at noon.

Let's check 6. When I was walking to the tram, on the way I tried to remember the girl's face ( main part complex sentence– an incomplete sentence with the subject i omitted). 7. Through the black huge branches of larches - silver stars (an incomplete sentence with an omitted predicate is visible). 8. He won’t get to his feet soon, and will he even get up at all? (the second part of a complex sentence is an incomplete sentence with the subject he omitted; there is no pause, so there is no dash). 9. The river became blue, and the sky became blue (in the second sentence the connective became was omitted; parallelism in the constructions of complete and incomplete sentences). 10. And the color of these fields changes endlessly throughout the day: in the morning - one, in the evening - another, at noon - a third (in a complex sentence, the second, third and fourth parts are incomplete, elliptical (subject and adverbial tense); part of the subject is also omitted - color; parallelism of constructions of incomplete sentences).

11. Whoever is looking for something, but the mother is always affectionate. 12. A tree is precious in its fruits, but a man is precious in its deeds. 13. B big people I love modesty, and in small ones my own dignity. 14. The bakery’s business was going very well, but mine personally was getting worse. 15. Terkin further. The author follows.

Let's check 11. Who is looking for what, and the mother is always affectionate (in the second part of the complex sentence the predicate is omitted). 12. A tree is dear for its fruits, and a person is dear for its deeds (the second part of a complex sentence is incomplete, the predicate of roads is omitted; parallelism in the constructions of complete and incomplete sentences). 13. I love modesty in big people, and my own dignity in small people (the second part of a complex sentence is incomplete; the predicate and complement in people are omitted; parallelism of constructions of complete and incomplete sentences). 14. The bakery’s business was going very well, but mine personally was getting worse (the second part of a complex sentence is incomplete; the subject of the case and the predicate were omitted; parallelism in the constructions of complete and incomplete sentences). 15. Terkin - further. Author - following (incomplete elliptical sentences consisting of subjects and adverbials; in oral speech there is a pause between the adverbial and the subject, in writing there is a dash).