Honor and praise to the kindergarten, which pays sufficient attention to the physical development of children, in particular - hardening. The habituation of the child's body to low temperatures, its adaptation to less comfortable conditions affects the child's immunity, strengthening it, and health. If children are regularly hardened, they will become much less likely to get sick, and in the future they will not face a bouquet of chronic diseases, which is popular among schoolchildren these days.

Tempering children in kindergarten: a general technique

The whole friendly team of the preschool institution should implement the hardening technique in kindergarten: the management, the nurse, the educators, and the parents should not oppose this. There is nothing complicated about this technique. The main thing is to adhere to the basic principles of hardening:

gradualism: you can’t immediately and unexpectedly pour a tub of cold water on a child, only slow addiction will ensure the success of hardening classes in the kindergarten;
systematic: only regular exercises will help strengthen the body: each break will undermine all the work that was done on hardening before;
taking into account individual characteristics, including the diseases of the child: before starting the hardening course, a thorough analysis of all diseases suffered by the child and his heredity is needed in order to know how a small organism will react to such innovations.

A friendly tandem of parents and educators in this matter is simply necessary. Hardening in kindergarten should be picked up and continued at home (read more about hardening children at home). So that the principle of systematicity is not violated, parents should control the hardening of their child on the weekends, when the baby is not in the garden, but at home. And, of course, do not forget to interest the baby with your personal example, tempering with him. The main hardening procedures include water, fresh air and the sun.

Water procedures

Water is an excellent tool for hardening a small organism in kindergarten, since water procedures are easy to control and dose. The principle of gradualness works here: water is taken at the temperature that suits this particular child, and then the temperature gradually decreases. From water procedures in kindergartens are used:

rubbing;
dousing;
bathing.

With extreme caution, children with severe heart disease, kidney disease, who have recently had pneumonia or pleurisy should be subjected to water procedures.

Fresh air should constantly surround the child, even if he is indoors. Life-giving oxygen penetrates through the skin and into the respiratory tract. Of the air procedures in kindergartens, the following hardening measures are carried out:

sleeping outdoors;
walks in the open air;
air baths.

The rooms in which children are located must be well ventilated, and this is also included in the hardening program.

The sun's rays have a general strengthening effect on the child's body, they activate the metabolism, improve well-being, cheer up, promote healthy sleep and appetite, and regulate heat transfer. Along with such positive properties, the sun often has a harmful effect. Therefore, in kindergartens, such procedures must be approached responsibly and carefully. For younger children, sunbathing, which is recommended to be carried out in motion, will be effective. However, these games should be of a calm nature. Sunbathing children need to take:

in the morning (from 8 o'clock to 9 o'clock);
after dinner nap (from 15:00 to 16:00).

It is necessary to constantly ensure that there is no solar overheating.

The process of hardening children in kindergarten will require a lot of effort from educators and nurses, but they will be 100% justified. Not only will the incidence among visitors to the garden significantly decrease, the children will have good sleep, excellent appetite and a joyful mood. Grateful parents will not be able to ignore all this.

10 rules for hardening a child at home

Every year the number of frequently ill children under 3 years of age is growing at a catastrophic rate. And the blame for everything is poor ecology, poor-quality nutrition during pregnancy and improperly established breastfeeding. Hardening the child at home will help to partially correct the situation, but it must be done correctly.

Experts advise starting with air baths, and after them move on to water procedures. Consider a few rules for hardening a child that will help to avoid mistakes and increase the child's immunity in the shortest possible time.

Rules for hardening a child

1. The sooner you start, the better - age doesn't matter.

2. Procedures should be carried out systematically, and it does not matter whether it is a contrast shower, dousing, walking in the snow or just air baths.

3. Increase the duration of the procedures gradually, otherwise hardening may result in the treatment of a cold in a child and bed rest.

4. Mood matters! Believe me, the same douches will be much more effective if they bring pleasure and cause cheerful laughter, and not loud crying.

5. Become a role model. The baby will be much more willing to harden, seeing that the parents themselves take part in water procedures with pleasure.

6. Increase the effectiveness of water procedures by combining them with physical education or massage.

7. Start hardening a child at home only if he is completely healthy.

8. Avoid hypothermia baby.

9. Make sure that the child does not overheat.

10. The hands and feet of the baby should be warm before starting the procedures.

By adhering to the simple rules of hardening a child at home, you can protect him not only from frequent colds and chronic diseases, but also from a bad mood. No wonder they say: a healthy mind in a healthy body.

It remains only to choose the method of hardening that suits you and you can start. These can be: rubdowns, foot baths, baths with a gradual decrease in temperature, a contrast shower or dousing with cold water. If you can not make a choice on your own, consult a pediatrician, he will certainly help.

Sunbathing a child

Ultraviolet rays are moderately beneficial for the human body; under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, vitamin D is produced in the skin, which is involved in the process of calcium absorption. The sensitivity to ultraviolet light is higher the younger the child. It is impossible to carry out hardening in direct sunlight with a child under one year old. With babies, you need to be in the lacy shade of trees, they are shown direct sunlight only in the autumn-winter period, as a prevention of rickets. The air temperature during summer tanning should be no more than +30 degrees, it is best to sunbathe on the beach near the river or the sea. The time of sunbathing for children is no more than 20 minutes, the number of such procedures per year should not exceed 20-30.

Now there is a lot of talk about the dangers of direct ultraviolet rays on the human body, as they can cause skin cancer. Therefore, listen to advice and do not appear with your child on the street and open spaces, including on the beach from 11 am to 4 pm. The most useful time for sun exposure is in the morning hours from 8 am to 10 am and in the evening after 5 pm.

Now let's talk about the rules for hardening a child with the sun:

1. Protect your baby's head from sunstroke with a panama hat made of light, natural, light-colored material.

2. On the baby while sunbathing, there must be a light blouse or shirt, the best option is a cambric vest.

3. Take children older than a year out into the sun, first in a shirt, then in a T-shirt, after a few days you can take off the T-shirt and combine sun hardening with fresh air hardening. The air temperature should be above 20-22 degrees, and the weather should be calm.

4. Water procedures are used after sunbathing, and not vice versa, so as not to cause hypothermia in the child. After bathing, dry it well.

5. The duration of the first solar procedure for babies is 3 minutes, for children after a year - 5 minutes. Increase your child's exposure to the sun daily to 30-40 minutes a day.

6. Solar procedures are contraindicated in case of heat above 30 degrees, as well as for children with cancer.

7. In diffused sunlight (in a lacy shade) ultraviolet remains almost the same as in direct rays, but infrared radiation, which leads to overheating of the body in summer, is much less.

8. If a child has a sunstroke or overheating, immediately bring him to a cool room, drink water, you can bathe him in the bathroom. For fever and chills, give an antipyretic.

9. In order to prevent overheating and dehydration during solar procedures, increase the drinking regimen, do not forget a bottle of clean, high-quality water for a walk.

10. It is best if the child is in motion during solar procedures. Sleeping in the sun is useful only in winter.

Sent by: Alisa Shaimieva

If you want to see your child physically strong and healthy, harden him. To do this, you can widely use the natural factors of nature - air, sun, water.

Teach your baby from an early age to fresh air, cold water, teach him the ability to overcome difficulties.

It must be remembered that you will get a positive effect from hardening only if it is carried out systematically, without interruptions, in compliance with all the requirements of the doctor and taking into account the individual characteristics of your child.

You need to know that a long break in hardening (more than 2-3 weeks) again increase the body's sensitivity to cooling. Therefore, after the illness of the child, it is necessary to continue hardening procedures from higher temperatures than those that were reached before the illness.

To get a positive effect, you must:

Take into account the age, state of health, the individual characteristics of the child, his mood.
Gradually carry out hardening procedures, changing their types, depending on the season and weather.
Gradually increase the strength of the impact of the natural factor.

Method 1: Air Hardening Children

The first requirement for hardening is the creation of normal hygienic conditions for the child's life. in order for the air in the room to be clean, it is necessary to carry out wet cleaning daily and constantly ventilate the room, the air temperature in which should be about 22 degrees.

Gradually teach children to be indoors, first with one-sided, and then with corner ventilation. Through ventilation is carried out in the absence of the child, allowing the temperature to drop to 15-17 degrees and stopping it 20-30 minutes before the child returns (time needed to restore normal temperature).

The clothes of the baby should correspond to the season and weather and provide him with a state of thermal comfort.

At a room temperature of 22 degrees children (before hardening) dressed in two-layer clothing: cotton underwear, dress (can be cotton or flannel); tights on legs (for children 3-5 years old) or knee socks (6-7 years old), shoes. At air temperatures below 19 degrees, a sweater is put on over the dress; or the dress is replaced by knitted or half-woolen, tights (for children already hardened there may be golfs), shoes or warm slippers with a heel. In summer, at temperatures above 22 degrees, clothing should be lightened to a single layer. (panties, shirt with short sleeves).

Daytime sleep in the open air is very useful: on the veranda or in the garden, in a well-ventilated room, regardless of the season. In the middle climatic zone, daytime sleep in the open air is carried out even in frost, but in the absence of wind.

Clothing during sleep should be appropriate for the season and weather. If the child sleeps on an open veranda, then in winter they put him in a sleeping bag, leaving only his face open. It is very important that the windows on the veranda be open, even if it is not heated. In the absence of drafts during sleep in winter, the air temperature on the veranda can reach -10 - 15 degrees. The mattress and sleeping bag should be stored in a warm room.

If the child does not sleep on the veranda, but in a well-ventilated room, then a sleeping bag is not required. In the cold season, the best clothes for sleeping are a long-sleeved flannel shirt or pajamas, in the warm season, light underwear with short sleeves. After the child has gone to bed, windows or windows are opened in the room; cool air accelerates the onset of deep sleep. 15-20 minutes before the rise, you can close the window so that the air in the room warms up.

Walking plays a big role in air hardening outdoors. Here it is important to properly dress and shoe the child according to the season and weather in order to provide him with freedom of movement and the necessary thermal comfort.

At an air temperature of +6 to -2, children should be dressed in four-layer clothing - underwear, a dress, tights, a knitted sweater (sweater), leggings, jacket or demi-season coat (when wearing a winter coat, you should not wear a sweater), boots. When the temperature drops to -3, -8, the demi-season coat is replaced by a winter one, warmed boots are put on the feet; at temperatures from -1 to -14 degrees, they additionally put on second leggings, insulated boots with socks. In winter, it is important to prevent hypothermia of the child's body. for this, it is necessary to ensure that his feet and hands are dry, wet mittens must be replaced in a timely manner. Games need to be selected mobile, but so that the child does not overheat.

With the onset of heat, children are gradually transferred to two-layer, and then to single-layer clothing. During outdoor games, clothing must be sportswear - a training suit or shorts and a T-shirt.

Thanks to walks and properly organized daytime sleep, even in winter, the child is in the fresh air for 4-5 hours.

In summer, in warm weather, the child should be taught to walk barefoot.

Children receive air baths when changing clothes after a night and daytime sleep during self-dressing and undressing. In these 6-8 minutes, the child is completely or partially naked. In addition, he gets air baths while in lightweight clothes. (panties, T-shirt, slippers) during daily morning exercises, which are introduced into the daily routine of children from the beginning of the third year of life.

Morning exercises are carried out in the warm season with one-sided ventilation (transom, vent, window); in cold weather (winter)- with closed windows, but immediately after airing the room; summer - outdoors.

If the children are already accustomed to the cool air, then they are left in lightweight clothes for the entire time they are awake. (knee socks, short sleeves) not only in summer, but also in winter.

If there are signs of cooling, then the children are put on tights, dresses with long sleeves, sweaters.

Method 2: Hardening children with water

They start with extremely weak effects on a limited part of the skin. (local wiping, dousing), then proceed to the general rubbing of the whole body and dousing.

With local exposure, they start with water at 30 degrees, every 1-2 days it is reduced by 1-2 degrees until it reaches 18-16 degrees. For a general effect, the initial water temperature is 35-34 degrees, every 3-4 days it is reduced by 1-2 degrees and brought to 24-22 degrees.

Water hardening of young children or debilitated children (often ill) you can start with contrasting local douches of the legs.

Dousing is carried out first with warm water at a temperature of 36 degrees, then cool, starting at 28 degrees and gradually reducing to 20 degrees, and again warm - 36 degrees.

Washing. When washing children over two years old, they wash their face, neck, upper chest and arms up to the elbow. In summer, you can wash your children with cool tap water. But if such hardening begins in the cool season, you need to take warm water (+28) , gradually (every 2-3 days) reducing its temperature by 1-2 degrees, bringing it up to 18-17 degrees. Immediately after washing, the skin is wiped with a towel. The whole procedure lasts 1-2 minutes.

Rubbing. The action of wiping is much stronger than washing. Rubbing is carried out with a soft cloth mitten or the end of a towel moistened with water of the desired temperature. The limbs are wiped, lightly massaging the skin in the direction from the fingers to the shoulder. General wiping is carried out in the following sequence: first wipe the upper limbs, then the chest, stomach and back. Actually wet rubdown lasts 1-2 minutes. Immediately after it, the skin is wiped with a dry soft towel using a light massage until moderate redness appears.

You need to start with a local douche. Legs are poured from a ladle (capacity 0.5 l), water is poured on the lower third of the legs and feet. Be sure to follow the rule: pour cool water only on warm feet. Actually dousing lasts 20-30 seconds, and then rubbing follows.

The general dousing has a stronger effect, since in this case the water acts not only by temperature, but also by the pressure of its mass. It is better to pour over a child from a jug with a capacity of 1.5-2 liters so as to immediately pour over the entire surface of the body.

Pouring feet can be combined with such a hygienic procedure as washing feet. After washing the feet, pour water of the appropriate temperature.

Water play can also be used as a hardening treatment. It is important to maintain the correct water temperature (28 degrees). Watching children, you can gradually reduce the temperature of the water to room temperature, without, however, allowing the phenomenon of cooling.

In the warm season, after preliminary hardening with air, playing with water and dousing can be done outdoors, while protecting the child from the wind.

Shared showers, baths and bathing should not be done earlier than 30-40 minutes after a meal.

For children older than a year, the water temperature for the bath is 36-35 degrees, the duration of the bath is 10 minutes. The height of the water in the bath should not reach the level of the nipple of a seated child. the hardening effect is ensured by subsequent contrast pouring with water at a temperature 2 degrees less than in the bath. Special heating of the room is not required, you just need to quickly dry and dress the child.

After preliminary hardening with air and water, it is advisable to use combined effects - an air bath followed by dousing. reverse sequence (air bath after pouring) harmful, because even after thorough wiping, the skin remains extremely moist and must be protected by clothing to prevent excessive heat loss.

Swimming in open water It has the strongest effect, since here there is a simultaneous influence of three factors: fresh air, a large mass of water and solar radiation on the entire surface of the skin. When favorable conditions are provided, swimming in an open reservoir in calm weather is allowed for children over three years old, who have already undergone preliminary hardening with air and water, at an air temperature of less than 25 degrees and water of at least 23 degrees (no more than once a day). Well-seasoned children with daily regular bathing can be allowed to bathe in cooler water, reducing the bathing time. The duration of bathing increases, starting from three minutes to five to eight minutes.

Method 3: Sun-hardening children

Hardening by the sun is carried out in the process of walking during the normal activities of children.

Sometimes sun-hardening is not properly approached, demanding that children lie quietly. Children should not be laid on their mats for sunbathing and turned after a certain time: it is difficult for healthy children to lie still.

Children are required to wear light-colored hats. They start the walk with light-air baths in the shade of trees. Then for 5-10 minutes the children's game is moved under the direct rays of the sun and again - in the shade. So repeat 2-3 times during the walk. It is necessary to prevent the onset of overheating, therefore, when a slight reddening of the child's face appears, they are taken into the shade, occupied with a calm game, and given a few sips of water to drink. As the tan develops, sunbathing becomes longer.

Hardening is a system of activities aimed at training thermoregulatory processes in young children.

The child's body tries to adapt to constantly changing environmental conditions. Tempering children in kindergarten is designed to help the baby better tolerate drafts, temperature changes or wet feet. The hardening process is long and must begin at an early age.

Not many preschool institutions can boast of the ability to pay enough attention to physical development, namely hardening. Meanwhile, the gradual adaptation of the child to low temperatures, to non-greenhouse conditions strengthens the immune system, and, therefore, health. Regular hardening activities will help in the future to avoid diseases that older children suffer from.

Before starting the hardening procedure, certain conditions must be met. The temperature of the room during wakefulness of children should be 22 degrees, with a humidity of 40 to 60%. For sleep, a temperature of 18 ° is more comfortable. Outdoor walks are essential in all weathers. In winter, kids can walk in the absence of wind and temperatures up to five degrees below zero. Through ventilation is permissible in the absence of children in the group. Be sure to follow the following rules when hardening.

The main goal of hardening is healing and disease prevention.
Only systematic exercises can give a positive result.
The impact should be gradual and provide a slow habituation to hardening, followed by expansion of the zones of influence.
Individual approach and analysis of the characteristics of each baby.
Medical control of the child's reaction to the procedure.

Hardening should cause only positive emotions in children. Procedures are contraindicated if five days have not passed since the moment of vaccination or after the illness. With a chronic illness - two weeks, and if the day before the child had a fever. After recovery, the hardening process begins again. Increasingly, the number of procedures, their complexity and duration are increasing.

Types of procedures

Hardening is a whole complex, which includes exposure through air, water and the sun. The scheme of activities carried out may be different, depending on the level of hardening of children, their age and the capabilities of the children's institution. An individual approach dictates the need to divide children into several groups. For example, perfectly healthy children and recently recovered, weakened babies, previously hardened and starting procedures for the first time.

Air procedures

Fresh air must always be present in the room. Children consume oxygen not only through the respiratory tract, but also through the skin. Therefore, the following types of hardening are classified as air procedures:

walks in the open air;
air baths;
walking barefoot;
sleep on a specially equipped veranda.

These are the most accessible procedures for children of any age. Their duration is increased from 2 minutes to 15. First, warm air baths (20 °) are made, gradually bringing the temperature to cool. All year round, daytime sleep is carried out without a T-shirt. After sleep, children perform simple exercises while lying in the crib.

Exposure to cold air (below 15 °) is carried out during outdoor games, for example, walking barefoot on massage mats. In summer, a natural surface is used - earth, sand, grass, small pebbles. Walking helps to increase appetite, normalize sleep. If possible, an afternoon nap on the veranda from September to May is extremely useful.

water hardening

Water has a stimulating effect on the nervous system of the child. Therefore, they are performed in the morning or after a day's rest. This effective method includes:

rinsing the mouth with cold water;
rubbing the body with a damp towel or mitten;
foot baths;
dousing the whole body, bathing.

Boiled water is used to rinse the mouth. Its temperature is reduced starting from 28 ° and brought to room temperature. Older children rinse their mouth and throat with a solution of salt with iodine or chamomile infusion.

Wet rubbing is usually preceded by exposure to the body with a dry mitten. After two weeks, you can move on to wet rubbing.

Pouring legs - shin, foot of the child, start with warm water. Every 4 days, the water is made cooler by 1 °, the duration of the procedure is up to 3 minutes. Another way is the arrangement of special tracks. The exercise scheme is as follows.

For tactile sensations, the tracks are lined with different materials, for example, a sheet and burlap. The first track is moistened with brine, the second with ordinary water, the third remains dry. Children walk along the paths for several minutes. The contrast of surfaces contributes to hardening and prevention of flat feet.

Showers and general douches are a powerful aphrodisiac. They are more indicated for lethargic and inhibited children. Well stimulate the immune system classes in the pool. Nevertheless, bathing is contraindicated for children with a sick heart, kidneys, or who have had pneumonia.

sunbathing

The sun has a beneficial effect on the child. Toddlers get sunbathing during regular walks. It is important to prevent overheating. In summer, the baby's head should be protected, it is necessary to drink enough water, to prevent the harmful effects of the sun. You can be in the sun from 8 to 10 in the morning, after a daytime sleep from 15 hours.

Features of seasonal procedures

In kindergarten, hardening is one of the elements of the routine process. It is most convenient to start recovery in the summer. Along with the sun, air and water, the child's motor activity increases, fresh fruits and vegetables are added to the diet.

The most effective use of sunbathing in the morning. Kids spend most of their time outdoors in the summer. This is the reception of children, morning exercises, outdoor games and activities, walking barefoot, as a means of acupressure of the feet.

During the summer months, the child's body adapts to lower temperatures and an increase in the duration of procedures. By the cold season, children's resistance to viral infections increases significantly.

In winter, snow is widely used for hardening. You can organize rubbing hands and feet. Procedures should be carried out with great care and already hardened children. The exposure is short-term, then the hands and feet should be wiped dry, shoes and gloves should be put on.

Indoor air conditioning is based on moving children from one room to another. Cross-ventilation is preliminarily carried out to achieve the desired temperature in the room. For example, classes in a warm music room are replaced by physical exercises in a cold gym. Eating in a warm dining room and sleeping in a cool bedroom.

The organization of hardening events depends on the kindergarten team. The efforts made will be justified by a decrease in the incidence of children. The children have a good appetite, sound sleep, which, of course, pleases parents.

Tempering a baby at home should begin from early childhood. In this matter, the union of parents and educators is necessary. In order not to violate the systematic, on weekends, parents should harden themselves. To exclude the refusal of procedures, you will have to interest the child in your own example. For the baby, it is more interesting when the events are held in a playful way.

Natural natural elements - the sun, air and water, are the main components in the process of hardening the body. It is important to remember that the impact must be systematic and with the permission of the doctor.

Elements of hardening in everyday life: washing with cool water, wide aeration of the premises, a properly organized walk, physical exercises carried out in light sportswear indoors and outdoors;

Special events: water, air and solar.

For hardening children, the main natural factors (sun, air and water) are used differentially depending on the age of the children, their state of health, taking into account the preparedness of the staff and the material base of the preschool educational institution, with strict adherence to methodological recommendations.

Hardening measures vary in strength and duration depending on the season of the year, air temperature in group rooms, and the epidemiological situation.

To carry out hardening activities in each group cell, you must have available:

Marked lightweight polyethylene tanks (2 pcs.);

Bucket at 0.5. l of water for contrasting douches;

Pitchers or watering cans for 2 - 2.5 liters of water for general douche;

The pelvis is polyethylene, deep with two handles for local hardening (trampling in the pelvis);

Individual labeled towels;

Wooden bridges;

Terry mittens for dry and wet wiping (after each wiping, the mittens are boiled, dried and stored in a closed container);

Sheets, bedspreads - for massage mats.

Health-improving work with children in the summer is an integral part of the system of medical and preventive measures.

In order to achieve a health-improving effect in the summer period, the daily routine provides for the maximum stay of children in the open air, the duration of sleep and other types of rest corresponding to their age.

Motor activity in organized forms of activity should be at least 50% of the total daily motor activity, and during walks outside the territory of the preschool educational institution - 35-40%.

To achieve a sufficient amount of physical activity of children, it is necessary to use all organized forms of physical exercise with a wide inclusion of outdoor games, sports exercises with elements of competition, as well as walking, excursions, walking along the route (the simplest tourism).

Increasing a person's resistance to various adverse environmental factors is the main task of modern medicine, and this is precisely its preventive focus. A high level of non-specific prophylaxis is unthinkable without the correct daily routine, physical education, rational feeding of the child, compliance with the requirements of the sanitary and hygienic regime, and proper educational work.

Hardening of the body is the formation and improvement of functional systems aimed at increasing the body's resistance, which ultimately leads to a decrease in "cold" diseases. Moreover, the hardening of children gives a double positive result - a decrease in their morbidity and an increase in the useful employment of parents in production, which has not only social, but also significant economic significance. The problem of raising the level of health of children living in the North and areas equated to it remains especially urgent.

Basic principles of adaptive hardening measures.

Hardening can be started and then carried out only with full health.
A gradual increase in the intensity of hardening measures is necessary.
Classes must be carried out systematically.
It is necessary to take into account the individual characteristics of the child's body and his age.
You can start hardening at any time of the year, but the warm season is preferable (in the cold season, the degree of exposure to environmental factors at the beginning of hardening decreases, and their more gradual increase is necessary than in the warm season).
Events are being held. only with positive emotions of the child.
The resumption of classes after a break with the permission of the doctor should begin with those degrees of exposure that were at the beginning of the tempering procedures. The increase in influences occurs faster than during the initial period of hardening.
The impact of hardening agents should be addressed to different parts of the body.
Hardening effects should not be monotonous, they should be varied in strength, duration, used in combination with physical exercises or without them.
During hardening, the compensatory effect of natural factors is used.

When carrying out hardening activities, it is advisable to single out 3 groups of children:

1 - healthy, previously tempered children;

2 - healthy, but not previously tempered children or children with functional abnormalities (from the "risk group");

3 - weakened children (often ill, with chronic foci of infection, convalescents of diseases).

When prescribing hardening procedures for children of groups 2 and 3, the initial and final temperatures of the influencing factors should be 2-4 ° C higher than for children of group 1, and the rate of its decrease should be slower.

There are 3 hardening modes:

Initial - trains only the physical mechanisms of thermoregulation (short procedures, obligatory tempering with heat);

Optimal - standard technique;

Special - intensive hardening with the participation of chemical processes of thermoregulation.

For children of the 1st group, it is possible to immediately assign the optimal regimen with a subsequent transition to a special one.

For children of the 2nd group, hardening is carried out from the initial mode, then they switch to the optimal one. The issue of a special regime is decided individually.

For children of the 3rd group, long-term (at least 1.5 months) hardening is carried out according to the initial regime with a gradual transition to the optimal one. Special mode is not used.

There are no permanent contraindications for hardening. Only restrictions on the dose and duration of influencing factors can be applied, taking into account the state of health.

Temporary contraindications are: acute period of the disease, extensive damage to the chest, severe injuries.

After an acute period of the disease lasting up to 10 days, the magnitude of the cold exposure is weakened by 2-3 ° C compared with the temperature of the last procedures. If hardening is stopped for 10 days or more, it is recommended to return to the initial hardening method.

Room temperature

For children older than a year, the temperature regime of a closed room is, as for adults, from + 17 ° to + 19 ° С.

In autumn-winter time, airing the room must be carried out 4-5 times for at least 10-15 minutes. To this end, the window should have vents or transoms. When opening a window or transom, air is directed towards the ceiling; yes, warming up a little, it goes down, rises up and leaves the room. The best way to freshen the air is through ventilation. At the same time, air exchange is carried out 7 times faster than with an open window. The criterion for stopping the ventilation of the room is the air temperature, which drops by 2 - 3 ° C. In the warm season, the window or window can be kept open throughout the day, it is necessary to close the windows at night, since at night the temperature in the room is more difficult to control.

Walks in the open air

Walking, sleeping in the fresh air can be prescribed for children in the summer, 2 weeks after the child is discharged from the maternity hospital. It is necessary to start walking with a child on a dry and warm, non-rainy day; in the cold season - at an air temperature of at least 5 ° C.

Children over 1.5 years old need to walk in the air at least 2 times a day pa. 2.5 - 3 hours. In the cold season, reptile walks at a temperature not lower than - 15 - 16 ° C. In the conditions of the Far North, for children aged 1 year, walks are carried out at an air temperature not lower than - 15 ° C, for children 3-4 years old - not lower than 30 0 C with a wind strength not exceeding 5 m / s. With an increase in wind strength up to 10 m / s, the permissible air temperature is - 25 ° C. Children 5 - 7 years old can walk at a temperature of - 35 ° C (with a wind strength of 5 m / s). The duration of the walks is 15 - 30 minutes.

A winter walk is 1.5 - 2 hours, and the walk is organized in such a way that the first part of it is the quiet activity of children for 15 - 20 minutes, then - outdoor games for 25 - 30 minutes, followed by calm games. At the end, children play 20 - 25 minutes. calmly.

Non-specific water procedures

Hygienic baths for young children began to be used from the middle of the 19th century. The use of hygienic baths can also be used as a hardening procedure. The temperature of the room where the hygienic bath is carried out should be in the range of 20 - 21 ° C. The temperature of the water in the bath for children of the first 3 months. life is 36.5 - 36 ° C, for children in the second half of life, the water temperature rises to 34 - 330 ° C. The duration of the hygienic bath is 4-5 minutes. At the end of the procedure, the child is doused with water, the temperature of which is 1-2 ° C lower than the water in the bath. For this, the child is taken out of the bath, turned to face down and water from a jug is poured over him from above. They begin to pour water over the child at a lower temperature from 4 months.

In the first months of life, the child's face is washed with warm water, the temperature of which is 32 - 33 ° C. Then the temperature of the water is gradually reduced. Starting from the second half of life, they wash not only the face and hands, but also the neck and upper chest. Immediately after washing, the child is wiped dry with a towel until the skin turns slightly red. Starting from 2-3 years old, children are washed with water at room temperature, gradually reducing it to 18 - 190 ° C.

It is important to teach children to walk barefoot on the ground, on the grass, on the sand by the river. First, you can walk in light shoes, open at the top, then in socks (first thick, then thin) and then barefoot (preferably in the summer).

Rational clothing

Clothing is essential in adapting to environmental factors and hardening of the child, it prevents hypothermia and, no less important, overheating of children.

At an air temperature of + 21 + 22 ° C, a child of the first months of life during wakefulness must be dressed in a light undershirt and a flannelette blouse.

When the air temperature in the room is + 21 + 22 ° C, a cotton or flannelette hat is worn only up to 2 weeks of age.

Children 4-6 years old indoors need to wear clothes in 3 layers: an undershirt and a blouse or suit, tights on their feet.

In summer, in warm and hot weather, the child is put on only shorts or shorts, a T-shirt, a panama hat on his head, and sandals without socks on his feet.

Below is a diagram of dressing young children at different air temperatures in calm weather.

Rational clothes for children depending on the temperature of the room

Room temperature	Cloth
2ZS and above	1-2-layer clothing: thin cotton underwear, light cotton dress (shirt) with short sleeves, socks, sandals
	2-layer clothing: cotton underwear, cotton or wool blend dress (shirt) with long sleeves, tights or stockings, tuff
	2-layer clothing: cotton underwear, cotton or wool blend dress (shirt) with long sleeves, tights or stockings, shoes
	Z - layered clothing: cotton underwear, cotton or wool blend dress (shirt) with long sleeves, knitted jacket, tights, shoes or warm slippers

Rational clothing for children during a walk: depending on air temperature

Rational clothing for children when doing physical education on the street in different seasons of the year

After walking, the legs and arms should remain warm.

If the legs become cold, it is necessary to dress the child warmer, especially in cold weather: they cover another blanket over a wadded blanket.

Thus, the rational implementation of non-specific hardening measures from an early age can help improve the health of children, prepare the child's body for further - already special hardening measures.

Special hardening effects

Special tempering procedures require not only complete health, but also, c. difference from non-specific hardening procedures, greater initial resistance, body resistance to environmental factors. In this regard, special tempering procedures are not carried out with premature babies in the first 2 months. life.

In the process of growth and development, the child can undergo various hardening procedures. The first hardening procedure is air baths. They start at 2 months. age. 1-2 weeks after the air baths, hardening with water begins. Wet rubdowns begin no earlier than at 2-3 months, douches - from 3-4 months. Gymnastics and massage are introduced to children from 1.5 months. age.

Air baths

The first special hardening procedure in a child's life is an air bath. In fact, it begins already in the maternity hospital, when, during the process of changing diapers, the newborn is left without clothes for a short time and his body is exposed to room air.

In addition to purely thermal effects on the body, air diffuses through the skin, and thereby increases blood oxygen saturation. When conducting air baths in children, oxygen consumption increases, indicators of the activity of the nervous system improve, sleep and appetite improve.

Air baths are the factor of the least impact on the body in comparison with water procedures - dousing, wiping, swimming. This is due to the fact that the thermal conductivity of air is 30 times less, and its heat capacity is 4 times less than water.

Air baths are started at a room temperature of 20 - 22 ° C, in the future the temperature can be reduced by a gradual decrease to 19 ° C for children aged 1-2 years. The duration of the first procedures is 1 minute. Every 5 days, the duration of the air baths is increased by 2 minutes. Children under six months of age can take air baths up to 15 minutes, after six months - up to 30 minutes 2-3 times a day.

Carrying out air baths, as well as other special hardening procedures; it is advisable to carry out in the morning or in the evening (at 17 - 18 hours), after 30 - 40 minutes. after feeding, when the child has a high initial energy expenditure, a high level of metabolism and the ability to mobilize energy and plastic resources for the implementation of adaptive reactions.

Children over 1.5 years old usually take air baths during morning exercises. In this case, the air temperature can be lowered after preliminary adaptation to 16°C. It should be noted that the duration of the "air baths for preschool children must be increased gradually, starting from normal room temperature.

Children who do not tolerate a decrease in environmental temperature, who are poorly adapted to hardening measures, need to gradually reduce the air temperature in the room and gradually expose their bodies. At the same time, at the beginning, the arms are exposed, then the legs, then the body is exposed to the waist, and only then can the child be left in shorts.

G.N. Speransky and E.D. Zabludovskaya (1963) recommend that in the younger groups of the kindergarten the first sessions of air baths be carried out for 5 minutes, in the middle - 10 minutes, in the older - 10-15 minutes. The maximum time for an air bath is 30-40 minutes in the younger group, 45 minutes in the middle group and 1 hour in the older group.

Hardening and adaptation to the aquatic environment

Use of water to increase adaptability. capabilities of a developing organism, it is very advisable to start from an early age.

The main factors influencing water on the body are temperature, hydroweightlessness (when swimming, bathing), chemicals (salty, coniferous and other baths). Water has a high heat capacity and thermal conductivity, and therefore it is also convenient for hardening procedures, since it is easy to dose and evenly distribute the temperature effect on the child's body.

Water procedures are divided into wet wipes, douches, bathing, swimming.

Rubbing and dousing can be local and general.

Methodology for conducting water procedures (rubbing and dousing)

Carrying out water procedures is preceded by hardening with air - air baths and wiping the child with a dry mitten, a dry towel.

The main methodological principle of wiping comes down to the fact that first they wipe the distal parts of the limbs, then the proximal ones. Next, move on to rubbing the body. Rubbing with a dry mitten should be carried out until a slight redness appears on the skin. From the age of one month, you can go to water procedures for hardening the child.

Wet rubdowns are carried out with a mitten soaked in water and wrung out with a cloth, a piece of clean flannel. First, they wipe the upper limbs - from the fingers to the shoulder, then the legs - from the foot to the thigh, then the chest, stomach, and last of all, the back. It is important to remember that each part of the body after rubbing must be wiped dry to a slight reddening - just like with dry rubbing. The duration of the dry procedure is 1 - 2 minutes.

The initial temperature of the water for wiping children 3-4 years old is +32 ° C, for children 5-6 years old + 30 ° C, for children 6-7 years old + 28 ° C. Every 2-3 days it is reduced by 1 ° C and bring up to +22 o C in summer and up to + 25 o C in winter for children 3-4 years old, up to +20 o C and +24 o C - for children 5-6 years old up to + 18 ° C and 22 0 C - for children 6 -7 years old.

At the end of the rubdown, the child should be warmly dressed. After a break in water procedures, they are resumed in the same way as they started: first, dry rubdowns are carried out and only then wet ones. The temperature of the water during wet rubdowns after the resumption of procedures corresponds to the initial one, and then it is reduced more quickly than during the initial exposure to water. If the beginning of water procedures falls on the age of 1-3 years, the water temperature is 33 o C - 34 o C. The temperature should be lowered in a week by 1 o C and brought to +25 - 26 o C. After 2 weeks from the start of wet rubdowns, local foot baths can be prescribed.

Foot bath technique

Dousing the feet and legs begins with a water temperature of + 28 ° C, then cool it at the rate of 1 ° C per week. The lower limits of water temperature are +20 ° C. For children 3 years old, it is reduced to + 18 ° C. The duration of the procedure for young children is 15 - 20 minutes.

Pouring is carried out as follows: a grate made of wood or plastic is placed on the bottom of the bath; procedure time 20-30 sec; select the temperature of the water by mixing it; at the end of the dousing, the child's legs are wiped dry, and rubbed until the skin is slightly reddened. In the absence of a bath, pouring can be done in a basin, bucket, or any tank. Water is collected and mixed in a jug.

Hardening procedures are local and general. General hardening procedures include general dousing, swimming.

After the child has adapted to the procedure for dousing the legs, it is necessary to proceed to the general dousing.

The method of conducting general dousing with water

General douching is a procedure that requires the child to be sufficiently resistant to a decrease in environmental temperature. In the method of dousing, it is important to know that during the procedure the head is not doused. When dousing, the child can stand or sit. The handle of the flexible hose in the bath or shower must be kept close to the child's body (20 - 30 cm). The jet of water must be strong. First of all, the back is poured, then the chest and stomach, and lastly, the left and right shoulder. After the procedure, the child is wiped dry. The water temperature during the first pouring sessions for children under 1 year old is + 36 ° C. Every week, the temperature drops by 1 ° C and is brought to 28 ° C.

Children from 1 to 3 years of age are doused with water at a temperature of 34 ° C, gradually reduced by 1 ° C per week and brought to 28 ° C in winter and 24 - 25 ° C in summer. For preschool children, the initial temperature of the water when dousing is 33 ° C, gradually reduce it by 1 ° C per week and bring it up to 22 - 24 ° C. In the cold season, the water temperature should not be lower than 24 ° C, the duration of dousing is 30 seconds - 15 minutes.

If the child has not been hardened before, then more effective procedures, in particular water ones, should be taken from a water temperature higher than indicated above.

At any age, it is necessary to go through the whole path of hardening, starting from non-specific hardening activities and moving on to special ones: air baths, local douches, general douches, soul, swimming.

Age 1 - 3 years:

Sleep in the air at a temperature of - 15 to + 30 o C.
Air bath when changing clothes after night and day sleep, during morning hygienic exercises, washing.
Walk 2 times a day at air temperature from - 15 to + 30 ° С.
Washing at a water temperature at the beginning of hardening +20 ° C with a further decrease to +16 -18 ° C. Children over 2 years old wash their face, upper chest and arms up to the elbow.
General douche after a walk with an initial water temperature of 34-35 ° C and a further decrease to +18 ° C.
General bath (2 times a week before bedtime) at a water temperature of 36 ° C, lasting 5-6 minutes, followed by dousing with water at 34 ° C.
In summer, stay under the rays of the sun 2-3 times a day, starting from 5-6 minutes, leading up to 8-10 minutes.

Preschool age:

The air temperature in the room is 19 - 17 ° C.
Air bath. lasting 10 - 15 minutes when changing clothes after night and day sleep, during morning hygienic exercises, washing.
Walk 2 times a day at an air temperature of - 15 to + 30 ° C.
Daytime sleep in the open air on the veranda with open windows all year round.
Washing with water at a temperature of +14 -16 ° C. Wash the face, neck, upper chest and arms up to the elbow. Older children are wiped to the waist.
General douche or shower after a walk with an initial water temperature of 34-35 0 C and a further decrease to + 24 0 C.
Washing feet with water before daytime sleep with an initial water temperature of +28 ° C and its gradual decrease to 16 ° C.
Shared bath (2 times a week before bedtime) at a water temperature of 35 0 C.

Card index of tempering procedures in kindergarten.

Material Description: I offer you a card index of hardening procedures for children in kindergarten. This material will be useful to educators, nurses, parents.

Salt hardening technique

Indications: The salt hardening method is shown to all preschool children.
Technique: Hardening is carried out after daytime sleep under the supervision of a teacher. The child walks barefoot on a flannel mat moistened with 10% room temperature common salt solution. They trample on the mat for 2 minutes. The children then move to a second mat, wiping the salt off the soles of their feet, and then move to a dry mat and wipe their feet dry. An important point during hardening is that the foot must be preheated. For this purpose, foot massagers, button and stick tracks are used.
Mechanism of action: Mechanical and chemical through thermo- and chemoreceptors of the skin of the feet. The saline solution irritates the chemoreceptors, causing the expansion of the "game" of the peripheral vessels of the feet. Heat generation increases reflexively, blood flow to the lower extremities and feet increases, heat is retained for a long time. Mechanical actions arise as a result of irritation of biological points on the sole.
Equipment: 3 flannel rugs
a) with different-sized sewn buttons,
b) with sewn sticks.
10% common salt solution temperature +10°+18°C 1 kg of salt per 10 liters. water 0.5 kg per 5 liters. water 0.25 kg per 2.5 liters. water.
This hardening method is affordable and simple, does not require large material costs and time, and is a pleasure for children. And most importantly, it has a pronounced effect, plays a significant role in the prevention of colds in children.

Extensive wash

for children aged 4 to 7 years.
Rubbing is done with a mitten soaked in water, the fabric of which must meet the following conditions: absorb water well, not be too soft. It is desirable that the mittens are well moistened, but water should not drip from them.
After wiping, the body is rubbed with a dry towel. Rubbing is accompanied by light massaging movements, and massage is always done from the periphery to the center, in the following sequence:
at the expense of "1" - rub the chest in a circular motion clockwise;
at the expense of "2" - wipe the hands up to the shoulder from the bottom up;
at the expense of "3" - we rub the legs in the direction from the foot to the knee;
at the expense of "4" - simultaneously wipe the neck with both hands in the direction from the back of the head to the chin;
at the expense of "5" - wipe the face and ears.
At the end of the wet rubbing, the child's body is rubbed with a dry towel to a slight reddening.
At the beginning of learning this tempering procedure, adults (educator, assistant educator, nurse) help children. Further, the children perform all the steps on their own.

Walking barefoot

Technically the simplest non-traditional hardening method, at the same time it is a good means of strengthening the arch of the foot and ligaments. We start walking barefoot at t of the ground or floor not lower than +18. Initially, this is done in socks for 4-5 days, then completely barefoot for 3-4 minutes. We increase the procedure time daily by 1 minute and bring it up to 20-25 minutes. The procedure is very physiological and well tolerated by children of any age.
Contrast air baths in combination with the "Riga" method

The procedure takes place after a daytime sleep: it starts at 15.00, lasts 12-13 minutes and has the character of running from a "cold" room to a "warm" one with obligatory musical accompaniment. This technique consists of the following procedures. During the sleep of children in the bedroom, windows open and the air temperature is brought to +13 +16 degrees. After waking up, children wake up and do physical exercises. This is followed by a run to the group room, where the air temperature reaches +21 +24 degrees.
The activities of children in the "warm" room are as follows:
- walking on a rug soaked in saline solution;
- walking on a path soaked in clean water;
- walking on a dry mat;
- walking along the "Health Path".
The pace of passing through the tracks is normal, and over time the pace can be gradually increased.
Then the children move to a "cold" room, where, under the guidance of a teacher, they perform physical exercises, dance elements, and play outdoor games.
In a warm room, a moderate pace of exercise should be followed to prevent children from overheating.
The number of movements from one room to another should be at least 6 times with a stay in each for 1 - 1.5 minutes. The whole procedure ends with a dash from the "warm" room to the "cold" one, where breathing exercises are carried out under the guidance of a teacher.
Children who have had acute respiratory infections, hardening is carried out for one week in half the amount of the specified time. Salt mat these children are temporarily contraindicated for 1 week.
When combining air contrast hardening with the "Riga" method and the "Health Path", in addition to the effect of hardening, massage and contrast salt hardening of the feet are carried out, prevention of flat feet and posture disorders. In general, this technique is included in the non-specific prevention of respiratory diseases and is aimed at increasing the body's resistance to adverse environmental influences.

Hygienic shower

In the summer, we use a shower for the purpose of hardening. A shower is stronger than, for example, dousing or wiping, since here the effect of jet pressure is added to the temperature factor. Water pouring from the shower under pressure has a massaging effect. Shower water feels warmer than water of the same temperature when poured or rubbed.
This raises the tone of the muscular system, increases efficiency, gives vigor, and promotes an increase in energy.
The temperature of the water, which does not cause a feeling of cooling at the beginning (approximately + 36 + 37 degrees), with a gradual decrease in it with careful monitoring of the reaction of children. But for this procedure, the temperature decrease is slow. The time spent under the shower is 20-40 seconds.
The shower is also used to keep the child's body clean. In the summer, this is especially important, because. exposed parts of the body are easily contaminated. Therefore, first of all, you need to wash your feet and hands with soap.

Acupressure "Magic points"

(according to A.A. Umanskaya)
Massage increases the protective properties of the nasal mucosa, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and other human organs. Under the influence of massage, the body begins to produce its own medicines, which are often much more effective and safer than pills.
Acupressure techniques are very easy to master for adults and then teach children.
Point 1. It is located in the center of the sternum, at the level of the attachment of the 4th rib. Associated with the mucosa of the trachea, bronchi, and bone marrow. When massaging this zone, coughing decreases, blood formation improves.
Point 2. It is located in the center of the jugular notch of the sternum. Regulates the body's immune functions. Increases resistance to infectious diseases.
Point 3. It is located symmetrically at the level of the upper edge of the thyroid cartilage, at the anterior edge of the muscle. It controls the chemical composition of the blood and at the same time the mucous membrane of the larynx.
Point 4. It is located symmetrically, behind the ear, on the border of the scalp, in the center of the occipital cavity. The back of the neck must be massaged from top to bottom. The zones of the neck are connected with the regulator of the activity of the vessels of the head, neck and trunk. The work of the vestibular apparatus is normalized.
Point 5. Located between the 7th cervical and 1st thoracic vertebrae, where, when the head is tilted forward, a depression is felt below the most protruding vertebra
Point 6. It is located symmetrically between the nasolabial fold in the middle of the wing of the nose. Improves blood supply to the mucous membranes of the nose and maxillary cavity. Breathing through the nose becomes free, the runny nose disappears.
Point 7. It is located symmetrically at the inner edge of the superciliary arch. Improves blood circulation in the eyeball and frontal parts of the brain.
Point 8. It is located symmetrically in a recess in front of the ear tragus. Massage of this area affects the hearing organs and the vestibular apparatus.
Point 9. Symmetrical, between the 1st and 2nd metacarpal bones, at the end of the skin fold when the thumb is abducted. Human hands are connected with all organs. When massaging these points, many body functions are normalized.

Massage technique

You need to massage the biologically active zones with the pads of the large, index or middle
finger with horizontal rotational movements clockwise and counterclockwise for 4-5 seconds in each direction. Massage should not be rough and sharp, should not leave bruises. It is better to start with light pressure, gradually increasing the intensity of exposure.
Zone 3 (in the neck area) should be massaged with light finger movements from top to bottom. If the massaged area is very painful, a light circular massage is performed. If the skin in the area of the massaged area is changed (suppuration, abrasions, bruises), then the massage is canceled.
Hands should be washed frequently before massage. Warm, with well-trimmed nails. Massage should not be done immediately after eating. As a preventive measure, massage is recommended 2-3 times a day, as well as after contact with a patient with an acute respiratory infection.
As a prophylactic, massage of biologically active zones can be carried out for a long time, especially in autumn and winter. It must be remembered that only regular massage supports the high resistance of the body.

air hardening

Room ventilation
For preschool children, it is necessary to create an optimal air regime. Indoors - this is the main condition for the effectiveness of hardening. Air temperature in the room:
· From 1 to 3 years - +20оС
· From 3 to 7 years old - + +18оС, +20оС
It is necessary to ventilate the room 4-5 times a day for 10-15 minutes through transoms: before morning exercises, before physical education and music classes, before going to bed. At this time, children need to be taken to the next room. During walks, through ventilation is carried out, which ends 30-45 minutes before the arrival of children (during the cold season).
The thermometer in the group, bedroom and washrooms should be located at the height of the children.
Walking is a way of hardening with air
Children in kindergarten walk 2 times a day. A day spent without walks is lost for his health (G.N. Speransky).
The activity of children on a walk on frosty days should often change: include jogging, climbing a hill. Climbing over the ramparts, walking on the ramparts and jumping into them. Skating on ice tracks. Within 40-60 minutes, the teacher should activate the movement of children.