Card #1
Absorb ... oxygen, drink ... on the beach, enjoy ... beauty, suppose ... to ... eat in the old ... horn, ask ... to be faithful, thick ... vegetation, help ... help your father throughout the summer, regret ... fly about what happened, bl ... sleep in the sun, far ... far into the sea, wade ... through the dawn ... li, green valley ... settle down ... live on n ... bed, touch ... to the wall, good reward ... fence, banner unleash ... waking up.
Card #2
Write off by inserting missing letters, graphically indicating the choice of a vowel in the root
Make ... a plan, a deliberate stream, look ... in a book, wrap ... in an oversight, predict ... events, consult ... in a dictionary, identify ... shortcomings, a fire rages ... breaks, get ... from a shelf, distribute ... darling branches, eyes fall off, annoy ... everyone, teacher of mathematics, attach ... falling to a flower, split ... in half, freeze ... with delight, for ... a light g ... horizon, make ... mother of effort, load ... build on the table, resurrect from the ashes, make the fate ... cover ... the beast.
Card #3
Insert the missing letters
Pr…funny case, pr…to be in a bad mood…, pr…one…to fly pr…obstacle, and…to scratch in the night, impenetrable…foot pr…grads, be…end(?) string, pr…to rise above the floor, a building was moved into ..., ... to run home, lived ... here without ... visiting.
Card number 4
The summer evening is quiet and clear. 2) A golden blizzard rushes ... xia ... a sheet. 3) The area ... is equal (n, nn) th, and the river (s, s) is wide here and long (n, nn) a. 4) We slowly (n, nn) began to ... approach ... to the top of the mountain. 5) A great many ships scurried along the Northern Sea Route this summer.
Card number 5
Write off, inserting the missing letters, opening the brackets. Underline the main parts of the sentence. Determine what they are. Specify the type of predicate.
The February air is also cold and damp, but over the garden already ... look ... the sky with a clear look. 2) Three in soldier's pea coats flew (and, o) to decorate the Angara. 3) Autumn is warm this year. 4) The girl was upset (n, n) by what happened. 5) The entire population of the village went out to meet the fishermen.
Card #6
I wander along the embankment again. 2) The forester's hut. Bear Kingdom. 3) Latest jokes. Hugs. 4) It will blow in the field, the first furrow. 5) I will look into the eyes of a Volzhanka. 6) They forgot about the light of the evening windows, they blew out the warm red hearth. 7) In Siberia, they do not like fever and haste. 8) There is no spring without a thunderstorm.
Card number 7
Define the type of one-part sentences
I'm sad about the overcoat. 2) They give us ten days to rest! 3) I enter my own apartment up the icy stairs. 4) She (cherry) is broken with huge branches. 5) Transbaikalia. Sunset glow. Belated bird flight. 6) Draws cold winter days. 7) Waiting for the ship. Nightingales. Spring. 8) And now my face smelled of strawberries, resinous childhood, Novgorod day.
Card number 8
Define the type of one-part sentences
I see pine trees and clouds high above my head. 2) He was taken from the fortress, from Brest. 3) It lashed the windows with slanting rain. 4) No wonder I was attracted here, attracted and attracted. 5) Forest. Tent. The splash of river water. 6) I am waiting for New Year's mail from far and near. 7) Crimson horizons. Broken wires. 8) The possessed have no way back.
Card #9
1 option
Card #9
1 option
Copy the text, placing and graphically explaining the missing punctuation marks and letters.
Birch is a nice Russian tree. Watching in the forest, I realized that birch is truly a peasant tree; it has everything and a calico shawl and a white (n, nn) hut and a Russian stove ... and a canvas ... shirt and even milk that is drunk all over the earth.
Looking ... wading into a birch forest at a break (n, n) its trunks you remember ... callused peasant hands deftly doing any hard work ...
And young birch trees, thin, straight, as if on ts ... buds, pr ... rising to the spring dome of the sky, resembling the girlish beauty, slender and stately with fair-haired braids, light-eyed, delight the eye and soul.
Card #9
1 option
Copy the text, placing and graphically explaining the missing punctuation marks and letters.
Birch is a nice Russian tree. Watching in the forest, I realized that birch is truly a peasant tree; it has everything and a calico shawl and a white (n, nn) hut and a Russian stove ... and a canvas ... shirt and even milk that is drunk all over the earth.
Looking ... wading into a birch forest at a break (n, n) its trunks you remember ... callused peasant hands deftly doing any hard work ...
And young birch trees, thin, straight, as if on ts ... buds, pr ... rising to the spring dome of the sky, resembling the girlish beauty, slender and stately with fair-haired braids, light-eyed, delight the eye and soul.
Card #9
1 option
Copy the text, placing and graphically explaining the missing punctuation marks and letters.
Birch is a nice Russian tree. Watching in the forest, I realized that birch is truly a peasant tree; it has everything and a calico shawl and a white (n, nn) hut and a Russian stove ... and a canvas ... shirt and even milk that is drunk all over the earth.
Looking ... wading into a birch forest at a break (n, n) its trunks you remember ... callused peasant hands deftly doing any hard work ...
And young birch trees, thin, straight, as if on ts ... buds, pr ... rising to the spring dome of the sky, resembling the girlish beauty, slender and stately with fair-haired braids, light-eyed, delight the eye and soul.
Card #9
1 option
Copy the text, placing and graphically explaining the missing punctuation marks and letters.
Birch is a nice Russian tree. Watching in the forest, I realized that birch is truly a peasant tree; it has everything and a calico shawl and a white (n, nn) hut and a Russian stove ... and a canvas ... shirt and even milk that is drunk all over the earth.
Looking ... wading into a birch forest at a break (n, n) its trunks you remember ... callused peasant hands deftly doing any hard work ...
And young birch trees, thin, straight, as if on ts ... buds, pr ... rising to the spring dome of the sky, resembling the girlish beauty, slender and stately with fair-haired braids, light-eyed, delight the eye and soul.
Card #9
1 option
Copy the text, placing and graphically explaining the missing punctuation marks and letters.
Birch is a nice Russian tree. Watching in the forest, I realized that birch is truly a peasant tree; it has everything and a calico shawl and a white (n, nn) hut and a Russian stove ... and a canvas ... shirt and even milk that is drunk all over the earth.
Looking ... wading into a birch forest at a break (n, n) its trunks you remember ... callused peasant hands deftly doing any hard work ...
And young birch trees, thin, straight, as if on ts ... buds, pr ... rising to the spring dome of the sky, resembling the girlish beauty, slender and stately with fair-haired braids, light-eyed, delight the eye and soul.
Card #9
1 option
Copy the text, placing and graphically explaining the missing punctuation marks and letters.
Birch is a nice Russian tree. Watching in the forest, I realized that birch is truly a peasant tree; it has everything and a calico shawl and a white (n, nn) hut and a Russian stove ... and a canvas ... shirt and even milk that is drunk all over the earth.
Looking ... wading into a birch forest at a break (n, n) its trunks you remember ... callused peasant hands deftly doing any hard work ...
And young birch trees, thin, straight, as if on ts ... buds, pr ... rising to the spring dome of the sky, resembling the girlish beauty, slender and stately with fair-haired braids, light-eyed, delight the eye and soul.
__________________________________________________________Card #9
1 option
Copy the text, placing and graphically explaining the missing punctuation marks and letters.
Birch is a nice Russian tree. Watching in the forest, I realized that birch is truly a peasant tree; it has everything and a calico shawl and a white (n, nn) hut and a Russian stove ... and a canvas ... shirt and even milk that is drunk all over the earth.
Looking ... wading into a birch forest at a break (n, n) its trunks you remember ... callused peasant hands deftly doing any hard work ...
And young birch trees, thin, straight, as if on ts ... buds, pr ... rising to the spring dome of the sky, resembling the girlish beauty, slender and stately with fair-haired braids, light-eyed, delight the eye and soul.
Card #9
1 option
Copy the text, placing and graphically explaining the missing punctuation marks and letters.
Birch is a nice Russian tree. Watching in the forest, I realized that birch is truly a peasant tree; it has everything and a calico shawl and a white (n, nn) hut and a Russian stove ... and a canvas ... shirt and even milk that is drunk all over the earth.
Looking ... wading into a birch forest at a break (n, n) its trunks you remember ... callused peasant hands deftly doing any hard work ...
And young birch trees, thin, straight, as if on ts ... buds, pr ... rising to the spring dome of the sky, resembling the girlish beauty, slender and stately with fair-haired braids, light-eyed, delight the eye and soul.
Card #9
1 option
Copy the text, placing and graphically explaining the missing punctuation marks and letters.
Birch is a nice Russian tree. Watching in the forest, I realized that birch is truly a peasant tree; it has everything and a calico shawl and a white (n, nn) hut and a Russian stove ... and a canvas ... shirt and even milk that is drunk all over the earth.
Looking ... wading into a birch forest at a break (n, n) its trunks you remember ... callused peasant hands deftly doing any hard work ...
And young birch trees, thin, straight, as if on ts ... buds, pr ... rising to the spring dome of the sky, resembling the girlish beauty, slender and stately with fair-haired braids, light-eyed, delight the eye and soul.
Card #9
1 option
Copy the text, placing and graphically explaining the missing punctuation marks and letters.
Birch is a nice Russian tree. Watching in the forest, I realized that birch is truly a peasant tree; it has everything and a calico shawl and a white (n, nn) hut and a Russian stove ... and a canvas ... shirt and even milk that is drunk all over the earth.
Looking ... wading into a birch forest at a break (n, n) its trunks you remember ... callused peasant hands deftly doing any hard work ...
And young birch trees, thin, straight, as if on ts ... buds, pr ... rising to the spring dome of the sky, resembling the girlish beauty, slender and stately with fair-haired braids, light-eyed, delight the eye and soul.
Card #9
1 option
Copy the text, placing and graphically explaining the missing punctuation marks and letters.
Birch is a nice Russian tree. Watching in the forest, I realized that birch is truly a peasant tree; it has everything and a calico shawl and a white (n, nn) hut and a Russian stove ... and a canvas ... shirt and even milk that is drunk all over the earth.
Looking ... wading into a birch forest at a break (n, n) its trunks you remember ... callused peasant hands deftly doing any hard work ...
And young birch trees, thin, straight, as if on ts ... buds, pr ... rising to the spring dome of the sky, resembling the girlish beauty, slender and stately with fair-haired braids, light-eyed, delight the eye and soul.
Card #9
1 option
Copy the text, placing and graphically explaining the missing punctuation marks and letters.
Birch is a nice Russian tree. Watching in the forest, I realized that birch is truly a peasant tree; it has everything and a calico shawl and a white (n, nn) hut and a Russian stove ... and a canvas ... shirt and even milk that is drunk all over the earth.
Looking ... wading into a birch forest at a break (n, n) its trunks you remember ... callused peasant hands deftly doing any hard work ...
And young birch trees, thin, straight, as if on ts ... buds, pr ... rising to the spring dome of the sky, resembling the girlish beauty, slender and stately with fair-haired braids, light-eyed, delight the eye and soul.
Card #9
1 option
Copy the text, placing and graphically explaining the missing punctuation marks and letters.
Birch is a nice Russian tree. Watching in the forest, I realized that birch is truly a peasant tree; it has everything and a calico shawl and a white (n, nn) hut and a Russian stove ... and a canvas ... shirt and even milk that is drunk all over the earth.
Looking ... wading into a birch forest at a break (n, n) its trunks you remember ... callused peasant hands deftly doing any hard work ...
And young birch trees, thin, straight, as if on ts ... buds, pr ... rising to the spring dome of the sky, resembling the girlish beauty, slender and stately with fair-haired braids, light-eyed, delight the eye and soul.
Card #9
1 option
Copy the text, placing and graphically explaining the missing punctuation marks and letters.
Birch is a nice Russian tree. Watching in the forest, I realized that birch is truly a peasant tree; it has everything and a calico shawl and a white (n, nn) hut and a Russian stove ... and a canvas ... shirt and even milk that is drunk all over the earth.
Looking ... wading into a birch forest at a break (n, n) its trunks you remember ... callused peasant hands deftly doing any hard work ...
And young birch trees, thin, straight, as if on ts ... buds, pr ... rising to the spring dome of the sky, resembling the girlish beauty, slender and stately with fair-haired braids, light-eyed, delight the eye and soul.
Card number 10
Option 2
Copy the text, placing and graphically explaining the missing punctuation marks and letters.
Card number 10
Option 2
Copy the text, placing and graphically explaining the missing punctuation marks and letters.
Pine forests are real windbreakers. They pines meet any storm with dignity, immediately entering into a fight with the raging elements. Having drunk from the heavy wind, having nourished all its needles with it, the pine tree gently sways ... does not bow ... falling lower and lower. Wed ... huddled to the last. The whole forest is shaking, and the tops are either ... grinning (in) down, then climbing ... taya (in) up are leading a r ... shackle (n, nn) game from which it takes ... breath.
And it often happens ... that a pine tree so magnificent in a desperate (n, nn) buildup (not) will resist collapse ... t (on) cleanly tearing itself out of the soil to the last. The tree that died in the battle reminds me of a soldier who fell in the attack.
Card number 10
Option 2
Copy the text, placing and graphically explaining the missing punctuation marks and letters.
Pine forests are real windbreakers. They pines meet any storm with dignity, immediately entering into a fight with the raging elements. Having drunk from the heavy wind, having nourished all its needles with it, the pine tree gently sways ... does not bow ... falling lower and lower. Wed ... huddled to the last. The whole forest is shaking, and the tops are either ... grinning (in) down, then climbing ... taya (in) up are leading a r ... shackle (n, nn) game from which it takes ... breath.
And it often happens ... that a pine tree so magnificent in a desperate (n, nn) buildup (not) will resist collapse ... t (on) cleanly tearing itself out of the soil to the last. The tree that died in the battle reminds me of a soldier who fell in the attack.
Card number 10
Option 2
Copy the text, placing and graphically explaining the missing punctuation marks and letters.
Pine forests are real windbreakers. They pines meet any storm with dignity, immediately entering into a fight with the raging elements. Having drunk from the heavy wind, having nourished all its needles with it, the pine tree gently sways ... does not bow ... falling lower and lower. Wed ... huddled to the last. The whole forest is shaking, and the tops are either ... grinning (in) down, then climbing ... taya (in) up are leading a r ... shackle (n, nn) game from which it takes ... breath.
And it often happens ... that a pine tree so magnificent in a desperate (n, nn) buildup (not) will resist collapse ... t (on) cleanly tearing itself out of the soil to the last. The tree that died in the battle reminds me of a soldier who fell in the attack.
Card number 10
Option 2
Copy the text, placing and graphically explaining the missing punctuation marks and letters.
Pine forests are real windbreakers. They pines meet any storm with dignity, immediately entering into a fight with the raging elements. Having drunk from the heavy wind, having nourished all its needles with it, the pine tree gently sways ... does not bow ... falling lower and lower. Wed ... huddled to the last. The whole forest is shaking, and the tops are either ... grinning (in) down, then climbing ... taya (in) up are leading a r ... shackle (n, nn) game from which it takes ... breath.
And it often happens ... that a pine tree so magnificent in a desperate (n, nn) buildup (not) will resist collapse ... t (on) cleanly tearing itself out of the soil to the last. The tree that died in the battle reminds me of a soldier who fell in the attack.
Card number 10
Option 2
Copy the text, placing and graphically explaining the missing punctuation marks and letters.
Pine forests are real windbreakers. They pines meet any storm with dignity, immediately entering into a fight with the raging elements. Having drunk from the heavy wind, having nourished all its needles with it, the pine tree gently sways ... does not bow ... falling lower and lower. Wed ... huddled to the last. The whole forest is shaking, and the tops are either ... grinning (in) down, then climbing ... taya (in) up are leading a r ... shackle (n, nn) game from which it takes ... breath.
And it often happens ... that a pine tree so magnificent in a desperate (n, nn) buildup (not) will resist collapse ... t (on) cleanly tearing itself out of the soil to the last. The tree that died in the battle reminds me of a soldier who fell in the attack.
Card number 10
Option 2
Copy the text, placing and graphically explaining the missing punctuation marks and letters.
Pine forests are real windbreakers. They pines meet any storm with dignity, immediately entering into a fight with the raging elements. Having drunk from the heavy wind, having nourished all its needles with it, the pine tree gently sways ... does not bow ... falling lower and lower. Wed ... huddled to the last. The whole forest is shaking, and the tops are either ... grinning (in) down, then climbing ... taya (in) up are leading a r ... shackle (n, nn) game from which it takes ... breath.
And it often happens ... that a pine tree so magnificent in a desperate (n, nn) buildup (not) will resist collapse ... t (on) cleanly tearing itself out of the soil to the last. The tree that died in the battle reminds me of a soldier who fell in the attack.
Card number 10
Option 2
Copy the text, placing and graphically explaining the missing punctuation marks and letters.
Pine forests are real windbreakers. They pines meet any storm with dignity, immediately entering into a fight with the raging elements. Having drunk from the heavy wind, having nourished all its needles with it, the pine tree gently sways ... does not bow ... falling lower and lower. Wed ... huddled to the last. The whole forest is shaking, and the tops are either ... grinning (in) down, then climbing ... taya (in) up are leading a r ... shackle (n, nn) game from which it takes ... breath.
And it often happens ... that a pine tree so magnificent in a desperate (n, nn) buildup (not) will resist collapse ... t (on) cleanly tearing itself out of the soil to the last. The tree that died in the battle reminds me of a soldier who fell in the attack.
Card number 10
Option 2
Copy the text, placing and graphically explaining the missing punctuation marks and letters.
Pine forests are real windbreakers. They pines meet any storm with dignity, immediately entering into a fight with the raging elements. Having drunk from the heavy wind, having nourished all its needles with it, the pine tree gently sways ... does not bow ... falling lower and lower. Wed ... huddled to the last. The whole forest is shaking, and the tops are either ... grinning (in) down, then climbing ... taya (in) up are leading a r ... shackle (n, nn) game from which it takes ... breath.
And it often happens ... that a pine tree so magnificent in a desperate (n, nn) buildup (not) will resist collapse ... t (on) cleanly tearing itself out of the soil to the last. The tree that died in the battle reminds me of a soldier who fell in the attack.
Card number 10
Option 2
Copy the text, placing and graphically explaining the missing punctuation marks and letters.
Pine forests are real windbreakers. They pines meet any storm with dignity, immediately entering into a fight with the raging elements. Having drunk from the heavy wind, having nourished all its needles with it, the pine tree gently sways ... does not bow ... falling lower and lower. Wed ... huddled to the last. The whole forest is shaking, and the tops are either ... grinning (in) down, then climbing ... taya (in) up are leading a r ... shackle (n, nn) game from which it takes ... breath.
And it often happens ... that a pine tree so magnificent in a desperate (n, nn) buildup (not) will resist collapse ... t (on) cleanly tearing itself out of the soil to the last. The tree that died in the battle reminds me of a soldier who fell in the attack.
Card number 10
Option 2
Copy the text, placing and graphically explaining the missing punctuation marks and letters.
Pine forests are real windbreakers. They pines meet any storm with dignity, immediately entering into a fight with the raging elements. Having drunk from the heavy wind, having nourished all its needles with it, the pine tree gently sways ... does not bow ... falling lower and lower. Wed ... huddled to the last. The whole forest is shaking, and the tops are either ... grinning (in) down, then climbing ... taya (in) up are leading a r ... shackle (n, nn) game from which it takes ... breath.
And it often happens ... that a pine tree so magnificent in a desperate (n, nn) buildup (not) will resist collapse ... t (on) cleanly tearing itself out of the soil to the last. The tree that died in the battle reminds me of a soldier who fell in the attack.
Card number 10
Option 2
Copy the text, placing and graphically explaining the missing punctuation marks and letters.
Pine forests are real windbreakers. They pines meet any storm with dignity, immediately entering into a fight with the raging elements. Having drunk from the heavy wind, having nourished all its needles with it, the pine tree gently sways ... does not bow ... falling lower and lower. Wed ... huddled to the last. The whole forest is shaking, and the tops are either ... grinning (in) down, then climbing ... taya (in) up are leading a r ... shackle (n, nn) game from which it takes ... breath.
And it often happens ... that a pine tree so magnificent in a desperate (n, nn) buildup (not) will resist collapse ... t (on) cleanly tearing itself out of the soil to the last. The tree that died in the battle reminds me of a soldier who fell in the attack.
Card number 10
Option 2
Copy the text, placing and graphically explaining the missing punctuation marks and letters.
Pine forests are real windbreakers. They pines meet any storm with dignity, immediately entering into a fight with the raging elements. Having drunk from the heavy wind, having nourished all its needles with it, the pine tree gently sways ... does not bow ... falling lower and lower. Wed ... huddled to the last. The whole forest is shaking, and the tops are either ... grinning (in) down, then climbing ... taya (in) up are leading a r ... shackle (n, nn) game from which it takes ... breath.
And it often happens ... that a pine tree so magnificent in a desperate (n, nn) buildup (not) will resist collapse ... t (on) cleanly tearing itself out of the soil to the last. The tree that died in the battle reminds me of a soldier who fell in the attack.
Card number 10
Option 2
Copy the text, placing and graphically explaining the missing punctuation marks and letters.
Pine forests are real windbreakers. They pines meet any storm with dignity, immediately entering into a fight with the raging elements. Having drunk from the heavy wind, having nourished all its needles with it, the pine tree gently sways ... does not bow ... falling lower and lower. Wed ... huddled to the last. The whole forest is shaking, and the tops are either ... grinning (in) down, then climbing ... taya (in) up are leading a r ... shackle (n, nn) game from which it takes ... breath.
And it often happens ... that a pine tree so magnificent in a desperate (n, nn) buildup (not) will resist collapse ... t (on) cleanly tearing itself out of the soil to the last. The tree that died in the battle reminds me of a soldier who fell in the attack.
Card number 10
Option 2
Copy the text, placing and graphically explaining the missing punctuation marks and letters.
Pine forests are real windbreakers. They pines meet any storm with dignity, immediately entering into a fight with the raging elements. Having drunk from the heavy wind, having nourished all its needles with it, the pine tree gently sways ... does not bow ... falling lower and lower. Wed ... huddled to the last. The whole forest is shaking, and the tops are either ... grinning (in) down, then climbing ... taya (in) up are leading a r ... shackle (n, nn) game from which it takes ... breath.
And it often happens ... that a pine tree so magnificent in a desperate (n, nn) buildup (not) will resist collapse ... t (on) cleanly tearing itself out of the soil to the last. The tree that died in the battle reminds me of a soldier who fell in the attack.
Card number 11
Place the missing punctuation marks, graphically explain the choice.
On June 6, our country celebrates Pushkin's birthday. The biggest holiday happens in the Pskov region in the Pushkin mountains and Mikhailovsky. Thousands of people come here to the shores of the blue Soroti.
The center of the holiday is a huge glade next to the house (museum) of the poet. All students and schoolchildren, writers and artists, come to bow to Pushkin.
Find a sentence in the text that matches this pattern:
Where? Where exactly?
-.-.-.-.-. , -.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-. , ========= _______ -.-.-.-.-.-.-.-
Using the content of the text, make up a sentence corresponding to the scheme:
When? When exactly?
-.-.-.-.-. , -.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- , ________ ========= -.-.-.-.-.-.-.-
Card number 12
Insert a clarifying circumstance in place of the ellipsis, then a circumstance that is homogeneous in relation to the previous circumstance (without conjunctions), then a circumstance of a different kind.
Sample. Above the meadow ... fog rose. - Over the meadow, in the lowland, a fog has risen. Fog rose over the meadow, over the field. Fog rose over the meadow in the evening.
On our shore ... several bright red lights were burning in all directions.
On Saturdays ... there are drama club classes.
Card #13
Analyze an excerpt from A.P. Chekhov's story "Letter to a learned neighbor" from the words You wrote an essay... to words... fit in the stomach than in the head.
Analyzing the text, pay attention to what words and expressions used by the author violate the unity of style; determine what caused this violation. Is it appropriate to use segregations here?
Card #14
Make this description more specific by introducing separate definitions and circumstances into it.
Spring came this year early, friendly and - as always in Polesie - unexpected. Brooks ran through the streets; the sky with clouds was reflected in the puddles of water; drops rained down from the roofs. The sparrows screamed so loudly and excitedly that nothing could be heard behind their cry. Everywhere was the anxiety of life.
The snow has come down. The ground peeked out from under him. A light park curled over the fields. It seemed to me that along with the aroma, spring sadness poured into my soul ... - poetic sadness of regret about past springs. The nights got warmer; in their dense, damp darkness one could feel the invisible hasty creative work of nature.
Card #15
Question number 1.
1). Fill in the missing letters, explain the spelling of the words.
Application ... burning, vyp ... sti, to ... sleep, m ... kat, rave ... rave, sk ... kat, r ... vnina, for nothing, collect ... army, utter ... speak, bl ... diligent, pl ... vets, deputy ... army, r ... stock, composition ... tanya
2) . Determine the types of subordination in phrases: heavy rain, met for the first time, a portrait of a writer, then a tree, began to read, a flying ball, a house of sand, answered a friend, your house, run fast, acted in your own way, silver ball, answered thinking, flurry fire.
Question number 2.
1)
Pch ... lka, kryzh ... penetrated, burn ... sh, penny ... vyy, cloak ... m, carried away ... ny, kumach ... vyy, cheap ... vyy, bake ... sh, well ... hard, hare ... nok, shapch ... nka, funny ... n, total ..., young ... us.
2 ). Explain the presence or absence of a dash in a simple sentence.
The speech culture of a person is a mirror of his spiritual life. Reading is the best teaching. The word is not an arrow. But sharper than arrows. The book is a source of knowledge. An affectionate word that spring day. Knowledge is a tool, not a goal. She is a famous actress. Live to serve the Motherland. The height of Elbrus is five thousand six forty two meters. He is a corruption, he is a plague, he is an ulcer of these places.
Question number 3.
1). Fill in the missing letters, explain the spelling of the words:
Be ... order, in ... action, ra ... look, and ... dug, in ... fill, be ... tasty, ra ... break, over ... dimensional, through ... a strip, s ... bitten,
Neither ... fall, nor ... plunge, into ... be proud, ra ... laugh, into ... click.
2) Define the types of one-part sentences.
It got warmer. The doorbell rang. I love the storm in early May. Autumn. Not well. Cars are being driven along the road. We're going to sea tomorrow. Night. It's getting light. Admire the beauty of lilies of the valley. Let's go to the forest. Freezes.
Question number 4.
1) Fill in the missing letters, explain the spelling of the words:
Baked (n, nn) th potatoes, silver (n, nn) th, u (n, nn) th, fill (n, nn) s, wind (n, nn) th, SOBR a (n, nn) th, elm (n, nn) crochet, geese (n, nn) th, skin (n, nn) th, no wind (n, nn) th, fog (n, nn) th, nightingales (n, nn) th, autumn (n, nn) th, conceived (n, nn) oh, gly (n, nn) yany
2) determine the types of predicates.
He continues to practice. The blizzard was terrible. The wind seemed warm. Vladimir began to get very worried. The girl stopped crying. Tulips continue to grow. We were sitting on the river bank. Wet snow melts. No sun. Birds sing loudly. He is my good friend.
Question number 5.
1) Fill in the missing letters, explain the spelling of the words:
Breathe ... sh, he rub ... t, they look ... t, he is that ... t, steal ... sh, they chase ... t, he holds ... t, he breaks ... t, he sways ... tsya, they damn ... t, he smears ... t, hear ... my, prickly ... shchi, sight ... shchi. Tolerant ... shchy, brah ... shchy, reading .. May,
2)
The river was deep and wide. The mountain range consisting of many ridges is visible from afar. Pushkin the great Russian poet created many masterpieces. The city flooded with light can be seen below. Having rounded a high cape, the steamer entered the bay. Clouds are rising. Despite a strong storm, the ships went to sea. Cheerful and happy, he glowed with joy.
Question number 6.
Fill in the missing letters, explain the spelling of the words:
Lie down ..., sword ..., go ..., cut off ... those, fresh ..., powerful ..., wide open ..., boundary ..., surprised ... xia, odorous ..., eat ..., extract ..., trifle ..., other ..., married ..., hot ...
2) Determine the belonging of the word to a particular group (by meaning, use), name the artistic means.
Smile, laugh, laugh; Lies can be good or bad; a diplomat is a diplomat;
Veche, boyar, guardsman; Poles (black grouse), letyanina (game)
Question number 7.
1) . Merged or separate. Explain.
(not) painted floor, (not) painted floor, (not) responding, (not) affectionate, (not) collected in advance, (not) easy, not at all (not) kind, not at all (not) evil, (not) disclosed, (not) wide, but narrow, (not) true, already (not) in time, (not) hidden from the rain.
2) .Put punctuation marks, explain. According to the newspapers, the relay race is cancelled. In my opinion, the matter is clear. Luckily, there was sadness. Fortunately, everything ended well. First, don't rush. Second, don't get distracted. Thus, the meaning of what has been said is the development of character. Indeed, stones come in different hardness.
Question number 8.
1). Explain the hyphen or its absence.
Some () who, half () watermelon, half () of the year, in (fifths), act as () as before,
anyone(), dark() brow, floor() of Moscow, dark() blue, where()or, floor(lamps), railway() road, chess() checkerboard, like()then, a little() a bit.
2). Place punctuation marks and explain them.
The sun shines and warms and caresses. Small spool but precious. The subbotnik was attended by both adults and children. Snow lay everywhere on the road on the rooftops in the trees. Spring has come not only to the forest but also to the city. Air, sun and water all this strengthens health. Raindrops thumped or drummed loudly.
Question number 9.
1) .
To whom (n ...) Rostov addressed, (n ...) who could not answer him.
No matter how much (n ...) to look at the sea, it (n ...) when it does not get bored.
What only he (n ...) did, how (n ...) he tried, (n ...) (c) which side he could not bypass the swamp.
(N ...) where in the sky (n ...) clouds. On (n ...) how many trees (n ...) leaves.
2) .Put punctuation marks and explain them.
A cool breeze blew and last year's leaf rustled. The sun went down and it began to get dark. The last shadows merged and the impenetrable darkness thickened. The meeting ended, but people did not disperse for a long time. A bird will fly by or an animal will crackle with a branch. The moon had not yet appeared in the sky, but it was still possible to distinguish the paths of the garden.
Question number 10.
1). Fill in the missing letters, explain.
Work (in) a month ... two days, note unexpected changes (in) during ... illness; walk (in) the continuation ... of the winter season, find reflection (in the continuation ... of the film; say (in) the conclusion ... speeches, be (in) the conclusion ...; (in) the investigation ... sue, participate (in) the investigation ... in the case
2) Place punctuation marks and explain them.
Sintsov could not find out for a long time when the train to Minsk would leave. When the figure of Seryozhka appeared against the background of one of the windows, it seemed to him that someone would now see him. The coachman Trofim told my father that the road had become difficult and we could not reach the village before dark. After many years of separation, I again saw a garden in which several happy days of childhood flashed by. The bear fell in love with Nikita so much that when he went somewhere the beast sniffed the air anxiously.
Question 11.
1). Fill in the missing letters, explain.
Stirred, re-glued, plastered, flooded, ... frozen, interrupted ... frozen, arrogant ... talking, talking ... waving, bush ... waving, considering ... waving, sticking ... waving, peeping ... waving, seeing ... ny, hearing ... ny, talkative ... vyy, envy ... wat.
2) . Place punctuation marks and explain them.
The river overflowed, the spring was friendly. The sun shines brightly, fast lizards, sparkling with sparkles, bathe in its rays. Morning will come and we'll be on our way. There was a loud noise, the roar of trains, the noise of locomotives. An evil blizzard swoops in; a white shawl falls on the shoulders of the trees. Love to ride, love to carry sleds.
Question number 12.
1) . Determine how the following words are formed.
Darken, connect, icebreaker, ice cream (delicious), little book, classic poet, thin, interlocutor, frost, claim, development, refusal, still, development, whispered, in his own way, decree.
2) .Perform morphological analysis of the noun and adjective.
With a friend. Warm (day).
Question number 13.
1)
INTO THE DARKNESSED…M AIR…, FROM THE GREENING…THE GROVE…, INTO THE FADE…M FLAMES…, ON autumn ... th alley ... shining ... with a lantern, smoking ... the distance, on the blackened ... floor ..., in silver ... hoarfrost ..., in a difficult ... situation ..., in the opening ... of the planetarium ..., oh unpleasant ... false ... , oh loving ... m friend ..., on the alley ... m banners ...
2 ) Determine the types of speech.
Question number 14.
1) Perform morphological analysis of the verb.
(fog) spreads
2). Define speech styles.
This manual is a printed handout on basic rules of spelling and punctuation, containing, along with practical tasks, control exercises and systematized theoretical information, as well as a list of vocabulary words used in tests.
The structure of the document suggests flexible system for adjusting the proposed material with the possibility of changing, adding, deleting; complete set of multivariate(depending on the conditions of the event) package cards; seal generated package.
The proposed course includes 40 topics and is designed for 68 hours. For ease of use and paper saving, two pages are supposed to be printed on one A4 sheet.
Focused on a comprehensive repetition of what was studied in grades V-IX, the proposed manual helps to consolidate, systematize and generalize the knowledge gained. Schematically outlined rules, exercises included in the course program can be used to form multi-level cards, slides and other handouts and demonstration material both in the classroom and in extracurricular activities. Topics and exercises grouped on double-sided sheets are also convenient for individual lessons.
Modern Russian language textbooks for high school do not always include a list of vocabulary words that are used in abundance in the exam, so at the beginning of the year I offer each student a list of words (systematically updated), from which I subsequently form vocabulary dictations.
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On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
Repetition of spelling and punctuation.
This material is the development of a Russian language lesson in grade 6 on the topic "Repetition of spelling and punctuation." The summary is designed so that just download, take and conduct a lesson!...
Lesson objectives: Educational: generalization and systematization of students' knowledge of spellings (A13 - A17) included in the Unified State Examination in the Russian language. Developing: development of spelling vigilance, creativity ...
Use of a paragraph
A paragraph, or rather a paragraph indent, can be considered a punctuation mark, since the paragraph division of the text, as well as the use of punctuation marks in written speech, serves the same purpose - to convey to the reader the author's text in accordance with its content. - this is a signal for a kind of pause that organizes reading. A text that is not divided into paragraphs is difficult to perceive; the logical and semantic connections between individual sentences and pieces of text are not immediately caught. Paragraph division pursues a common goal - to highlight significant parts of the text. However, parts of the text can be selected with different target settings, respectively, the functions of the paragraph are different.
A paragraph can be a purely formal means of distinguishing between the replicas of different persons in dialogical speech (replicas are indicated by a dash):
Andrey suddenly sensed how a barely perceptible, awkward thing moved towards Sablin. It was somehow new. He asked:
Did they live together?
Who? Sonya asked.
Spouses Prozorovsky(Trif.).
In official business documents, where the presentation is strictly subject to the logic of the material, in order to clearly highlight details that are equally important, a paragraph can break even a separate sentence. Paragraph division of a separate sentence is possible only if there are a number of syntactically homogeneous and thematically related components that ensure consistent disclosure of the general theme, which is announced in the first part of the sentence. This is typical for texts of laws, regulations, instructions, reference books, descriptions of scientific experiments, etc. For example, paragraphs break a number of common homogeneous sentence members in such an official text: The tasks of state arbitration bodies are: ensuring the protection of the rights and legally protected interests of enterprises, institutions and organizations in resolving economic disputes; active influence in resolving economic disputes on enterprises, institutions and organizations ...
However, usually a paragraph includes several sentences. They can be combined on different grounds, and in accordance with this, a paragraph can perform different functions - logical-semantic, expressive-emotional, accentuated-highlighting, compositional.
The most common function of a paragraph is logical-semantic, i.e. a paragraph divides the text into logically and meaningfully united parts. This is how official business, scientific, popular science, educational texts are drawn up:
Man learns not only from man. Learn from everything, all your life.
Here is a birch on the bank slope of the Poksha River. In high water, icy water covers it almost to the tops, sharp broken ice floes hit hard on the trunk, which is about to be cut, pushed or injured. She's holding on. Having endured everything, it is decorated in time with green foliage, and earrings, and the whiteness of the bark, take a closer look. In summer, in its shadow, cast over the river, squints bask, perch like to take a nap.
I love this birch for its quiet courage.
The fire fox fell into a trap - death. She gnawed on iron, fought, twitched desperately, tore off her hind leg, broken by a trap. Cripple. But she broke free. Lives ... Now on Zaitsevsky, then on the Pepper Pope I meet her. I even know where the hole in which I brought out four foxes ...
The gray song thrush stayed to winter - got sick? Who knows. In winter, he flies to the apiary and pecks at Uncle Kostya's frozen rowan berries. Magpies do not accept him and jackdaws drive. One on one was left with the winter. And he endured everything. And now, when the sun has become brighter, he has become agitated, murmuring songs - he will not wait for his own.
And the wind teaches us, it is either resolute, or uncompromising, or affectionate. And the sun teaches: with its eternal kindness.
How many teachers do we have?
(V. Bocharnikov)
In literary texts, especially in narrative and descriptive texts, the paragraph also helps with logical and semantic division: paragraphs outline a consistent transition from one topic to another. Such a division into paragraphs increases the tension of the text, gives it rhythmic clarity and rigor. For example:
The regiment retreated for the second day. Slowly, with fighting, but retreated. The convoys of the Russian and Romanian army stretched along elevated dirt roads. The united Austro-German units covered the retreating by a deep flank bypass, trying to close the ring.
By evening, it became known that the 12th regiment and the Romanian brigade next to it were threatened with encirclement. The enemy at sunset drove the Romanians out of the village of Hovineski and had already advanced to the height of "480", which borders on the Golshsky pass.
At night, the 12th regiment, reinforced by a battery / sleepy-mountain division, received an order to take up positions in the lower reaches of the Holsh valley. The regiment, posting outposts, prepared for an oncoming battle.
That night, Mishka Koshevoy and his farmer, the chumpy Alexei Beshnyak, were in secret. They hid in an archway near an abandoned collapsed well, breathing in the air rarefied by frost...
(M. Sholokhov)
The first sentences of the paragraphs here formulate a new idea, and the subsequent ones specify or develop their content. If you “stretch” the first sentences of paragraphs built according to the logical and semantic principle, you get a short retelling of the main content of the passage:
The regiment retreated for the second day.
By evening, it became known that the 12th regiment and the Romanian brigade next to it were threatened with encirclement.
At night, the 12th regiment, reinforced by a battery of a horse-mountain division, received an order to take up positions in the lower reaches of the Holsh valley.
That night, Mishka Koshevoy and his farmer, the chumpy Alexei Beshnyak, were in secret.
The functions of a paragraph in a literary text are much more diverse and wider than in other types of written texts. The emotionally expressive structure of a work of art is no less important than the content itself. That is why here a paragraph can break the logical and semantic thread of the narrative and serve the purpose of influencing the reader's emotions, his psychological perception. For example, in this passage, the paragraph I cried ... violates the semantic articulation of the text and serves as a bright highlighting tool:
And she vividly, with amazing clarity, for the first time in all these thirteen years, imagined her mother, father, brother, an apartment in Moscow, an aquarium with fish and everything to the last detail, she suddenly heard the piano playing, her father’s voice, she felt herself, as then, young, beautiful, smart, in a bright, warm room, in the circle of relatives; a feeling of joy and happiness suddenly seized her, with delight she pressed her hands to her temples and called out tenderly, with a plea:
And she cried for no reason.
(A. Chekhov)
In the next passage, the paragraph also breaks the smooth flow of thought, separating pieces of text that are rigidly connected in meaning in order to enhance its emotional qualities ( just for that...; not only for that...):
You can write a lot more about the Meshchersky region. It can be written that this region is very rich in forests and peat, hay and potatoes, milk and berries. But I don't write about it on purpose. Should we really love our land only because it is rich, that it gives abundant harvests and that its natural forces can be used for our well-being!
Not only for this we love our native places. We love them also because, even if they are not rich, they are beautiful for us.
I love the Meshchersky region because it is beautiful, although all its charm is not revealed immediately, but very slowly, gradually.
(K. Paustovsky)
The smooth flow of the narrative, achieved with the logical and semantic division of the text into paragraphs, is also violated if the paragraph plays the role of a kind of accent. The function of the paragraph here is accentuated. Particularly effective is the technique of highlighting repetitive syntactic constructions in separate paragraphs. The same beginning of each of the subsequent paragraphs creates a rigid rhythm:
There is such an inner self-confidence when a person can do everything.
He can almost instantly write such verses that descendants will repeat them for several centuries.
He can contain in his mind all the thoughts and dreams of the world in order to distribute them to the first comers and never regret it for a minute.
He can see and hear magical things where no one notices them: a silver stump on a moonlit night, the sound of the air, a sky that looks like an old sea chart. He can come up with many amazing stories.
Approximately the same state experienced now Lermontov. He was calm and happy. But not only love Shcherbatova. Reason said that love can wither in separation. He was happy with his thoughts, their strength, breadth, their plans, the all-pervading presence of poetry.
(K. Paustovsky)
This division into paragraphs enhances the impact of the artistic form on perception.
The accentuated division of the text usually accompanies the logical and semantic division, since homogeneous parts of a thematically related segment of the text are accentuated:
This is how chairman Tynaliev, a stern and reserved man, walked around in his unchanging army gray overcoat, in which, of course, he was cold, in a gray earflap, with a worried, pointed face, while he himself was still young, lopsided, with missing ribs, with an inseparable field bag on the side...
This is how chairman Tynaliev spoke, standing at the school blackboard with a geographical map, near the very map on which people managed to place all the lands and seas, including such wonderful warm countries as Ceylon, Java, Sumatra, Australia, where you can live in pleasure and spit on the ceiling...
This is how the chairman Tynaliev spoke at the school, which was heated with straw, from which there is more rubbish on the floor than heat. And when he said that it was necessary to raise an additional hundred hectares of spring crops for the front in distant Aksai, steam came from his mouth, as if in the yard ...
That's what Chairman Tynaliev said...
(Ch. Aitmatov)
A paragraph designed for active emotional perception is especially typical for journalism, oratory, which are characterized by tense intonations, with increasing tempo and tone.
The specificity of dividing the text into paragraphs is determined by the different nature of the impact on the reader: for texts designed only for intellectual perception, indicative logical and semantic paragraphs built according to the thematic principle (a new paragraph reveals a new micro-topic); for texts that provide not only intellectual, but also emotional perception - paragraphs accent-excretory and expressive. The author's manner of organizing the text through paragraph division is also important. The amount of text between paragraph indents in different texts is different; and this is due to many reasons: the genre features of the work, its functional and stylistic affiliation, stylistic tonality, the overall volume of the work, its purpose, the author's manner of presentation, etc. Although even under these conditions, general patterns of text construction are manifested, the violation of which is perceived as a result of insufficient thoughtfulness of its design. For example: She [Corinna Biel] she decides to open the most hidden corners of this woman’s heart and tell - again with a large dose of irony, but in fact self-irony - about the love (real, invented, seeming or dreaming - it doesn’t matter) that she met in such a distant Russia for her.
Distant, but since childhood living in her dreams and dreams. From an early age, she dreamed of holding a real nesting doll in her hands, and when this wish comes true, the “old lady” enthusiastically lays it out in her hotel room.(gaz.) - the general principle of paragraph articulation is violated here. The second paragraph begins with a definition that is artificially divorced from the word being defined in front of it. This paragraph could carry an expressive charge if the following sentence was not pulled up to this definition (From an early age ...). Such a combination of thematically different messages in one paragraph violates the structural and semantic integrity of the text.
Exercise 75. Analyze the paragraph division of the text: set the function of paragraphs (logical-semantic, compositional, highlighting-accent). Suggest another variant of paragraph articulation. How will your choice differ? What nuances of the text will he emphasize?
A sophomore student looked from the capital for a week or two at his parents' house, missing his intelligent and even refined comfort, in addition, he looked here not without a purpose - he wanted to look at his father, mother, listen to them, and finally decide a serious question: who should he still be? What is the final specialty?
So he listened to his parents very carefully, no matter what the conversation was between them.
The father was sure that his son should follow in his footsteps, that is, become a lawyer, should leave the Faculty of Natural and Mathematical before it was too late. The father was generally a supporter of strict continuity in the choice of lifestyle and activities and said that “culture is the experience of generations”, his favorite music was Bachs and Strauss, and his favorite reading was the novels of father and son Dumas. Mother...
Kornilov the son could remember much more about her, at her insistence he graduated not from the gymnasium, but from the real school, and now she was leading her own line.
You can spend a year or two on the Faculty of Natural Mathematics, but what kind of craft is this? she asked. - Traveler - that's a specialty! Traveler first, and then we'll see!
Kornilov understood that the whole thing would be “seen” in this very thing: in the mind of the mother, the object of her adoration invariably lived - the engineer Mikhailovsky, who later became the writer Garin, famous throughout Russia.
Garin-Mikhailovsky was also a samarium, he was a countryman, but a happy example is seductive, if, moreover, he is very, very close by?!
The son stands, leaning his shoulder against the jamb of the huge door of his father's office, which is wide open on both sides, listening to the conversation of his parents about the victory of Colonel Bondarin in the battle on the Shakhe River, and at the same time about Nekrasov's poetry, listens and thinks: “A lawyer? Traveler? Natural? But he cannot answer, he does not know the answer, and some reason is needed to find out.
(S. Zalygin)
Exercise 76. Break the text into paragraphs. Justify your chosen principle of division.
I'm afraid to reread Gaidar. This fear is not akin to the fear of re-reading, say, Dumas or Mark Twain: what if you don't like it? This is different: what if my today's, adult interlocutors, for whom Gaidar, the writer, is too military, turn out to be right? And it's true, wherever you look - at "The Fate of the Drummer" or "Timur", at "School" or at any other story, story, passage - everywhere you pull gunpowder, gun oil, the smoke of a mysterious explosion flows over the forest, everywhere or the memory of the most important thing that happened in the past, or thoughts about the most important thing that awaits in the future - about the war. And one of his most expensive, best things is called: “Military secret”. I wrote it, and only now I suddenly realized: but for me as a child, these two words were more terrible than any oath, more musical and charming than any song. "A military secret". ... I really wanted to have a secret, and a military one. Of course, Gaidar is a writer for future men, first of all, this is true, but is it only in the boys' eternal preoccupation with war games that there is a “chance” for Gaidar to stay? And does the question of Gaidar's disapprovers cancel this "chance"? Isn't the music of gun salvos and the romance of long-brimmed overcoats and commander's sabers outdated today, in the age of peaceful contacts and universal humanization? Yes question...
(B. Minaev)
The combination of punctuation marks and the sequence in their location
1. When meeting in interrogation and exclamation marks first, the main sign is placed, indicating the purpose of the statement - a question mark, and then - an exclamation mark as an indicator of the emotional coloring of the statement:
So, is it really impossible to interest anyone else? - Who?! - exclaimed Maxim (V. Sh.). At the meeting interrogative or exclamation point with an ellipsis, these signs are placed in place of the first point: - Well, what are they there? .. (V. Sh.); - Sit! Sit tight! .. - he cheerfully looked at his nephew, proud of him (V. Sh.). When expressing special emotionality, an exclamation mark can take all three positions: - Why did you hand over the drawings? - inquired the foreman.
And to whom!!! (V. Sh.).
When combining punctuation marks that form direct speech, they are arranged as follows: comma, dash; question or exclamation mark, dash; dot, dash; ellipsis, dash; colon, dash. For example: "I'm sorry, John," said Krymov with unrestrained determination.(Bond.); - Look, I'm throwing! - Naum threw an ax on the side of the road(V. Sh.); - Forward! Semyon shouted angrily and anxiously, pulling hard on the reins and flapping his elbows like a bird's wings. - Forward!(Ch.); - We are nothing ... - the little man was embarrassed(Ch.); - You see ... - Grinko spoke again pompously, then suddenly beckoned the girl to him and quietly - so that others did not hear, trustingly asked: - Actually, what's the matter?(V. Sh.).
When combining a dash with a comma in the middle of a sentence, a comma is first placed (the comma closes the front construction), then a dash: The path turned to the right, but, on the advice of the shepherd boy, he continued to walk along the mowed meadow until he came across a fence that went around the peasant gardens - he went on behind(F.).
When combining different punctuation marks with brackets, certain rules apply. There is no comma, semicolon, colon, dash before the opening or closing parenthesis. These characters are placed outside the closing bracket: Katya returned to Moscow, to that same Starokonyushenny Lane on the Arbat, to a mansion with a mezzanine (where at the beginning of the war Nikolai Ivanovich Smokovnikov moved from St. Petersburg with Dasha and where Katya returned from Paris), to the very room where on the sad day of Nikolai Ivanovich so hopelessly despondency thickened over Katya's life(A. T.); Nikolai Andreevich interpreted this speech as a sharp attack against the discussed reform of the secondary school, and Kurchevsky himself (when the teachers' council ended) - as a representative of the obsolete noble layer(Kav.).
Period, question and exclamation marks, ellipsis are placed before the closing bracket if they refer to the construction enclosed in brackets: I do not understand now: who is a stranger in this city - we or they? (He nodded towards the balcony of the mansion.) They don't want to listen to us anymore.(A. T.); He stopped in the middle of the slope, not understanding the meaning of the thin pleading cry of the backsling (“What is not needed? What is he talking about?”), And, angrily excited by the resistance of his team, which he never allowed in the platoon, he saw from above a glassy sheen on the shaky, spotted face Molochkova(Bond.).
A period, question mark, and exclamation mark in a sentence with an interstitial construction in the final position are placed after the closing bracket, that is, they refer to the entire sentence as a whole: He pointed to the key to the old woman's room, hanging on a nail in the smoky corridor, and slowly went to his room (to the former office of Nikolai Ivanovich)(A. T.); How nice it was in the field (the morning was just beginning)! The ellipsis that appeared before the opening bracket remains in its place: I will tell him not to take duties from crafts and smelting furnaces for ten years ... (Denisov raised his eyebrows)(A. T.).
When making plug-in design to a paragraph (an insert is not included in the sentence), all punctuation marks that appear at the end of the sentence before it are preserved. The end-of-sentence sign that ends the construction is placed before the closing bracket: And the day will come, even if you burst with vexation... (He again glanced anxiously at the note and crumpled it up.) I confess to you, comrades,(A. T.); Without knowing a person, it is impossible to trust, and even in such an important matter. Agree? (Roshin nodded.)(A. T.).
2. When punctuating writing, it is important to consider optimal combinations punctuation marks within complex syntactic constructions and even text segments. For example, according to the conditions of the context, a colon and a dash may appear in one complex sentence. When choosing punctuation marks and their location, one should take into account the semantic significance and possible mutual relations of signs. For example: And as soon as he fell asleep, he saw a dream that he had dreamed before: chains of Red Army soldiers were walking along a brown field, along a high stubble(Sh.) - in such a sentence, even taking into account the modern tendency to replace the colon with a dash in the meaning of clarification, this replacement is impossible, since there is a dash inside the sentence, and, if used twice, it will destroy the structure (the part of the sentence enclosed in a dash will take on the character of an insert structures) cf. another option: And as soon as he fell asleep, he saw a dream that he had dreamed of before - chains of Red Army soldiers were walking along the brown field, along the high stubble. In a sentence It was then that I came to my senses, and my joy became even greater: I realized that the greatest discovery in my life had happened - I have nothing to be afraid of myself and my loneliness(Prishv.) before the last part, according to the rules, a colon is necessary, since this part has an explanatory meaning (namely). However, according to the conditions of the context, the colon is inconvenient, since there is already a sign in front and it is the colon that divides the entire sentence into two logical and semantic parts (the dash turns out to be an internal sign). If the colon is used twice, these relations will be obscured, as, for example, in the sentence It was a pity for Alpatov Guska: all the best in childhood was associated with this old man and it always seemed: of all people in the world, there is no better and no dearer than Guska(Prishv.).
The same inconvenience arises with repeated use of dashes, when they are placed on different bases: - And this is a grotto, - Volodya explains, looking at his feet, - also our grotto, everything is ours here, - if you want, we'll climb!(Color). The fuzziness of semantic relations between the components of the statement is also revealed in the sentence: Black and blue pines - a light blue moon - black and blue clouds - a light blue pillar from the moon - and on the sides of this pillar - such a black blue that you can’t see anything - the sea(Color).
Another thing is when the dash is used in an equivalent position, it enhances the meaning of each of the enumerated members: Monument to freedom - captivity - elements - fate and the final victory of a genius: Pushkin, who rose from the chains(Color), or when the dash clearly takes its positions between the members of the sentence, emphasizing the special significance of the pair combination: Which of the nations has such a love heroine: brave - and worthy, in love - and adamant, clairvoyant - and loving(Color).
3. When combining punctuation marks, it is often necessary to take into account the overall "weight" of characters, their hierarchical dependency. Here, for example, how different characters (colon and dash) are used to express the same meaning (a detailed description of the hero’s appearance) - taking into account the whole context: Once a man of unusually noble appearance came to his reception: a portly figure, dressed strictly - a black three-piece, a university badge on the lapel, a black tie with a pearl, a mane of gray hair falling on his shoulders, a glossy-shaven face, white well-groomed hands, a massive wedding band on the ring finger ring and eyes - large, light brown, influential, calm(Ard.). The "fight" of signs is not in terms of a complete "seizure of positions", but in terms of creating punctuation options. This is necessary when combined in the context of similar situations. In this case, the hierarchy in the use of signs is clearly expressed: a dash becomes an internal sign, while the main division of the construction is carried out by the traditional colon. Wed the same with causal relationships: In the former salt warehouses, the right temperature is now jealously maintained: intelligent machines are capricious - they respond to the slightest cooling and warming(Tendr.).
Exercise 77. Find combinations of punctuation marks. Determine the conditions for the use of signs, the order of their location.
The first half of the 20th century was the era of non-encounters, which was reflected in literature, especially in poetry. This theme arises almost nonchalantly in the young Tsvetaeva (“... for our non-festivities under the moon, for the sun not over our heads”) and is revealed sadly and peacefully in the late Akhmatova (“But in memory of that non-meeting I will plant a wild rose”). It reaches jubilant tragic power in the well-known Akhmatov's poems: "Here I brought the blessed memory of the last non-meeting with you - the cold, pure, light flame of my victory over fate." The same theme lives on in the strange title of the verses: "If the poem is not sent."
In the last quarter of our century, the theme of old age and the theme of the meeting entered life. The century, as it were, rewards, heals those who survived.
Have you ever thought, reader, about what human life is? This philosophical question can be answered in one non-philosophical line: human life is a series of encounters and non-encounters. They are the ones who shape destiny.
Our era, in particular, is remarkable in that - and this may surprise posterity - that spiritual contacts have been established with all the outstanding personalities of past centuries and an optimal strategy for establishing contacts with extraterrestrial civilizations has been developed - and it turned out (who would have thought!) easier than establishing contact between contemporary and contemporary...
Once, in a letter to me, an intellectual reader enthusiastically told me that he had read from Thomas Mann a story about a man who managed to communicate with both Goethe and Leo Tolstoy. As a boy, he spoke with Goethe in Weimar, and thirty-three years later - he was already a teacher then - Leo Tolstoy visited his lesson at school. (Tolstoy made a trip to Europe and was especially interested in pedagogy...) Referring to the amazing capacity of this man's life, the reader expressed an idea not without wit: to measure the life of mankind not in centuries, but in human lives, living versts.
Well, you can live miles and miles ...
But there is little joy if there are only twenty-five or twenty-six “living versts” from me to Socrates, and only a “hundred-meter”, but dead, irresistible, separates me from my contemporary ...
"author's punctuation" has two meanings. The first is connected with the designation of all the characters in the author's manuscript, i.e., literally put by the author's hand (this includes both regulated and non-regulated punctuation); this use of the term is typical for publishing workers who are involved in the preparation of the manuscript for publication. The second, broader meaning of the term is associated with the idea of unregulated punctuation, not fixed by rules, i.e., representing various deviations from general norms, it is this understanding of the term that requires clarification, since not all deviations can be included in the category of copyright.Irregularity of punctuation can be caused by various reasons and it is not always associated with the manifestation of the author's individuality. Of course, the author's punctuation marks are included in the concept of unregulated punctuation, but this is its special case. In general, unregulated punctuation (naturally, erroneous punctuation is not taken into account) combines various phenomena, the awareness of which allows us to isolate the author's punctuation itself, i.e. directly related to the personality of the writer.
1. In punctuation (as, indeed, in language), along with general norms, which have the highest degree of stability, there are situational rules, adapted to the functional qualities of a particular type of text. The former are included in the mandatory minimum punctuation. The second, not so rigid, provide a special informative and expressive speech. Situational norms are dictated by the nature of textual information: punctuation marks subject to such a norm perform the functions of logical and semantic (manifested in different texts, but especially in scientific and official business), accentuated (mainly in official texts, partly in journalistic and artistic texts) , expressive-emotional (in fiction and journalistic texts), signal (in advertising texts). Signs subject to the situational norm cannot be classified as authorial, since they are not dictated by the will of the writer, but reflect the general stylistic properties of functionally different texts. Such signs are regulated by the nature of these texts and exist along with the generally accepted ones.
2. Modern punctuation - result of historical development Russian punctuation system. Since punctuation serves a constantly changing and evolving language, it is also historically changeable. That is why in each period there may be changes in the functions of punctuation marks, in the conditions of their use. In this sense, the rules always lag behind practice and therefore need to be revised from time to time. Changes in the functioning of signs occur constantly, they reflect the life of the language, in particular its syntactic structure and stylistic system.
For example, recently a dash (in place of a colon) has been increasingly used between parts of a non-union complex sentence when indicating an explanation, a reason in the second part, with generalizing words before listing homogeneous members, etc.: Under a spreading crown, it is never empty - travelers, shepherds rest, the blessing of a life-giving spring nearby(gas.); ... The game is worth the candle - after all, such communication should become a prototype of future youth houses of an engineer and scientists(gas.); Thousands of machine operators arrived here - from Russia, from Ukraine, from the Baltic States(gas.); He is treated differently - some with admiration, some with a smile(gas.); Comparison of Russia with Canada[by climate] incorrect - all major Canadian cities lie at latitudes south of Tambov(gas.).
We find a similar use of punctuation marks among writers and poets: Blok had everything that creates a great poet - fire, tenderness, penetration, his own image of the world, his gift of a special, everything-transforming touch, his own restrained, hiding, absorbing fate.(Past.); But it was pointless to call artillery fire now - the fire would have covered our scouts(Bond.); The editor-in-chief of the newspaper now avoids meeting with me in every possible way, it is impossible to get through to him, the secretary keeps referring to his employment - either he has a meeting, then a planning meeting, then he was summoned to higher authorities, as she likes to emphasize(Aitm.);
Fires over the country
higher, hotter, more fun...
Haven't seen the light yet
similar gait
The hooves beat the shot,
drip rang.
Blood mad
blind bullet fool
I saw the light, I suddenly became wiser -
and more often hit the target.
(V. Vysotsky)
Such deviations from the rules express general current trends in the development of punctuation and gradually pave the way for changing or clarifying the rules themselves. They have nothing to do with individual author's punctuation.
The same can be said about the tendency to break up grammatical structures with a dot: - How did you attack to write? I didn't think that I would write. I started with a book about Volodya. Just because I so wanted to talk about him, about our love, our life ... And about Russia. And restore some truth. Because after his death, it was not clear what was written about him! I wanted to write my truth and my love(Interview with M. Vladi).
3. More related to the individuality of the writer are punctuation marks, chosen depending on the specific tasks of the utterance, signs that show the semantic principle of punctuation. Such signs contextually determined, are subject to the tasks of the author's choice. And here, after all, "authorship" lies only in the possibility of choice, the choice is dictated by the displayed speech situation. And therefore, different authors, if necessary, to convey the same situation can use this option. The situation itself, and not the punctuation mark, may turn out to be meaningful individually. These are signs dictated by the conditions of the context, the laws of its semantic structure, i.e. the presence or absence of a sign is determined by the similarity or difference in the comprehension of the text, often even by the lexical content of the statement, and not by the originality of the choice of the sign as such. Similar situations can be found in the texts of different authors: Everything on it was ironed, smartly. Crooked - also from his father - his legs drove him to despair(Kav.); The stove once cracked, it was whitewashed with clay(Boon.); But once, whether by accident or on purpose, leaving the trench dugout, Stepan dropped an embroidered duck(Sh.); And because he listened so willingly and joyfully, they told - gladly too - new stories(V. Sh.). This similarity is fixed by punctuation marks, although the signs themselves in these contextual conditions do not obey the accepted rules and norms. Such contextually determined signs cannot be considered individually authorial.
4. There is one more scope of non-regulated punctuation. This is punctuation colloquial speech. Imitation of colloquial speech in written speech leads to the articulation of the text based on live pronunciation, with numerous pauses. The discontinuity of speech, and often its difficulty, is conveyed by dots, dashes, and their choice is dictated not by the structure of the sentence, but by the purely intonational side of speech: For starters... such... formal questions(V. Sh.); How long has it been ... entered the turn?(Spread). Such punctuation cannot be considered the author's, since there is no individual use of punctuation marks here: only the intermittent nature of live speech is conveyed. In general, such signs are stipulated in the "Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation".
5. Copyright punctuation marks in the proper sense of the word, they are not bound by strict rules of arrangement and are entirely dependent on the will of the writer, embodying the individual feeling of their necessity. Such signs are included in the concept of the author's syllable, they acquire stylistic significance.
However, even such author's punctuation, due to the fact that it is designed for perception and understanding, is predictable, since it does not lose its functional significance. Its difference from regulated punctuation lies in the fact that it is deeper and more subtle connected with the meaning, with the style of a particular text. Separate punctuation marks of the author's punctuation, as well as, for example, lexical and syntactic means of the language, are able, along with their main meaning, to have additional, stylistically significant meanings. Individual punctuation is justified only on such a condition that, with all the richness and variety of shades of meaning in punctuation, its social essence is not lost, its foundations are not destroyed.
This condition helps to establish some general patterns of manifestation of "authorship" in punctuation. For example, the appearance of a punctuation mark in such syntactic conditions, where it is not regulated, can be considered individual: Are fairies always beautiful?(M. G.); Vaughn - skinny willow bare bush(Bl.); Here we are sitting with you on the moss(Bl.); I am powerful and great divination, but I can’t follow you(Bl.). So, B. Pasternak has a desire to divide the subject and the predicate in a rather peculiar way: instead of the more usual dash, ellipsis is used. It seems to combine the function of a dividing dash and the ellipsis itself, conveying something unsaid, indefinite, “thoughtful”: Twilight... like squires of roses wearing their spears and scarves. Or:
Colorless rain... like a dying patrician,
Whose heart darkened in the gift of stories...
Yes, the sun ... a song of drops without a name
And crying plates paid a hundredfold.
Ah, rain and sun... strange brethren! One is in place and the other is out of place...
A dash not regulated by the rules occurs after conjunctions, adverbial words: Death razul worn down bast shoes, lay down on a stone and - fell asleep(M. G.); Whose songs? And sounds? What am I afraid of? Nagging sounds and - free Rus'?(Bl.); Old, old dream. Out of the darkness, the lanterns run - where to? There - only black water, there - oblivion forever(Bl.).
The author's individuality can also be manifested in the strengthening of the iconic position. This method of increasing the expressive qualities of the text consists in replacing signs that are not strong enough with stronger ones in their dismembering function. For example, appeals, comparative turns, subordinate clauses of complex sentences, introductory words are usually distinguished (or separated) by commas. However, a dash is often replaced by a comma as a sign that is stronger in its significance: Like a child, joy is glad(M. G.); And Stepan stands - exactly a formidable oak, Stepan turned white - right up to the very lips(Color); His friends - do not disturb him!(Color); The cry of partings and meetings - you, the window in the night! Maybe hundreds of candles, maybe three candles...(Color); I realized that I do not love my husband(Color); It was a warm, quiet, gray day, among the birches a rare aspen tree turned yellow, and the distance of the meadows behind their transparent net turned blue a little noticeably - as a hint(Boon.).
The dismemberment of speech is also enhanced when replacing a comma with a dot. With a common meaning - fixing syntactically equivalent units of speech - these punctuation marks indicate a different degree of dismemberment. And if the period is intended for use at the interphrase level, then the comma performs similar functions within the sentence. Therefore, the point that has taken the position of a comma (in particular, when listing homogeneous members of a sentence) can be considered individually authorial. For example, A. Block has the following lines:
About the life that burned out in the choir
On your dark kliros.
About the Virgin with a secret in her bright eyes
Above the illuminated altar.
About languid girls at the door,
Where is eternal darkness and praise.
About distant Mary, bright Mary,
In whose eyes there is light, in whose braids there is darkness.
This poem, now printed without a title, had the title "Prayer" in the manuscript and in the first publications. Prefaced to the quoted lines, it explains the stringing of controlled word forms as enumerated homogeneous members of a sentence. Such a point, as we see, in addition to its main meaning, also has an additional one - emphasizing and emphasizing. This is what makes the punctuation mark stylistically significant, and the syntactic conditions for its use - individually chosen. The increment of meaning arises as a result of the transfer of a sign into syntactic constructions that are not typical for it. Thus, while signs retain their basic functions and meanings, the novelty of their use is associated with additional meanings and manifests itself in the ability to see the possibilities of a sign.
Punctuation marks that convey the rhythm of the text, as well as its melody, are perceived as certainly individual-author's marks, the tempo is accelerated or slowed down. Such signs are not tied to syntactic structures and therefore cannot be typified in terms of the conditions for their use. Here one can find only an internal principle dictated by a specific text and subjectively chosen by the author. As a rule, the rhythmic-melodic organization of a text (mostly poetic) is emphasized by a dash, because it has the greatest dividing “power”, which is complemented by a visual effect: Two - we trudge along the bazaar, both - in a ringing outfit of jesters(Bl.); My path does not lie past the house - yours. My path does not lie past the house - no one's(Color).
The possibilities of individual use of dashes are especially noticeable in authors who are prone to conciseness of speech, stingy with verbal means of expression. For example, the text of M. Tsvetaeva, condensed to the limit, often contains only semantic guidelines, those key words that cannot be guessed, yet other elements of the statement are omitted, since in this case they do not carry the main idea:
Area. - And sleepers. - And the last bush
In hand. - I'm letting go. - Late
Hold on. - Sleepers.
In B. Pasternak, the dash helps to reveal subtext in a concise verbal form:
Autumn. Get rid of lightning.
There are blind rains.
Autumn. The trains are overcrowded
Let pass! - It's all behind.
The activation of the dash is directly related to the "saving" of speech means. But even with individualized use, the dash still retains its functional significance; one of its main meanings is the registration of the missing links of the utterance.
With a different organization of the text, verbally fully presented speech means make it possible to do without punctuation marks at all (which can be considered as a special literary device):
huge orange ball
attracts with the power of its fire
hot and cold celestial bodies
don't let them fall on each other
and fly away
of all the planets, only one is rebellious
and this is the cost of a whirlwind life
it accumulates more and more burning and smoke
to hide from the sunshine
but from the point of view of the universe, this is transient
the smoke disperses the light remains
(V. Kupriyanov).
Individuality in the use of punctuation marks can manifest itself both in expanding the boundaries of their use and in strengthening their functional properties. A combination of characters or a deliberate repetition of one of the characters can also be purely authorial and sometimes represent an individual technique found by the writer to convey the special state of the lyrical hero. If punctuation is included in the system of literary devices that help reveal the essence of poetic thought and the image created with its help, it becomes a powerful stylistic tool.
So, individuality in the use of punctuation marks does not consist at all in violating the punctuation system, not in neglecting the traditional meanings of signs, but in strengthening their significance as additional means of conveying thoughts and feelings in a written text, in expanding the boundaries of their use. Individualized punctuation carries a charge of expression, it is stylistically significant and helps the writer and poet in creating artistic expressiveness. And this, in turn, increases the degree of development and flexibility of the punctuation system of the language. Thus, creative individuality, using the expressive and pictorial possibilities of punctuation, simultaneously enriches it.
Exercise 78. Analyze the action of the semantic principle of punctuation. Identify the functions of the word one in different contexts. Explain the use of signs with this word or with the revolutions in which it is included.
1. Away, alone, among people
I will imagine forever
You, shadows of the coastal willows,
You, peace and dream of the Trigorsk fields,
And the coast of Soroga is sloping (P.).
2. But near their roots are obsolete
(Where once everything was empty, bare)
Now the young grove has grown,
Green family; the bushes are crowding
Under their shadow, like children. And away
There is one gloomy comrade,
Like an old bachelor, and around him
Everything is still empty (P.).
3. One, immersed in calculations,
Armed with a blunt cue,
He's on a two-ball billiard
Plays since the morning (P.).
4. So he stood alone - without anxiety.
I looked at the mountains in the distance.
And there - on a steep road -
It was already swirling in red dust (Bl.).
5. The light in the window staggered,
In the twilight - one -
Whispered at the entrance
With darkness harlequin (Bl.).
6. Not believing in admiration:
With darkness - one -
At the thoughtful door
The harlequin laughed (Bl.).
7. My tragedy is over; I reread it aloud, alone, and clapped my hands and shouted, ah yes Pushkin, ah yes you son of a bitch! Holy fool my little amusing<...>The others are also very nice; except for Captain Margeret ... (P.). 8. Go, finish what you started, you, in whom the genius has settled! Elevate Russian poetry to that stage among the poetry of all peoples, to which Peter the Great elevated Russia between the powers. Do one what he did alone; and our business is gratitude and surprise (Bar.). 9. Life is arranged in such a way that he lives alone in his large estate, she lives alone in a remote village, but for some reason even the idea that he and she could be close and equal seems impossible, absurd (Ch .). 10. This Khanov, a man of about forty, with a worn face and a languid expression, was already beginning to noticeably age, but was still handsome and liked by women. He lived in his large estate, alone, did not serve anywhere (Ch.). 11. Oh, how the crippled heaven scoffed at the fact that I am one of those ignoramuses who overthrew the flesh, which is more royal than sadness (Past.).
Exercise 79. Analyze the individual author's use of punctuation marks. Identify the conditions for the use of signs and evaluate them in terms of expediency or inappropriateness.
1. Thunder struck from heaven - although there were no clouds on them (M. G.). 2. But the knife broke - they hit it like a stone (M. G.). 3. Atlas - like a deck of cards: shuffled into gloss! (Color). 4. Complete and strange freedom of the mask: disguises: not-one's own face. Complete irresponsibility and complete defenselessness (Tsv.).
5. When the foliage is damp and rusty
A bunch of rowan will turn red, -
When the executioner has a bony hand
Drives the last nail into the palm, -
When over the ripples of lead rivers,
In the damp and gray height,
Before the face of the harsh homeland
I'll rock on the cross
Then - spacious and far
I look through the blood of dying tears
And I see: along the wide river
Christ is sailing towards me in a boat (Bl.).
6. What stars - what thought and sadness above - but below they know nothing (Nab.). 7. To the left, in swift and clean handwriting, without a single extra line: “Pay attention that when they talk to you -” - further, alas, it was erased (Nab.). 8. One said in a loud voice: “Citizens, there is between us -” - then a terrible, almost forgotten word followed, - and the wind blew on acacias, - and Cincinnatus did not find anything better than to get up and leave, absently tearing leaves from roadside bushes (Nab.).
Exercise 80. Analyze the punctuation of the text. Pay special attention to the dash and paragraph functions. Establish patterns in the use of these signs. Give an assessment of the expediency of such individualization of the punctuation of the text, linking it with the peculiarities of the author's style.
But I loved the keyboards: for their blackness and whiteness (a little yellowness!), for the blackness, so obvious, for their whiteness (a little yellowness!), so secretly sad, for the fact that some are wide, while others are narrow (offended!) , for the fact that on them, without moving, it is possible, like on a ladder, that this ladder is out of hand! - and that from this staircase immediately icy streams - icy stairs of streams along the back - and heat in the eyes - the same heat in the valley of Dagestan ...
And for the fact that the whites, when pressed, are clearly cheerful, and the blacks are immediately sad, right - sad, so true that if I press, I will definitely press my eyes, I will immediately squeeze tears out of my eyes.
And for the pressure itself: for the opportunity, just by pressing, to immediately begin to sink, and until you let go, sink without end, without a bottom - and even when you let go!
For the fact that it looks smooth, and under the smooth surface - depth, as in water, as in the Oka, but smoother and deeper than the Oka, for the fact that at hand is the abyss, for the fact that this abyss is from under the hands, for the fact that, without leaving the place, you fall forever.
For the treachery of this keyboard surface, ready to be distributed at the first touch - and absorb.
For passion - press, for fear - press: by pressing, wake up - that's it. (In 1918, every soldier on the estate felt the same.)
And for the fact that this is mourning: a mother’s, striped, blouse of that late summer, when, following the telegram: “Grandfather died quietly,” she herself appeared, crying and yet smiling, with the first word to me: “Musya, Grandpa loved you very much.
(M. Tsvetaeva)
Repetitive spelling and punctuation exercises
Exercise 1
Levinson sighed and straightened up, and something hurt and sweet rang in him. Suddenly he drew his saber and also leaned forward with sparkling eyes; "Breakthrough, huh?" he asked Baklanov hoarsely, suddenly raising his saber above his head so that it shone all over in the sun. And every partisan, seeing her, also shuddered and stretched out in the stirrups.
Baklanov, glancing savagely at his saber, turned sharply towards the detachment and shouted something piercing and sharp, which Levinson could no longer hear, because at that moment, caught up by that inner force that controlled Baklanov and that forced him to raise the saber himself, he rushed along the road, feeling that the whole detachment should now rush after him ...
When he looked back a few minutes later, people were really rushing after him, crouching down on their saddles, thrusting out their swift chins, and in their eyes there was that intense and passionate expression that he saw in Baklanov.
This was the last coherent impression that Levinson retained, because at that very moment something dazzlingly thundering fell upon him, struck, whirled, crushed him, and he, no longer conscious of himself, but feeling that he was still alive, flew over some orange, boiling abyss.
(A Fadeev)
Exercise 2. Write the text from dictation and check what you have written with what you have printed.
How sad is the evening earth! How mysterious are the mists over the swamps! Who wandered in these mists, who suffered a lot before death, who flew over this land, carrying an unbearable load, knows this. The tired one knows it. And without regret he leaves the mists of the earth, its swamps and rivers, he surrenders with a light heart into the hands of death, knowing that only she will calm him down.
The magic black horses, too, got tired and carried their riders slowly, and the inevitable night began to catch up with them. Sensing it behind his back, even the restless Behemoth fell silent and, clutching the saddle with his claws, flew silent and serious, fluffing his tail. The night began to cover the forests and meadows with a black scarf, the night lit the sad lights somewhere far below, now uninteresting and unnecessary to either Margarita or the master, other people's lights. The night overtook the cavalcade, sown on top of it and threw here and there white spots of stars in the saddened sky.
The night thickened, flew by, grabbed the galloping cloaks and, tearing them from their shoulders, exposed the deceptions. And when Margarita, blown by the cool wind, opened her eyes, she saw how the appearance of everyone flying towards her goal was changing. When the crimson and full moon began to meet them from behind the edge of the forest, all the deceptions disappeared, fell into the swamp, the magical unstable clothes drowned in the mists.
(M. Bulgakov)
Exercise 3. Write the text from dictation and check what you have written with what you have printed.
Winter is over. At the beginning of April, there were warm days and frosty nights, winter did not give way, but one warm day overcame, finally, streams flowed, birds sang. The whole meadow and bushes near the river were drowned in spring waters, and between Zhukov and the other side the whole space was completely occupied by a huge bay, on which wild ducks fluttered here and there in flocks. Spring sunset, fiery, with lush clouds, every evening gave something unusual, new, incredible, exactly the very thing that you do not believe later, when you see the same colors and the same clouds in the picture.
The cranes flew quickly, quickly and shouted sadly, as if they were calling with them. Standing on the edge of the cliff, Olga looked for a long time at the flood, at the sun, at the bright, as if rejuvenated church, and tears flowed from her, and her breath was taken away because she passionately wanted to go somewhere where her eyes were looking, even to the edge of the world. And it was already decided that she would go back to Moscow, to be a maid, and Kiryak would go with her to be hired as a janitor or somewhere else. Ah, I better leave!
When it dried up and became warm, we got ready to go. Olga and Sasha, with knapsacks on their backs, both in bast shoes, went out at dawn: Marya also came out to see them off. Kiryak was unwell, stayed at home for another week.
(A. Chekhov)
Exercise 4. Write the text from dictation and check what you have written with what you have printed.
And old Taras was pleased to see how both of his sons were among the first. Ostap, it seemed, was born in the battle path and difficult knowledge to manage military deeds. Never at a loss or embarrassed by any chance, with a composure almost unnatural for a twenty-two-year-old, he could in an instant measure out the whole danger and the whole state of affairs, he could immediately find means of avoiding it, but avoiding it in order to then come back to overcome it. Movements now began to be signified by already tested confidence, and in them the inclinations of the future leader could not but be seen. His body breathed strength, and his knightly qualities had already acquired the broad strength of a lion...
Andriy was completely immersed in the charming music of bullets and swords. He did not know what it meant to ponder, or calculate, or measure in advance one's own and other people's strengths. He saw furious bliss and ecstasy in battle: he saw something feasting in those moments when a man’s head flared up, everything flickers and interferes in his eyes, heads fly, horses fall to the ground with thunder, and he rushes like a drunk, into the whistle of bullets, in a saber glare, and strikes everyone, and does not hear the inflicted. More than once, the father also marveled at Andria, seeing how, compelled by only a passionate passion, he rushed to what a cold-blooded and reasonable would never dare, and with one furious onslaught performed such miracles that the old in battles could not help but be amazed. ..
(N. Gogol)
Exercise 5. Write the text from dictation and check what you have written with what you have printed.
In Gorokhovaya Street, in one of the large houses, the population of which would have been the size of an entire county town, Ilya Ilyich Oblomov was lying in bed in his apartment in the morning.
He was a man of about thirty-two or three years of age, of medium height, of pleasant appearance, with dark gray eyes, but with no definite idea, no concentration in his features. The thought walked like a free bird across the face, fluttered in the eyes, settled on half-open lips, hid in the folds of the forehead, then completely disappeared, and then an even light of carelessness glowed all over the face. From the face, carelessness passed into the poses of the whole body, even into the folds of the dressing gown.
Sometimes his eyes were darkened by an expression as if of weariness or boredom; but neither fatigue nor boredom could for a moment drive away from the face the gentleness that was the dominant and basic expression not only of the face, but of the whole soul; and the soul shone so openly and clearly in the eyes, in the smile, in every movement of the head and hand. And a superficially observant, cold person, glancing casually at Oblomov, would say: “There must be a kind man, simplicity!” A deeper and more sympathetic person, peering into his face for a long time, would walk away in pleasant thought, with a smile.
Ilya Ilyich's complexion was neither ruddy, nor swarthy, nor positively pale, but indifferent or seemed so, perhaps because Oblomov was somehow flabby beyond his years: from a lack of movement or air, or maybe that and another. In general, his body, judging by the matte, too white color of the neck, small plump hands, soft shoulders, seemed too pampered for a man.
(I. Goncharov)
Exercise 6. Write the text from dictation and check what you have written with what you have printed.
Together with all Muscovites, I rejoice when I see the architectural values of the capital being restored before our eyes. I am annoyed by the mistakes made in the past and, unfortunately, already incorrigible, reluctantly trying to come to terms with the inevitable losses. Here old Muscovites are very sorry for the greenery that once adorned the Garden Ring. I did not have time to see this grace that surrounded the large center of the city, but how beautiful these gardens must have been in bloom in autumn, how beautiful they have always been!
And certainly old Muscovites, including the most convinced atheists, in a conversation close to ours, will remember with pain the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, demolished without any special reason in the thirties. Of course, the Palace of Soviets then being designed could have been laid in a different, even better place, and the grandiose building in memory of the victory over Napoleon, erected with funds collected from the people by subscription, still had to be preserved for posterity, adapting it, if then it went, under the planetarium, an atheistic or historical museum, or simply left as a monument of architecture and culture, which is done with the St. Isaac's Cathedral in Leningrad.
For the sake of truth, it should be added that contemporaries were by no means delighted with the architecture of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. Nicholas I, as you know, did not have a special artistic taste and approved the project of Academician A.K. Ton, who lacked the talent to fulfill the main condition - to embody the Old Russian architectural style in this building. A pre-revolutionary guide to Moscow wrote: “Cold blows from the high, deliberately smooth walls. The poverty of the idea is not brightened up by the bas-reliefs encircling the building...”.
And yet it is a pity for this monument! It had beautiful malachite colonnades, magnificent iconostases, giant bas-reliefs of Italian marble adorned the wall niches. It's a pity you don't say anything!
(V. Chivilikhin)
Exercise 7. Write the text from dictation and check what you have written with what you have printed.
The very next day she began to carry out her plan. Lisa tried on the new thing and admitted in front of the mirror that she had never seemed so sweet to herself. She repeated her role, bowed low as she walked, and then shook her head several times, like clay cats, spoke in a peasant dialect, laughed, covering herself with her sleeve, and earned Nastya's approval. One thing made it difficult for her: she tried to walk around the yard barefoot, but the turf prickled her feet, and the sand and pebbles seemed unbearable to her. Nastya helped her here too: she took a measurement from Liza's foot, ran into the field to Trofim the shepherd and ordered him a pair of bast shoes according to that measurement. The next day, neither light nor dawn, Liza was already awake. The whole house was still asleep. Nastya was waiting for the shepherd outside the gate. The horn began to play, and the village herd stretched past the manor's yard. Trofim, passing in front of Nastya, gave her small colorful bast shoes and received half a ruble from her as a reward. Liza quietly dressed up as a peasant woman, whispered her instructions to Nastya regarding Miss Jackson, went out onto the back porch and ran through the garden into the field.
The dawn shone in the east, and the golden rows of clouds seemed to be waiting for the sun, as courtiers are waiting for the sovereign; the clear sky, the freshness of the morning, the dew, the breeze, and the song of the birds filled Liza's heart with childish gaiety; afraid of some familiar encounter, she seemed not to walk, but to fly. Approaching the grove, standing at the turn of her father's property, Liza went more quietly. Here she was to wait for Alexei. Her heart beat faster, without knowing why; but the fear that accompanies our young pranks is also their main charm. Lisa entered the gloom of the grove. A dull, erratic noise greeted the girl. Her amusement subsided. Little by little she indulged in sweet reverie.
(A. Pushkin)
Exercise 8. Write the text from dictation and check what you have written with what you have printed.
The darkness that came from the Mediterranean covered the city hated by the procurator. The suspension bridges connecting the temple with the terrible Anthony Tower disappeared, the abyss descended from the sky and flooded the winged gods over the hippodrome, the Hasmonean palace with loopholes, bazaars, caravanserais, lanes, ponds ... Yershalaim disappeared - the great city, as if it did not exist on light. The darkness devoured everything, frightening all living things in Yershalaim and its environs. A strange cloud was brought from the sea towards the end of the day, the fourteenth day of the spring month of Nisan.
She had already leaned her belly on the Bald Skull, where the executioners hastily stabbed the executed, she fell on the temple in Yershalaim, slid down with smoky streams from its hill and flooded the Lower City. She poured into the windows and drove people from the crooked streets into the houses. She was in no hurry to give up her moisture and gave only light. As soon as the smoky black brew was opened by fire, a great block of the temple with a sparkling scaly cover flew up from the pitch darkness. But it faded away in an instant, and the temple plunged into a dark abyss. Several times he jumped out of it and fell through again, and each time this failure was accompanied by a roar of disaster.
Other quivering glimmers called from the abyss the palace of Herod the Great opposite the temple on the western hill, and terrible headless golden statues flew up to the black sky, stretching out their arms to him. But again the heavenly fire hid, and heavy thunderclaps drove the golden idols into darkness.
The downpour poured unexpectedly, and then the thunderstorm turned into a hurricane. In the very place where the procurator and the high priest were talking about noon, near the marble bench in the garden, a cypress tree was broken with a blow like a cannon, like a cane. Together with mist and hail, plucked roses, magnolia leaves, small branches and sand were carried to the balcony under the columns. The hurricane ravaged the garden.
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