Secondary members of a sentence are one of the most difficult topics in Russian. On the other hand, everything is subject to simple rules, which are very easy to understand. What is a definition, addition and circumstance in Russian, how to find them in a sentence and under what conditions are they separated by commas? Let's find out.

A bit of theory

The object answers the questions of indirect cases (all but the nominative) and refers to the subject. Most often it is expressed by a noun, phraseological phrase, a combination of a numeral with a noun, an infinitive (looked ( on whom?) for the person who entered; donated ( to whom?) to him; I bought ( What?) three books). Additions are either direct or indirect. In the first case, they are expressed as part of speech in the genitive case without a preposition (did not read (who, what?) books) or a noun expressing part of the whole in the same case (drink ( what?) tea). All other additions are indirect.

A definition designates a sign of an object and answers the questions "what?", "whose?" It can be any part of speech, the main thing is descriptive functions. There is an agreed upon (combines with the word being defined in gender, number and case (handle ( which?) blue, forest ( Which?) greenish)) and inconsistent (associated with the main word in meaning or grammatically (cap ( which?) sideways, in the house ( what?) from wood)).

The circumstance in Russian is the largest secondary member of the sentence. It answers the questions of the adverb and can indicate a place (went ( Where?) home), time (meet me ( When?) tomorrow), mode of action (saying ( how?) loudly), etc. (all the same characteristics as the adverb).

In syntactic parsing

The Russian language is amazing: addition, definition, circumstance are not only secondary members that explain the main ones, but also help to perform syntactic analysis. If there is a circumstance in the sentence, but there is no predicate that it explains, we can safely talk about an incomplete two-part sentence (I ( Where?) home - the verb "go" / "went" is omitted, and therefore incomplete). The addition and definition, in turn, explain the subject, so a sentence in which there is no predicate, but there are these secondary members, can also be denominative ( "Early morning").

But here it is important to remember that the definition-adjective, standing after the noun, automatically turns into a predicate, that is, a sentence "Gold autumn" will be a common denominative, and "Golden Autumn"- bipartite.

Separate with commas

But let us return to the isolation of such terms as additions and circumstances. The Russian language is arranged in such a way that they are rarely separated by commas from the main sentence. Moreover, we can say that add-ons almost never stand out.
In turn, includes the Russian language isolated circumstances. In total, there are three cases when this member of the sentence is separated by commas:

• Firstly, if it is expressed by a participle turnover ( "After driving two hundred kilometers, we understood everything") or a single gerund ( "After eating, the boy went on his way"). But here it is important to distinguish the usual gerund from the gerund, which is more like an adverb of the mode of action ( "He read lying down"), because in this case there will be no separation.
• Secondly, if the construction “despite” (this is something like an NGN concession) can be replaced by the preposition “contrary”, it is not a participial phrase ( "Despite all the difficulties, we made it").
• Thirdly, if there are comparative phrases with the words "as", "as if", "as if", also similar to adverbs of mode of action ( "The clouds, like cotton wool, floated low above the earth").

The circumstance is not distinguished in Russian:

• If it is expressed by a phraseological unit, which can be replaced by an adverb ( "Ran headlong", i.e. very quickly).
• In the case of adverbial revolutions - if they are homogeneous members of a sentence with a non-isolated circumstance ( "He told everything frankly and not at all embarrassed"). Here everything depends on the meaning: if it is important how the action was performed, that is, it is impossible to separate the predicate from the circumstance without breaking the logical connection, then no isolation is required ( "She sat with her head down").

Conclusion

Separate addition, definition and circumstance in Russian is a very simple, but very useful and, admittedly, frequently encountered topic. Understanding the rules will allow you to easily complete tasks of any complexity related to separating secondary members of sentences with commas.

Hello, dear readers of the blog site. Today we will talk about what members are and what they are. Every student goes through this topic in elementary grades.

But much of what we once taught has been forgotten. And something, perhaps, will be a discovery for someone.

Main and secondary members of the sentence

The members of a sentence are words and phrases that are related to each other in various ways. Each of them is designed to give more accurate information about the subject of the story.

All members of the proposal are divided into two categories - main and secondary.

1. To the main include subject and predicate
2. to secondary– definition, circumstance and addition

The subject is the most important part of the sentence

The subject is what the whole sentence is based on. This is the main member, as well as the predicate. But if I may say so, then the subject in this case is more important.

Recognizing it is easy. Firstly, it is around this word that all the others are built. And secondly, it is always used in the nominative case and answers to the questions "Who?" or "What?".

For example:

A book is on the table
MASHA jumping in the puddles

The highlighted words are the subject - the person or object that the specific sentence tells about.

The subject may consist of one or more words.

When one word, then it could be:

1. . Mom (who?) Washed the frame.
2. . He (who?) didn't learn his lessons.
3. . The blind man (who?) could not cross the road on his own.
4. . The fallen (who?) broke his leg.
5. . Three (who?) Walked through the woods.
6. VERB (only in the infinitive form). To live (what?), as they say, is good!

But there are sentences in which the subject is several words at once:

1. QUANTITATIVE VALUE. Four friends (who?) went on vacation.
2. SELECTIVE VALUE. Each of us (who?) must contribute.
3. COMPATIBILITY VALUE. Father and son (who?) went fishing.
4. PHASE (period) VALUE. It was the end of August outside (what?).
5. PRINCIPLE OF INDIVISIBILITY (words only together denote a specific concept). The Milky Way (what?) looks out of reach.
6. UNCERTAINTY VALUE. Something incomprehensible (what?) Was going on with him.

By the way, in rare cases, the subject can be used and not in the nominative case. But only when it comes to something approximate. For example, about ten planes (what?) flew out on a mission.

Predicate - the second main member of the sentence

The predicate is the second main member of the sentence. It denotes the action that the predicate performs, or its state.

answers the questions- “What does he do?”, “What will he do?”, “What did he do?” and "What?". Most often this role is played by the verb, but there are other parts of speech.

All predicates can be divided into three parts:

1. SIMPLE VERB. Mom washed (what did she do?) The frame.
2. COMPOSITE VERB - It consists of a verb and an infinitive. Vasya dreamed of entering (what did he do?) at the institute.
3. COMPOSITE NOMINAL - can be a verb or another part of speech, for example, a noun, adverb, participle, pronoun. The weather was nasty (what?). The dog is a true friend (what?). His nerves are harder (what?) steel.

Definition - Minor Member

A definition is a minor member of a sentence that always refers to a noun, pronoun or part of speech, which in a particular case acts as a noun.

Definition answers the questions– “What?”, “Which?” and "Whose?"

All definitions are divided into categories:

1. AGREED - refer directly to the member of the sentence in a different case, number and gender. Adjectives, participles, numerals and pronouns often play this role. Mom washed dirty (what?) windows. He slept for the eighth (what?) hour.
2. UNAGREED - are expressed as nouns, comparative adjectives, and a verb in the infinitive form. He rested in the house of his parents (whose?).

Definitions also include nouns that are written with the main ones through a hyphen, or are names that are often used in quotation marks. For example, the hero city, Arkhip the blacksmith, the Moskovsky Komsomolets newspaper.

Circumstance

Another minor member of the sentence, which denotes a characteristic of an action or state.

Answers the questions- “How?”, “Where?”, “Why?”, “From where?”, “In what way?”, “Where?” and for what?".

Most often, the circumstance is expressed in the form of adverbs, nouns in oblique cases, a verb-infinitive or a gerund. In the distance (where?) Thunder rumbles were heard. He walked very quietly (how?). He came from a neighboring country (where?).

Addition

Addition - another minor member of the sentence, which answers the questions of indirect cases.

For example, “Who / What?”, “To whom / What?”, “Who / What?”, “About whom / About what?”.

It is expressed in the form of a noun, pronoun or nominal phrases. He loved his son (who?). He prepared this gift for her (to whom?).

Analysis of the proposal by members

At school, students are often given the task of disassembling a sentence by members. This means that you need to find in it the subject, predicate and secondary members, if any. And to highlight each member of the sentence in the text use underscores which are shown in the following table:

Let's take an example. You need to parse the sentence:

An experienced hunter crept quietly through the forest and looked for prey.

In this case, the subject will be the word "hunter". There are two predicates here at once - “sneaked” and “searched”. The definition will be the word "experienced", as it answers the question "what kind of hunter?". The addition is the “booty” (whom was he looking for?). And there are also two circumstances here - “quietly” (how did you sneak?) and “through the forest” (where did you sneak?).

And in the end, the correct parsing of the proposal will look like shown just above.

Conclusion

In Russian, the members of a sentence can be anywhere.

For example, the subject, as the main word, does not have to be located at the very beginning. They can also end the phrase. And in this our “great and mighty” differs from most foreign languages.

For example, in English, any sentence is built according to a formula - first the subject and the predicate, and only then everything else. On the one hand, it is, of course, easier. But on the other hand, emotionality and diversity are lost, which the Russian language is famous.

Good luck to you! See you soon on the blog pages site

You may be interested

A proposal is a thought brought to its logical conclusion Inversion is a beautiful distortion of the Russian language What is a pronoun in Russian - their categories and types, as well as a morphological analysis of pronouns Circumstance is a minor but important member of sentences How to spell "in spite of" What is syntax - the subject of this section of grammar, basic concepts and means What is consensus (the meaning of this word) and how to achieve it The participle and participle turnover are two actions in one What are the suggestions for the purpose of the statement How to spell the word IN CONNECTION - together or separately Affiliates - who is it in simple words

Secondary sentence members are sentence members that depend on the main sentence members and explain, clarify or supplement the main sentence members.

Definition
Definition - a minor member of the sentence, which denotes a sign of an object, its quality or property. Answers the questions: what? whose? Included in the subject.

Definition types:

1) Agreed. Agree with the word being defined in gender, number, and case. Expressed by adjective, pronoun, numeral, participle: Washed windows shone in the sun. It was eight o'clock. This is a very interesting book. Let's finish this chapter.
2) Inconsistent. Associated with the main word by way of control or junction. It is expressed by an adverb, a noun in indirect cases, personal pronouns, comparative adjectives, infinitives: Everyone was waiting for his arrival. She kept her promise to do.
Application

Application - a special kind of definition, which is expressed by a noun: the city is a hero.

Inconsistent Applications:

Names of works of literature, press organs: You have read the novel "Eugene Onegin".
Nicknames: about Vsevolod Big Nest.
They are written with a defined word:

Through a hyphen

the application is expressed by a common noun: design engineer;
the application is expressed by a proper name and stands before the word being defined: Mother Volga.
Apart:

The application is expressed by a proper name and stands after the word being defined: Tsarevich Ivan, the Moscow River.
If the application can be equated to an adjective and it stands before the word being defined: a cunning fox - a cunning fox.
In combination of two common nouns, generic and specific: birch tree;
The first elements in the phrase are the words mister, comrade, our brother: gentlemen officers.
Addition
Addition - a minor member of the sentence, which denotes the subject, answers the questions of indirect cases. Included in the predicate.

Types of add-ons:

Direct. expressed in the genitive form without a preposition for transitive verbs and words of the category of state and the genitive case for transitive verbs with negation: he asked me to write a letter.
Indirect. Everyone else: a message about the victory, the principal of the school.
Circumstances
Circumstance - a minor member of the sentence, denotes a sign of an action or circumstance of an action. It is expressed by adverbs, gerunds, nouns in oblique cases (everything except the nominative).

Types of circumstances

Time (when?): I arrived yesterday.
Places (where? where? from where?): I came to the village.
Measures and degrees (how many?): The teacher repeated this twice.
Mode of action (how? in what way?): Valera laughed so loudly.
Reasons (why?): The face turned red from the heat.
Goals (why?): In the summer I will go to rest by the sea.
Conditions: We will not go out of town in case of snowfall.
Concessions: The heat is terrible contrary to forecasts.

Offer members.

1 .Subject stands for about whom or about what the proposal says, and answers the question Who? or What? The subject is most often expressed by a noun. emphasized one trait.

2.Predicate is the main part of the sentence, which means, What the sentence refers to the subject, and answer the question what is he doing? what do they do? What did you do? what did you do? Most often expressed as a verb. Emphasized by two lines.

3. Definition - is a minor member of the sentence that answers questions Which? which? which? which? and emphasized

wavy line. The definition is expressed by an adjective.

4. Addition - whom? what?

to whom? what?

whom? What?

by whom? how?

about whom? about what?

and underlined with a dashed line -------- . The object is most often expressed by a noun or a pronoun.

5. Circumstance - is a minor member of the sentence, which answers the questions: Where? Where? where? How? When? and is underlined by a broken line and a dot. The circumstance is most often expressed by a noun or an adverb.

For example : In green grove travelers met funny vote birds.

Offer- is a word or several words related in meaning.

narrative: The weather is beautiful outside.

Interrogative: Why don't you walk?

Incentives: Go quickly!

Exclamations:They gave me a puppy!

Non-exclamatory: They gave me a puppy.

Uncommon: Spring came.

Common: Came long awaited spring.

narrow path was leaving far into the forest. - simple (Has one grammatical basis)

In the morning warmed Sun and by the evening knocked freezing. - complex

(has two or more grammatical stems)

On factory Human pours liquid glass V sieve.

( Narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, common.)

Analysis of the sentence by the members of the sentence and by parts of speech, writing out phrases.

In a phrase, one word is the main one, and the other is dependent. First, the question is asked from the subject group, then from the predicate group, then from the group of secondary members.

Subject and predicate are not phrases (since the main member of the sentence (subject) cannot depend on the main member of the sentence (predicate)).
p., unit, m.r., etc. n. n., pl., I.p. s., pl., I.p. g., p.v., pl. prev.
For example : autumn afternoon small children walked V

p., unit, m.r., P.p. s., unit, m.r., P.p., 2s.
urban park.

Homogeneous members of a sentence are words that:

1. Refer to the same member of the proposal.

2. Answer the same question.

3. And for definitions: Designate the same sign (color, size, shape ...)

4. Homogeneous can be both the main and secondary members of the proposal.

For example:

Suvorov appreciated their soldiers for bravery, ingenuity, endurance.

which? which?

small, large boats swayed on water.

(Small, big- homogeneous definitions).

Difficult sentence.

complex - they call a sentence in which there are several grammatical bases.

In writing, parts of a complex sentence are separated by a comma.

For example:

Burned out april light evening, across the meadows cold dusk lay down

Day getting dark, And grass gray dew in the meadows glitters.

Direct speech.

Direct speech - these are words conveyed on behalf of the speaker.

The prince replies sadly: "Sadness, melancholy eats me up."

A: "P".

Punctuation marks in sentences with direct speech:

A: "P". "P", - a.

A: "P!" "P!" - A.

A: "P?" "P?" - A.

Appeal.

Appeal- a word (or phrase) that names a person, animal or object to which speech is addressed.

On a letter the call is separated by commas.

For example:

Kolobok sing your song one more time.

This couple , tsar, mine and the owner too.

We, Murenka Let's go to the forest with my grandfather!

Good luck to you gentlemen.

The appeal is not a member of the proposal .

Applications are usually considered as a kind of definition.

Secondary members are directly or indirectly related to the grammatical basis, that is, from the grammatical basis, you can ask a question to a minor member, from this minor member to another, etc.

The frightened face of a young girl peeked out from behind the trees(Turgenev).

Grammar basis - face peeked out. From the subject, you can ask questions to two words: face(which?) frightened; face(whose?) girls. From definition girls you can ask a question for one word girls(Which?) young. Predicate peeked out associated with a noun with a preposition: peeked out(where?) from behind the trees.

Thus, one sentence includes all the words that are somehow related to the grammatical basis. This is especially important when placing punctuation marks in a complex sentence. Commas (rarely other signs) separate parts of a complex sentence from each other. Therefore, to check punctuation marks, it is necessary to clearly understand where these boundaries are.

In the evening, while we were silently waiting for Asya, I finally became convinced of the need for separation.(Turgenev).

To correctly punctuate this sentence, you must:
a) highlight the grammatical foundations;
b) establish which words are associated with these stems.

This sentence has two grammatical bases:

1 - I made sure; 2 - we expected.

So the proposal is complex.

The words associated with the first grammatical basis are: made sure(How?) finally; made sure(in what?) in need; made sure(When?) In the evening; in need(what?) separation. Therefore, the first sentence will look like: In the evening I was finally convinced of the need for separation.

The words associated with the second grammatical basis are: expected(whom?) Asyu; expected(How?) silently. Bye is a temporary conjunction in a subordinate clause. Therefore, the second sentence will look like: while we silently waited for Asya, and it is inside the main clause.

So, punctuation marks in a complex sentence should be arranged as follows:
In the evening, while we silently waited for Asya, I finally became convinced of the need for separation.

But for the correct placement of punctuation marks, it is necessary not only to identify all the secondary members of the sentence, but also to determine their specific type (definition, addition, circumstance), since each of the secondary members has its own rules for isolation. Therefore, incorrect parsing of minor members can lead to errors in punctuation.

Each of the secondary members has its own system of questions.

• Definition answers what questions? whose?

  Red dress; happy boy.

• Addition answers the questions of indirect cases.

  Saw a friend.

• Circumstances answer the questions of adverbs: Where? When? How? Why? and etc.

  They waited in silence.

Note!

One and the same minor member can sometimes be asked several different questions. This happens especially often if the minor member is expressed by a noun or a noun pronoun. You can always ask them a morphological question of the indirect case. But not always a noun or a pronoun will be an object. The syntax issue may be different.

For example, in combination girl face a morphological question can be asked to a noun in the genitive case: face(whom?) girls. But the noun girls in a sentence will be a definition, not an addition, because the syntactic question will be different: face(whose?) girls.