We control stepper motors and DC motors, L298 and Raspberry Pi. Designation of radio elements on the diagrams The best solution for the h bridge

Electronic transformers are replacing bulky steel core transformers. By itself, an electronic transformer, unlike the classical one, is a whole device - a voltage converter.

Such converters are used in lighting to power halogen lamps at 12 volts. If you repaired chandeliers with a remote control, then you probably met them.

Here is the schematic of the electronic transformer JINDEL(model GET-03) with short circuit protection.

The main power elements of the circuit are n-p-n transistors MJE13009, which are connected according to the half-bridge scheme. They operate in antiphase at a frequency of 30 - 35 kHz. All the power supplied to the load is pumped through them - halogen lamps EL1 ... EL5. Diodes VD7 and VD8 are needed to protect transistors V1 and V2 from reverse voltage. A symmetrical dinistor (aka diac) is needed to start the circuit.

On transistor V3 ( 2N5551) and elements VD6, C9, R9 - R11, an output short-circuit protection circuit is implemented ( short circuit protection).

If a short circuit occurs in the output circuit, then the increased current flowing through the resistor R8 will cause the transistor V3 to fire. The transistor will open and block the operation of the DB3 dynistor, which starts the circuit.

Resistor R11 and electrolytic capacitor C9 prevent false protection when the lamps are turned on. At the moment the lamps are turned on, the filaments are cold, so the converter produces a significant current at the beginning of the start-up.

To rectify the mains voltage 220V, a classic bridge circuit of 1.5-ampere diodes is used. 1N5399.

The inductor L2 is used as a step-down transformer. It occupies almost half of the space on the converter PCB.

Due to its internal structure, the electronic transformer is not recommended to be turned on without load. Therefore, the minimum power of the connected load is 35 - 40 watts. On the body of the product, the operating power range is usually indicated. For example, on the body of an electronic transformer, which is shown in the first photo, the output power range is 35 - 120 watts. Its minimum load power is 35 watts.

Halogen lamps EL1 ... EL5 (load) are best connected to an electronic transformer with wires no longer than 3 meters. Since a significant current flows through the connecting conductors, long wires increase the total resistance in the circuit. Therefore, lamps located farther will shine dimmer than those located closer.

It is also worth considering that the resistance of long wires contributes to their heating due to the passage of a significant current.

It is also worth noting that, due to their simplicity, electronic transformers are sources of high-frequency interference in the network. Usually, a filter is placed at the input of such devices, which blocks interference. As you can see from the diagram, there are no such filters in electronic transformers for halogen lamps. But in computer power supplies, which are also assembled according to the half-bridge scheme and with a more complex master oscillator, such a filter is usually mounted.

To control the motors, so-called H-bridges are used, which allow, by applying control logic signals to the inputs, to cause rotation in both directions. In this article, I have collected several options for H-bridges. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages, the choice is yours.

OPTION #1

This is a transistor H-bridge, its worth is ease of manufacture, almost everyone has parts for it in the trash, and it is also quite powerful, especially if you use KT816 and KT817 transistors instead of KT814, KT815 indicated in the diagram. Log.1 cannot be applied to this bridge at both inputs, because a short circuit will occur.

OPTION #2

This H-bridge is assembled on a microcircuit, its advantage is one microcircuit :-), and also the fact that it already has 2 H-bridges. The disadvantages include the fact that the microcircuit is low-power - max. output current 600 mA. On the E line, you can apply a PWM signal to control the speed, if this is not required, then the E pin must be connected to the power plus.

OPTION #3

This control option is also on a microcircuit, more powerful than the L293D, but there is only one bridge in it. The microcircuit comes in three versions S, P, F. The figure shows the S version. The P version is more powerful, and the F version is for surface mounting. All microcircuits have different pinouts, for others see the datasheet. By the way, this circuit allows you to apply units to both inputs, this causes engine braking.

OPTION #4

This bridge is assembled on MOSFET transistors, it is very simple and quite powerful. Two units cannot be applied to it at the same time.

There are many more motor control chips (for example, TLE4205, L298D), but the ones listed above are the most popular. You can also assemble an H-bridge on conventional electromagnetic relays.

In this article, we will consider the designation of radio elements in the diagrams.

Where to start reading diagrams?

In order to learn how to read circuits, first of all, we must study how this or that radio element looks in the circuit. In principle, there is nothing complicated about this. The whole point is that if there are 33 letters in the Russian alphabet, then in order to learn the designations of radio elements, you will have to try hard.

Until now, the whole world cannot agree on how to designate this or that radio element or device. Therefore, keep this in mind when you collect bourgeois schemes. In our article, we will consider our Russian GOST version of the designation of radioelements

Learning a simple circuit

Okay, more to the point. Let's look at a simple electrical circuit of the power supply, which used to flash in any Soviet paper publication:

If you have been holding a soldering iron in your hands for more than a day, then everything will immediately become clear to you at a glance. But among my readers there are those who are faced with such drawings for the first time. Therefore, this article is mainly for them.

Well, let's analyze it.

Basically, all diagrams are read from left to right, just like you read a book. Any different scheme can be represented as a separate block, to which we supply something and from which we remove something. Here we have a power supply circuit, to which we supply 220 volts from the outlet of your house, and a constant voltage comes out from our block. That is, you must understand what is the main function of your circuit. You can read it in the description for it.

How radio elements are connected in a circuit

So, it seems that we have decided on the task of this scheme. Straight lines are wires, or printed conductors, along which electric current will run. Their task is to connect radio elements.

The point where three or more conductors join is called node. We can say that in this place the wiring is soldered:

If you look closely at the circuit, you can see the intersection of two conductors

Such an intersection will often flash in the diagrams. Remember once and for all: at this point the wires do not connect and they must be isolated from each other. In modern circuits, you can most often see this option, which already visually shows that there is no connection between them:

Here, as it were, one wire goes around the other from above, and they do not contact each other in any way.

If there was a connection between them, then we would see this picture:

The letter designation of radio elements in the scheme

Let's take a look at our diagram again.

As you can see, the scheme consists of some obscure icons. Let's take a look at one of them. Let it be the R2 icon.

So, let's deal with the inscriptions first. R means . Since he is not the only one in our scheme, the developer of this scheme gave him the serial number “2”. There are 7 of them in the scheme. Radio elements are generally numbered from left to right and top to bottom. A rectangle with a dash inside already clearly shows that this is a fixed resistor with a power dissipation of 0.25 watts. Also next to it is written 10K, which means its face value is 10 Kiloom. Well, something like this...

How are the other radioelements designated?

To designate radio elements, single-letter and multi-letter codes are used. Single letter codes are group to which the element belongs. Here are the main groups of radio elements:

A - these are various devices (for example, amplifiers)

IN - converters of non-electric quantities into electrical ones and vice versa. This may include various microphones, piezoelectric elements, speakers, etc. Generators and power supplies here do not apply.

WITH – capacitors

D – integrated circuits and various modules

E - different elements that do not fall into any group

F – arresters, fuses, protective devices

H – indicating and signaling devices, e.g. sound and light indication devices

K – relays and starters

L – inductors and chokes

M – engines

R – instruments and measuring equipment

Q - switches and disconnectors in power circuits. That is, in circuits where a large voltage and a large current “walk”

R - resistors

S - switching devices in control, signaling and measurement circuits

T – transformers and autotransformers

U - Converters of electrical quantities into electrical, communication devices

V – semiconductor devices

W – microwave lines and elements, antennas

X - contact connections

Y – mechanical devices with electromagnetic drive

Z – terminal devices, filters, limiters

To clarify the element, after the one-letter code comes the second letter, which already means element type. Below are the main types of elements along with the group letter:

BD – ionizing radiation detector

BE – synchro-receiver

BL – photocell

BQ – piezoelectric element

BR – speed sensor

BS - pickup

BV - speed sensor

BA - loudspeaker

BB – magnetostrictive element

BK – thermal sensor

BM - microphone

BP - pressure meter

BC – synchro sensor

DA – integrated analog circuit

DD – integrated digital circuit, logic element

D.S. - information storage device

DT - delay device

EL - lighting lamp

EK - a heating element

FA – instantaneous current protection element

FP – current protection element of inertial action

FU - fuse

FV – voltage protection element

GB - battery

HG – symbolic indicator

HL - light signaling device

HA - sound alarm device

KV – voltage relay

KA – current relay

KK – electrothermal relay

KM - magnetic switch

KT – time relay

PC – pulse counter

PF – frequency meter

PI – active energy meter

PR - ohmmeter

PS - recording device

PV - voltmeter

PW - wattmeter

PA - ammeter

PK – reactive energy meter

PT - watch

QS - disconnector

RK – thermistor

RP - potentiometer

RS – measuring shunt

EN – varistor

SA – switch or switch

SB - push button switch

SF - Automatic switch

SK – temperature switches

SL – level switches

SP – pressure switches

SQ – position-operated switches

SR – switches triggered by rotational speed

TV – voltage transformer

TA - current transformer

UB – modulator

UI – discriminator

UR – demodulator

USD – frequency converter, inverter, frequency generator, rectifier

VD - diode, zener diode

VL - electrovacuum device

VS – thyristor

VT –

WA – antenna

wt - phase shifter

WU - attenuator

XA – current collector, sliding contact

XP - pin

XS - nest

XT - collapsible connection

XW – high frequency connector

YA – electromagnet

YB – brake with electromagnetic drive

YC – clutch with electromagnetic drive

YH – electromagnetic plate

ZQ – quartz filter

Graphic designation of radio elements in the circuit

I will try to give the most popular designations of the elements used in the diagrams:

Resistors and their types

A) general designation

b) power dissipation 0.125 W

V) power dissipation 0.25 W

G) power dissipation 0.5 W

d) power dissipation 1 W

e) power dissipation 2 W

and) power dissipation 5 W

h) power dissipation 10 W

And) power dissipation 50 W

Resistors variable

Thermistors

Strain gauges

Varistors

Shunt

Capacitors

a) the general designation of the capacitor

b) varicond

V) polar capacitor

G) trimmer capacitor

d) variable capacitor

Acoustics

a) headphone

b) loudspeaker (speaker)

V) general designation of a microphone

G) electret microphone

Diodes

A) diode bridge

b) the general designation of the diode

V) zener diode

G) double-sided zener diode

d) bidirectional diode

e) Schottky diode

and) tunnel diode

h) reversed diode

And) varicap

To) Light-emitting diode

l) photodiode

m) emitting diode in an optocoupler

n) a radiation-receiving diode in an optocoupler

Meters of electrical quantities

A) ammeter

b) voltmeter

V) voltammeter

G) ohmmeter

d) frequency meter

e) wattmeter

and) faradometer

h) oscilloscope

Inductors

A) coreless inductor

b) core inductor

V) trimmer inductor

transformers

A) the general designation of the transformer

b) transformer with output from the winding

V) current transformer

G) transformer with two secondary windings (maybe more)

d) three-phase transformer

Switching devices

A) closing

b) opening

V) opening with return (button)

G) closing with return (button)

d) switching

e) reed switch

Electromagnetic relay with different groups of contacts

Circuit breakers

A) general designation

b) the side that remains energized when the fuse blows is highlighted

V) inertial

G) fast acting

d) thermal coil

e) switch-disconnector with fuse

Thyristors

bipolar transistor

unijunction transistor

Today we will consider a circuit that allows you to change the polarity of the DC voltage applied to the load.

The need to change the polarity of the voltage often arises in motor control or in bridge voltage converter circuits. For example, for DC motors, this is necessary to change the direction of rotation, and stepper motors or pulse DC-DC bridge converters will not work at all without solving this problem.

So, below you can see the scheme, which, for its external similarity with the letter H, is usually called the H-bridge.

K1, K2, K3, K4 - managed keys

A, B, C, D - key control signals

The idea behind this circuit is very simple:

If the keys K1 and K4 are closed, and the keys K2 and K3 are open, then the supply voltage is applied to the point h1, and the point h2 is closed to a common wire. The current through the load in this case flows from point h1 to point h2.

If you do the opposite - open the keys K1 and K4, and close the keys K2 and K3, then the polarity of the voltage at the load will change to the opposite, - point h1 will be closed to a common wire, and point h2 - to the power bus. The current through the load will now flow from point h2 to point h1.

In addition to changing the polarity, the h-bridge, in the case of controlling the electric motor, adds one more bonus to us - the ability to short-circuit the ends of the windings, which leads to a sharp braking of our engine. Such an effect can be obtained by simultaneously closing either the keys K1 and K3, or the keys K2 and K4. Let's call this case "braking mode". To be fair, this H-bridge bonus is used much less frequently than just a polarity reversal (it will become clear why later).

Anything can act as keys: relays, field-effect transistors, bipolar transistors. The industry makes H-bridges built into chips (for example, the LB1838 chip, a stepper motor driver, contains two built-in H-bridges) and releases special drivers for driving H-bridges (for example, the IR2110 driver for driving field workers). In this case, chip designers certainly try to squeeze out the maximum bonuses and eliminate the maximum undesirable effects. It is clear that such industrial solutions do the job best, but radio clowns are poor people, and good microcircuits cost money, so we, of course, will consider purely self-made options for bridges and their control schemes.

In self-fighting (that is, in amateur radio practice), H-bridges are most often used either on powerful MOSFETs (for high currents) or on bipolar transistors (for small currents).

Quite often, key control signals are combined in pairs. They are combined in such a way that from one external control signal two control signals are formed at once in our circuit (that is, for two keys at once). This allows us to reduce the number of external control signals from four to two pieces (and save 2 controller legs if we have controller control).

Most often, signals are combined in two ways: either A is combined with B, and C is combined with D, or A is combined with D, and B is combined with C. To identify and fix the differences, let's call the method when they form pairs AB and CD "common control anti-phase keys "(these keys to change the polarity of the voltage applied to the load must work in anti-phase, i.e. if one opens, the other must close), and the method when AD and BC pairs are formed will be called "general control of common-mode keys" (these keys to change the polarity, they work in phase, i.e. either both must open, or both must close).

To make it clearer what is at stake, we look at the figure on the right. Let us further agree to consider a high voltage level as a unit, and a low voltage level as zero. On the left side of the figure, the transistors are controlled independently of each other. To open the upper transistor, you need to apply the control signal A=0, and to close it, you need to apply A=1. To open and close the lower transistor, you need to apply B=1 or B=0. If, using an additional transistor, we combine the signals A and B (see the right side of the figure), then the upper and lower transistors can be controlled by one common signal AB. When AB=1, both transistors open, and when AB=0, both transistors close.

The figure on the left shows an H-bridge with common anti-phase switching, and the figure on the right with common common mode switching. U1 and U2 are nodes that allow one external common signal to form a separate signal for each of the keys working in a pair.

Now let's think about what each of these two ways of managing gives us.

With the general control of anti-phase switches, we can easily make both upper or both lower switches open (if the circuit is the same as ours on the left, then this will happen with AB = CD), that is, we have braking mode available. However, the downside is that with this control method, we will almost certainly get through currents through transistors, the only question will be their magnitude. In industrial mikruhs, to combat this problem, a special delay circuit is introduced for one of the transistors.

With the general control of common-mode switches, we can easily overcome through currents (we just need to first give a signal to turn off the pair of transistors that is currently in use, and only then a signal to turn on the pair that we plan to use). However, with such control, you can forget about the braking mode (even more so, if we accidentally apply a unit to both external control signals at the same time, we will arrange a short circuit in the circuit).

Since getting through currents is a much more acidic option (it’s not easy to deal with them), they usually prefer to forget about the braking mode.

In addition to all of the above, it is necessary to understand that with frequent constant switching (in converters or when controlling steppers), it will be fundamentally important for us not only to avoid the occurrence of through currents, but also to achieve the maximum switching speed of the keys, since their heating depends on it. If we use the h-bridge simply to reverse the DC motor, then the switching speed is not so critical, since the switching is not systematic and the keys, even if heated, will most likely have time to cool down before the next switch.

That's the whole theory, in general, if I remember anything else important, I'll definitely write it.

As you understand, there are quite a lot of practical schemes of H-bridges, as well as options for controlling them, since, as we have already figured out, it is important to take into account the maximum current, the speed of switching keys, and options for combining key control (as well as the possibility of such associations), so a separate article is needed for each practical scheme (indicating where this particular scheme is appropriate to use). Here I will give, for example, only a simple bipolar transistor circuit, suitable, say, for controlling not very powerful DC motors (but I will show you how to calculate it).

So an example:

The H-bridge itself is made on transistors T1, T2, T3, T4, and with the help of additional transistors T5, T6, the control of common-mode keys is combined (signal A controls transistors T1 and T4, signal B controls transistors T2 and T3).

This scheme works as follows:

When the signal level A becomes high, current begins to flow through the resistor R2 and the p-n junctions of the BE transistors T5 and T4, these transistors open, as a result of which current appears through the BE junction of the transistor T1, the resistor R1 and the open transistor T5, as a result of which the transistor T1 opens .

When the signal level A becomes low, the p-n junctions of the BE transistors T5 and T4 are blocked, these transistors close, the current stops flowing through the BE junction of the transistor T1, and it also closes.

How to calculate such a scheme? Very simple. Let us have a supply voltage of 12V, a maximum motor current of 1A, and a control signal also of 12 volts (state “1” corresponds to a voltage level of about 12V, state “0” corresponds to a level of about zero volts).

First, select transistors T1, T2, T3, T4. Any transistors that can withstand a voltage of 12V and a current of 1A will do, for example, KT815 (npn) and its complementary pair - KT814 (pnp). These transistors are rated for current up to 1.5 amps, voltage up to 25 volts and have a gain of 40.

We calculate the minimum control current of transistors T1, T4: 1A/40=25 mA.

We calculate the resistor R1, assuming that on the p-n junctions of the BE transistors T1, T4 and on the open transistor T5, it drops by 0.5V: (12-3 * 0.5) / 25 = 420 Ohm. This is the maximum resistance at which we will get the desired control current, so we will choose the nearest lower value from the standard range: 390 ohms. In this case, our control current will be (12-3 * 0.5) / 390 = 27 mA, and the power dissipated on the resistor: U 2 / R = 283 mW. That is, the resistor must be set to 0.5 W (well, or put several 0.125 watts in parallel, but so that their total resistance is 390 Ohms)

Transistor T5 must withstand the same 12V and 27 mA current. Suitable, for example, KT315A (25 Volts, 100 mA, minimum gain 30).

We calculate its control current: 27 mA / 30 = 0.9 mA.

We calculate the resistor R2, assuming that 0.5 V drops at the BE junctions of transistors T5 and T4: (12-2 * 0.5) / 0.9 = 12 kOhm. Again, we select the nearest lower value from the standard range: 10 kOhm. In this case, the control current T5 will be 1.1 mA and 12.1 mW of heat will be dissipated on it (that is, a conventional 0.125 W resistor will do).

That's the whole calculation.

Here's what I'd like to talk about next. In the theoretical diagrams of H-bridges given in the article, we only draw keys, but in the example under consideration, in addition to the keys, there are one more elements - diodes. Each of our keys is shunted by a diode. Why is this done and can it be done differently?

In our example, we control an electric motor. The load on which we switch the polarity using the H-bridge is the winding of this motor, that is, our load is inductive. And the inductance has one interesting feature - the current through it cannot change abruptly.

The inductance works like a flywheel - when we spin it up - it stores energy (and interferes with spinning), and when we release it - it continues to spin (wasting
stored energy). So is the coil - when an external voltage is applied to it - a current begins to flow through it, but it does not increase sharply, as through a resistor, but gradually, since part of the energy transmitted by the power source is not spent on accelerating electrons, but is stored by the coil in a magnetic field. When we remove this external voltage, the current through the coil also does not drop instantly, but continues to flow, decreasing gradually, only now the energy stored earlier in the magnetic field is consumed to maintain this current.

So. Let's look again at our very first drawing (here it is, on the right). Let's say we had keys K1 and K4 closed. When we open these keys, the current continues to flow through the winding, that is, the charges continue to move from point h1 to point h2 (due to the energy accumulated by the winding in the magnetic field). As a result of this movement of charges, the potential of the point h1 falls, and the potential of the point h2 grows. The occurrence of a potential difference between points h1 and h2 when the coil is disconnected from an external power source is also known as self-induction EMF. During the time that we open the keys K3 and K2, the potential of point h1 can fall significantly below zero, as well as the potential of point h2 can grow significantly above the potential of the power rail. That is, our keys may be at risk of breakdown by high voltage.

How to deal with it? There are two ways.

First way. You can shunt the keys with diodes, as in our example. Then, when the potential of point h1 drops below the level of the common wire, diode D3 will open, through which current will flow from the common wire to point h1, and the further drop in the potential of this point will stop. Similarly, when the potential of point h2 rises above the potential of the power rail, diode D2 opens, through which current flows from point h2 to the power rail, which again prevents further growth of the potential of point h2.

The second way is based on the fact that when charges are pumped from one point of the circuit to another, the change in potentials between these two points will depend on the capacitance of the circuit between these points. The larger the capacitance, the more charge you need to move from one point to another to obtain the same potential difference (read more in the article “How Capacitors Work”). Based on this, it is possible to limit the growth of the potential difference between the ends of the motor winding (and, accordingly, the growth of the potential difference between the points h1, h2 and the power and ground buses) by shunting this winding with a capacitor. This is actually the second way.

That's all for today, good luck!

Video review

Working principle of H-bridge

The term "H-bridge" came from the graphic representation of this circuit, reminiscent of the letter "H". H-bridge consists of 4 keys. Depending on the current state of the switches, a different state of the motor is possible.

S1	S2	S3	S4	Result
1	0	0	1	Motor turns to the right
0	1	1	0	Motor turns to the left
0	0	0	0	Free rotation of the motor
0	1	0	1	Motor slows down
1	0	1	0	Motor slows down
1	1	0	0
0	0	1	1	Short circuit of the power supply

Connection and setup

The H-bridge (Troyka-module) communicates with the control electronics via 2 signal wires D and E - the speed and direction of rotation of the motor.

The motor is connected to terminals M+ and M- . And the power supply for the motor is connected with its contacts to the pads for the screw P. The positive terminal of the power supply is connected to the P+ terminal, and the negative terminal to the P- terminal.

When connected to or convenient to use .
With you can do without extra wires.

Work examples

Let's start demonstrating the possibilities. The connection diagram is in the picture above. The control board is powered via USB or an external power connector.

Examples for Arduino

First, turn the motor for three seconds in one direction and then the other.

dc_motor_test.ino #define SPEED 11 // pins to exit mode // spin the motor in one direction for 3 seconds digitalWrite(DIR, LOW) ; digitalWrite(SPEED, HIGH) ; delay(3000) ; digitalWrite(SPEED, LOW) ; delay(1000) ; // then turn the motor in the other direction for 3 seconds digitalWrite(DIR, HIGH) ; digitalWrite(SPEED, HIGH) ; delay(3000) ; // then stop the motor digitalWrite(SPEED, LOW) ; delay(1000) ; )

Let's improve the experiment: let's make the motor smoothly accelerate to the maximum and stop in one direction, and then in the other.

dc_motor_test2.ino // motor speed control pin (with PWM support)#define SPEED 11 // pin for selecting the direction of movement of the motor#define DIR A3 void setup() ( // pins to exit mode pinMode(DIR, OUTPUT) ; pinMode(SPEED, OUTPUT) ; ) void loop() ( // change direction digitalWrite(DIR, LOW) ; for (int i = 0 ; i<= 255 ; i++ ) { analogWrite(SPEED, i) ; delay(10 ) ; } // make the motor slow down for (int i = 255 ; i > 0 ; i-- ) ( analogWrite(SPEED, i) ; delay(10 ) ; ) // change direction digitalWrite(DIR, HIGH) ; // now let's make the motor slowly accelerate to the maximum for (int i = 0 ; i<= 255 ; i++ ) { analogWrite(SPEED, i) ; delay(10 ) ; } for (int i = 255 ; i >0; i-- ) ( analogWrite(SPEED, i) ; delay(10 ) ; ) )

Example for IskraJS

dc_motor_test.js // include the library var Motor = require("@amperka/motor" ) ; // connect the motor with indication of speed pin and direction of rotation var myMotor = Motor.connect (( phasePin: A3, pwmPin: P11, freq: 100 ) ) ; // spin the motor back at 75% power myMotor.write(0.75) ;

Board elements

Motor driver

The TB6612FNG motor driver is an assembly of two H-half bridges. In our module, we paralleled both channels of the H-bridge chip to compensate for heating.

The motor is connected with its contacts to the blocks for the screw M- and M +. The polarity in this case is unimportant, as it affects the direction of rotation of the shaft and can be changed programmatically.

Load power

The power supply for the motor (power supply) is connected with its contacts to the pads for the screw P. The positive terminal of the power supply is connected to the P+ terminal, and the negative terminal to the P- terminal. The supply voltage of the motors must be between 3-12 VDC.

Contacts for connecting three-wire loops

1-group

D - direction of rotation of the motor. Connect to the digital pin of the microcontroller.

V - power supply of the logical part of the module. Connect to microcontroller power.

G is earth. Duplicates pin G from the second group of Troyka contacts. Connect to microcontroller ground.

2-group

E - turn on and control the speed of rotation of the motor. Connect to the digital pin of the microcontroller.

V2 - module power supply. Learn more about power pooling.

G is earth. Duplicates pin G from the first group of Troyka contacts. Connect to microcontroller ground.

Power pool jumper

Power supply can also be connected via pins V2 and G from the second group of Troyka contacts. To do this, set the power supply jumper V2=P+ . In this case, it is no longer necessary to connect power to the P+ and P- contacts.

Attention! The power pool jumper connects the V2 pins to the P+ terminal block of the external power supply. If you are unsure of what you are doing or are afraid to apply too high voltage from the H-bridge terminals to the control board, do not install this jumper!

This jumper will be useful when installing an H-bridge on pins that support V2.

For example, if 12 V is supplied to the board through the external power connector, then by setting the jumper on the Troyka Slot Shield to the V2-VIN position, you will receive a voltage of 12 V on the V2 pin of the H-bridge. This 12V can be fed to the load - just set the V2=P+ jumper on the H-bridge.