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King of Great Britain from the Hanoverian dynasty. reigned 1714-1727 J.: from 1682 Sophia Dorothea, daughter of Duke George of Brunswick-Lüneburg (born 1666, died 1726). Genus. 1665 Died June 10, 1727

George 1, great-grandson of James I and founder of the new English royal dynasty, was never popular in England. He was tolerated only because he seemed the least of all possible evils. Queen Anne, the last of the Stuarts, was keen to pass on the throne to her younger brother James III, who was living as an exile in France. Bolingbroke, who headed the government at the time, supported these desires in her. But in reality very few wanted the arrival of the pretender, since it would inevitably entail civil and religious war. Therefore, after the death in 1700 of the little Duke of Gloucester, the last of Anne Stuart's children, Elector Sophia, George's mother, was declared heir to the English throne, and George received the title Duke of Cambridge. The future king spent his entire adult life in Germany. During his father's lifetime, he fought at the head of the Hanoverian army on the Danube against the Turks, and fought in Italy and on the Rhine. Having inherited the electorate, he conducted affairs with great zeal and prudence. The people of Hanover loved him very much. However, in privacy he was never a paragon of virtue. Having entered into an arranged marriage, Georg was not faithful husband and never appreciated his wife, although Sophia Dorothea was unusually pretty, lively, witty and educated. Her husband's rudeness and cruelty drove her crazy. She went to live in Italy and behaved more than at ease there. Having learned about her love affairs, George filed a case for divorce and in 1694 achieved it.

In September 1714, George landed in his new kingdom, pointedly refused to accept Bolingbroke and formed a new ministry of only Whigs. He didn't know a single word of English and soon caused everyone's disappointment. The Jacobite rebellion raised in Scotland by James III forced the English to rally around the new king, but, generally speaking, the prestige of the English monarch fell extremely low at this time. Although not distinguished by political talents, George did not possess personal qualities that could inspire his subjects to respect him. He brought with him to England two of his former mistresses, who received the high-profile titles of Duchess of Kendal and Countess of Darlington. Georg retained the German servants, the entire old way of life, and did not even want to travel around the country to get acquainted with its structure and population. In his foreign policy the king was guided almost exclusively by the interests of Hanover. He, undoubtedly, was not an enlightened monarch and did not patronize the arts, but he was not a hypocrite either. A despot in Hanover, in England he was a very moderate ruler. English political system, no doubt, only benefited from the change of dynasties, since many powers that previously belonged to the king now passed to parliament. It was at this time that the head of the cabinet, who enjoys the confidence of the majority in the House of Commons, comes to the forefront in English politics.

George's mother, Sophia, was a granddaughter and was declared heir to the English throne instead of her son, who had the highest priority in genealogy. James III "The Old Pretender" (he went down in history under this name, despite the fact that he was never king) was a Catholic, and, fearing renewed religious strife, subsequently changed her mind in favor of the Protestant Sophia. She, however, died a few weeks earlier, and was succeeded by her son George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Elector of the Holy Roman Empire.

Georg was a typical German by upbringing. Rude, cruel and ignorant, he did not have the talent of a political leader, but he was a brave warrior, he conducted affairs in Hanover thoroughly and was loved local residents. Georg was not an exemplary family man and constantly cheated on his wife. She paid him with the same coin. Finally, in 1694, Georg obtained a divorce from his wife and imprisoned her in Alden Castle, although he retained her servants and a carriage for trips.

Having moved to England, George did not change his habits. He didn't want to study English language, brought with him German servants and two mistresses, and in matters of English foreign policy, as a rule, he was guided by the interests of his native Hanover. From the very first days of the new king’s reign, the British became more and more disappointed in him, and only the principle of choosing the “lesser evil” against the background of James III allowed George to stay on the throne.

Already in the first year of his reign, George had to suppress the Jacobite rebellion in Scotland, known as the “Rebellion of the Fifteenth Year.” The rebels, led by the Earl of Mar, set out to win the throne for James III, but they did not have a clear military plan and were soon defeated. Participants in the uprising were severely punished: some were executed, others were exiled to colonies, and the property of many noble families was confiscated.

The collapse of the Jacobite uprising also undermined the power of the Tories who sympathized with James. The Whigs won the next parliamentary elections and subsequently occupied leading positions for a long time.

In 1719, the Jacobites staged another uprising. Having resorted to the help of the Spaniards, James III landed in Scotland and tried to recruit an army from local residents, but he was poorly armed army quickly capitulated under the onslaught of British artillery.

The first Whig government, created in 1717, was led by Charles Spencer, Earl of Sunderland, who quickly pushed aside his rivals: Robert Walpole, Charles Townsend and James Stanhope. However, in 1719, he became involved in a scam with the Southern Marine Company, which led to an economic crisis, and resigned. Sir Robert Walpole took his place. He was not formally a prime minister, but only bore the title of First Lord of the Treasury, but all the levers of government were in his hands. With the help of bribes, he gained the support of many deputies of the House of Commons, which allowed him to carry out the necessary decisions.

Towards the end of his life, George became interested in the idea of creating a triple alliance of Great Britain, France and the Netherlands. More and more often he visited his native Germany, which was closer to his heart than England. On June 11, 1727, on the way to Hanover, he died, leaving the crowns to his son.

George I, Georg Ludwig von Hanover

George I. Reproduction from the site http://monarchy.nm.ru/

George I (28.III.1660 - 11.VI.1727) - King [of England] (from 1714) and Elector of Hanover (from 1698), the first representative of the Hanoverian dynasty. English culture and English interests were alien to George. He showed little interest in English politics, which helped the Whig party in power strengthen the dominance of the bourgeois-aristocratic parliament over the crown.

Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1973-1982. Volume 4. THE HAGUE - DVIN. 1963.

George I
Georg Ludwig von Hanover
Georg Ludwig von Hannover
Years of life: May 28, 1660 - June 11, 1727
Reign: 1 August 1714 - 11 June 1727
Father: Ernst August of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Mother: Sofia
Wife: Sofia Cellskaya (marriage dissolved)
Son: George
Daughter: Sofia-Dorothea

Georg's mother, Sophia, was the granddaughter James I and was announced Anna Stewart heir to the English throne instead of her son James II, who had the highest priority in terms of pedigree. James III (he went down in history under this name, despite the fact that he was never king) was a Catholic, and Anna, fearing renewed religious strife, subsequently changed her decision in favor of the Protestant Sophia. She, however, died a few weeks before Anne, and was succeeded by her son George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Elector of the Holy Roman Empire.

Georg was a typical German by upbringing. Rude, cruel and ignorant, he did not have the talent of a political leader, but he was a brave warrior, he conducted affairs in Hanover thoroughly and enjoyed the love of the local residents. Georg was not an exemplary family man and constantly cheated on his wife. She paid him with the same coin. Finally, in 1694, George obtained a divorce from his wife and imprisoned her in Alden Castle, although he retained her servants and a carriage for trips.

Having moved to England, George did not change his habits. He did not want to learn English, brought with him German servants and two mistresses, and in matters of English foreign policy, as a rule, he was guided by the interests of his native Hanover. From the very first days of the new king's reign, the British became more and more disappointed in him, and only the principle of choosing the “lesser evil” against the background of James III allowed George to stay on the throne.

Already in the first year of his reign, George had to suppress the Jacobite rebellion in Scotland, known as the “Rebellion of the Fifteenth Year.” The rebels, led by the Earl of Mar, set out to win the throne for James III (the "Old Pretender"), but they did not have a clear military plan and were soon defeated. Participants in the uprising were severely punished: some were executed, others were exiled to colonies, and the property of many noble families was confiscated.

The collapse of the Jacobite uprising also undermined the power of the Tories who sympathized with Jacob. The Whigs won the next parliamentary elections and subsequently occupied leading positions for a long time.

In 1719, the Jacobites staged another uprising. With the help of the Spaniards, James III landed in Scotland and tried to recruit an army from local residents, but his poorly armed army quickly capitulated under the onslaught of British artillery.

The first Whig government, created in 1717, was led by Charles Spencer, Earl of Sunderland, who quickly pushed aside his rivals, Robert Walpole, Charles Townsend and James Stanhope. However, in 1719 he became involved in a scam with the Southern Marine Company, which led to an economic crisis, and resigned. Sir Robert Walpole took his place. He was not formally a prime minister, but only bore the title of First Lord of the Treasury, but all the levers of government were in his hands. With the help of bribes, he gained the support of many deputies of the House of Commons, which allowed him to carry out the necessary decisions.

Religion: Lutheranism Birth: December 24(1845-12-24 )
Copenhagen, Denmark Death: March 18(1913-03-18 ) (67 years old)
Thessaloniki,
Kingdom of Greece Burial place: Tatoi Genus: Glücksburgs Father: Christian IX Mother: Louise of Hesse-Kassel Spouse: Olga Konstantinovna Children: Konstantin, Georg, Nikolai, Andrey, Christopher, Alexandra, Maria, Olga Autograph: Monogram: Awards:

Biography

The long and successful reign of George turned out to be a prologue to a period of instability of subsequent reigns, constant wars and coups that haunted Greece for more than 60 years.

Family

In 1867, Georg married Olga Konstantinovna (1851-1926), daughter of Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich.
Children:

Constantine I (-) - King of Greece (-, -, married Princess Sophia of Prussia, had three sons and three daughters;
George (-) - Count of Corfu, married Princess Maria Bonaparte, had a son and daughter;
Alexander Pavel Alexandrovich, had a son and daughter;
Nikolai (-) - married Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna, had three daughters;
Maria (-) - wife of Grand Duke Georgiy Mikhailovich, had two daughters;
Olga () - died in infancy
Andrew (-) - married Princess Alice of Battenberg, had four daughters and a son;
Christopher (-) - first wife, American heiress Nancy Stewart, second wife, French princess Françoise of Orleans, with whom he had one son.

Memory

In philately

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Notes

Literature

John Campbell et Philip Sherrard, Modern Greece, Ernest Benn, Londres, 1968. ISBN 0-510-37951-6.
Walter Christmas, King George of Greece, Adamant Media Corporation, Londres, 2001. ISBN 1-4021-7527-2.
Richard Clogg A Short History of Modern Greece, University Press, Cambridge, 1979. ISBN 0-521-32837-3.
Edward S. Forster, A Short History of Modern Greece 1821-1956, 3rd edition, Methuen and Co, Londres, 1958.
Michel de Grace et Henri d'Orléans, Mon album de famille, Perrin, Paris, 1996. ISBN 2-262-01237-7.
John Van der Kiste Kings of the Hellenes, Sutton Publishing, 1994.

Links

Excerpt characterizing George I (King of Greece)

Never in the Rostov house did the air of love, the atmosphere of love, make itself felt with such force as on these holiday days. “Catch moments of happiness, force yourself to love, fall in love yourself! Only this one thing is real in the world - the rest is all nonsense. And that’s all we’re doing here,” said the atmosphere. Nikolai, as always, having tortured two pairs of horses and not having had time to visit all the places where he needed to be and where he was called, arrived home just before dinner. As soon as he entered, he noticed and felt the tense, loving atmosphere in the house, but he also noticed a strange confusion reigning between some of the members of the society. Sonya, Dolokhov, the old countess and a little Natasha were especially excited. Nikolai realized that something was going to happen before dinner between Sonya and Dolokhov, and with his characteristic sensitivity of heart he was very gentle and careful during dinner in dealing with both of them. On the same evening of the third day of the holidays there was supposed to be one of those balls at Yogel (the dance teacher), which he gave on holidays for all his students.
- Nikolenka, will you go to Yogel? Please go,” Natasha told him, “he especially asked you, and Vasily Dmitrich (it was Denisov) is going.”
“Wherever I go on the orders of Mr. Athena!” said Denisov, who jokingly placed himself in the Rostov house on the foot of the knight Natasha, “pas de chale [dance with a shawl] is ready to dance.”
- If I have time! “I promised the Arkharovs, it’s their evening,” Nikolai said.
“And you?...” he turned to Dolokhov. And just now I asked this, I noticed that this shouldn’t have been asked.
“Yes, maybe...” Dolokhov answered coldly and angrily, looking at Sonya and, frowning, with exactly the same look as he looked at Pierre at the club dinner, he looked again at Nikolai.
“There is something,” thought Nikolai, and this assumption was further confirmed by the fact that Dolokhov left immediately after dinner. He called Natasha and asked what was it?
“I was looking for you,” Natasha said, running out to him. “I told you, you still didn’t want to believe,” she said triumphantly, “he proposed to Sonya.”
No matter how little Nikolai did with Sonya during this time, something seemed to come off in him when he heard this. Dolokhov was a decent and in some respects a brilliant match for the dowry-free orphan Sonya. From the point of view of the old countess and the world, it was impossible to refuse him. And therefore Nikolai’s first feeling when he heard this was anger against Sonya. He was preparing to say: “And great, of course, we must forget our childhood promises and accept the offer”; but he didn’t have time to say it yet...
– You can imagine! She refused, completely refused! – Natasha spoke. “She said she loves someone else,” she added after a short silence.
“Yes, my Sonya could not have done otherwise!” thought Nikolai.
“No matter how much my mother asked her, she refused, and I know she won’t change what she said...
- And mom asked her! – Nikolai said reproachfully.
“Yes,” said Natasha. - You know, Nikolenka, don’t be angry; but I know that you will not marry her. I know, God knows why, I know for sure, you won’t get married.
“Well, you don’t know that,” said Nikolai; – but I need to talk to her. What a beauty this Sonya is! – he added smiling.
- This is so lovely! I'll send it to you. - And Natasha, kissing her brother, ran away.
A minute later Sonya came in, frightened, confused and guilty. Nikolai approached her and kissed her hand. This was the first time on this visit that they spoke face to face and about their love.
“Sophie,” he said timidly at first, and then more and more boldly, “if you want to refuse not only a brilliant, profitable match; but he is a wonderful, noble man... he is my friend...
Sonya interrupted him.
“I already refused,” she said hastily.
- If you refuse for me, then I’m afraid that on me...
Sonya interrupted him again. She looked at him with pleading, frightened eyes.
“Nicolas, don’t tell me that,” she said.
- No, I have to. Maybe this is suffisance [arrogance] on my part, but it’s better to say. If you refuse for me, then I must tell you the whole truth. I love you, I think, more than anyone...
“That’s enough for me,” Sonya said, flushing.
- No, but I have fallen in love a thousand times and will continue to fall in love, although I do not have such a feeling of friendship, trust, love for anyone as for you. Then I'm young. Maman doesn't want this. Well, it's just that I don't promise anything. And I ask you to think about Dolokhov’s proposal,” he said, having difficulty pronouncing his friend’s last name.
- Don't tell me that. I don't want anything. I love you like a brother, and will always love you, and I don’t need anything more.
“You are an angel, I am not worthy of you, but I am only afraid of deceiving you.” – Nikolai kissed her hand again.

Yogel had the most fun balls in Moscow. This was what the mothers said, looking at their adolescentes [girls] performing their newly learned steps; this was said by the adolescentes and adolescents themselves, [girls and boys] who danced until they dropped; these grown-up girls and young men who came to these balls with the idea of condescending to them and finding the best fun in them. In the same year, two marriages took place at these balls. The two pretty princesses of the Gorchakovs found suitors and got married, and even more so they launched these balls into glory. What was special about these balls was that there was no host and hostess: there was the good-natured Yogel, like flying feathers, shuffling around according to the rules of art, who accepted tickets for lessons from all his guests; was that only those who wanted to dance and have fun, like 13 and 14 year olds want to, still went to these balls summer girls putting on long dresses for the first time. Everyone, with rare exceptions, was or seemed pretty: they all smiled so enthusiastically and their eyes lit up so much. Sometimes even the best students danced pas de chale, of whom the best was Natasha, distinguished by her grace; but at this last ball only ecosaises, anglaises and the mazurka, which was just coming into fashion, were danced. The hall was taken by Yogel to Bezukhov’s house, and the ball was a great success, as everyone said. There were a lot of pretty girls, and the Rostov ladies were among the best. They were both especially happy and cheerful. That evening, Sonya, proud of Dolokhov’s proposal, her refusal and explanation with Nikolai, was still spinning at home, not allowing the girl to finish her braids, and now she was glowing through and through with impetuous joy.
Natasha, no less proud that she was wearing a long dress for the first time at a real ball, was even happier. Both were wearing white muslin dresses with pink ribbons.

King of Great Britain since August 1, 1714, the first representative of the Hanoverian dynasty on the royal throne of Great Britain

Biography

As the son of Ernst August, the first Elector of Brunswick, Prince Georg Ludwig was granted rights to the British crown by his mother, Princess Sophia of Hanover, granddaughter of James I, and by the Act of Succession passed by the English Parliament in 1701. According to this Act, the thrones of England and Scotland could not be occupied by Catholics; Princess Sophia turned out to be the closest Protestant relative of the House of Stuart.

In 1682, George married his cousin, Princess Sophia Dorothea of Zell. From this marriage two children were born - son George (future English king George II) and daughter Sophia Dorothea (future mother of the Prussian king Frederick the Great). But the union did not last long - in 1687 the prince separated from his wife.

In 1698, after the death of his father, Georg Ludwig inherited the Electorate of Brunswick. Such cultural luminaries as the mathematician Gottfried von Leibniz and the composer George Handel worked at his court.

George's mother, Sophia, heir to the English throne, died a few weeks before the death of the British Queen Anne, which followed on August 1, 1714. George initially did not want to take the British throne, but Hanoverian advisers persuaded him to accept the crown. He arrived in London on September 18 and was crowned in Westminster Abbey.

In 1715, a Jacobite uprising broke out in England, wanting to see the brother of the late Anne, the Catholic James (James) Stuart, on the throne. The uprising was soon suppressed.

In 1717, George actively participated in the creation of the anti-Spanish Triple Alliance of Britain, France and the Netherlands. Subsequently, he increasingly visited his native Germany, which always remained closer to his soul than Great Britain. On the way to Hanover he died. He was succeeded by his eldest son, George II.

Marriage and children

Wife: from 21 November 1682 (divorced 28 December 1694) Sophia Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Zell (15 September 1666 - 13 November 1726), daughter of Duke George II Wilhelm of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Zell. They had two children: