When you study an adverb as a part of speech, everything is easy and understandable. Morphological features are one or two, the role in the sentence is almost always the same, there are few spelling rules. But it only seems so at first.
The first difficulties begin when you need to find adverbs in a sentence or text. They are similar to all parts of speech that are already familiar to us: both independent and auxiliary.
On nouns (in the morning, side by side), adjectives (reliably, excessively), pronouns (in their own way, then), numerals (twice, three times), participles (brilliantly, defiantly), prepositions (around, towards), conjunctions (barely , while), particles (as, only). It is difficult to distinguish adverbs from the category of state (fun, dark).
This means that you first need to understand how an adverb is formed, what it is associated with, what it means. As soon as we deal with these questions, we will move on to the morphological analysis of adverbs.
The first group of adverbs is formed from pronominal roots (than: why, there is no reason, for some reason, for some reason), has similar categories: interrogative and relative (why, why), demonstrative (therefore, therefore), definitive-generalizing (always, in every possible way ), indefinite (for some reason, for some reason), negative (no need). They have adverbial meanings of manner of action (in every possible way), place (everywhere), time (always), reason (because), purpose (for some reason). All these adverbs can be called pronominal.
The second group of adverbs is formed from significant parts of speech: qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives (creatively, in German, in wolf), nouns in R., D., V., T., P. cases (partly, nearby, on the side , for nothing, away), cardinal, ordinal and collective numerals (once, thirdly, together), participles and gerunds (defiantly, jokingly). Some adverbs were formed from combinations of several nouns (from side to side), a pronoun and a noun (immediately, today), an adverb and a particle (not at all, a lot).
Adverbs are often attached to a verb, denoting a sign of an action (to run quickly), to an adjective, participle or other adverb, denoting a sign of a sign (too fast, flying fast, very fast). Sometimes they have the meaning of an attribute of an object if they are attached to a noun (step forward, pike perch in Polish).
So, the general grammatical meaning of adverbs is a sign of an action, a sign of a sign, a sign of an object. An adverb answers the questions how? to what extent? Where? Where? where? When? Why? For what?
Try to find adverbs in this short text.
It’s cold and hungry in January for both birds and animals. Flocks of titmice huddle closer to the houses, sullen, frost-covered moose often come out to the haystacks, and only the bear and the badger snore sweetly in their warm winter bedrooms. Everything froze, became silent - it seems that there is no longer any life in the forest... But what is this? At the very top, leisurely, dressed-up birds were eating. Of course, these are the crossbills, calmly peeling the fir cones. A little to the side, under a hazel bush, a gray squirrel is looking for a fallen nut for breakfast. And below, under the birch tree, where the squirrel had just been, an even chain of fox tracks lay on the snow. No, life in the forest did not stop, did not fall asleep.
Let's test ourselves!
A little clarification. The word “slightly” refers to adverbs if it has the meaning of measure and degree: a little to the side (how much?) - a little to the side.
In the first sentence, the words “cold” and “hungry” are words of the state category and are used as a compound nominal predicate. They denote the state of nature or the environment and cannot have a subject.
In addition, adverbs are very similar to the short form of an adjective in the neuter form. Compare three sentences:
I sat comfortably in a chair. The chair is very comfortable. The office is bright and comfortable.
Questions should be asked: located (how?) conveniently - this is an adverb; chair (what?) comfortable is a short adjective; in the office (how? what?) comfortable - state category. The syntactic role can be determined: in the first - the circumstance of the manner of action, in the second and third - the compound nominal predicate. Moreover, in the latter case there is not and cannot be any subject.
Let us now move on to morphological analysis. Remember that adverbs do not and cannot have an initial form, since they are an unchangeable part of speech. The adverb also has no inconstant features. Instead of characterizing non-permanent features, you can indicate: “unchangeable word.”
When performing morphological analysis of an adverb, it is necessary to determine two constant morphological features.
1) Class by meaning: adverbs of manner of action (good, fun, wonderful), measure and degree (too, very, slightly), place (down, left), time (recently, today), reason (rashly, involuntarily) , goals (specifically, for future use).
2) For adverbs in -о, -е, formed from qualitative adjectives, the forms of degrees of comparison are indicated: simple comparative (looked more cheerfully, wrote more) and comparative composite (louder, less quickly); excellent composition (runs the fastest, sings the loudest).
The main syntactic role of adverbs in a sentence is to designate various types of circumstances (The speaker spoke too generally). In addition to the circumstance, an adverb can be an inconsistent attribute (I can make Turkish coffee, a hard-boiled egg.) and a compound nominal predicate (She has been married for five years.).
Analysis plan
I. Part of speech. Question. General grammatical meaning.
II. Morphological characteristics.
1. Rank by value.
2. Degree of comparison (if any).
3. Complete morphological immutability.
III. Syntactic role.
Parsing samples
Closer Flocks of titmice huddle close to the houses, gloomy, frost-covered moose often come out to the haystacks, and only the bear and the badger snore sweetly in their warm winter bedrooms.
I. Closer – adverb.
They huddle (how?) closer; sign of action.
II. Morph. signs:
3. The unchangeable word.
III. They huddle (how?) closer (circumstance of the course of action).
Especially strong The white inflorescences of meadowsweet smell.
I. Especially - adverb.
Strongly (how? to what extent?) especially; sign of sign.
II. Morph. signs:
1. Rank according to the value of measure and degree.
2. Does not have a comparison form.
3. The unchangeable word.
III. Strongly (how? to what extent?) especially (adverbial degree).
I. Strongly - adverb.
They smell (what?) strongly; sign of action.
II. Morph. signs:
1. Rank by value - mode of action
2. In a positive form of comparison.
3. The unchangeable word.
III. They smell (how?) strongly (circumstance of the course of action).
A down, under the birch tree, where just now there was a squirrel, an even chain of fox tracks lay down on the snow.
I. Below is an adverb.
She lay down (where?) below; sign of action.
II. Morph. signs:
1. Rank by value - places.
3. The unchangeable word.
III. She lay down (where?) below (adverbial location).
I. Just now – adverb.
Was (when?) just now; sign of action.
II. Morph. signs:
1. Discharge by value - time.
2. Has no degree of comparison.
3. The unchangeable word.
III. Was (when?) just now (circumstance of time).
Everything froze, everything became silent - it seems not more no life in the forest...
I. More is an adverb.
No (how? to what extent?) more; sign of sign.
II. Morph. signs:
2. In the form of a simple comparative degree.
3. The unchangeable word.
III. No (how? to what extent?) more (circumstance of degree).
He tells the most interesting of all us.
I. The most interesting thing is the adverb.
He tells (how?) more interestingly than anyone else; sign of action.
II. Morph. signs:
1. Rank according to the meaning of the mode of action
2. In the form of a compound superlative.
3. The unchangeable word.
III. they tell (how?) most interestingly (the circumstance of the course of action).
How cope with anxiety?
I. How – adverb.
Cope (how?) how; sign of action.
II. Morph. signs:
1. Discharge by value - mode of action.
2. Pronominal interrogative.
III. Cope (how?) how (circumstance of the course of action).
For some reason The rangers cannot find the home of these nimble animals.
I. For some reason – adverb.
They can’t find (why?) for some reason; sign of action.
II. Morph. signs:
1. Rank by value - reasons.
2. Pronoun indefinite.
3. Has no degree of comparison. An unchangeable word.
III. They cannot find (why?) for some reason (circumstance of the reason).
Needs some tweaking a little bit.
I. A little bit – adverb.
Correct (how much? to what extent?) a little; sign of action.
II. Morph. signs:
1. Rank by value - measures and degrees.
2. Has no degree of comparison.
3. The unchangeable word.
III. Correct (how much? to what extent) a little (circumstance of measure and degree).
Adverb- this is an independent part of speech, denoting a sign of an action, sign, state, rarely - an object. Adverbs are unchangeable (with the exception of qualitative adverbs in -о / -е) and are adjacent to a verb, adjective, or another adverb ( fast run,Very fast,Very fast).
In a sentence, an adverb is usually an adverb.
In rare cases, an adverb can be adjacent to a noun: running a race (the noun has the meaning of action), a soft-boiled egg, Turkish coffee. In these cases, the adverb acts as an inconsistent definition.
There are two categories of adverbs based on meaning - definitive And circumstances.
Determinative adverbs characterize the action itself, the attribute itself - its quality, quantity, method of execution ( very, beautiful, fun, in my opinion, on foot ) and are divided into the following categories:
- course of action(how? in what way?): quickly, just like that, together ;
- measures and degrees(to what extent? how much?): very, not at all, three times;
- places ( Where? Where? where?): on the right, up there ;
- time(when? how long?): yesterday, then, in the spring, when ;
- reasons(Why?): rashly, why, because ;
- goals(why? for what?): out of spite, why, then .
Grammatical features of adverbs
The main morphological property of adverbs is their immutability- this is their constant morphological feature.
However, qualitative adverbs in -о/-е, formed from qualitative adjectives, have degrees of comparison.
Due to its immutability, an adverb is associated with other words in a sentence adjoining. In a sentence it usually happens circumstance.
Some adverbs can act as a nominal part of predicates. Most often these are predicates of impersonal sentences (At sea quiet ), however, some adverbs can also serve as predicates of two-part sentences (The conversation will be frankly u. She is married ).
Adverbs that act as predicates of impersonal sentences are sometimes separated into an independent part of speech or into an independent category within an adverb and are called words of the state category (state words, predicative adverbs).
Degrees of comparison of qualitative adverbs with -о/-е
Degrees of comparison of adverbs, like degrees of comparison of adjectives, indicate greater/lesser or greatest/smallest degrees of manifestation of a characteristic. The structure of degrees of comparison of an adverb and an adjective is similar.
Comparative degree
The comparative degree of an adverb denotes a greater or lesser degree of manifestation of a characteristic:
Petya is running better than jumping.
The child runs slower than an adult goes.
Like an adjective, The comparative degree of an adverb can be simple or compound.
Simple comparative degree adverbs are formed as follows:
base of the positive degree without -o (and without segments k/ok) + formative suffixes -ee(s), -e, -she/-zhe ( warmer, louder, earlier, deeper ).
From the simple comparative degree of an adjective to the simple comparative degree of an adverb differs in syntactic function: an adverb occurs in a sentence by circumstance (He jumped higher father) or the predicate of an impersonal sentence (Became warmer ), and the adjective acts as a predicate of a two-part sentence (He higher father) or as a definition (Give me a plate smaller ).
Compound comparative degree adverbs have the following structure:
elements more/less + positive degree (He jumped higher, than the father).
Superlative denotes the highest/lowest degree of manifestation of the trait.
Unlike adjectives, adverbs do not have a simple superlative comparison.
Compound superlative adverbs of comparison are formed in two ways:
1) most / least + positive degree (He jumped highest ),
2) simple comparative degree + all / all (He jumped above all ); The difference from the superlative degree of comparison of adjectives is in the syntactic function of adverbial adverbial, not a predicate two-part sentence.
Condition category
State category words indicate the state of nature (It was Cold ), person (In my soul joyfully . To me hot ), action evaluation ( Can go to the cinema).
State category words with the suffix -o, formed from adjectives, can have degrees of comparison (Every day it became more and more colder / colder ).
In linguistics, indeed, sometimes these words are isolated into an independent part of speech, called words of the state category (predicative adverbs, impersonal predicative words). Words of this group are divided into words that can be used in other syntactic positions (cf.: Sea quiet (adj.) - He was sitting quiet (adv.) - In class quiet (cat. comp.)), and words that can only be used as predicates of impersonal sentences: possible, impossible, afraid, ashamed, ashamed, time, sorry etc. A distinctive feature of these words is that they are not combined with the subject and lose the ability to denote a sign of action ( funny ) or subject ( laziness) . However, there is also a widespread view in linguistics that state category words are considered a subgroup of adverbs.
Morphological analysis of the adverb
Morphological analysis of the adverb is carried out according to the following plan:
I. Part of speech. General meaning.
II. Morphological characteristics: a) rank by value; b) immutability; c) in adverbs on-o,-e degree of comparison (if any).
III. Syntactic role.
Example of adverb parsing:
Looking at himself in the mirror, Nikolai Ivanovich howled desperately and wildly, but it was too late. A few seconds later he, saddled, was flying somewhere to hell from Moscow, sobbing with grief(M. A. Bulgakov).
I. Desperately - adverb, initial form desperately;
III. Howled (how?) desperately (circumstance).
I. Diko - adverb, initial form of wildly;
II. Mode of action, unchangeable;
III. Howled (how?) wildly (circumstance).
I. Late - word of the state category, initial form late;
II. Expresses evaluation, unchangeable;
III. (What does the sentence say?) it was late ( circumstance).
I. Somewhere - adverb, initial form of somewhere;
II. places, unchangeable;
III.Flew(Where?)somewhere( circumstance).
Adverb- an independent part of speech that denotes a sign of an action or a sign of another sign, answers questions where?, where?, from where?, why?, how, to what extent, when? etc.
An adverb can refer to a verb, participle, gerund, adjective, or other adverb.
The main features of adverbs: immutability, dependence on the verb, syntactic function of the adverb (role in the sentence).
- General grammatical meaning
- a sign of action (if the adverb refers to a verb, participle, gerund),
- a sign of another sign (if the adverb refers to an adjective or other adverb).
- Morphological characteristics:
- Immutable word(not inflected, not conjugated, has no number or gender)
- Meaning:
- adverbs of manner,
- measures and degrees,
- places, at
- time,
- reasons
- goals.
- Degree of comparison (if any):
- comparative,
- excellent.
- Syntactic role (role in a sentence) is a circumstance.
Attention!
- Distinguishing between adverbs and The main way to separate adverbs from words of the state category is to determine which member of the sentence the word is. Words of the state category can only be the predicate of an impersonal sentence.
- Do not confuse the comparative degree of an adverb, which refers to a verb, and the comparative degree of an adjective, which refers to a noun: After a thunderstorm the air fresh.
— fresh- adjective, because denotes an attribute of an object air, answers the question Which?, in a sentence is a predicate.
Birds are chirping louder And more fun — louder And more fun- adverbs, because indicate a sign of action chirping and answer the question how?, how?, in a sentence - a circumstance.
- An adverb does not have dependent words, but a noun has or can have dependent words. In this way, we can distinguish between adverbs with prefixes and nouns with prepositions: Snow was falling on the face
.
- noun With
, because You can insert a word - on a child’s face, or choose a dependent word - on a child’s face.
All students in the class it is obvious . - adverb, because You cannot insert a word between its parts.
An example of morphological analysis of an adverb.
The wind blew gustyly from the north.
- Oral analysis.
impetuously (blowed) - adverb,
- denotes a sign of action: blew (how?) impetuously
- Has morphological characteristics.
- An unchangeable word.
- By meaning it is an adverb of manner of action.
- In a sentence it is a circumstance.
- Written analysis.
impetuously (blowed) - adverb, because.
- blew (how?) impetuously
- Sign of action
- Immutable word
- Adverb of manner
- (how?) impetuous - circumstance.
To determine the syntactic and grammatical characteristics of an adverb, its morphological analysis is carried out, a detailed plan of which is presented in this article. It also provides examples of morphological analysis of an adverb and the basic rules for its morphemic analysis.
What is morphological analysis of an adverb?
Morphological analysis of the adverb is a grammatical and syntactic characteristic of an adverb as a part of speech. Analysis is carried out only for words in phrases or sentences.
Plan for grammatical analysis of adverbs as parts of speech
I. Part of speech.
General grammatical meaning (sign of an action, object or characteristic). Which question does it answer?
II. Initial form. Morphological characteristics.
Constant signs:
- Immutability;
- Discharge by function – significant or pronominal ( demonstrative, interrogative, relative, attributive, indefinite or negative);
- Discharge by value - definitive ( qualitative, mode of action, measure and degree) or adverbial ( place, time, reason, purpose).
Variable signs:
TOP 5 articleswho are reading along with this
- Degree of comparison - comparative or superlative ( only for qualitative adverbs ending in -о/-е);
III. Syntactic role in a sentence ( circumstance or definition).
Examples of morphological analysis of adverbs
Girl yesterday walked through the forest.
When?
II. N. f. - yesterday. Morphological characteristics:
- constants: unchangeable, significant, adverbial, time;
- fickle: no.
He read this book faster.
I. Adverb means a sign of action, answers the question - How?
II. N. f. - fast. Morphological characteristics:
- constants: unchangeable, significant, definitive, qualitative;
- inconsistent: comparative degree of comparison.
III. The syntactic role is adverbial.
They somewhere in a hurry.
I. Adverb means a sign of action, answers the question - Where?
II. N. f. - somewhere. Morphological characteristics:
- constants: unchangeable, pronominal, indefinite;
- fickle: no.
III. The syntactic role is adverbial.
How to parse an adverb by its composition?
In some textbooks and online reference books, grammatical analysis of adverbs also includes morphemic analysis. The main feature of adverbs- invariability in gender, number and cases, therefore, unlike nouns, adjectives and pronouns, they do not have endings.
The characteristic morphemes of adverbs are final suffixes -o/-e, -u/-yu -a/-i, -i and zero suffix (before dark, lightly, sitting, simply, brotherly, casually). The prefix and root in adverbs are distinguished in the same way as in words of other parts of speech: at first, at the beginning, boldly, silently.
Plan for morphological analysis of the adverb
I. Part of speech ( adverb). General grammatical meaning ( denotes a sign of an action, a sign of a sign, or a sign of an object). The question answered by the adverb in this sentence.
II. Morphological characteristics.
Constant morphological characteristics:
1. Adverb category
By function ( significant or pronominal);
By meaning - definitive ( mode of action, measure and degree) or adverbial ( place, time, reason, purpose).
2. Immutability.
Variable morphological characteristics ( for attributive adverbs of manner of action with -о and -е): degree of comparison ( comparative or superlative).
III. The syntactic role of an adverb in a sentence ( what part of the sentence is the adverb - adverb, modifier or predicate).
Sample 1.The guys are coming fast.
I. Fast- adverb; sign of action. They go (how?) fast.
II. Adverb fast
III. The guys are walking fast(circumstance).
Sample 2. Best of all Sasha Vetrov, a student of class 7 “A”, completed the task.
I. Best of all(initial form - Fine) - adverb; sign of action. Did (how?) better than anyone else.
II. Adverb Fine- significant; determinative, mode of action; immutable.
Adverb Fine used in the superlative form ( the best).
III. Student of class 7 “A” Sasha Vetrov coped with the task best of all(circumstance).
Plan for morphological analysis of predicative adverbs
Some scientists name words that denote the state of the subject or the environment and perform the function of a predicate in an impersonal sentence (for example: Cold, windy, ashamed),predicative adverbs. The term indicates a distinctive feature of such words - performing the function of a predicate (predicate) in a sentence. Morphological analysis of adverbs of this type is carried out according to the usual scheme.
Morphological analysis of predicative adverbs
I. Part of speech ( adverb). Total value ( state of the subject or environment). The question answered by the adverb ( what?).
II. Morphological characteristics (permanent):
1. The category of the adverb is predicative.
2. Immutability.
III. Syntactic role ( predicate).
A number of scientists highlight words like cold, windy, embarrassing into a separate part of speech - condition category. If we adhere to this point of view, the scheme for morphological analysis of such words should look like this:
Plan for morphological analysis of the state category
II. Morphological feature (permanent): immutability.
III. Syntactic role: predicate.
References
- Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.
- Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
- Russian language. Practice. 7th grade. Ed. S.N. Pimenova - 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.
- Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. Russian language. 7th grade. In 3 parts - 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.
- Didactic materials. Section "Adverb" ().
- Adverb as part of speech ().
- Adverb as part of speech ().
- Parts of speech in Russian ().
Homework
Exercise No. 216. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - M.: Education, 2012.
Exercise. Write down the sentences. Find adverbs. Make a written morphological analysis of them.
That morning in the steppe it was quiet and cloudy, despite the fact that the sun had risen; it was somehow especially deserted and soft. (L. Tolstoy.)
Volodya felt incredibly cheerful, and only now did he feel how good it was to leave the house in the morning. How nice and easy it is to breathe, how you want to run along this soft road, rush at full speed. (Yu. Kazakov.)
