Derivatives of carbon or inorganic acids, in which the hydrogen atom in the hydroxyl group is replaced by a radical, are called esters. Usually general formula esters are designated as two hydrocarbon radicals attached to a carboxyl group - C n H 2n+1 -COO-C n H 2n+1 or R-COOR’.

Nomenclature

The names of esters are composed of the names of the radical and the acid with the suffix “-at”. For example:

• CH3COOH- methyl formate;
• HCOOCH 3- ethyl formate;
• CH 3 COOC 4 H 9- butyl acetate;
• CH 3 -CH 2 -COO-C 4 H 9- butylpropionate;
• CH 3 -SO 4 -CH 3- dimethyl sulfate.

Trivial names for the acid contained in the compound are also used:

• C 3 H 7 SOOS 5 H 11- amyl ester of butyric acid;
• HCOOCH 3- methyl ester of formic acid;
• CH 3 -COO-CH 2 -CH(CH 3) 2- isobutyl ether acetic acid.

Rice. 1. Structural formulas esters with names.

Classification

Depending on their origin, esters are divided into two groups:

• carboxylic acid esters- contain hydrocarbon radicals;
• esters of inorganic acids- include the remainder of mineral salts (C 2 H 5 OSO 2 OH, (CH 3 O)P(O)(OH) 2, C 2 H 5 ONO).

The most diverse are esters of carboxylic acids. Their physical properties depend on the complexity of their structure. Esters of lower carboxylic acids are volatile liquids with a pleasant aroma, while esters of higher ones are solids. These are poorly soluble compounds that float on the surface of the water.

The types of carboxylic acid esters are given in the table.

View	Description	Examples
Fruity esters	Liquids whose molecules contain no more than eight carbon atoms. They have a fruity aroma. Consist of monohydric alcohols and carboxylic acids	CH 3 -COO-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH(CH 3) 2- isoamyl ester of acetic acid (pear smell); C 3 H 7 -COO-C 2 H 5- ethyl ester of butyric acid (pineapple smell); CH 3 -COO-CH 2 -CH-(CH 3) 2- isobutyl ester of acetic acid (banana smell).
	Liquid (oils) and solids containing from nine to 19 carbon atoms. Consist of glycerol and carboxylic (fatty) acid residues	Olive oil is a mixture of glycerin with residues of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic acids
	Solids with 15-45 carbon atoms	CH 3 (CH 2) 14 -CO-O-(CH 2) 29 CH 3-myricyl palmitate

Rice. 2. Wax.

Esters of carboxylic acids are the main components of aromatic essential oils, which are found in fruits, flowers, berries. Also included in beeswax.

Rice. 3. Essential oils.

Receipt

Esters are prepared in several ways:

• esterification reaction of carboxylic acids with alcohols:

  CH 3 COOH + C 2 H 5 OH → CH 3 COOC 2 H 5 + H 2 O;

• reaction of carboxylic acid anhydrides with alcohols:

  (CH 3 CO) 2 O + 2C 2 H 5 OH → 2CH 3 COOC 2 H 5 + H 2 O;

• reaction of salts of carboxylic acids with halogenated hydrocarbons:

  CH 3 (CH 2) 10 COONa + CH 3 Cl → CH 3 (CH 2) 10 COOCH 3 + NaCl;

• reaction of addition of carboxylic acids to alkenes:

  CH 3 COOH + CH 2 =CH 2 → CH 3 COOCH 2 CH 3 + H 2 O.

Properties

Chemical properties esters are due to the -COOH functional group. The main properties of esters are described in the table.

Esters are used in cosmetology, medicine, food industry as flavoring agents, solvents, fillers.

What have we learned?

From the topic of the 10th grade chemistry lesson we learned what esters are. These are compounds containing two radicals and a carboxyl group. Depending on the origin, they may contain residues of mineral or carboxylic acids. Esters of carboxylic acids are divided into three groups: fats, waxes, fruit esters. These are poorly soluble substances in water with low density and a pleasant aroma. Esters react with alkalis, water, halogens, alcohols and ammonia.

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Introduction -3-

1. Building -4-

2. Nomenclature and isomerism -6-

3. Physical properties and being in nature -7-

4. Chemical properties -8-

5. Receiving -9-

6. Application -10-

6.1 Application of esters of inorganic acids -10-

6.2 Use of organic acid esters -12-

Conclusion -14-

Sources of information used -15-

Appendix -16-

Introduction

Among the functional derivatives of acids special place are occupied by esters - derivatives of acids in which acidic hydrogen is replaced by alkyl (or generally hydrocarbon) radicals.

Esters are divided depending on what acid they are derived from (inorganic or carboxylic).

Among esters, a special place is occupied by natural esters - fats and oils, which are formed by the trihydric alcohol glycerol and higher fatty acids containing an even number of carbon atoms. Fats are part of plant and animal organisms and serve as one of the sources of energy of living organisms, which is released during the oxidation of fats.

The purpose of my work is to introduce this class in detail. organic compounds, like esters and an in-depth consideration of the scope of application of individual representatives of this class.

1. Structure

General formula of carboxylic acid esters:

where R and R" are hydrocarbon radicals (in formic acid esters R is a hydrogen atom).

General formula of fats:

where R", R", R"" are carbon radicals.

Fats are either “simple” or “mixed”. Simple fats contain residues of the same acids (i.e. R’ = R" = R""), while mixed fats contain different ones.

The most common fatty acids found in fats are:

Alkanoic acids

1. Butyric acid CH 3 - (CH 2) 2 - COOH

3. Palmitic acid CH 3 - (CH 2) 14 - COOH

4. Stearic acid CH 3 - (CH 2) 16 - COOH

Alkenic acids

5. Oleic acid C 17 H 33 COOH

CH 3 -(CH 2) 7 -CH === CH-(CH 2) 7 -COOH

Alkadienoic acids

6. Linoleic acid C 17 H 31 COOH

CH 3 -(CH 2) 4 -CH = CH-CH 2 -CH = CH-COOH

Alkatrienoic acids

7. Linolenic acid C 17 H 29 COOH

CH 3 CH 2 CH = CHCH 2 CH == CHCH 2 CH = CH(CH 2) 4 COOH

2. Nomenclature and isomerism

The names of esters are derived from the name of the hydrocarbon radical and the name of the acid, in which the suffix is ​​used instead of the ending -ova - at , For example:

The following types of isomerism are characteristic of esters:

1. Isomerism of the carbon chain begins at the acid residue with butanoic acid, at the alcohol residue with propyl alcohol, for example, ethyl isobutyrate, propyl acetate and isopropyl acetate are isomers.

2. Isomerism of the position of the ester group -CO-O-. This type of isomerism begins with esters whose molecules contain at least 4 carbon atoms, such as ethyl acetate and methyl propionate.

3. Interclass isomerism, for example, propanoic acid is isomeric to methyl acetate.

For esters containing an unsaturated acid or an unsaturated alcohol, two more types of isomerism are possible: isomerism of the position of the multiple bond and cis-, trans-isomerism.

3. Physical properties and occurrence in nature

Esters of lower carboxylic acids and alcohols are volatile, water-insoluble liquids. Many of them have a pleasant smell. For example, butyl butyrate smells like pineapple, isoamyl acetate smells like pear, etc.

Higher esters fatty acids and alcohols - waxy substances, odorless, insoluble in water.

The pleasant aroma of flowers, fruits, and berries is largely due to the presence of certain esters in them.

Fats are widely distributed in nature. Along with hydrocarbons and proteins, they are part of all plant and animal organisms and constitute one of the main parts of our food.

According to their state of aggregation at room temperature, fats are divided into liquid and solid. Solid fats, as a rule, are formed by saturated acids, while liquid fats (often called oils) are formed by unsaturated acids. Fats are soluble in organic solvents and are insoluble in water.

4. Chemical properties

1. Hydrolysis or saponification reaction. Since the esterification reaction is reversible, therefore, in the presence of acids, the reverse hydrolysis reaction occurs:

The hydrolysis reaction is also catalyzed by alkalis; in this case, hydrolysis is irreversible, since the resulting acid and alkali form a salt:

2. Addition reaction. Esters containing an unsaturated acid or alcohol are capable of addition reactions.

3. Recovery reaction. Reduction of esters with hydrogen results in the formation of two alcohols:

4. Reaction of formation of amides. Under the influence of ammonia, esters are converted into acid amides and alcohols:

5. Receipt

1. Esterification reaction:

Alcohols react with mineral and organic acids, forming esters. The reaction is reversible (the reverse process is hydrolysis of esters).

The reactivity of monohydric alcohols in these reactions decreases from primary to tertiary.

2. Interaction of acid anhydrides with alcohols:

3. Interaction of acid halides with alcohols:

6. Application

6.1 Use of inorganic acid esters

Boric acid esters - trialkyl borates- easily obtained by heating alcohol and boric acid with the addition of concentrated sulfuric acid. Bornomethyl ether (trimethyl borate) boils at 65 ° C, boron ethyl ether (triethyl borate) boils at 119 ° C. Esters of boric acid are easily hydrolyzed by water.

Reaction with boric acid serves to establish the configuration of polyhydric alcohols and has been repeatedly used in the study of sugars.

Orthosilica ethers- liquids. Methyl ether boils at 122° C, ethyl ether at 156° C. Hydrolysis with water occurs easily even in the cold, but occurs gradually and with a lack of water leads to the formation of high-molecular anhydride forms in which silicon atoms are connected to each other through oxygen (siloxane groups) :

These high molecular weight substances (polyalkoxysiloxanes) are used as binders that can withstand quite high temperature, in particular for coating the surface of precision metal casting molds.

Dialkyldichlorosilanes react similarly to SiCl 4, for example ((CH 3) 2 SiCl 2, forming dialkoxy derivatives:

Their hydrolysis with a lack of water gives the so-called polyalkylsiloxanes:

They have different (but very significant) molecular weights and are viscous liquids used as heat-resistant lubricants, and with even longer siloxane skeletons, heat-resistant electrical insulating resins and rubbers.

Esters of orthotitanic acid. Their are obtained similarly to orthosilicon ethers by the reaction:

These are liquids that easily hydrolyze to methyl alcohol and TiO 2 and are used to impregnate fabrics to make them waterproof.

Esters of nitric acid. They are obtained by treating alcohols with a mixture of nitric and concentrated sulfuric acids. Methyl nitrate CH 3 ONO 2 (bp 60° C) and ethyl nitrate C 2 H 5 ONO 2 (bp 87° C) can be distilled with care, but when heated above the boiling point or when detonated they are very strong blow up.

Ethylene glycol and glycerin nitrates, incorrectly called nitroglycol and nitroglycerin, are used as explosives. Nitroglycerin itself (a heavy liquid) is inconvenient and dangerous to handle.

Pentrite - pentaerythritol tetranitrate C(CH 2 ONO 2) 4, obtained by treating pentaerythritol with a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids, is also a strong blasting explosive.

Glycerol nitrate and pentaerythritol nitrate have a vasodilating effect and are used as symptomatic agents for angina pectoris.

Religion renunciation of Catholicism [d]

Ulrich Friedrich Willy Joachim von Ribbentrop(German) Ulrich Friedrich Willy Joachim von Ribbentrop, April 30 (1893-04-30 ) , Wesel - October 16, Nuremberg) - German Foreign Minister (1938-1945), adviser to Adolf Hitler on foreign policy.

Biography

Ribbentrop in the Reichstag

Stalin and Ribbentrop in August 1939 in the Kremlin

Childhood, education, upbringing

Activities before World War I

In 1910, Joachim and Lothar went to Canada. The mother left an inheritance to her sons and Joachim went into business - supplying German wine to Canada. In Canada, his kidney was removed: “he became infected through the milk of a cow with tuberculosis.”

First World War

Commercial activity after World War I

In 1919, Ribbentrop left the service. He opened his own company producing wines and liqueurs. In mid-1919 in Berlin, through client relationships, he met Otto Henkell, the owner of Henkell & Co, a large wine producer. On July 5, 1920, in Wiesbaden, Joachim married Otto Henkel's daughter, Anna Elisabeth (Annelis) Henckel (born 1896). His father-in-law introduced him to his circle of friends - wealthy wine producers. These connections and entrepreneurial skills helped Joachim develop a drinks business in the mid-1920s that became one of the largest in Germany. In 1923, he built an elegant villa in Berlin with a tennis court and swimming pool. He hosted cocktail parties at the villa. The cream of Berlin society - nobles, financiers, industrialists - were invited to the meetings. Including rich Jews. Ribbentrop met collectors of art and valuables.

Noble origins

Ribbentrop's family did not belong to the nobility, but had distant family ties to some of the aristocratic and even royal houses that Joachim admired as a child. On 15 May 1925, Ribbentrop was adopted by his distant relative Gertrud von Ribbentrop (1863-1943), whose father Karl Ribbentrop was ennobled in 1884 and subsequently took the surname "von Ribbentrop". As a result, Joachim Ribbentrop was given the opportunity to use the noble prefix “von” to the surname, as well as to use the von Ribbentrop family coat of arms; in response, by contract, he agreed to pay Gertrude von Ribbentrop a pension for 15 years. It was later claimed that Ribbentrop was ennobled for his services in the First World War. In 1933, Ribbentrop stated in an SS questionnaire that he was admitted to the nobility to protect his family's aristocratic line from extinction, but without mentioning Karl Ribbentrop's year of service. After some time, Ribbentrop wanted to join an exclusive club in Berlin, whose members were mainly nobles. Despite the intercession of his friends von Helldorff and von Papen, his application was rejected. Later, when Ribbentrop took over as Foreign Minister in 1938, he tried to send the diplomat in charge, Friedrich von Lieres and Wilkau, to a concentration camp [ ] .

Political career

In the summer of 1932, Joachim von Ribbentrop was actively involved in politics. Through the mediation of Wolf-Heinrich von Helldorff, he was invited to see Hitler in Berchtesgaden. Ribbentrop tried to persuade the latter to enter into negotiations with Hindenburg and Papen in order to achieve the chancellorship. In January 1933, he provided Hitler with his villa for secret negotiations with von Papen.

Meetings in our house were kept in the deepest confidence, which was important for the successful outcome of the formation of the government

In 1932, the balance of power in Europe looked like this: in the center of Europe there was an absolute vacuum of power, which arose due to the complete disarmament of Germany. The powerlessness of the “German Reich” created a certain “temptation”, which Lenin formulated as follows: “Whoever owns Berlin owns Europe.” The Charter of the League of Nations obliged each member to have the minimum weapons necessary for national security. The solution to the “armament issue” was of vital importance for the Reich, creating a “European counterbalance” to Stalin’s expansion, as well as a deterrent to the aggressive interests of Józef Pilsudski. During the “Weimar times”, Pilsudski repeatedly turned to France with a request for backup in a planned attack on Germany: in 1923, the French Marshal Foch was in Warsaw and negotiated with Pilsudski about the so-called “Foch Plan” - an operation of the Polish armed forces against Upper Silesia. Pomerania and East Prussia. In 1933, Pilsudski again “probed” Paris on the issue of possible military action against the Reich. Given the threats, it was necessary to find a way to achieve equality through negotiations: disarm states with high military potential, rearm states with low ones, or go for a combination of both methods. Hitler entrusted the solution of this most important issue to Joachim von Ribbentrop. The latter's first official position was called “Special Commissioner for Disarmament Affairs.”

On Hitler's instructions with the active assistance of Himmler, who helped in cash and personnel [ ], created the organization “Ribbentrop Apparatus”, one of whose tasks was to spy on unreliable diplomats [ ] . The main mission of the “Ribbentrop Apparatus” was to solve the armament problem according to the formula “German equality” - to prepare the international community for the opinion of the need for limited rearmament of Germany. For this purpose, the “German-English” and “German-French” societies were founded. The societies included influential people. Thus, Sir Robert Gilbert Vansittart was a member of the “German-English” society. Ribbentrop tried to reach an agreement allowing the rearmament of Germany under international control. However, each time this initiative met with opposition from France. On 17 March 1934, the French government rejected the British offer of compromise. Hitler took advantage of France's stubbornness for his own militaristic purposes. He decided that Germany was from now on free “from any obligations in relation to the Treaty of Versailles and can arm itself at its own discretion, without restriction or control, relying on the enthusiastic approval of its people.”

At the end of May 1935, an invitation was received to send a commissioner to London to conduct negotiations on naval armaments. Hitler appointed Ribbentrop "ambassador-at-large" and sent him to London. He hoped "by voluntary limitation of German naval armaments to create the preconditions for a long-term agreement with Great Britain" on a joint policy. The result of the activities of Joachim von Ribbentrop was the conclusion of the Anglo-German Naval Agreement on June 18, 1935.

In the summer of 1936, Ribbentrop suggested that Hitler “stay away from Spanish affairs,” as it was necessary to fear complications in relations with England. Ribbentrop noted that the French bourgeoisie is a reliable guarantee against the Bolshevization of the country. However, Hitler had a different opinion. He stated:

If (Stalin) really succeeds in creating communist Spain, then given the current situation in France, the Bolshevization of this country as well is only a matter of a short time, and then Germany can “reel in the bait”

Joachim von Ribbentrop wrote that it was difficult to make decisive arguments against Hitler's ideological principles.

In August 1936, Joachim von Ribbentrop was appointed ambassador to London. Ribbentrop himself suggested that Hitler appoint him ambassador in order to continue “the broadly conceived attempt to enter into serious negotiations with the British for an alliance in European politics.” Ribbentrop in his letter to W. Hassell ( to the German ambassador in Rome) wrote that “I see one of the main tasks of our diplomacy in London to educate the British about the real danger of Bolshevism.” Before leaving, Ribbentrop met with British Deputy Foreign Secretary R. Vansittart at the Kaiserhof Hotel in Berlin. He tried to understand R. Vansittart's position regarding the union of Germany and England. Ribbentrop recalled:

I had the feeling that from the very beginning I was turning my speeches to the wall. Vansittart listened calmly to everything, but remained withdrawn and avoided any of my attempts to provoke a frank exchange of views

R. Vansittart has long harbored unshakable prejudices against Germany and the Germans. Ribbentrop knew A. Crowe, the ideological inspirer of British diplomats, including R. Vansittart. On the eve of the First World War, he called on the world to unite in defense against the German “nightmare”: the intention to establish hegemony in Europe, dominance at sea and the creation of a German India in Asia Minor.

On October 26, 1936, an agreement was concluded between Germany and fascist Italy. Ribbentrop noted that the rapprochement of National Socialism with fascism was inevitable, as a counterbalance to Bolshevism. He tried to convince that cooperation with Italy did not jeopardize the negotiation process with England. In confidential correspondence, Ribbentrop wrote:

paramount importance in every foreign policy step is given to the opposition of fascism and national socialism, on the one hand, and Bolshevism, on the other

The main thing for England is the inviolability of the British Empire. The rearmament of Germany was already unbalancing the “balance of power” in the English sense. At the turn of 1937-1938, Hitler faced a problem: having unilaterally decided on a pro-Western (anti-Soviet) course, he realized that England did not want rapprochement. He "sat between two chairs." There was only one thing left - strengthening the German position by building up weapons. On February 4, 1938, in Berlin, Hitler appointed Joachim von Ribbentrop as Reich Foreign Minister. Before his appointment, Hitler said:

Germany, thanks to the creation of the Wehrmacht and the occupation of the Rhineland, won a new position for itself. She has again entered the circle of equal nations, and now the time has come to begin to solve certain problems with the help of a strong Wehrmacht, in no case through its involvement, but thanks only to its presence. A country that is not also militarily strong cannot carry out any foreign policy at all. We've seen enough of this over the past years. Our ambition must now be to establish clear relations with our neighbors

Hitler gave Ribbentrop four main problems: Austria and the Sudetenland, Memel and the Danzig Corridor.

In March 1938, Ribbentrop made a farewell visit to London. The events of the Anschluss (the incorporation of Austria into Germany) took him by surprise:

an example of Hitler’s working style, who always reserved the final decision and sometimes made it at a moment that no one even in his immediate circle expected

Hitler believed that he was “obliged to respond to unexpected developments - as in this case to the announced intention of the Austrian Chancellor Schuschnigg to perpetuate the division of Austria and Germany through a plebiscite.”

In October 1938, Karl Schnurre, head of the eastern department of economics of the German Foreign Ministry, conducted intensive negotiations with the head of the Soviet trade mission, Skosyrev, about a new loan agreement for 200 million Reichsmarks for a period of 6 years with the condition of supplying strategic raw materials for 3/4 of the agreed amount. Since the time of Rapallo, trade relations have not ceased. German firms provided loans to the USSR under Reich guarantees. In turn, the USSR, as a customer, placed allocated funds in Germany.

Total cost Soviet orders placed in Germany in 1931 reached a record amount of 919.2 million Reichsmarks. If several important German engineering firms, especially in the equipment sector, survived the depression and were brought back to work by Hitler in his quest for rearmament after 1933, it was entirely due to Soviet orders that kept these firms afloat. For example, in the first half of 1932, the USSR purchased 50 percent of the iron and steel exported by Germany, 60 percent of all earth-moving equipment and dynamos, 70 percent of all metal-working machines, 80 percent of cranes and sheet metal, 90 percent of all steam, gas turbines and steam forging and pressing machines.

At the end of December 1938, a new German-Soviet trade agreement (annual extension of transactions) was signed in Berlin. Taking into account the agreements, Ribbentrop instructed Schnurre in mid-January 1939 from Warsaw, without attracting attention, to go to Moscow to negotiate with Mikoyan about supplies. The meeting in Moscow was scheduled for January 31, 1939. At the same time, in Warsaw, Ribbentrop discussed with Beck, the Polish Foreign Minister, the question of Danzig, the Danzig Corridor and Poland's position in relation to the USSR. However, thanks to an information leak (publication in the Daily Mail), negotiations with Mikoyan were suspended. Ribbentrop was shocked: he perceived the publication about the “large German delegation to Moscow” as a means of disrupting the negotiations in Warsaw. Ribbentrop's repeated attempt to negotiate with the Polish side was also unsuccessful. On March 21, 1939, Beck was again invited for negotiations. However, he did not go to Berlin, but to London, where he received promises of guarantees, which prompted him to officially reject German proposals and begin mobilizing the Polish army. The failure of the German-Polish negotiations proved the impossibility of creating an “East European anti-Bolshevik bloc under German leadership.” Ribbentrop realized that German policy had to find a "new concept". On the way back from Warsaw he stated:

Now we, if we do not want to be completely surrounded, have only one option left: to unite with Russia

V. Molotov and I. von Ribbentrop shake hands after signing the pact.

On September 27, 1939, von Ribbentrop arrived in the Soviet capital for the second time. He was greeted by a number of high-ranking officials and commanders of the Red Army, as well as a guard of honor. Negotiations with Stalin and Molotov took place late in the evening. Negotiations continued the next day and ended on the morning of September 29, 1939 with the signing of the Border and Friendship Treaty, which had the official date of September 28, 1939. The main point of the agreement was that the two governments agreed to the division of spheres of influence, as Stalin proposed.

Ulrich Friedrich Willy Joachim von Ribbentrop was born on April 30, 1893 in Wesel, Germany. He grew up in the family of officer Richard Ulrich Friedrich Joachim Ribbentrop. In 1910, Ribbentrop moved to Canada, where he created a company importing wine from Germany.

In the fall of 1914, during World War I, he returned to Germany to take part in the fighting and joined the 125th Hussars, where he served with Oscar von Hindenburg and Franz von Papen. During the war he was awarded the rank of lieutenant and the Iron Cross. He served on the Eastern and then on the Western Front. In 1918 he was sent to the city of Istanbul, Türkiye as an officer of the General Staff.

At the end of 1932, Joachim met A. Hitler and G. Himmler. In January of the following year, he provided Hitler with his villa for secret negotiations with von Papen. Soon he joined first the National Socialist German Workers' Party, then the SS. In May of the same year, Ribbentrop was awarded the title of SS Standartenführer.

Joachim von Ribbentrop, on the instructions of Hitler, with the active assistance of Himmler, who helped with funds and personnel, created a bureau called the “Ribbentrop Service,” whose task was to monitor unreliable diplomats.

In February 1938, he took the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs, receiving the Order of Merit of the German Eagle. Immediately after his appointment, he achieved the acceptance of all employees of the Imperial Foreign Office into the SS. But after some time, relations between Ribbentrop and Himmler deteriorated. Ribbentrop accused members of the Reichsführer-SS security service, who worked in the Embassies as police attachés, of using diplomatic pouch channels to send denunciations against embassy employees.

In 1939, on August 23, he arrived in Moscow. Together with people's commissar Foreign Affairs V.M. Molotov signed a 10-year non-aggression pact between Germany and the Soviet Union, known as the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, which was later violated by Hitler. In the same year, on September 27, von Ribbentrop arrived in the capital of the USSR for the second time. The negotiations ended on September 29, 1939 with the signing of a border and friendship treaty. The main meaning of the agreement was that the two governments agreed to the division of spheres of influence, as proposed by I.V. Stalin.

By the spring of 1945, Joachim had lost Hitler's trust.

In 1945, on June 14, Joachim von Ribbentrop was arrested by American troops in the city of Hamburg. Then they were brought before the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg. IN next year, sentenced to death on October 1, 1946 and hanged on October 16 in Nuremberg prison.