Great indemnity. what the USSR received after the war. German reparations and the Soviet economy: figures, facts, people

Bismarck said that the Russians always come for their money. Is this so? After the Great Patriotic War, according to economists, Germany compensated for less than five percent of the damage caused to the economy of the Soviet Union.

DAMAGE

Direct material damage to the USSR, according to Emergency estimates State Commission, amounted, in currency equivalent, to $128 billion. Total damage: $357 billion. To imagine how much this is, suffice it to say that in 1944 the US gross national product (according to official data from the US Department of Commerce) was 361.3 billion.

Material damage (according to the ChGK reports presented at the Nuremberg trials) amounted to about 30% of the national wealth of the USSR; in the territories of the Soviet Union that were under occupation - about 67%. The national economy suffered damage worth 679 billion rubles (in 1941 state prices).

GENEROUS STALIN

The principles and conditions for paying reparations by Germany and its allies were determined at the Yalta and Potsdam conferences in 1945.

Transcripts of the Yalta negotiations have been preserved. They show that the Soviet leader showed unprecedented generosity. He proposed setting a total amount of reparations for Germany at $20 billion, half of which was to be received by the Soviet Union as the state that made the largest contribution to the Victory and suffered the most from the war.

Churchill and Roosevelt agreed with Stalin’s proposal with minor reservations, which is not surprising - $10 billion is the approximate amount of US aid to the USSR under the Lend-Lease program. With the help of such reparations it was possible to cover only 8% of the direct damage from the war, 2.7% of the total damage.

WHY HALF?

Why did Stalin in Yalta talk about “halving” reparations? The fact that he did not take this division “out of thin air” is confirmed by modern calculations. The West German economist B. Endroux and the French economist A. Claude conducted great job, making an assessment of the budget expenditures of the countries participating in the Second World War and the direct economic losses of the warring countries.

According to their estimates, the military budget expenses and direct economic damage to the main warring countries during the Second World War amounted (in 1938 prices) to 968.3 billion dollars.

Of the total military expenditures of the budgets of the 7 main participants in the war, the USSR accounted for 30%. Of the total amount of direct damage to the economies of the five main participating countries, the USSR accounted for 57%. In the total total losses of the four countries, the Soviet Union accounted for exactly 50%.

MAIN TROPHIES

In the 1990s, Russian scientists Boris Knyshevsky and Mikhail Semiryaga published documents from the Main Trophy Directorate. According to them, about 400 thousand railway cars (of which 72 thousand cars of construction materials), 2885 factories, 96 power plants, 340 thousand machine tools, 200 thousand electric motors, 1 million 335 thousand heads of livestock, 2 .3 million tons of grain, a million tons of potatoes and vegetables, half a million tons of fats and sugar, 20 million liters of alcohol, 16 tons of tobacco.

According to historian Mikhail Semiryagi, for one year after March 1945 higher authorities the authorities of the Soviet Union made about a thousand decisions related to the dismantling of 4389 enterprises from Germany, Austria, Hungary and others European countries. Also, about a thousand factories were transported to the USSR from Manchuria and Korea.

However, all this cannot be compared with the number of factories destroyed during the war. The number of German enterprises dismantled by the USSR was less than 14% of the pre-war number of factories. According to Nikolai Voznesensky, the then chairman of the USSR State Planning Committee, supplies of captured equipment from Germany covered only 0.6% of the direct damage to the USSR.

An effective tool for making reparation payments to the Soviet Union was the Soviet trading and joint-stock companies created on the territory of East Germany. These were joint ventures, which were often headed general directors from the USSR.

This was beneficial for two reasons: firstly, the CAO allowed the timely transfer of reparation funds, and secondly, the CAO provided residents of East Germany with work, solving the acute problem of employment.

According to Mikhail Semiryagi’s calculations, in 1950 the share of Soviet joint-stock companies in industrial production The German Democratic Republic averaged 22%. In some areas, such as electronics, chemical industry and energy, this share was even higher.

TELEPHONES OF THE REICH CHANCELLERY IN THE USSR

Equipment, including complex equipment, was transported from Germany to the Soviet Union by wagons; cruise ships and Berlin metro train cars were also delivered to the USSR. From astronomical observatory Telescopes were removed from Humboldt University. Soviet factories were equipped with confiscated equipment, such as the Krasnodar Compressor Plant, which was fully equipped with German equipment. The Kemerovo enterprise KOAO Azot still operates captured compressors manufactured in 1947 by Schwarzkopf.

At the Moscow central telephone exchange (numbers began with “222” - the station served the Central Committee of the CPSU) until the 1980s, the equipment of the Reich Chancellery telephone center was used. Even the special wiretapping equipment used by the MGB and KGB after the war was made in Germany.

GOLD OF TROY

Many researchers recognize that in the field of art, the most important Soviet trophy was the so-called “Treasure of Priam” or “Gold of Troy” (9 thousand objects found by Heinrich Schliemann at the excavations of Troy).

The “Trojan treasures” were hidden by the Germans in one of the air defense towers on the territory of the Berlin Zoo. The tower was miraculously not damaged. German professor Wilhelm Unferzagt handed over Priam's treasure, along with other works of ancient art, to the Soviet commandant's office.

On July 12, 1945, the entire collection arrived in Moscow. Some of the exhibits remained in the capital, while others were transferred to the Hermitage. For a long time The whereabouts of the "Trojan gold" were unknown, but in 1996 the Pushkin Museum staged an exhibition of these rare treasures. “Priam’s Treasure” has not yet been returned to Germany. However, Russia has no less rights to him, since Schliemann, who married the daughter of a Moscow merchant, was a Russian subject.

DISCUSSIONS

For the Soviet Union, the topic of German reparations was closed in 1953, when Moscow completely abandoned reparation deliveries of goods from the German Democratic Republic, switching to paying for them at CMEA prices. On January 1, 1954, a joint agreement between the USSR and Poland was issued to stop collecting reparations from the USSR.

However, this topic is still controversial. Moreover, not only State Duma deputies, but also Western scientists speak about historical injustice.

According to the American professor Sutton (book Sutton A. Western technology), reparations from Germany and its allies made it possible to compensate only 40% of the industrial potential lost by the USSR in the war.

Calculations carried out by the American Bureau of Strategic Services back in August 1944 showed the figure for possible reparations to the USSR at 105.2 billion dollars (in terms of the current exchange rate - more than 2 trillion), which is 25 times more than the USSR actually received as a result of the war . As for the allies of the Third Reich, Finland was the only country that fully paid reparations to the USSR in the amount of $226.5 million.

TASS DOSSIER /Irina Krasnenkova/. Reparation (from Latin reparatio - restoration) is compensation for losses caused by war, which the aggressor state pays in favor of the victorious country.

Negotiations on reparations payments

The issue of reparations to Germany for damage caused during the Second World War was decided in 1945 at the Yalta and Potsdam conferences. They were attended by the leaders of the victorious states - the USSR, Great Britain and the USA - Joseph Stalin, Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt (in Yalta) and Harry Truman (in Potsdam).

At the Yalta Conference (February 4-11, 1945), the Soviet Union made a proposal to determine the total amount of reparations at $20 billion, of which 50% was to be paid in favor of the USSR, but it was not supported. It was decided to create a special allied commission to develop a plan for collecting reparations.

According to the documents of the conference in Potsdam (Germany; July 17-August 2, 1945), reparations were to be expressed in material form (plants, machinery, equipment, inventory, as well as German investments abroad) in contrast to reparations after the First World War, which were determined and collected only in cash. The total amount of German property that the victorious countries could remove from their zones of occupation was not specified. It was indicated that the USSR would additionally receive approximately 25% of the dismantled equipment from the zones occupied by the USA, Great Britain and France. The USSR had to satisfy Poland's reparation claims from its share (it was planned that Poland would receive 15%). Other members anti-Hitler coalition should have received reparations from the Western occupation zones.

Agreements on the supply regime for reparations from zones occupied by the United States, Great Britain and France were reached at a conference in Paris in November-December 1945 and enshrined in the agreement of January 14, 1946. Its participants included 19 countries, including the UK, USA, France, as well as Albania, Greece, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. The Treaty of Paris set a percentage of reparations for individual states and provided for the creation of the Inter-Allied Reparations Agency (IARA; Headquarters in Brussels), which was responsible for the accounting and distribution of reparations.

The specific total amount of reparations imposed on Germany following the Second World War was not fixed at the international level. In 2000, the German Ministry of Finance prepared a report emphasizing that “victor countries took reparation payments unilaterally and there is no regulatory record of this.”

How were reparations paid to the USSR?

According to the report, the USSR seized property from its occupation zone and subsequently from the GDR in excess of 66 billion GDR marks ($15.8 billion). According to the data of the Main Trophy Directorate, published in the 1990s by Russian researchers, 72 thousand wagons were exported to the USSR, in particular. building materials, about 3 thousand factories, 96 power plants, 340 thousand machine tools, 200 thousand electric motors, 1 million 335 thousand heads of livestock, 2.3 million tons of grain. Supplies from the Western occupation zones as reparations for the USSR stopped in 1949 after the creation of the Federal Republic of Germany.

According to the Polish Institute international relations(2005), the USSR received reparations totaling $3.081 billion (at 1938 exchange rates), of which Poland accounted for 228 million (about 7.5%).

In 1953, an agreement was signed between the USSR and the GDR, agreed with the leadership of Poland, according to which, from January 1, 1954, all reparations received from the GDR ceased.

Reparations to other countries

Supplies from the western sectors of occupied Germany effectively ended in 1950. IARA ceased operations in 1959, determining the value of the exported property at $530 million (at 1938 exchange rates). According to Soviet press estimates, the USA, Great Britain and France dismantled and removed from their occupation zones equipment worth about $1.2 billion, gold - 277 tons (equivalent to almost $300 million), marine and river boats- by 200 million dollars. Germany's foreign assets worth about $4 billion came under the control of these countries. German patents seized by the US and UK technical documentation is estimated at approximately $5 billion.

In September 1952, the so-called Luxembourg Agreement was signed between Germany and Israel (came into force in March 1953). In accordance with this document, over the course of 14 years, the German government paid reparations to the Israeli government in the amount of 3 billion marks (at today's exchange rate, approximately 7 billion euros) as compensation to Jews who suffered during the Holocaust (1933-1945). Many historians note that this is the only case in which reparations were received by a state that did not exist during the war following which they were paid.

In 1960, Germany and Greece signed an agreement according to which Greece received 115 million marks (59 million euros) as compensation for damage caused during the years of Nazi occupation. IN last years Greece has repeatedly raised the issue of new reparations from Germany for crimes during the Second World War. According to the Greek side, Germany should also compensate for the forced occupation loan issued by Greece in 1938 in the amount of $3.5 billion (at current exchange rates about 54 billion euros). The official position of Germany on this issue is last time was voiced by Chancellor Angela Merkel in March 2015: “The issue of reparations is legally closed.”

In 1961, a German-Italian agreement on compensation for Italian victims of Nazism was concluded, under which the Italian government was paid 40 million marks (approximately 20 million euros). In 2008, Italy's Court of Cassation ruled that victims of Nazi crimes could bring claims against Germany in Italian courts. In response, Germany appealed to the International Court of Justice, accusing the Italian judiciary of "ignoring the jurisdictional immunity of Germany as a sovereign state." In February 2012, the court declared that Germany had legal immunity from prosecution in national courts for Nazi atrocities. The verdict is final and cannot be appealed to any other authority.

Compensation for victims of Nazism

In addition to reparations, Germany also pays compensation to various categories of victims of Nazism.

In 2000-2007, the Memory, Responsibility and Future Fund operated in Germany, from which compensation was provided to former forced laborers deported to Germany during the Second World War. In total, the fund had 5.2 billion euros (funds were transferred by the German government and German enterprises). In total, 1.66 million people living in Russia, Poland, the Czech Republic and other countries received compensation in the amount of 4.4 billion euros. The largest recipient was the Jewish organization Conference on Jewish Material Claims against Germany, which received 1.149 billion euros. The Fund allocated 427 million euros to Russia.

Germany has repeatedly decided to make one-time payments to various categories of victims of the Holocaust (in addition to payments under the Luxembourg Agreement). In December 2011, Germany agreed to pay additional pensions to 16 thousand victims of the Holocaust. The total amount over the next 10 years will be 650 million euros. In November 2012, a program began to pay compensation to 80 thousand people living in the countries former USSR and Holocaust survivors. The total amount of payments is about 245 million euros. In May 2013, at a conference on the satisfaction of Jewish material claims against Germany, which took place in Jerusalem, Germany pledged to transfer 772 million euros in 2014-2017 to various institutions providing support to victims of the Holocaust. The money will be spent on social services 56 thousand people, a third of whom live in Israel.

Bismarck said that the Russians always come for their money. Is it so? After the Great Patriotic War, according to economists, Germany compensated for less than five percent of the damage caused to the economy of the Soviet Union.

Direct material damage to the USSR, according to estimates of the Extraordinary State Commission, amounted to $128 billion in currency equivalent. Total damage: $357 billion. To imagine how much this is, suffice it to say that in 1944 the US gross national product (according to official data from the US Department of Commerce) was 361.3 billion.

Generous Stalin

The principles and conditions for paying reparations by Germany and its allies were determined at the Yalta and Potsdam conferences in 1945.

Why half?

Why did Stalin in Yalta talk about “halving” reparations? The fact that he did not take this division “out of thin air” is confirmed by modern calculations. The West German economist B. Endroux and the French economist A. Claude did a lot of work, assessing the budget expenditures of the countries participating in the Second World War and the direct economic losses of the warring countries.

According to their estimates, military budget expenditures and direct economic losses of the main warring countries during the Second World War amounted (in 1938 prices) to 968.3 billion dollars.

Main trophies

According to historian Mikhail Semiryagi, in one year after March 1945, the highest authorities of the Soviet Union made about a thousand decisions related to the dismantling of 4,389 enterprises from Germany, Austria, Hungary and other European countries. Also, about a thousand factories were transported to the USSR from Manchuria and Korea.

Soviet joint stock companies

According to Mikhail Semiryagi's calculations, in 1950 the share of Soviet joint-stock companies in the industrial production of the German Democratic Republic averaged 22%. In some areas, such as electronics, chemical industry and energy, this share was even higher.

Phone numbers of the Reich Chancellery in the USSR

Equipment, including complex equipment, was transported from Germany to the Soviet Union by wagons; cruise ships and Berlin metro train cars were also delivered to the USSR. Telescopes were removed from the Humboldt University Astronomical Observatory. Soviet factories were equipped with confiscated equipment, such as the Krasnodar Compressor Plant, which was fully equipped with German equipment. The Kemerovo enterprise KOAO Azot still operates captured compressors manufactured in 1947 by Schwarzkopf.

At the Moscow central telephone exchange (numbers began with “222” - the station served the Central Committee of the CPSU) until the 1980s, the equipment of the telephone center of the Reich Chancellery was used. Even the special wiretapping equipment used by the MGB and KGB after the war was made in Germany.

Gold of Troy

On July 12, 1945, the entire collection arrived in Moscow. Some of the exhibits remained in the capital, while others were transferred to the Hermitage. For a long time the whereabouts of the “Trojan gold” were unknown, but in 1996 the Pushkin Museum organized an exhibition of these rare treasures. “Priam’s Treasure” has not yet been returned to Germany. However, Russia has no less rights to him, since Schliemann, who married the daughter of a Moscow merchant, was a Russian subject.

Discussions

However, this topic is still controversial. Moreover, not only State Duma deputies, but also Western scientists speak about historical injustice.

According to the American professor Sutton, reparations from Germany and its allies allowed only 40% to compensate for the industrial potential lost by the USSR in the war.

in international law, a type of material international legal responsibility. Consists of compensation by the state for the damage caused to it in monetary or other form. The payment of R. is usually provided for in a peace treaty. See also Contribution.

Great definition

Incomplete definition ↓

REPARATIONS

from lat. reparatio - restoration) - type financial liability state that started an aggressive war, consisting of compensation by this state by virtue of a peace treaty or other international agreements. acts of damage caused to the state that was attacked. One should distinguish from R. indemnities, which are payments imposed by the winner on the vanquished under the terms of a peace treaty, and monetary fees collected during war by enemy troops from the population of the occupied territory and which are essentially predatory in nature. R. were first recorded in the peace treaties of the Versailles system (see the Treaty of Versailles 1919, the Treaty of Saint-Germain 1919, the Treaty of Neuilly 1919, the Treaty of Trianon 1920, the Treaty of Sèvres 1920). The right to receive R. was justified in the Treaty of Versailles by the responsibility of Germany and its allies for all losses and all losses incurred by the allied and united countries and their citizens as a result of the war. In fact, however, these R. did not differ from indemnity. In the future, in practice, reparations. The policies of the USA, Great Britain and France towards Germany were used by them, in combination with the general foreign policy. course of these countries, for the revival of Germany. imperialism (German monopolies were provided with huge American, British and French loans; see Dawes plan, Young plan) and the direction of Germany’s aggressive aspirations to the East, against the USSR. In the Paris Peace Treaties of 1947, concluded after World War II with Italy, Finland, Romania, Hungary, and Bulgaria, the following were recorded at the initiative of the USSR. basic principles of R.: 1. Compensation for damage is not in full, but only partially, so that R. is feasible for the defeated countries; in particular, the peace treaty with Italy imposed on Italy the obligation to pay Sov. Union R. in the amount of 100 million dollars, which is approx. 1/20 of the direct damage caused to Sov. terr. fascist troops Italy. 2. Payment of R. in kind, and not in money, in particular through the dismantling of military equipment. industry, foreign assets and current industry. products. Payment of R. from current production will enable countries to fulfill their reparations. obligations by self. development of its economy, without resorting to extortionate loans and selling its products abroad by low prices to receive foreign currencies. As for republics from Germany, their forms were determined at the Crimean Conference in 1945, namely: one-time. withdrawals from national the wealth of Germany, located both in the territory. Germany itself and outside it; annual commodity deliveries from current products, use of herm. labor. At the same conference, the Sov. proposal was adopted. pr-va that the total amount of R. to be recovered from Germany should be 20 billion dollars, and 50% of this amount should go to the Sov. Union. The provisions contained in the decisions of the Crimean Conference on R. from Germany were developed and clarified in the decisions of the Potsdam Conference of 1945. At the Potsdam Conference the following was achieved. agreement on R. with Germany: 1) reparations. the claims of the USSR will be satisfied through withdrawals from the zone of Germany occupied by the USSR and at the expense of the Germans. assets located in Bulgaria, Finland, Hungary, Romania and the East. Austria; 2) The USSR will satisfy the reparations. Poland's claims to Germany from its share of R.; 3) reparation. the claims of the USA, Great Britain and other countries entitled to R. will be satisfied from the request. zones of Germany and the corresponding german. investments abroad; 4) in addition to R. received by Sov. Union from its zone of occupation, the USSR must receive from the West. zones in Germany, firstly, 15% of usable and complete industrial. capital equipment, primarily metallurgical, chemical. and mechanical engineering. branches of industry, which is not necessary for Germany. peaceful farming and should be removed from the west. zones of Germany in exchange for equivalent value in products, products and other types of materials, on which an agreement will be reached; secondly, 10% industrial. capital equipment, which is not necessary for german. peaceful economy and should be withdrawn from the West. zones for the transmission of Sov. Union on account of R. without payment or k.-l. compensation. The GDR faithfully fulfilled its obligations to pay its share of R. In Aug. 1953 Sov. The production, in agreement with the government of the People's Republic of Poland, decided to stop on January 1. 1954 levy of R. from the GDR. However, the decisions of the Crimean and Potsdam conferences on reparations. supplies of Sov. Union from the West zones of Germany were not fulfilled. powers that took the path of abandoning the principles of compensation for damage proclaimed during the war. In 1947, the governments of the USA, Great Britain and France announced the end of reparations. supplies to Sov. Union from the West zones of Germany. Having disrupted the implementation of signed decisions on R. Sov. Union from the West zones of Germany, the USA, Great Britain and France seized a huge amount of germs for their benefit. patents, equipment, raw materials, gold, and also practiced export from the West for a number of years. Germany at bargain prices timber, Kam. coal and other goods. The document signed by the USA, Great Britain, France and Germany (part of the Paris Agreements of 1954) states that the issue of Russia will be settled by a peace treaty between Germany and its former counterparts. opponents or previously on the basis of agreements relating to these issues. The three powers pledged not to make claims on R. from the current proceedings of the Federal Republic of Germany. Thus, reparation. supplies to Sov. Union from the West. Germany were thwarted by pr-you zap. powers, and this question remains open. For publications of the agreements named in the article, see the articles to which links are given above. G. E. Vilkov. Moscow.

Contribution is a word that has its roots in Latin language. It is translated as “collection” or “payments” that are imposed by the victorious state on the defeated side. International law prohibits such extortions. But the payment of indemnity occurs even now under the guise of other various penalties.

How did the indemnity come about?

Since ancient times, there has been a tradition that the winner takes his property from the vanquished. Thus, knights participating in tournaments did not miss the opportunity to appropriate armor, money or the horse of a slain opponent. It was legal, not disputed or condemned.

Historians claim that Alexander Suvorov, after the capture of Izmail, allowed his soldiers to rob whatever they wanted for three days. The same thing happened with the city of Ochakov, captured by Potemkin. And history knows a huge number of similar facts during the existence of mankind.

Conquered cities, villages or communities could independently “voluntarily” pay tribute in order to save themselves from defeat and ruin.

Of course, the roots of this phenomenon go deep into antiquity. Then the tribes fought, taking food, skins, jewelry and other valuables of that time from their rivals.

In 1917, the “Decree on Peace” appeared, which called for the abandonment of indemnities.

Napoleon and indemnity

Contribution is an enrichment opportunity for generals and commanders during war. After the liberation of Italy from Austrian oppression, gold, paintings, and livestock were exported from the country in huge quantities. Bonaparte thus helped his generals become millionaires. A huge amount of these riches now serve as valuable exhibits in French museums. At the same time, Italy does not claim the return of illegally exported wealth from 1796 to 1812. It is surprising that previously erected monuments to Napoleon still stand in the country. Squares and streets are named in his honor.

Contribution to Germany

The First and Second World Wars turned into a complete collapse for Germany. The countries that entered the Entente military-political bloc literally completely plundered the defeated country. It was the greatest robbery in the entire history of mankind.

Germany paid for the crimes committed with coal, steel, food, military and merchant fleet. Everything that was possible was confiscated and exported from the country. The Treaty of Versailles determined that Germany's indemnity would amount to 269 billion gold marks. In this case, this payment is very similar to reparation. It is this form of reparation that involves payment to the victorious country by the defeated country if it initiated hostilities and is found to be the guilty party. Contribution is a direct violation of the law.

Contribution in the modern world

IN modern world indemnity is a phenomenon that is considered unacceptable. A ban has been introduced on such extortions. The victors not only wanted to reimburse the expenses incurred in connection with military operations, they wanted to cover absolutely all their expenses. Modern law says that if the occupiers want something from the property of civilians, they must offer payment or some kind of reward. Despite this, indemnity continues to exist in the modern world. It looks like penalties allowed by modern international law. This is allowed in the following forms:

a) in return for the taxes that the population paid to their government in peacetime;

b) in return for requisition, or supplying the troops with necessary items in kind;

c) in the form of a fine for the crime committed (instead of criminal punishment).

There is such a type of substantive liability as restitution. In this case, the aggressor state undertakes to fully restore intangible and tangible assets. This payment does not imply any benefit. This is used very rarely, since it is often impossible to restore property. Most often, restitution was used as one of the methods of compensation within the framework of a reparation agreement. They are reflected in the Versailles Peace Treaty, the Paris Peace Treaty, the Treaty with Bulgaria and in other documents.

And another form of responsibility is restoration, which provides for the complete restoration by the violating country of the status of the captured or occupied territory, which was established before it committed illegal actions.

General and different aspects of indemnity and reparation

Overall, both of these phenomena have more similarities than differences. In both cases, one state takes from another material values in various forms: money or material goods. It's a tribute of sorts. Collections are made by the winning country, which also combines these payments.

The difference between indemnity and reparations is the fact that in case of victory, the country that was attacked receives compensation for the damage caused. It no longer looks like extortion, tribute or plunder. Reparation is possible only if the victim of aggression wins. That is, it occurs after the end of the war, and indemnity can occur during and after it.

Reparations could be in the form of a complete ban on the use of its material resources by the offending state. Such measures are called “emergency”.

The largest number of payments occurred, of course, after the First and Second World Wars.

The United States is an exception. They were the ones who had to pay compensation to Japan, despite their victory.

Contribution is a direct violation of the law.

Countries that paid reparations

Germany leads the list of countries that were required to pay compensation. Great Britain, Greece, the USA, France, Israel, Yugoslavia, the USSR and other countries made claims against it.

Japan lost 42% of its national wealth due to reparations.

Italy, as an ally of Germany, carried out compensation for Yugoslavia, Greece, the USSR, Ethiopia and Albania.

Finland completely repaid its debts in 1952, which is a unique case. Although she later stated that the indemnity to Russia, which was fully paid, should be returned.

Hungary paid $300 million to the USSR and Yugoslavia. Romania had to pay the same amount.

Bulgaria had to compensate $70 million to Greece and Yugoslavia.