Simple predicate
Simple verb predicate
A simple verbal predicate is a predicate expressed by one verb in any mood:
- Wind sways grass
- Sun disappeared behind the cloud.
- I I'll go to the forest.
- He I would go to the city.
- you to me write letter immediately!
- In the shadows for a long time was heard whisper.
Compound predicate
A compound predicate can be verbal or nominal. It consists of two parts: a copula and a verbal or nominal part.
Compound verb predicate
Composite verbal predicate consists of a ligamentous part and indeterminate form verb. Answers questions: What does it do? what to do? what did you do? The ligamentous part can be:
- phase verb (start, continue, become, quit);
- modal word (wants, ready, forced, maybe unable).
He wants to enroll to the institute.
I'm long couldn't with them meet.
You must study.
I was unable to think about this.
Compound nominal predicate
A compound nominal predicate is a predicate that consists of a nominal part and a linking verb.
The most commonly used is the linking verb be, are less commonly used, but other linking verbs are also possible.
The connective in the sentence may be omitted.
When parsing, the predicate is indicated by two horizontal lines.
The nominal part of a compound predicate is expressed in different ways:
- adjective: weather was good;
- noun: book - faithful Friend;
- comparative degree of an adjective: he has character harder steel;
- short version of the passive participle: grass beveled;
- short adjective: evening quiet;
- adverb: error was obvious;
- numeral: twice two - four;
- pronoun: this notebook my;
- syntactically integral phrase: he sat in a puddle;
- phraseological unit: he was the talk of the town.
Also in the example:
- the weather was good;
Weather - what did you do?- was - which?- good.
See also
Notes
Literature
- Russian language. Textbook for 8th grade of general education institutions. S. G. Barkhudarov, S. E. Kryuchkov, L. Yu. Maksimov, L. A. Cheshko and others. 28th ed. - M.: Education - JSC "Moscow Textbooks", 2005-2008 pp.: ill. - ISBN 5-09-013740-4
Links
- Arutyunova N. D. Predicate // Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary, M., 1990
- Website about the Russian language - predicate (Russian)
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
Synonyms:See what “Predicate” is in other dictionaries:
PREDICATE, predicate, cf. 1. One of the two main members of a sentence, containing a statement, making the expression of a thought complete (gram.). A simple predicate. Compound predicate. In the sentence plant works, the word works is the predicate. 2... Dictionary Ushakova
Predicate, word. Ant. subject, subject Dictionary of Russian synonyms. predicate adj. predicate Dictionary of Russian synonyms. Context 5.0 Informatics. 2012… Dictionary of synonyms
- (predicate) one of the main members of a sentence. In a two-part sentence, the predicate relates to the subject and expresses its actions, properties, states... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
PREDICATE, wow, cf. In grammar: main member sentences denoting the attribute of the subject, named in the subject, and together with the subject forming the grammatical basis simple sentence. | adj. predicate, oh, oh. Explanatory dictionary... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
Predicate- PREDICATE or predicate. The term S. is used in different meanings: 1. psychological S. or S. (predicate) of a judgment is what is thought about the subject of the judgment or the so-called. psychological subject (see Subject), i.e. that representation that ... Dictionary of literary terms
The main member of a two-part sentence, grammatically dependent on the subject, denoting the active or passive attribute of the subject that is expressed by the subject. Simple verb predicate. Compound verb predicate. Nominal compound... Dictionary of linguistic terms
Predicate- The predicate is one of the two main members of the sentence in which what is being communicated is expressed; correlates with the subject and is connected with it by a predicative relation (see Predicate, Sentence). The dominant element (usually a verb) of the predicate composition (predicate ... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary
The main member of a sentence, meaning an event. Expressed by a verb (simple verbal predicate), as well as a noun, adjective, adverb (compound nominal predicate); Wed: He is sad/He is sad/It was a good year. Compound verb... ... Literary encyclopedia
Wow; Wed Linguistic One of the two main members of a sentence, denoting the action or state of the subject expressed by the subject. Subject and p. Simple, complex c. Verb p. ◁ Predicate, oh, oh. With oh meaning. Usage of the word... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary
predicate- The main member of a two-part sentence, correlative with the subject, grammatically subordinate to it. The formal dependence of the predicate on the subject is manifested in the predicative connection: So the moon has risen. The ideal means of expressing the predicate is... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Books
- Set of tables. Russian language. Grammar. 22 tables, . Educational album of 22 sheets. Art. 5-8682-022. Connection of words in a phrase. Types of simple sentences. Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members. A dash between the subject and...
It is made up of a nominal part and a linking verb. The linking verb may not be expressed materially. It may be zero. Summer is rainy.
There are 3 types of verb connectives
1) linking verb “to be”, standing in any tense and mood. This bunch in pure form deprived of its lexical meaning. Can only indicate the grammatical meaning of mood, tense, person, gender or pure.
I was here = was. The summer was rainy.
2) semi-nominal verbal connectives, their lexical meaning is weakened; verbs with a phase meaning, with a modal meaning, as well as a semi-nominal meaning: to be considered, to introduce oneself, to be called, to appear, etc.. The child seems sick.
3) full-nominal verbs. Usually verbs of motion or state. Katya returned from her walk joyfully.
Linking verb function in SIS:
1) express modality and syntactic tense
2) They connect the predicate with the subject
3) Semi-nominal and full-nominal connectives participate in the formation of the lexical meaning of the predicate.
1) an adjective in full or short form in the positive, comparative or superlative degree.
He was sick.(i.p.) He seems sick. (Semi-nominal copula + instrumental case)
2) a noun, most often in the nominative case, but can be in the instrumental and other case forms. My brother, teacher. Brother is a teacher.
3) nominal part speech can be expressed by a participle. Passive past participles in the marginal form are most often used. The picture has been painted.
4) the nominal part can be expressed as a numeral. Two times two equals four.
5) can be expressed as an indivisible phrase. The boy was about ten years old.
6) pronouns of various categories. What date is today? Petrov is the one who came yesterday.
7) an adverb with meaning qualitative characteristics subject. The windows were wide open.
Complex Predicate
It consists of three or more components, they are built according to certain schemes.
Two-part sentences have
1) short adjective + (linking verb) + infinitive. He was supposed to arrive yesterday.
2) short adjective + (linking verb) + verb “to be” + name/participle.
The answer had to be correct.
3) verb + “to be” + noun/adjective.
He dreamed of being a pilot.
4) verb + infinitive (with modal/phasic semantics) + infinitive.
He wanted to continue studying.
Types of complex predicates in a one-part sentence.
1) KS + (linking verb) + infinitive. It was good to relax in the summer.
2) KS + (linking verb) + be + adjective. To do this you need to be very careful.
The secondary members of the sentence do not express the predicative relationship.
Definition. Type of communication - coordination. Definitions are divided into agreed and inconsistent. Agreed definitions are connected to the main word by a connection of agreement and are expressed in Russian by adjectives, participles, adjective pronouns and ordinal numbers. Inconsistent definitions are associated with the main word by control or adjacency. The control method connects definitions that are expressed by prepositional case or case forms of nouns.
Father's house. Inconsistent definition, because Expressed noun in gender. case.
Polka dot dress. Inconsistent definition expressed by him. noun in v.p.
There are also definitions expressed by infinitive, adverb and comparative.
The house is opposite. Definition expressed by adverb, adjacency, disagreement. adverb.
Inconsistent definitions, as a rule, are syncretic and are in the transition zone.
House by the road. Circumstance and addition.
An atypical definition in Russian is application.
Application- structural-semantic type of definition.
Application features:
1) expressed by a noun.
2) defines the subject, i.e. gives it a different name.
Sister Valeria. Valeria is the main word, sister is the application.
3) can appear before or after the word being defined.
4) associated with a noun special kind connections - parallelism of forms.
Since the connection between the defined noun and the application is not formally expressed, the problem of differentiation arises - where is the main word and where is the application.
Great value The semantics of words plays a role in the distinction.
1) if there is a generic and specific concept, then the application will be the word that names the specific concept.
Cranberry berry.
2) if one of the words is literary, and the other is dialectal or slang, then the application is a word with a narrower scope of use.
Ram snipe. Snipe-literary-main thing.
3) if one of the words specifies, clarifies or narrows another concept, then it will be an application.
Road engineer. Dorozhnik is more narrow in semantics, therefore it is an application.
4) if one of the words has a qualitative-evaluative meaning, then it will be an application.
Handsome deer. Handsome app.
5) if one of the words is an animate proper noun, and the other is a common noun, then the common noun will be an application.
Artist Kramskoy. Kramskoy is the main thing.
6) if the proper name is inanimate and next to it is a common noun, then the appendix will be the proper noun.
City of Moscow. The city is the main thing.
7) application is a word indicating profession, nationality, relationship, age, etc.
Old surgeon.
8) an isolated member of a sentence will always be an application.
The brother who found him, Ivan, was making something.
Addition - grammatically dependent minor member sentence, which denotes a grammatically dependent subject and, as a rule, is expressed by a noun or a noun pronoun.
The addition is associated with the main word by the type of connection control, usually stands after the word being defined and denotes the object to which the action is directed.
Additions are divided into direct and indirect. Direct and indirect objects differ in the same way as direct and indirect object values.
An object value can be combined with
Reading a book. R.p. Indirect addition.
The smell of dried grass came from the ground. It came from the ground. From what? The addition is indirect. Where? From the ground. Circumstantial meaning.
In fact, the addition can be expressed by any part of speech, including the infinitive. If the complement is expressed by an infinitive, then it is an adjunction.
Forests teach us to understand nature. What do they teach? Understand.
Circumstance- a grammatically dependent minor member of a sentence that denotes various signs of an action or the degree of manifestation of a sign. It is expressed, as a rule, by an adverb or a sentence-case form of a noun.
According to the method of communication, this is adjoining or weak control. Most often it is in postposition in relation to the word on which it depends, but it can also be in preposition. Most often depends on the verb, less often - on qualitative adjective, adverbs or categories of state.
Types of circumstances:
1) way of action. Denote a characteristic or method of performing an action. Answer the questions: how? how? in what way? The drums beat quickly. Depends on the verb.
2) measures and degrees. Designate a quantitative characteristic of an action or characteristic. They answer the questions: to what extent? to what extent? How many? The room is very quiet. Quiet to what extent?
3) places. Indicates the scene of action, direction or path of movement. Answers the questions: where? Where? where? We lived in the forest. Running in the forest is good for your health.
4) time . Indicates the time of action and its duration. Answers the questions: when? How long? since when? until when? I am leaving tomorrow.
5) reasons. Indicate the reason for the action. Answer the questions: why? for what reason? Because of the rain, everyone stayed at home. Prepositional case form of the noun, control. Syncretic.
6) goals. Indicate the purpose of the action. They answer the question: why? for what purpose? I went fishing.
7) Conditions. Indicate the conditions under which an action or state is possible. Answers the question: under what conditions? If desired, this is easy to do. Often combined with a circumstance of time or with an object meaning. I'll go there only with you.
8) Concessions. Indicates a condition despite which an action or state is possible. Answers the questions: no matter what? in spite of what? Despite the rain, the competition took place. Derivative preposition.
One-part sentences
There is only one main member of the sentence and it expresses the GP of the sentence (modality, syntactic tense, predicativity). One-part sentences are structural complete sentences,
Classification of one-part sentences.
According to the morphological expression of the main member, all one-part sentences are divided into verbal and nominal. Among the verbs there are: 1) definitely personal 2) indefinitely personal 3) generalized personal 4) impersonal 5) infinitive
Among nominal sentences the following stand out: 1) nominative 2) generative 3) vocative
Verb sentences.
Personal one-part sentences. In them, the main member indicates the active producer of the action. At the same time, the producer of the action itself is not named in order to focus attention on the action itself.
I love thunderstorms in early May.
The main member of the sentence performs three functions:
1) indicates the subject.
2) expresses the modal-temporal plan.
3) expresses lexical meaning.
Depending on the nature of the subject, personal sentences are divided into definitely personal, indefinitely personal and generalized. A specific subject is expressed by a first or second person verb form. The indefinite subject is expressed in the 3rd person plural form.
There's a knock on the door.
Specific subject - 1st and 2nd person
Indefinite subject - 3rd person plural, simple plural
IN vaguely personal In sentences, the subject is thought of as definite if the subject of the action is not known, or it can be thought of as indefinite, even if the subject is known.
IN generalized-personal sentences, subject can
Generally personal sentences are distinguished on the basis of the semantics of the subject, and in form they coincide with definitely or indefinitely personal ones.
Tears won't help your grief. After a fight they don’t wave their fists.
Non-personal one-part sentences: impersonal and infinitive.
Impersonal offer - a one-part sentence, the main member of which expresses an action or state that exists independently of the activity and will of the subject. The subject can be named, but cannot stand in the form nominative case.I'm cold. It's getting light.
Impersonal offers.
Impersonal offers- this is the most common variety one-part sentences. These sentences are distinguished by the greatest variety, both in structure and semantics. The main member of an impersonal sentence can have different expressions:
1) verb form coinciding with the 3rd person singular or middle gender, singular, right tense.
The chimney is howling.
3) short passive participle of the neuter gender. The room is smoky.
4) the word “no” in combination with genitive case noun. I don't have time.
5) modal or phase verb in impersonal form + dependent infinitive. I wanted to sleep. It was starting to get dark.
Infinitive sentences- this is a special structural-semantic type of one-part sentences in which the main member of the sentence is expressed by an independent infinitive. You won't be able to catch up with the crazy three. Modality in such sentences is expressed by the very form of the infinitive and intonation and is differentiated with the help of particles. They express the meanings of obligation, necessity, impossibility, inevitability. To be rain. Infinitives with a particle have the meaning of desirability and caution. Don't be late! I would like to take a swim!
Related information.
Compound nominal predicate is a predicate that consists of two parts:
A) Main part - nominal part, which expresses lexical meaning;
b) Auxiliary part- a linking verb in a conjugated form, which expresses the grammatical feature of the predicate: tense and mood.
She was a singer. She became a singer.
Ways of expressing the main part of a compound nominal predicate.
Main part of a compound nominal predicate can be expressed by the following forms and parts of speech:
There are sounds of explosions here seemed louder. You the kindest in the world.
3. A pronoun or phrase with a main word expressed by a pronoun:
It was something interesting. All happiness - yours.
Her sister Married for my friend. They were on guard.
Note.
1) Participles and short forms of adjectives in a sentence are always part of a compound nominal predicate;
2) Even in cases where the predicate consists of one word - an adverb or a significant part of speech, then we still have before us a compound nominal predicate with a zero connective;
3) The nominative and instrumental cases are the most common forms of the main part of the compound nominal predicate.
In Russian syntax, it is customary to distinguish three types (or types) of predicates: simple verb, compound verb, compound nominal. In this article we will talk about the latter.
What does a compound nominal predicate consist of?
A compound nominal predicate is a predicate that includes a nominal part. But this is not its only part, because it is not by chance that it is called composite.
Although we call this predicate nominal, it does not always include those parts of speech that are called names (noun, adjective and numeral).
The nominal part expresses the main meaning of the predicate, but cannot convey important grammatical features: time, attitude to reality. Therefore, the second part is also present in the sentence. This is a linking verb that is in the required form.
Linking verb
Usually the linking verb “to be” is used, which does not bring any additional meaning to the sentence, but only makes a grammatical connection and expresses the grammatical features of the predicate: tense, mood.
In the present tense, the linking verb “to be” is omitted, but this does not mean that it does not exist. We just need to talk about the zero link.
Less common in sentences are “semi-links”: become, become, seem, etc.
Nominal part
The nominal part of the predicate can be expressed by almost anything: any part of speech, except for gerunds and verbs in personal or impersonal form, as well as phraseological units and syntactically indivisible combinations. In this case, it does not convey the verbal meaning (action or state), but characterizes the subject in some very important aspect. In this case, the predicate answers the questions “What is this?
", "Which?", "What is reported about the subject?"
Let us give examples of a nominal predicate with in different ways noun phrases:
Cat is a pet.
Life is wonderful!
Egor became an agronomist.
The die is cast!
Porridge was to die for.
How to distinguish the linking verb “to be” from the independent predicate “to be”?
The verb “to be” also has its own meaning, which scientists call “existential”: it communicates that something exists in reality. For example, “Oli had a scooter”. This sentence states that Olya actually had a scooter. Here the verb "to be" is a simple verbal predicate.
It is actually not difficult to distinguish a linking verb from an independent predicate. The linking verb in the present tense disappears, but the predicate, naturally, remains. That is, it is enough to put the sentence in the present time, and everything becomes clear.
Let's look at our example.
Olya had a scooter. - Olya has a scooter.
Let’s compare it with a sentence in which the verb “to be” serves as a linking verb.
The scooter was red. - The scooter is red.
The connection became zero. We have before us a compound verb predicate.
In which sentences is a compound nominal predicate found?
Compound nominal predicates are found in any two-part sentences, including those complicated by homogeneous or isolated members: The house has been restored. The house has been restored and is for sale(complicated by homogeneous predicates). The house next to the river has been restored(complicated by a separate definition).
Compound nominal predicate (grade 8), along with the subject, is one of the main members of the sentence. As you know, there are three types of predicates: simple verbal predicate, compound verbal predicate, compound nominal predicate. A simple verb is expressed by one full-valued word or related phrase. A compound verbal predicate includes two parts: an infinitive and a verb. What is a compound nominal predicate? To begin with, we note that it is studied in the 8th grade and consists of two parts: the connective and the nominal part.
Compound nominal predicate (8th grade)
Copula in a compound nominal predicate
The copula expresses modality and tense category. The following verbs can most often act as connectives:
- The verb to be in all tense categories. Do not forget that this verb in the present tense form turns into a zero copula;
- verbs become, appear, become, etc.;
- verbs with the categorical meaning of an action or process: arrive, return, stand, leave, get there, swim, fly away, come, etc.;
- Katerina is excited and nervous due to unforeseen circumstances that arose on her way home. I will be first just to be better than you. You will become good boy, maybe I'll take you to the circus with me.
- It was getting cool outside, so we returned to the house. You turned out to be a two-faced person, because you wanted to quarrel with everyone. It becomes fun from those memories of days gone by.
- I wish I could leave this doctor healthy. My husband will arrive tomorrow by plane via Moscow on a direct flight.
Types of ligaments
A compound nominal predicate has several types of ligaments, noticeably different from each other:
In the past and future forms, the verb to be expresses clearly. Same context: she was a doctor with great experience, but with little ambition, and she will be a doctor with a lot of experience, but with little ambition. In the sentences, compound nominal predicates with the abstract connective be are highlighted.
A few words about the form of the subjunctive mood; when used, a particle would be added to the abstract connective be. Suggestion: She would be a doctor with a lot of experience but little ambition.
- The connection is semi-abstract, is represented by the verbs appear, seem, appear, appear, become, etc. The peculiarity of semi-nominal connectives is that they carry not only a grammatical component, but also help in expressing the meaning of the nominal part of the predicate. Suggestion: she turned out to be a doctor with a lot of experience but little ambition.
- Significant connection, expressed in words of action, movement, any process. For example, we include such verbs as sit, lie, hear, think, read, walk, breathe, run, swim, wash, undress, talk, etc. These connectives express specific lexical and grammatical meanings. Sentences: The geese walked around in the yard, as if they were the owners of the entire farmstead. He served as an ensign on the border for many years.
The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate
The role of the nominal part is:
- Summer days become shorter. Today you look better than yesterday. I'll be back later, you don't have to wait for me for dinner. (adjective in comparative degree).
- She is the decoration of this evening (noun in the instrumental case).
- Aunt Masha seemed very sad to me. This year's summer was unusually cold. The flowers you gave for the holiday were very beautiful. (adjective in the positive degree).
- This child is sometimes completely unbearable. The man living on the floor above is extremely rich. Honey collected from your own apiary is so sweet. (adjective in short form).
- All mistakes made when writing the dictation were mine (possessive pronoun).
- I suddenly felt scared. It was quite strange (adverb).
Sentences with a compound nominal predicate
Thus, the compound nominal predicate is studied in grade 8, along with other types of predicate: simple verb and compound verb. Its peculiarity is the presence of two parts: connectives and nominal parts. The problem of modern school education is that sometimes students do not have time to fully understand the essence of the types of predicates in class, as a result of which they are unable to find and define one of the main members of a sentence. You can deal with this problem in different ways, for example, work with a tutor or watch accessible and simple video tutorials on the Internet.
