Vocabulary from the point of view of the sphere of use (student)
11. Vocabulary in terms of scope of use
Common vocabulary
Vocabulary of limited scope
2.1. Dialectal (regional) vocabulary
2.2. Socially restricted vocabulary
Literature
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From the point of view of the scope of use, vocabulary is divided into two large groups:
common,
limited scope of use.
Common vocabulary
Commonly used(nationwide) vocabulary is words, the understanding and use of which do not depend on the place of residence, profession, or occupation of native speakers. Commonly used vocabulary forms the basis of the vocabulary of a language. It includes, first of all, literary words(except for special vocabulary):
needle,rope,grumble,go,bonfire,rally,runny nose,cloth,sew…
All these words are understandable to every native speaker and can be used in a wide variety of settings and communication situations.
In addition, commonly used vocabulary has recently included non-literary words that are common among people of different ages and professions, regardless of place of residence:
bullshit, muzzle,bump around,will do,foolishly,hang around…
The use of these commonly understood words is limited to informal communication situations.
Vocabulary of limited scope
Vocabulary of limited scope(non-national) are words, the understanding and use of which are related to a person’s place of residence, his profession, and occupation. Non-popular vocabulary includes
territorially limited (dialectal),
socially limited vocabulary.
2.1. Dialectal(regional)vocabulary- this is part of the non-popular vocabulary that is typical for the population of a locality, district, region:
veksha'squirrel', unsteady'cradle, area 'bushes', peplum'Beautiful', row ‘to disdain’, have supper‘to have dinner’...
Dialectal words are called (lexical) dialectisms [Rakhmanova, Suzdaltseva, p. 211–212].
Popular and dialect vocabulary interconnected.
1) Many of the lexical dialectisms are by origin in popular words:
vered'sore', pregnant‘armful’, stomach'belongings', juda‘horror, fear’...
2) Many dialect words entered the national vocabulary:
nonsense,take a seat,plow,owl,frail,tedious,take a nap,barracks,mumble,clumsy,hype,background...[SRYA-1, p. 45].
2.2. Toward socially restricted vocabulary include
special vocabulary,
jargon.
1) Special vocabulary– these are words and combinations of words denoting concepts of a certain field of knowledge or activity:
dividend‘part of the profit received by shareholders’, alibi‘the absence of the accused at the crime scene as evidence of his innocence’, mezdra‘the underside of tanned leather’…
Among the special words stand out
professionalism.
Terms(lat. terminus‘border, limit’) – words or combinations of words that officially accepted for the name science concepts, production, art, etc.
Each term is necessarily based on a definition (definition) of the reality it denotes, due to which the terms represent an accurate and at the same time concise description of an object or phenomenon. Each field of knowledge has its own terminological system.
The terms are divided into
general scientific, which are used in various fields of knowledge: experiment, adequate, equivalent, reaction, progress...
special(highly specialized), which are assigned to certain scientific disciplines, branches of production and technology: immobilization‘creating stillness, peace’, Glinka‘highest grade clay, kaolin’, epenthesis‘insert a sound to make pronunciation easier: poet - sings’…
Also distinguished commonly used(commonly understood) terms:
amputation, hypertension, cardiogram;
infinitive, adverb, case...
Terms are part of the literary language.
Professionalisms- these are words and combinations of words that are unofficial designations of special concepts.
Professionalisms function mainly in oral speech . Eg:
slur‘typographic defect in the form of a square, strip...’, cap‘large newspaper headline’… 1
Some authors contrast professionalisms as only names special (often specific) phenomena, concepts and professional jargon which are unofficial synonyms terms. Professional jargon, as a rule, expressively colored:
solyanka'hydrochloric acid', pot'synchrophasotron', demobilization'demobilization', cap‘captain’... [Rakhmanova, Suzdaltseva, p. 222–224; ERYA, p. 392].
Professional jargon is not included in the literary language.
|
names of concepts of science, production, art |
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official |
unofficial |
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Option 1 |
terms |
professionalism |
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Option 2 |
terms |
only names |
informal synonyms of terms |
|
professionalism |
professional jargon |
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2) Jargons (French) jargon)– socially restricted words that are emotionally expressive synonyms of stylistically neutral common words.
The use of jargon is limited social factors:
the speakers belonging to the same social environment (for example, noble jargons),
belonging to the same profession (professional jargon),
same age (e.g. youth slang),
community of interests, etc.
Professional jargons have existed for centuries in different countries in different periods. They reached a particular flourishing in the era of feudalism with its guild fragmentation and isolation of professions. Emergence professional jargon explained desire to classify any actions or features of production. The secret languages of handicraftsmen (wandering saddlers, tailors, blacksmiths, coppersmiths), the jargons of gold miners, traveling actors, and small merchants and peddlers (offeners, peddlers) are known. Eg:
at the ofeni: throw'sleep', shivar'product', maz‘trader, “one’s own” person’, legal'house', usy‘money’ [Rakhmanova, Suzdaltseva, p. 234]…;
from buyers of illegally mined gold: resin'gold', two -'lb', three– ‘spool’ (4.266 g or 1/96 lb)…;
Currently, professional jargon have no secrecy purposes[SRYASH, p. 281–284].
Jargon may arise in any sufficiently stable team:
army jargon: perfume 'new recruits', grandfathers, demobilization…
jargon musicians and music lovers: fan,downhole, trash ‘rock music style’, The Beatles...
jargon schoolgirls:dunk‘to curtsy’, boots'cadets', pencil‘student of the city gymnasium’, eggplant‘student of the noble gymnasium’, canary‘ruble’ [SRYASH, p. 281–282].
jargon schoolchildren:teacher, banana,physical education, mathematics, physics…
jargon students:spur'crib' , school'university', stooge'scholarship', tail‘academic debt’, dorm'dormitory', cut off‘get an unsatisfactory grade’, fishing rod satisfactorily' …
youth jargon: cool‘the highest degree of positive assessment’, steep‘beyond all praise; unusual, shocking’, strain‘to bore, bother with requests, claims’, run over‘to bother with claims and reproaches’, get in, get in'understand'…
computer jargon: jar‘computer system unit’, Windows,Windows‘Microsoft Windows operating system’, gamer‘a person who constantly plays computer games’, glitch‘work with glitches (errors)’...
Internet-jargon: avatar,avchik,userpic‘the picture that the user chooses as his “face”’, appendicitis'application' (English) appendix),ban‘impose a temporary ban on the user from doing something’, google‘search the Internet (usually using Google)’...
First of all, it is youth slang that is called slang. Term slang(English) slang) originally designated exclusively the language of youth (cf. hippie slang) or professional jargon of any new, actively developing field ( business slang, computer slang). Lately the term slang used as a synonym for the general term jargon . The compatibility of the word has expanded significantly ( medical slang, army slang). The new term is gradually replacing the word jargon, which during the Soviet period acquired a negative connotation ( camp jargon,prison slang).
A special term to designate words belonging to slang (such as jargon), No.
Border between individual jargons, as well as between jargon (slang), vernacular and colloquial speech, is unsteady and permeable. Some researchers talk about the emergence common jargon(interjargon), which is used not only by certain social groups, but also the majority of native speakers [Nikitina, p. 4].
Some slang words are gradually entering the common vocabulary(first into vernacular, and then they can move into colloquial speech and even into literary language).
For example, from jargon seminarians V literary vocabulary included the words:
beast(lat. bestia'beast'; (bran.) ‘rogue, scoundrel; clever, cunning person’);
nonsense‘nonsense, nonsense’ (seminar word, most likely from Greek. Athenian),
from singing jargon: sing along;
from factory: bungler;
from the slang of beggars: double-dealer.
Such slang words as
float, fall through, cut off, window, steering wheel, linden tree...
damn, split...[SRYA, p. 93–94].
Gradually, these words lose their inherent connotation of rudeness and vulgarity, but their use in literary language, as a rule, stylistically limited within colloquial speech[SRYASH, p. 285–286].
Jargonisms differ from the words of other groups with the following features:
They represent not the main, but a parallel designation of the phenomenon of reality; next to him there are always (or almost always) synonyms for popular use[SRYA-1, p. 48–49].
All jargons have bright expressive and stylistic coloring:
schmuck,cheesy,sucker– this is an extreme degree of disapproval, neglect;
steep,specific with some vagueness and uncertainty of lexical meaning, they are capable of expressing a whole range of emotional nuances: from delight to complete disapproval.
Compared to common words that have lived for centuries, slang vocabulary is different great variability, fragility. The fact is that the emotional-expressive coloring is “erased” in the process of use: words become familiar, “boring”. Therefore, they are replaced by new, “fresh” words with vivid expressiveness. For example, those used in the 50-60s have almost disappeared from youth slang. 20th century
dude,dude,horses'parents', hut‘an apartment where you can get together’.
In the 80s they were replaced
men,girla,skull,haza,flat.
Wed. also slang terms money:
50–60s: tugriks, rupees;
60s: shurshiki, coins, money;
80s: money;
turn of the 80s–90s: wooden(about rubles), green(about dollars).
Modern student jargon differs sharply not only from the jargon of high school students, seminarians, and pre-revolutionary students, but also from the school and student jargon of the 20s and 30s. 20th century [Rakhmanova, Suzdaltseva, p. 233].
It happens that forgotten jargons are returning, because again have a touch of novelty.
Argotisms(French) argot) name the words used in criminal environment:
academy'jail', fraer‘petty, inexperienced thief’, raspberry‘den’, little guy‘letter, note’...
Argotisms serve to
linguistic isolation (the function of distinguishing “friend - foe”),
linguistic conspiracy [Rakhmanova, Suzdaltseva, p. 234].
In linguistic literature the term argot is understood ambiguously. Some authors understand it as “secret speech,” meaning not only thieves’ jargon. Sometimes terms argot And jargon are used as equivalent [SRYASH, p. 284].
Any jargon differs from the literary language in the first place vocabulary. They do not have morphological, syntactic or pronunciation features. True, non-literary speech (slang and vernacular) is often distinguished from literary
a) special use of word-forming means (cf.: mokrukha, bitch, mess) And
b) intonation.
Popular vocabulary
┌──────────────┴────────────┐
common vocabulary of limited
vocabulary of use
┌────────────────────┴────┐
territorially social
limited limited
(dialectal)┌──────────────┴───┐
slang and special
argotic(terms And
professionalism)
Literature
Vendina T.I. Introduction to linguistics. M.: graduate School, 2001. Stylistic stratification of the vocabulary of the language. pp. 160–164.
Girutsky A. A. Introduction to linguistics. Minsk: TetraSystems, 2001. Stylistic stratification of the vocabulary of the language. pp. 156–158.
LES – Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary. M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990. Argo. P. 43. Dialectisms. P. 133. Jargon. P. 151. Vernacular. P. 402. Colloquial speech. P. 408. Slang. P. 461.
Youth slang: Explanatory dictionary / T. G. Nikitina. M.: Astrel: AST, 2003. 912 p.
Rakhmanova L. I., Suzdaltseva V. N. Modern Russian language. Vocabulary. Phraseology. Morphology. M.: Moscow State University Publishing House: CheRo Publishing House, 1997. Russian vocabulary from the point of view of the sphere of use. pp. 211–239.
SRY – Modern Russian language / Rosenthal D. E., Golub I. B, Telenkova M. A . M.: Rolf, 2001. Vocabulary of limited scope of use. pp. 87–97.
SRYA-1 – Modern Russian language. Part 1. Introduction. Vocabulary. Phraseology. Phonetics. Graphics and spelling. / N. M. Shansky, V. V. Ivanov. M.: Education, 1981. Vocabulary of the modern Russian language from the point of view of the sphere of its use. pp. 44–59.
SRYASH – Modern Russian language. Phonetics. Lexicology, Phraseology / ed. P. P. Fur coats. Minsk: Progress, 1998. Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of the scope of its use. pp. 258–288.
Shaikevich A. Ya. Introduction to linguistics. M.: Academy, 2005. § 60. Vocabulary of special languages. Terminology. pp. 197–172.
ERYA – Russian language. Encyclopedia. M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia - Bustard, 1997. Argo. P. 37. Dialectisms. P. 114. Jargon. pp. 129–130. Vernacular. pp. 390–391. Professionalism. P. 392. Colloquial speech. P. 406. Spoken language. 406–408.
1A number of researchers classify designations of special subjects, concepts of amateur hunting, fishing, amateur handicraft production, etc. as professionalisms:
rule‘tail of a dog, fox’, tongs‘face of a greyhound dog’...
jigs, bugs, coffins, droplets(types of artificial fish bait).
1. Common vocabulary.
The most important part of the Russian language dictionary in all its diversity
is a commonly used vocabulary. She represents that
lexical core, without which language is unthinkable, communication is impossible, its
make up words that are expressions of the most necessary vital
important concepts.
National vocabulary is the backbone of the national literary dictionary,
the most necessary lexical material for expressing thoughts in Russian language,
the fund on the basis of which further developments primarily take place
improvement and enrichment of vocabulary. The vast majority of incoming
in it the words are stable in their use and commonly used in all styles
The vocabulary of the Russian language includes words that are known and understandable
everyone and can be used both orally and in writing.
For example: water, earth, forest, bread, go, eat, eat, winter, bright,
words that are stylistically neutral are highlighted, i.e. words that
can be heard equally in a scientific report and in everyday conversation,
which can be read in business document, and in a friendly letter. Such
There is an overwhelming majority of words in the Russian language. They can also be called
commonly used in the full sense of the word.
In addition to stylistically neutral words in common vocabulary
words are also highlighted that can be used by everyone, but not in
anyway. So, the words water, simpleton, magazine, mustachioed, courtyard,
little word, etc., in contrast to words that are stylistically neutral, or
have expression or are emotionally colored. Shades of emotional
colors are created by various diminutives and
increasing and derogatory suffixes (vod-its-a, magazine-chik, yard-ik,
words-echk-o), and expressiveness is conveyed by the special figurativeness of words
speech (simpleton, mustachioed, reckless, dodgy). By using such words, the speaker
expresses his positive or negative attitude towards the subject,
phenomenon. Therefore, these words almost never appear in a scientific report, in
business document. Use of expressive-emotional words
limited to certain styles of speech: they are more often used in
conversational style, often in a journalistic style.
However, the above does not mean that commonly used vocabulary
forms a closed group of words, not subject to any influences.
On the contrary, it can be replenished with words that previously had a limited
(dialectal or professional) sphere of use. Yes, words
burning, motley, loser, tyrant, regular, boring and
no. etc. back in the first half of the 19th century. were not known to all speakers
Russians: the scope of their use was limited to professional
(anxious, motley) or dialectal (loser, tyrant,
regular, boring) environment. In modern Russian, these words
are part of common vocabulary.
On the other hand, some common words over time
may go out of general circulation and narrow the scope of their use:
for example, the words goiter, i.e. there is, disdain, i.e. dawn, now
found only in some Russian dialects. There are times when
the word from the national dictionary disappears into professional jargon.
Common vocabulary can be contrasted with limited vocabulary
usages – words that are used by people related by gender
occupations, professions, or territorial boundaries.
2. Uncommon vocabulary.
This vocabulary includes special, slang and dialect
vocabulary Moreover, dialect and slang vocabulary, in contrast to special,
lies outside the Russian literary language.
2.1. Dialectal vocabulary
Words whose use is typical for people living in a certain
localities constitute dialect vocabulary. Dialect words are used
mainly in the oral form of speech, since the dialect itself is the main
image of the oral colloquial speech of rural residents.
Dialectal vocabulary differs from commonly used vocabulary not only more
narrow sphere of use, but also a number of phonetic, grammatical and
lexical and semantic features. According to these features
There are several types of dialectisms:
1) phonetic dialectisms - words that reflect phonetic
features of this dialect: barrel, Vankya, tipyatok (instead of barrel,
Vanka, boiling water) – southern Russian dialectisms; kuricha, tsyasy, kisser,
Germans (instead of chicken, watch, man, Germans) - dialectisms,
reflecting the sound features of some northwestern dialects;
2) grammatical dialectisms - words that have meanings other than in
literary language, grammatical characteristics or different
from common vocabulary according to morphological structure. So, in
in southern dialects, neuter nouns are often used
as feminine nouns (the whole field, such a thing, Feels
a cat whose meat she ate); in northern dialects forms in
cellar, in the club, in the table (instead of in the cellar in the club, in the table);
instead of the common words side, rain, run, hole, etc.
in dialect speech words with the same root are used, but different in
morphological structure: sideways, dodge, run, burrow, etc.;
3) lexical dialectisms - words, both in form and meaning
different from words in common vocabulary: kochet - rooster,
the other day - the other day, gutar - talk, inda - even, etc. Among
lexical dialectisms, local names of things and
concepts common in a given area. These words are called
ethnographisms. For example, the word paneva is ethnographic - so
in Ryazan, Tambov, Tula and some other regions
called special variety skirts
A dialectal word may differ from a commonly used word not in form, but
meaning; in this case we talk about semantic dialectisms. So,
the word top in some southern dialects is called a ravine, the verb to yawn
used in the meaning of shouting, calling, guessing – in the meaning of recognizing someone
or in the face, etc.
Dialectisms are often used as means of expression in
works fiction– for speech characteristics
characters, to convey local color, for a more accurate point of view
2.2. Professional and special vocabulary
Words whose use is typical for people of certain professions
having as their sphere of use any special branch of science
or techniques, constitute professional and special vocabulary. These two
definitions are necessary so that in the general layer identified by such
in the way of words to distinguish, firstly, officially accepted and regularly
special terms used, i.e. special vocabulary and, secondly,
characteristic of many professions, expressively rethought,
altered words and expressions taken from general circulation.
The difference between special terms and in professional words Can
show in the following examples. In metallurgy, the term “accretion” refers to
remnants of frozen metal in a ladle, workers call these remnants
a goat, i.e. in this case, nastyl - the official term, goat -
professional. Physicists jokingly call the synchrophasotron a saucepan,
sandpaper is the official, terminological name, and the skin
– professionalism, widely used in the non-professional sphere and
Special terminology usually “covers” the entire given special
field of science or technology: all basic concepts, ideas, relationships receive
its terminological name. Terminology of a particular industry
knowledge or production is created by conscious and purposeful
through the efforts of people who are experts in this field. Valid here
the tendency, on the one hand, to eliminate doublets and polysemous
terms, and on the other hand, to establishing strict boundaries of each term and
its clear relationships with the other units that form this
terminological system.
Professionalisms are less regular. Because they are born in spoken language
people engaged in one profession or another, they rarely form a system. For
some objects and concepts have professional names, and for
there are no others. The relationship between different professionalisms is also
characterized by a certain randomness and uncertainty. Values
professionalism, usually arising on the basis of a metaphorical
rethinking a word or phrase, often intersects with the meanings
other professionalisms. Finally, unlike special terms,
professionalisms are brightly expressive, expressive, and this is their property with
is revealed with particular clarity in the vicinity of the official, bookish
a special term, the meaning of which is duplicated by this professionalism.
In some cases, professionalisms can be used as
official terms; their expressiveness is somewhat erased,
however, the underlying metaphorical nature of the meaning is felt quite
Fine. For example, a lever arm, a gear tooth, a pipe elbow, etc.
Although specialized and professional vocabulary has a limited scope
usage, between it and the commonly used vocabulary there is
constant communication and interaction. Literary language masters many
special terms: they begin to be used in ways that are not typical for them
contexts, be rethought, as a result of which they cease to be terms,
or are determinologized.
In fiction prose professionalisms and special terms
are used not only for speech characterization of heroes, but also for more
accurate description production processes, relationships between people in the workplace
and professional environment.
2.3. Slang vocabulary
Words whose use is characteristic of people who form separate
social groups make up slang vocabulary. So, the jargon of the ofeni -
wandering traders who existed in Russia in the 19th century were inherent
words: rym - house, melekh - milk, sary - money, zetit - talk,
to tinker - to build, etc. In the jargon of bursaks - students of bursa (school,
which combined cramming and cane discipline) - were the words
bond - steal, bug - strictly exact, etc. Some
lexical elements that penetrated in the past from social jargons into
commonly used vocabulary are still preserved in it today. These include,
for example, the words swindler, nimble, linden - fake and nek. etc.
In addition, the youth vocabulary is preserved and constantly updated -
school and student jargon. For current state
characteristic, for example, are numerous anglicisms, often intentionally
distorted: gerla - girl, friend - boy, white - white, truzera -
trousers, trousers.
Slang are some re-interpretations of common words.
vocabulary: wheelbarrow meaning car, slip away - leave unnoticed, ancestors -
parents, etc., expressive formations such as stipa, stipuh -
scholarship, amazing – very good, branded – top quality, fashionable and
Slang vocabulary has a narrow scope of use: it is used in
mainly among “our own” people, i.e. in communication with people of the same social
circle as the speaker. Slang words in works of fiction
can serve for speech characterization of characters, used in
for styling purposes. So, for example, in Granin’s novel “After the Wedding” in the speech
There are heroes - young people who are slangy in nature,
words and phrases: “This is me in the order of chatter”; “I would go myself instead of Igor, and
tips"; “She dances - shine!” etc.
However, the use of jargon in literary text there must be
justified both by the general concept of the work and stylistically.
Common words- these are words known to all the people.
For example: water, earth, sky, bird, good, love, talk, think, write, green .
Uncommon words- these are words that not everyone knows and uses in their speech.
For example: beetroot (beets), kochet (rooster), injection (injection).
Professionalisms are words associated with the characteristics of the work of people in a particular specialty or profession.
Anesthesia (special) - pain relief. (Local anesthesia.)
Gamma is a sequential series of musical sounds. (Play scales on the piano.)
Matrix (technical) - a metal mold in which recesses are made for casting typographic letters. (Make matrices.)
Dialectisms are words used only by residents of a particular area
Mochazhina (region) – a swampy, marshy place; swamp without hummocks.
Shanga (region) – cheesecake, simple flatbread.
Vestimo (region) - of course, of course.
Mshara (region) is a swamp overgrown with moss and bushes.
Gorodba (region) – wooden fence, fence.
Archaisms (obsolete words) are words that have fallen out of active use.
Benevolence (obsolete) – goodwill, favor.
In the evening, evening (obsolete) - yesterday, in the evening.
Gil (obsolete) – nonsense, nonsense.
Upper room (obsolete) – a room on the top floor.
Granary (obsolete) – barn, room for bread, grain.
Neologisms are new words that appear in a language.
The summit is a meeting of heads of state.
Laptop is a portable computer.
Portfolio – folder.
Rating – a numerical indicator
popularity.
A teenager is a girl or boy, usually between 14 and 18 years old.
Jargons are words used by representatives of a certain social or age environment.
Chief - in naval jargon, “senior mate.”
Sew on - in thieves' jargon, “kill”.
Don't drive - in the language of teenagers, "don't make things up."
Compass – nautical slang for “compass”.
Hanging out means “having fun” in the language of young people.
Emotionally charged words are words that express attitudes towards objects, signs, and actions.
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Introduction
If we take the vocabulary of the Russian people, i.e. all words used by Russians throughout Russia, taking into account all ages, all degrees cultural development people, all professions, etc., we will receive the vocabulary of the Russian language in its entirety, i.e. vocabulary of the Russian national language. Is this possible? Is it possible, for example, to compile a dictionary that includes all Russian vocabulary? Are there people who know all Russian words? We can firmly say that there are no people who master the entire vocabulary of the Russian national language. After all, in order to know all the words of our language, one must master not only the literary language, but also the special terminology of all sciences, and all the dialects of Russia, and all the jargons, etc. Creating a complete dictionary of the Russian language is also practically impossible. IN " Explanatory dictionary living Great Russian language" V.I. Dalia 200
000 words. Dahl wanted to reflect the vocabulary of his time as completely as possible.
However, he was far from the goal (and in his dictionary more words, than in any other) Many special words, many dialectisms (svei, raspadok, razluzhe, etc.) were not included in Dahl’s dictionary. It is impossible to embrace the immensity.
The compilation of a complete Russian dictionary must be preceded by a huge amount of work collecting the vocabulary of dialects, professions, and jargons. But even if it is possible to make a complete dictionary, its completeness will be imaginary: after all, during the work, many new words will appear that will not have time to enter the dictionary.
In this report, the vocabulary of the Russian language will be considered from the point of view of the scope of its use. We will talk about vocabulary for everyone and about vocabulary separate groups population, i.e. about vocabulary in common use and about vocabulary, the use and understanding of which is associated with a certain territory or with any profession, type of activity, etc.
From the point of view of which words are used by which population groups, Russian vocabulary can be classified as follows:1. Vocabulary is national (commonly used)
2. Dialect vocabulary (regional)
3. Special vocabulary (professional terminological)
4. Slang vocabulary.
Most attention in this work will be paid to non-common vocabulary.1. Common vocabulary.
The most important part of the Russian language dictionary in all its diversity is common vocabulary. It represents the lexical core, without which language is unthinkable, communication is impossible, it consists of words that are expressions of the most necessary vital concepts.
National vocabulary is the backbone of the national literary dictionary, the most necessary lexical material for expressing thoughts in Russian, the foundation on the basis of which, first of all, further improvement and enrichment of vocabulary takes place. The vast majority of words included in it are stable in their use and are used in all styles of speech.
The vocabulary of the Russian language includes words that are known and understood by everyone and can be used both orally and in writing.
For example: water, earth, forest, bread, go, eat, eat, winter, bright, work, read, magazine, girl, word, head, etc. Among these words, stylistically neutral words stand out, i.e. such words that can be heard equally in a scientific report and in everyday conversation, which can be read in a business document and in a friendly letter. There is an overwhelming majority of such words in the Russian language. They can also be called commonly used in the full sense of the word.
In addition to stylistically neutral words, common vocabulary also includes words that can be used by everyone, but not in any case. Thus, the words voditsa, simpleton, magazine, mustachioed, courtyard, little word, etc., in contrast to words that are stylistically neutral, either have expression or are emotionally charged. Shades of emotional coloring are created by various diminutive-affectionate and increasing-derogatory suffixes (vod-its-a, magazine-chik, yard-ik, word-echk-o), and expressiveness is conveyed by the special figurativeness of the words of speech (simpleton, mustachioed, reckless, dodgy ). By using such words, the speaker expresses his positive or negative attitude towards an object or phenomenon. Therefore, these words almost never appear in a scientific report or in a business document. The use of expressive-emotional words is limited to certain styles of speech: more often they are used in a conversational style, often in a journalistic style.
However, the above does not mean that commonly used vocabulary constitutes a closed group of words that is not subject to any influences.
On the contrary, it can be replenished with words that previously had a limited
(dialectal or professional) sphere of use. So, the words are burning, motley, loser, tyrant, regular, boring and nek. etc. back in the first half of the 19th century. were not known to all Russian speakers: their scope of use was limited to professional
(animating, motley) or dialectal (loser, tyrant, regular, boring) environment. In modern Russian, these words are part of the commonly used vocabulary.
On the other hand, some commonly used words over time may go out of general circulation and narrow the scope of their use: for example, the words goiter, i.e. there is, disdain, i.e. dawn, are now found only in some Russian dialects. There are times when a word from the national dictionary disappears into professional jargon.
Commonly used vocabulary can be contrasted with vocabulary of limited use - words that are used by people related by occupation, profession, or territorial borders.
2. Uncommon vocabulary.
This vocabulary includes special, slang and dialect vocabulary. Moreover, dialect and slang vocabulary, in contrast to special vocabulary, lies outside the boundaries of the Russian literary language.
2.1. Dialectal vocabulary
Words, the use of which is typical for people living in a certain area, constitute dialect vocabulary. Dialect words are used mainly in oral speech, since the dialect itself is mainly the oral, everyday speech of residents of rural areas.
Dialectal vocabulary differs from commonly used vocabulary not only in its narrower scope of use, but also in a number of phonetic, grammatical and lexico-semantic features. In accordance with these features, several types of dialectisms are distinguished:
1) phonetic dialectisms - words that reflect the phonetic features of a given dialect: barrel, Vankya, tipyatok (instead of barrel,
Vanka, boiling water) – southern Russian dialectisms; kuricha, tsiasy, tselovek, nemchi (instead of chicken, clock, man, Germans) - dialectisms reflecting the sound features of some northwestern dialects;
2) grammatical dialectisms - words that have grammatical characteristics different from those in the literary language or differ from commonly used vocabulary in morphological structure. Thus, in southern dialects, neuter nouns are often used as feminine nouns (the whole field, such a thing, the cat smells whose meat it has eaten); in northern dialects the common forms are in the cellar, in the club, in the table (instead of in the cellar in the club, in the table); instead of the common words side, rain, run, hole, etc. in dialect speech words with the same root are used, but different in morphological structure: side, dozhzhok, bech, nori, etc.;
3) lexical dialectisms - words, both in form and in meaning, different from the words of commonly used vocabulary: kochet - rooster, nedani - the other day, gutarit - talk, inda - even, etc. Among the lexical dialectisms, local names of things and concepts common in a given area stand out. These words are called ethnographisms. For example, the word paneva is ethnographic - this is how a special type of skirt is called in Ryazan, Tambov, Tula and some other regions.
A dialect word may differ from a commonly used word not in form, but in meaning; in this case we talk about semantic dialectisms. Thus, the word top in some southern dialects is used to describe a ravine, the verb yawn is used in the sense of shouting, calling, guessing - in the meaning of recognizing someone by sight, etc.
Dialecticisms are often used as expressive means in works of fiction - for speech characteristics of characters, for conveying local color, for more accurate, from the author’s point of view, naming of certain things and concepts.
2.2. Professional and special vocabulary
Words, the use of which is characteristic of people of certain professions, having the scope of their use in any special branch of science or technology, constitute professional and special vocabulary. These two definitions are necessary in order to distinguish, firstly, from the general layer of words identified in this way, officially accepted and regularly used special terms, i.e. special vocabulary and, secondly, expressively rethought, altered words and expressions taken from general circulation, characteristic of many professions.
The difference between technical terms and professional words can be illustrated by the following examples. In metallurgy, the term “accumulation” refers to the remains of frozen metal in a ladle, and workers call these remains a goat, i.e. in this case, nastyl is the official term, goat is a professional term. Physicists jokingly call the synchrophasotron a saucepan, sandpaper is the official, terminological name, and sandpaper
– professionalism, widely used in the non-professional sphere, etc.
Special terminology usually “covers” the entire given special area of science or technology: all basic concepts, ideas, relationships receive their terminological name. The terminology of a particular branch of knowledge or production is created by the conscious and purposeful efforts of people - specialists in this field. There is a tendency here, on the one hand, to eliminate doublets and ambiguous terms, and on the other, to establish strict boundaries for each term and its clear relationships with the other units that form a given terminological system.
Professionalisms are less regular. Since they are born in the oral speech of people engaged in a particular profession, they rarely form a system. Some objects and concepts have professional names, while others do not. The relationship between different professionalisms is also characterized by a certain randomness and uncertainty. The meaning of professionalism, which usually arises on the basis of a metaphorical rethinking of a word or phrase, often intersects with the meanings of other professionalisms. Finally, in contrast to special terms, professionalisms are clearly expressive, expressive, and this property of them is especially clearly revealed in the vicinity of an official, bookish special term, the meaning of which this professionalism duplicates.
In some cases, professionalisms can be used as official terms; their expressiveness is somewhat erased, but the underlying metaphorical meaning is felt quite well. For example, a lever arm, a gear tooth, a pipe elbow, etc.
Although special and professional vocabulary have a limited scope of use, there is a constant connection and interaction between it and commonly used vocabulary. Literary language masters many special terms: they begin to be used in contexts other than their own, are re-interpreted, as a result of which they cease to be terms, or are determinologized.
In literary prose, professionalisms and special terms are used not only for the speech characteristics of the characters, but also for a more accurate description of production processes, relationships between people in official and professional settings.
2.3. Slang vocabulary
Words, the use of which is characteristic of people forming separate social groups, constitute slang vocabulary. Thus, the jargon of the ofeni - itinerant traders who existed in Russia in the 19th century - included the following words: rym - house, melekh - milk, sary - money, zetit - talk, master - build, etc. In the jargon of bursaks - students of the bursa ( a school that combined cramming and cane discipline) - there were words bond - steal, bug - strictly punish, etc. Some lexical elements that penetrated in the past from social jargon into common vocabulary are preserved in it now. These include, for example, the words swindler, nimble, linden - fake and nek. etc.
In addition, the vocabulary of youth - school and student - jargon is preserved and constantly updated. The modern state is characterized, for example, by numerous Anglicisms, often deliberately distorted: gerla - girl, friend - boy, white - white, truzera - trousers, trousers.
Some reinterpreted words of common vocabulary are slang: wheelbarrow in the meaning of a car, slip away - leave unnoticed, ancestors - parents, etc., expressive formations such as stipa, stipuh - scholarship, awesome - very good, firm - top quality, fashionable, etc.
Slang vocabulary has a narrow scope of use: it is used mainly among “our own people,” i.e. in communication with people of the same social circle as the speaker. In works of art, slang words can serve to characterize characters in speech and be used for stylization purposes. So, for example, in Granin’s novel “After the Wedding” in the speech of the heroes - young people there are such words and expressions that are slang in nature: “It’s me in the order of chatter”; “I would have gone myself instead of Igor, and that’s it”; “She dances - shine!” etc.
However, the use of jargon in a literary text must be justified both by the general intent of the work and stylistically.
References
1. Kalinin A.V. Vocabulary of the Russian language. Moscow University Publishing House. 19712. Petrova M.A. Russian language. Vocabulary. Phonetics. Word formation. M.,
"Higher School" 1983
3. Shansky N.M. Lexicology of the modern Russian language. M.,
"Enlightenment" 1972
4. Russian language. Tutorial for pedagogical institutes edited by Professor L.Yu. Maksimova. M., “Enlightenment” 1989
Bibliographic description:
Nesterova I.A. Common vocabulary [ Electronic resource] // Educational encyclopedia website
Commonly used vocabulary is a layer whose use is based on the use of commonly used words, which in certain social conditions must be understandable to all speakers of a given language in all cases.
The concept of common vocabulary
The vocabulary of the modern Russian language is very rich. The Russian language has a huge number of names for objects, phenomena, signs of reality, which make it possible to convey the finest shades of thought with extreme expressiveness and clarity.
It makes up the majority of the vocabulary of any language. It is vast and varied.
represents words that denote phenomena that are vitally important for all people who are native speakers of a given language.
Commonly used vocabulary is the backbone of the national literary dictionary, the most necessary lexical material for expressing thoughts, the foundation on the basis of which, first of all, further improvement and enrichment of vocabulary takes place. The vast majority of words included in it are stable in their use and are used in all styles of speech.
Common words are stylistically neutral and are used primarily in their literal meaning. For example, in the following excerpt from K. Paustovsky’s story “Yellow Light”, most of the words belong to commonly used ones:
"I woke up on a gray morning. The room was flooded with an even yellow light, as if from kerosene lamp. The light came from below, from the window, and illuminated the log ceiling most brightly.
The strange light - dim and motionless - was unlike the sun. It was shining autumn leaves. During the windy and long night, the garden shed its dry leaves; they lay in noisy heaps on the ground and spread a dim glow. From this radiance, people’s faces seemed tanned, and the pages of the books on the table seemed to be covered with a layer of wax..."
Composition of common vocabulary
Commonly used vocabulary has a heterogeneous composition, which includes several sections. According to Borisoglebskaya, first of all, common vocabulary includes the following:
- names of the most important objects and phenomena of the surrounding reality (city, river, forest, mountain),
- names of seasons (spring, winter, summer, autumn),
- names of the most common professions (teacher, doctor, builder, engineer),
- designation of actions (work, talk, watch),
- name of features (tall, hot, white), etc.
The vocabulary of any language includes words that are known and understood by everyone and can be used both orally and in writing. Among these words, words that stand out are stylistically neutral, i.e. such words that can be heard equally in a scientific report and in everyday conversation, which can be read in a business document and in a friendly letter. There is an overwhelming majority of such words in the Russian language. They can also be called commonly used in the full sense of the word.
For example: “During the day, according to research by the National Institute of Statistics and economic research, men and women devote the same number of hours to physiological everyday problems(sleep, food), which is approximately 13 hours a day...”
Common vocabulary is by no means a closed group of words, not subject to any influences. It can be replenished with words that previously had a limited (dialectal or professional) scope of use, which in turn shows that the boundaries between commonly used vocabulary and various terminology are poorly defined.
Commonly used vocabulary is enriched due to the fact that time introduces new current realities, which become so popular that they are used by the absolute majority of native speakers.
The role of common vocabulary in the Russian language
Common vocabulary in the Russian language plays an important role in both communication and social role. Interpenetration of words from various types vocabulary into common usage and vice versa allows speech flows not to stagnate and develop progressively.
The role of common vocabulary in the Russian language is that it allows people working and existing in different fields to understand each other without problems and interact successfully.
Literature
- Konstantin Paustovsky. Stories - M.: Iskatel, 2014
- Borisoglebskaya E.I., Gurchenkova V.P., Kurbyko A.E. and others. Russian language: A guide for applicants to universities. – M.: Vysh. school 1998.
- Garbovsky N.K. Comparative stylistics of professional speech: (Based on the material of Russian and French languages). – M.: Moscow State University Publishing House, 1988.
