Recently, the attention of researchers (E.M. Vereshchagin, I.N. Vereshchagina, V.G. Kostomarov, G.V. Rogova and others) has been increasingly attracted to the content of teaching a foreign language at the initial stage. Many pay attention to the linguo-cultural aspect in the study of a foreign language (i.e., cultural studies, focused on the tasks and needs of language learning).

In the work of E.M. Vereshchagin and V.G. Kostomarov, in particular, it is noted that "language, being one of the main features of a nation, expresses the culture of the people who speak it ... Therefore, it is possible and necessary to teach a foreign language not only as a new code, but also as a source of information about the national culture of the people - native speaker of the language being studied.

Sociocultural competence is understood as a holistic system of ideas about the main national traditions, customs and realities of the country of the language being studied, which, in addition, allows one to associate the same information with the lexical unit of this language as its native speakers and achieve full communication. That is why the linguistic and cultural direction in teaching foreign languages ​​primarily aims to ensure intercultural communication and mutual understanding between partners.

The problems of developing the content of the sociocultural component of teaching a foreign language to preschoolers were analyzed, for example, in the work of L. Even, who emphasized the important role of a fairy tale in the transmission of cultural heritage, saying that a fairy tale performs the function of "children's country studies", allows the child to better understand the structure of the language being studied, its means expressions, the nature of the thinking of the people and its national identity. Thus, hallmarks"Children's regional studies" are: the simplicity and accessibility of the material, proximity to the inner world of the child, the original forms of providing material.

Children should form the idea that the language is closely connected with the culture and history of the country. Therefore, it is at the initial stage that country-specific information aimed at familiarizing children with the peculiarities of the country of the language being studied can and should be included.

The sociocultural component should act in the content of teaching the German language to preschoolers not only as an additional material in relation to the main course, but also as a basic material for children to master a foreign language. The inclusion of a socio-cultural component in the methodology of early teaching of the German language begins from the very first stages of children's mastery of a foreign language. For young children, it is important to understand that language is associated with some other way of life, with specific people living, perhaps in another country, using this language. A child, especially a child of older preschool age, is already interested in learning how his peers live in other countries, through the specific naming of an object in a foreign language, he comes to the idea that not everyone is the same everywhere.

The use of linguistic and regional information in a fascinating and accessible form also contributes to the faster assimilation of elements of a foreign language culture by children, increasing their cognitive activity and creating positive motivation in them.

The objectives of linguistic and cultural education in the course of teaching a foreign language at preschool age are the acquisition of knowledge about the culture of the language being studied, the structure of the language, its system, similarities and differences with the native language, as well as satisfying the cognitive interests of students in the field of national, social ethnographic features of the country of the language being studied . Such knowledge, acquired by the child in the form of a set of cultural facts, a system of concepts, ideas, serves as the basis for the development of the student's thinking, and also regulates his independent creative activity.

Thus, the linguo-cultural aspect combines, on the one hand, language teaching, and on the other hand, it provides certain information about the country of the language being studied. In the process of unaccented study of linguistic and regional studies by students, students are gradually preparing for the study of regional studies at an older age.

Recently, a variety of reference literature has been in great demand among children, as well as teachers of a foreign language. These are various reference books, encyclopedias, electronic publications. Therefore, it seems more appropriate to present linguistic and regional information on the course "Country Studies" in the form of a reference book, which will consist of the following sections:

• 1. Geographic information (cities and landmarks)
• ·Berlin
• ·Munich
• Dresden
• Bremen
• Hamburg
• 2. Personalities
• The Brothers Grimm
• Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
• Friedrich Schiller
• Michael Schumacher
• Philip Lam
• Miroslav Klose
• Manuel Neuer
• Magdalena Neuner
• ·Heidi Klum
• 3. Holidays
• ·Christmas
• ·Easter
• German Unity Day
• ·St. Nicolas day
• "Festival of Light" in Berlin
• St. Martin's Day
• Strawberry Feast
• Samba carnival in Bremen
• 4. Folklore
• ·Poetry
• ·Songs
• ·Fairy tales

Objectives of the training course "Country Studies"

Mastering a foreign language, children get acquainted not only with foreign words and grammatical rules. Learning a foreign language is also getting to know the country of this language, its customs, traditions, holidays, geographical features, attractions.

Unfortunately, the current teaching materials for the German language for preschoolers do not fully contribute to satisfying students' interest in the country of the language being studied, its people, traditions, literature, and, therefore, do not support the motivation to learn a foreign language, which is largely based on this. interest.

Thus, the main goal of the course program was formulated - ensuring the assimilation of regional studies material and the formation of linguistic and regional studies communicative competence, which is understood as a holistic system of ideas about national customs, traditions, realities of the country of the language being studied.

The main objectives of the course are:

1. Formation of sociocultural competence among preschoolers;

2. Introducing children to the history, culture, traditions and realities of Germany; comparison with native culture;

3. Education of a tolerant attitude towards the culture of the country of the language being studied;

4. Formation of interest and sustainable motivation for learning a foreign language;

5. Aesthetic education of preschool children.

Country studies for the little ones

1. Geographic information (cities and landmarks)

· Berlin

Berlin is the capital of Germany and a center of culture with a unique history. With a population of 3.4 million, it is the second most populous city and the ninth most populous region in the European Union.

After the Second World War the city was divided. East Berlin became the capital of East Germany while West Berlin became a Western enclave surrounded by the Berlin Wall from 1961-1989. After German reunification in 1990, the city regained its status as the capital of all Germany. In Berlin, as in no other city, the past, present and future collide with each other with such force: in architecture, in worldview and in the way of thinking. Berlin is once again experiencing a breakthrough, and in this it is again in its element. There is an fusion of the eastern and western parts of the city.

In every corner of Berlin you can feel the breath of history. And henceforth it will not be otherwise, because Berlin is a city that is destined to always grow and change. That is why today's Berlin is one of the brightest, most diverse and energetic cities in Europe.

Berlin is able to impress and pleasantly surprise any travel-savvy tourist. This city has an endless number of attractions that are unlikely to be explored in just one trip to Berlin.

In addition, here tourists will discover the world of amazing historical museums, will be able to visit dozens of luxurious restaurants and nightclubs. The most popular tourist attractions in the city are:

Brandenburg Gate- Das Brandenburger Tor Annex 1)

Like the Eiffel Tower in Paris, the Colosseum in Rome or the Tower of London, the Brandenburg Gate is a symbol and hallmark of Berlin. This is the most recognizable Berlin landmark, from which the construction in the so-called Berlin classicist style began. They are located in the heart of the German capital and adjoin the legendary Linden Alley, which connects the gate with the former royal residence, and are also one of the tallest buildings on Paris Square, their height is more than twenty-five meters.

The Brandenburg Gate was built by order of the German king Friedrich Wilhelm II in 1791. Their continuous construction was carried out for three years, and was led by the architect Karl Gottgard Langgans. It was he who designed this triumphal arch, taking as a model the front gates of the Acropolis of Athens. According to the original idea, they were supposed to become a symbol of the world, hence their second name - the Gates of the World.

According to this concept, the main decoration of the gate is the bronze figure of the ancient Greek goddess of peace, Irene, riding an ancient chariot drawn by four horses; she appeared above the gate only two years after they were erected. Napoleon Bonaparte liked this sculptural composition so much that after the conquest of Berlin in 1806, he took it with him to Paris, but eight years later it was won back and took its original place. True, since then, instead of an olive branch, she holds a cross in her hands, and is called the goddess of victory, Victoria.

Museum Island - Die Museumsinsel

Museum Island is the northern part of Berlin's Spreeinsel Island. Here are the five most famous museums of the city: the Old Museum, the New Museum, the Old National Gallery, the Museum. Bode and the Pergamon Museum (Pergamon Museum). The pride of the latter is the famous bust of the Egyptian Queen Nefertiti (which Egypt is unsuccessfully trying to regain) and the altar of Zeus, which the Germans dug up near the ancient city of Pergamon in Turkey.

Tiergarten Park - Tiergarten

A favorite vacation spot for citizens in Berlin is the famous Tiergarten park. It occupies a vast territory, almost twice the area of ​​London's Hyde Park.

This oldest park (XVII century) was badly damaged during World War II. Then the townspeople were forced to cut down park trees to heat their houses. But over time, the Tiergarten was restored, many German cities participated in this large-scale action, sending seeds, sprouts and tree seedlings to the capital. The Tiergarten is still in bloom today. In addition to well-groomed paths and lawns, there are many sculptures, monuments, memorials and small tea houses. History buffs will also have something to see here, because there are several historical monuments in the park, including the famous statue of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck. In addition to the city park, there are the most important and iconic sights for the capital of Germany, including the Victory Column, Bellevue Palace, and the Reichstag.

Olympic Stadium- Olympiastadion Berlin(Annex 2)

The Olympic Stadium in Berlin is a sports stadium located in the capital of Germany. It is the home arena for the football club Hertha (Berlin), as well as the German national football team.

This is a real paradise for any football fan, as almost every day at the Olympic Stadium in Berlin you can watch the development of a match, international or local.

The stadium was built in 1936 and in the same year it hosted the main summer competitions. Olympic Games. During World War II, the stadium was destroyed, but in the mid-1960s it was rebuilt.

On the eve of the 1974 FIFA World Cup, the Olympiastadion was reconstructed and hosted three matches of the group stage of the championship. The second and largest reconstruction was carried out in preparation for the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany. In addition, the Olympic Stadium hosted the 2009 World Championships in Athletics, matches of the 2011 Women's World Cup, and on June 6, 2015, the UEFA Champions League final was held at the Olympiastadion.

berlin cathedral- Berliner Dom(Annex 3)

The Cathedral in Berlin is one of the most impressive old buildings located in the central part of the city. Located at the very end of the east street of Unter den Linden, this cathedral (Berliner Dom) was rebuilt after almost complete destruction during the Second World War.

The cathedral is the largest representative of the Protestant church in Germany and is located in the southern part of the Museum Island. One of its facades overlooks the only square in Berlin near the water - Lustgarten Square.

Berlin's landmark cathedral was designed and built by the architects Otto and Julius Raschdorff between 1895 and 1905. on the site of the Schinkel Cathedral by order of Wilhelm II. Initially, the main attraction of Germany served as a family cathedral, and also served as the tomb of the Hohenzollern dynasty.

The Protestant temple, whose height was 116 m, was conceived as an analogue of the Catholic Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome. Unfortunately, during the Second World War, during the bombing of the church was damaged. Fifty years later, restoration work was completed, and now the cathedral has a height of only 98 m. The grand opening took place on June 6, 1993, at which the temple impressed everyone with its magnificent interior decoration. An observation deck is equipped under the new dome of the church, from where a panorama of the surroundings of Berlin opens with indescribable beauty.

Reichstag- Reichstag(Annex 4)

Undoubtedly, the parliament building in any country should look very presentable and solemn - this is exactly what the Berlin Reichstag is, which, moreover, has its own, without exaggeration, heroic history.

The construction of the building lasted for ten years, which was preceded by a ten-year stage of approval of the project. As a result, in 1894, a chic building in the spirit of the new Renaissance appeared on Republic Square, complemented by baroque elements. It was named the same as the then legislative body of the newly formed German state - the Reichstag. The main decoration of the Reichstag was an unusual for that time glass dome the likes of which the world has never seen.

From under the roof of the Reichstag, a wonderful view of the whole of Berlin opens up; an extensive observation deck is equipped here for tourists who, in a long line of lines, stretch from morning to evening at any time of the year along the square in front of the building to see all of Berlin from a bird's eye view.

Berlin TV tower- Berliner Fernsehturm(Annex 5)

The Berlin TV Tower is the highest building in Germany, its height is 368 meters. This is the fourth tallest television tower in Europe (after Ostankino, Kyiv and Riga). The TV tower is located in one of the busiest places in Berlin, on Alexanderplatz.

At an altitude of 203 meters, there is a huge ball of glass and steel, inside which an observation deck is organized. It offers a stunning view of Berlin, in good weather visibility reaches 40 kilometers. The diameter of the ball is as much as 32 meters, its weight is 4800 tons! Inside it is also located a rotating telecafe, which makes 3 turns per hour.

The Berlin TV Tower was built in 4 years and put into operation on October 3, 1969. More than a million tourists a year rise to the observation deck of the tower; it is rightfully one of the most recognizable sights of Berlin.

· Munich

Munich is a pearl city Central Europe, the capital of the federal state of Bavaria, located on the Isar River in the south of the country. The city of Munich is one of the most attractive in the region from a tourist point of view, with a rich history and cultural traditions.

The official motto of the capital of Bavaria is "Munich loves you". And indeed, getting here, it is immediately easy to feel the benevolent cheerful atmosphere of this South German city. The capital of the federal state of Bavaria is not only and not so much a merry riotous Oktoberfest, a great football team and a Mecca for fans of powerful cars. Sprawled on the banks of the Isar River, in southern Germany, in the foothills of the Alps, Munich attracts with its majestic cathedrals with tall bell towers, sprawling front squares, rich old houses with richly decorated facades and flower baskets on the windows.

In Munich, the difference between the strict northern part of the country and the completely different south is very strongly felt. Everywhere there are pubs, the history of which dates back almost several hundred years. On other holidays, townspeople in national costumes come out into the streets of the city and calmly drink all these countless "paulaners" and "franciscaners", eating the best sausages in the world, from all the streets and squares you can hear the booming brass music of brass bands. In addition, Munich is beautiful museums and art galleries, wonderful parks and luxurious palaces. Having come here once, you will want to repeat this experience an infinite number of times.

Marienplatz (Annex 6)

Marienplatz is the main square of Munich, a kind of heart. An elegant column of the Virgin Mary is installed on the square, which appeared as a token of gratitude to this patroness of the city after the plague epidemics and the war with the Swedes ended. On the square are the Old Town Hall and the New Town Hall, which are made in the Gothic style, and the construction of the Old Town Hall dates back to the XIV century, and the New - XIX.

In the Middle Ages, the square was a crossroads of trade routes, and it was here that the market was located. Previously, this square was called Schrannenplatz (Grain Market Square).

From April to November at 17:00 and at 9:00 (in other months - at 11:00) a small performance is shown in the clock at the New Town Hall - a jousting tournament in honor of the wedding of Duke Renata of Lorraine and William V in 1568. What will especially please children, so this is the toy museum in the Old Town Hall. Sights worth visiting in the Marienplatz area include the historic Viktualienmarkt market and Munich's largest cathedral, the Frauenkirche.

Marienplatz is the most visited place in Munich and has the largest number of attractions in Munich. Here you can see houses built in different eras and in different styles. Restaurants and bars offer delicious food and amazing beer, which is famous all over the world. And the bell ringing of the famous clock of the New Town Hall attracts thousands of tourists from all over the world.

Allianz Arena (Annex 7)

The Allianz Arena is a magnificent football stadium in the north of Munich. The facade of the stadium looks like a huge pillow, and for good reason, because it is made of 2760 diamond-shaped air chambers, in which air is pumped through special tubes, and interesting lighting makes the stadium look like some kind of space object. FIFA and reputable architects have recognized this stadium as one of the most comfortable and most beautiful in the world, and some travel agencies call it the most creative attraction in Munich. The stadium has a capacity of over 70,000 seats.

The Allianz Arena is the home stadium for the famous Bayern football team. Within a few years, this stadium has become as famous as the BMW Museum.

The stadium façade airbags are made from a thin (0.2 mm) layer of ethyl fluoroethylene, considered one of the most modern materials in the world, it does not need to be washed and is very durable, which significantly reduces stadium maintenance costs. The cameras are illuminated by lights of different colors (red, white or blue). The stadium changes its lighting every 30 minutes.

The huge luminous roof of the sports complex is visible even from the Alpine foothills, located 70 km from the Bavarian capital. Wonderful excursions are held on the territory of the stadium, which will acquaint you with the history of German football and specifically with the history of the Bayern club.

BMW Museum (Annex 8)

The BMW Museum presents a huge exhibition of BMW cars and motorcycles produced throughout the history of the brand. The museum was opened in 1972, as was the BMW headquarters in Munich, located nearby. To get acquainted with BMW, aircraft of this brand are presented, because at the beginning of their journey, BMW was engaged in aircraft construction and engine development, then they switched to the development of brakes for trains, and only then to the production of cars. The area of ​​the museum is more than 5000 m2.

The BMW Museum exhibits cars made since the 1910s, and during this time a lot of different models were produced, so if you are a car lover, then plan on visiting the museum for at least 4 hours. Also on display are the first BMW motorcycle and the famous Isetta small car. The museum building has the shape of a bowl, and the emblem of BMW serves as a roof. This is a favorite attraction in Munich for men.

A mesmerizing performance awaits museum visitors at the end of the exhibition: a large number of small steel balls, suspended on a thin line from the ceiling, move and take the shape of a BMW car. Next to the museum there is an exhibition of new achievements and models of the brand of the auto giant - BMW Welt.

Legoland (Annex 9)

Legoland is an amusement park by LEGO, which is famous all over the world. The park is located in the Bavarian town of Günzburg, 70 km from Munich. It can be easily reached by car or public transport. Opened in 2002, today it is one of the most favorite places for children under the age of 12 in Germany and a favorite children's attraction in Munich.

There are 50 million LEGO bricks for kids to build whatever they want.

Legoland can be divided into 8 parts: entrance (Eingagngsbereich); country of pirates (Land der Piraten), mini country (Miniland); imagination (IMAGINATION); Lego extreme(Lego X-Treme); Lego city (Lego Cyti); Land of adventurers (Land der Abenteurer), Land of knights (Land der Ritter). Here you can see small copies (on a scale of 1:20) of the sights of major cities such as Berlin, Venice, Hamburg, and Munich.

The largest number of people are attracted by the LEGOLAND Express, a land of adventure with an expedition to the jungle, safari, dragon hunting, a land of knights with jousting tournaments, shows, performances and interactive games. For its visitors, Legoland has also opened wonderful cafes and restaurants that will feed you quickly and tasty.

Toy Museum(Annex 10)

The Toy Museum in Munich has a large collection of toys from all over the world. The museum is located in the Old Town Hall, and it occupies as many as 4 floors. The basis of the collection are European and American toys, some of which are already several centuries old. There are even toys made from feathers and wax, both industrial and handmade. The museum is included in the honorary list of attractions in Munich.

The collection of toys was assembled by the Czech director Ivan Steiger. Looking for a suitable set toy for his film, he became interested in the search itself - meeting people who had interesting models, searching through ads, buying from collectors, and soon amassed a whole collection, and there was no longer enough space in his own apartment, so that he agreed with the officials of Munich, and they gave him premises in the Old Town Hall.

The museum is located on the central square of Munich - Marienplatz.

The famous Teddy bears are given special attention in the museum - a whole hall is allocated for them. Moreover, various events and exhibitions dedicated to toys are organized here. Most girls gather at the Barbie collection. On the 3rd floor of the museum, mechanical and tin toys, educational games, kaleidoscopes, various devices, and old railways are exhibited. One of the main collections of the museum is the composition of the company Hausser - Elastolin, here you will see wooden houses, a zoo, figurines of townspeople, farms with stables, soldiers of the first half of the 20th century, Indians, hunters and rangers. For young children, this will be one of the best places in Munich.

· Dresden

Dresden is a city in Germany, the administrative center of Saxony, on the Elbe River, about twenty kilometers from the border with the Czech Republic.

Dresden is one of the most beautiful cities in Germany. Its central part, almost completely destroyed during the Second World War, is now restored in its original form and includes the main monuments and museums. Most of them are located on the left bank of the Elbe. But on the right bank there are many interesting and unusual places.

Dresden is one of the greenest cities in Europe, with 63% of the city being green areas and forests. The city has four nature reserves. Dresden and the Elbe Valley are on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Dresden is also one of the largest centers of industry, transport and culture in Germany.

Zwinger (Appendix 11)

The Zwinger is the citadel of the best museums in Dresden. Until the middle of the 18th century, the Zwinger played the role of an entertainment center for high society, where parades, holidays, and marriages were held. Later, the leisure of those in power moved to new territories, and libraries and museums began to open in the Zwinger.

The Zwinger palace ensemble was built in the best traditions of the Baroque - a complex geometry with elegant details. Six two-story pavilions connected by one-story galleries form a courtyard almost the size of two football fields.

Outwardly, the Zwinger is an extremely expressive and magnificent baroque complex, which is distinguished by an abundance decorative elements, with which Dresden itself is clearly associated with tourists. In particular, it is here, at the very top, that you can see the golden crown - a classic photographic object. And the fountain complex "Nymphenbad", which is near the pavilion on the shaft, is one of the most beautiful in the country.

If we talk about the "stuffing", then the five Zwinger museums are famous all over the world. At least the first of them is the notorious Dresden Art Gallery. The other four are the Physics and Mathematics, the Museum of Sculpture, the Museum of Porcelain and the Museum of Mineralogy and Geology.

Transport Museum(Annex 12)

In this place, steam locomotives, wagons and trams are collected - everything that was considered an achievement of technical thought at the beginning of the 20th century. Retro cars of all stripes. A collection of funny old trailers: you will only see these on retro postcards and in historical films. Trams that ran on horse traction. Steam locomotives flooding the neighborhood with smoke and the oldest German steam locomotive "Muldenthal" in 1861. And retro cars of all stripes.

Here you can get acquainted with the history of Dresden trams and see the oldest electric tram from 1895. The aviation hall displays 1894 gliders and tells about the creation of the first German passenger turbojet aircraft "152". The exposition of road transport is represented by the rarest models of motorcycles of the 19th century and a collection of bicycles with a 200-year history. There are also passenger cars here, and even the first German air-cooled truck. In addition, the museum has a working model railway"Track 0".

German Hygiene Museum(Annex 13)

You should come to this museum to look inside yourself. Its main exhibition is called "Adventure - Man". It includes all kinds of glass figures, in which, by pressing a button, you can highlight certain organs, models of the human body and wax figures and body parts. Main expositions: “To live and die”, “Eat and drink”, “Movement”, “Remember. Think. Study".

The first "glass man", which appeared in the museum in 1930, became a worldwide sensation. Today there are many such figures. Although the port is still crowded with visitors around the "pioneer". Many models can be felt and twisted in the hands. In a special "children's" room, there are exhibits on which children can learn what the eyes are made of and how the ears work.

Moritzburg Castle(Annex 14)

Do you want to plunge into a fairy tale? Then you just need to visit Moritzburg Castle, which is located just 14 km from Dresden. It was in this country residence of the Wettin house that the film "Three Nuts for Cinderella" was filmed.

Moritzburg Castle is called the pearl of the Saxon Baroque. It all started with a small hunting lodge built in 1564. Electors, princes and even kings of Saxony stopped here, who came to shoot animals. In the 18th century, Augustus the Strong decided to turn this house into a royal residence. It turned out to be a real castle on the water, which literally soars above the lakes surrounding it. Both the area of ​​the “house” and the adjacent territory have expanded. Moritzburg Castle is connected to the outside world only by a narrow path.

Externally, Moritzburg Castle is bright and colorful, its red roofs give it a special conviviality. But inside the court artist created an atmosphere with a touch of antiquity. But even here everything corresponds to the main idea - hunting. On the walls you can see portraits of Athena, the goddess of the hunt.

Moritzburg Castle is surrounded by several parks made in different styles. Here, a strict French park, created according to all the laws of symmetry, turns into an English one. And paths filled with romanticism will lead to one of the ponds, of which there are a great many in Moritzburg Castle.

· Hamburg

Hamburg is the second largest city in Germany after Berlin. At the beginning of the 19th century, freedom-loving Hamburg found itself under Napoleonic occupation, but very soon managed to regain its sovereignty. The inscription on the City Hall reminds of the independent spirit of modern Hamburg: "The freedom that our ancestors have achieved for us, let our descendants keep with honor." Not every European metropolis can boast of its own anthem, but Hamburg has one. No wonder it is also called the city-state.

In addition to its rich history, Hamburg is primarily interesting for its sights. Take, for example, at least bridges. There are over two thousand of them! This is more than if you add up all the bridges of Venice, London and Amsterdam.

Megacities like to stand out with fanciful skyscrapers. Hamburg has a lot of modern architecture, but medieval sights are kept here with special care.

Despite the title of the industrial and commercial center of Germany, Hamburg has managed to remain a green metropolis. There are at least 120 parks here, including two large botanical gardens with plants brought from all over Europe and Asia.

Miniature Museum(Annex 15)

In general, it is difficult to call a museum a mini-copy of European and American cities, airports, autobahns and many other things with a total area of ​​​​half a football field. 250,000 miniatures made on a scale of 1:87 “live” in this settlement, that is, the average height of a human figure is about 2 centimeters. Every 15 minutes, twilight comes in the city, lanterns and tiny nightlights are lit in the windows of houses.

It is in the details that the attraction lies, forcing some visitors to come to the museum of miniatures for years and spend hours looking at performances from ordinary human life. A truck overturned in an accident, from which a hundred cheese heads rolled out; firefighters and police are pulling a man out of the river; someone with appetite eats a pie; two guys mutuzyat each other; and in the attic of the house someone is watching TV ... Miniature magnificence can be controlled by pressing special buttons - at a company picnic, a grill begins to spin, on which a whole cow is strung, trains pass alpine villages, next to which lazy farmers sunbathe in the meadows.

In addition to 250,000 inhabitants, the city of miniatures has about 5 thousand cars, 215 thousand trees, 15 kilometers of laid rails and 830 trains (the longest of which is 14.5 meters). Each car has low and high beams, wipers and turn signals work, and with the onset of "twilight" their movement slows down.

Automotive Museum "Prototype"(Annex 16)

The Hamburg Automobile Museum is housed in a former factory built in the last century. On three floors there is a unique collection of post-war racing cars, many of which were assembled in a single copy. These machines, painted in silver colors, look like spaceships. There are about 50 cars in the collection.

In addition to sports cars of the 1940s and 1960s, the museum also features more modern Porsche and Audi models. But the pride of the local exposition is the Formula I car, on which the famous racer Michael Schumacher debuted in 1991.

After a tour of the museum, everyone is invited to go into a special booth where you can listen to the roar of engines of different models. racing cars. The museum has a special shop selling miniature models of racing cars.

Panopticon Museum

The Wax Museum Panopticon was founded in Hamburg in 1879. Then the public was presented here not with historical characters, but with contemporaries who were involved in some scandalous cases. For example, in the museum they exhibited figures of stealing burgomasters with appropriate signatures or figures of murderers committing crimes. There was no end to the public.

Today, in addition to 120 wax figures of celebrities, including Einstein, Stalin, Roosevelt, Hitler, Princess Diana, Goethe and Schiller, the museum also has a unique "anatomical" hall. This room displays wax models of various human organs, the stages of development of diseases, and even a frightening collection of glass eyes.

Botanical Garden

The botanical garden of Hamburg was founded at the beginning of the 19th century. For him, a huge number of seedlings and seeds of plants were brought here from all over the world. At first, the garden was private, but over time it became the property of the city, and it was opened to the public.

Today the park occupies a vast territory. Here you can see a classic Japanese garden, created with the support of botanists from Japan. Nearby is a typical Chinese garden with a miniature bridge over an artificial pond. There is also a rock garden in the park, where the mountainous regions of Europe are represented: the Alps, the Carpathians, the Balkans. The best time for an excursion is spring, when trees, shrubs and flower beds bloom.

Another interesting idea of ​​​​landscape designers is a peasant garden, where medicinal herbs, spices, vegetables and old varieties of garden flowers grow on neat, even beds. There is even a small garden where you can see the plants described in the Bible. This exposition was created with the support of Jerusalem specialists. In a word, you can walk in the cozy botanical garden of Hamburg and look at outlandish flowers and plants all day long.

· Bremen

Bremen is a Hanseatic city in northwestern Germany. It is a port city located along the Weser River, about 60 km south of the river's mouth in the North Sea. Bremen is the second most populous city in Northern Germany and tenth in Germany.

Bremen is a fairly large scientific center. There is a university, specialized educational institutions, research laboratories. Bremen is home to the headquarters of the polar research center.

The variety of cultural life in Bremen will satisfy the most demanding taste. There are museums, art collections, opera and ballet scenes, a wide variety of theaters to choose from, festivals and concerts are often held here. The German Chamber Philharmonic is located in Bremen.

Nature lovers can take a boat trip on the Weser River, ride a bike in the picturesque surroundings of the city. In summer, pleasure boats depart from Bremen every day to the island of Heligoland in the North Sea.

Do not believe those who say that there is nothing to do in Bremen, and all the sights are “once or twice and counted”. Although the city on the Weser River is small, there are many places of interest from a tourist point of view.

Sculpture "The Bremen Town Musicians"(Annex 17)

Perhaps there are no tourists who have visited Bremen and have not been photographed near the monument to the Bremen Town Musicians. The bronze sculpture standing on the Market Square is, without exaggeration, a symbol of the modern city. The monument to the Bremen town musicians is a kind of pyramid of characters standing on top of each other from the fairy tale of the same name by the Brothers Grimm. To be more precise, a dog is standing on a donkey, a cat is on it, and a rooster climbed above all. Near these fairytale heroes never deserted. Quite the opposite: there are so many people who want to capture themselves against the backdrop of itinerant musicians that quite often a decent queue forms here.

By the way, an old legend is connected with the monument to the Bremen Town Musicians in Bremen. So, being next to the sculpture, everyone can make a wish, and in order for it to come true, you need to do the following: take hold of both legs of the donkey and rub them lightly. Judging by the donkey's polished limbs, many tourists have taken advantage of this tradition.

Bremen town hall(Annex 18)

The Bremen City Hall is the symbol of modern Bremen. The medieval two-storey building, erected in the best traditions of the German Renaissance, cannot be confused with any other in the city. It is also impossible to pass by one of the most famous sights of Bremen. The Town Hall is located in the heart of the city - on the Market Square.

The building was erected in 1405-1410. Exactly two centuries later, the Bremen Town Hall underwent a significant reconstruction. This was not due to the two hundred year age of the building. It seemed to the Bremen authorities that the Town Hall looked too modest, which is why they decided to carry out a large-scale restructuring in it. So at the beginning of 1600, the Bremen Town Hall acquired new look which has survived to this day.

Today this landmark of Bremen is open to all tourists. Moreover, visitors can not only walk through the halls where the senate used to meet and where important political meetings were held, but also go down to the medieval wine cellar and - attention - taste truly ancient drinks. And you can do this if, after an informative excursion, you can look into a restaurant called Bremer Ratskeller that works here. By the way, this place is the same age as the Bremen City Hall itself, and there are about 600 varieties of drinks made from grapes.

Universum Science Museum(Annex 19)

The Universum Museum in Bremen is a large scientific center with about 250 interactive exhibits that tell, or rather show the most interesting phenomena that occur in our body, on planet Earth and in space. Due to the fact that visitors to the Universum Museum in Bremen can not only view, but also experiment with the exhibits in every possible way, many tourists strive to get here, regardless of age and social status. The Universum Museum (it was opened in 2000 and is considered one of the youngest in Bremen) promises its guests that their tour of the exhibitions will turn into an incredible adventure!

Indeed, even from the outside, the science center attracts the attention of all, without exception, foreigners who travel around Bremen for the first time. The Universum Museum in Bremen is a gigantic iridescent building, shaped like some kind of futuristic whale, and it beckons tourists to look inside.

The Universum Museum in Bremen has interactive stations that simulate tornadoes, earthquakes and many other natural phenomena. In addition, visitors can visit the halls with exhibits that demonstrate the work of all the senses. At the same time, tourists can, on their own experience and at any time, be convinced of what the guide tells. Almost all the exhibits in the Universum Museum in Bremen have been created to interact with visitors.

In the Discovery Park for people who are afraid to swim, a simulation of immersion in ocean depths, and daredevils can find out what a person feels during an earthquake. In other halls of this part of the park, full of sound, audio, kinesthetic effects and illusions, you can better understand the principles of the “work” of your eyes, ears, and other organs. In the Recreation Zone there is a lecture hall, a theater and a place for recreation.

You can learn a lot of interesting things and literally get closer to the stars and planets if you look at the exhibits dedicated to space. By the way, the Universum Museum in Bremen even has an exposition representing the Milky Way.

house with bells(Annex 20)

The "musicality" of this house since 1934 is provided by 30 bells made of Meissen porcelain, hanging between its two pediments. In the first half of the year they sound three times a day (at noon, 15.00 and 18.00), and the second - every hour from noon to 18.00.

Next to the bells is a rotating tower. At certain hours, its doors open and reveal 10 wooden carved panels with images of the planet Earth and famous pioneers and inventors, from the Scandinavians Leif Eriksson the Happy and Thorfinn Karlsefni to the German count Ferdinand von Zeppelin.

Bremen hole(Annex 21)

At first glance, the Bremen Hole is just a bronze manhole cover on the Market Square. But in fact, under it lies a giant piggy bank. If you throw a coin into the slot of the lid, a solo from one of the Bremen musicians will sound in response: the roar of a donkey, the meowing of a cat, the barking of a dog, the crowing of a rooster. For 4 coins, thus, you can listen to the entire repertoire of the quartet. All money is transferred to the Wilhelm Kaiser Charitable Foundation, which helps the needy Bremen.

2. Personalities

· Brothers Grimm(Annex 22)

Jacob was born on January 4, 1785, Wilhelm on February 24, 1786 in the family of an official in the German city of Hanau. They grew up in a prosperous family, in an atmosphere of love and kindness.

In four years, instead of the prescribed eight years, the brothers completed the full course of the gymnasium. Received a law degree, served as professors at the University of Berlin. From a very early age, the brothers were bound by close ties of friendship, which lasted all their lives.

In their student years, during the period of youthful enthusiasm for German antiquity and nationality, the Grimm brothers mainly devoted their activities to collecting and studying folk tales. The Grimm brothers did not invent their own fairy tales, but reworked ancient Germanic folk tales. The glory of the great storytellers was brought to them by three collections of "Children's and Family Tales". Among them are The Bremen Town Musicians, The Pot of Porridge, Puss In Boots, Little Red Riding Hood, Snow White, Cinderella, The Golden Goose, The Wolf And The Seven Kids - about 200 fairy tales in total. During this period, to which the Tales belong, the Grimm brothers looked at their works as common property, and they divided the honor of authorship in half, exposing everywhere on their title pages: “the Brothers Grimm”. Only since 1818 did their scientific activity split in two: Jacob Grimm exclusively indulges in philological studies of German dialects. Wilhelm Grimm remained in the study of individual monuments of ancient German literature, which attracted him more, and did a lot to explain them. From the time when the paths forked scientific activity learned brothers, each of them has already begun to sign his works with his full name.

· Johann Wolfgang von Goethe(Annex 23)

Johann Wolfgang Goethe is one of those brilliant representatives of his age who succeeded in many ways. He defended his dissertation in law, was a talented naturalist, author scientific works and an active researcher, talented theatrical figure, organizer and honorary citizen. However, in the eyes of the whole world, he is first of all the greatest poet and writer. The man who gave culture the literary images of Faust and Werther, Iphigenia and Egmont, Torquato Tasso and Wilhelm Meister. For this, he has been praised for the second century in a row.

The biography of Johann Goethe, a German poet, politician, scientist, never ceases to amaze with its versatility.

This great son of Germany was born on August 28, 1749 in Frankfurt am Main in a wealthy bourgeois family. His father, a lawyer, served as an imperial adviser, and, despite his busyness, paid close attention to the upbringing of children who received a good education at home.

From early childhood, Johann read a lot, and became a regular visitor to his father's large library. Books excited the imagination and shaped the soul of the child, awakening interest in literary creativity. Already in childhood, Johann began to show amazing abilities for science. Already at the age of seven he knew several languages, in addition, at this age he began to write his first poems and compose plays.

At the age of 16, Goethe left his native Frankfurt to get a professional education at the University of Leipzig. The young man had a craving for philological sciences, but his father, a professional lawyer, was adamant - his son should study law. Despite the fact that Wolfgang Goethe was a law student, he did not leave literature classes. The striking feature of Goethe, which characterizes him as one of the most brilliant people of his time, is the ability to successfully combine different kinds activities. After graduating and defending his dissertation, Goethe is simultaneously engaged in natural science and medicine, attends literary circles, in particular, approaches the popular poetic movement "Storm and Onslaught".

The poetic attempts at writing during the period of apprenticeship were, however, rather mediocre. Goethe himself later called them "semi-nonsense". However, communication with creative youth, interesting acquaintances in literary circles formed the aesthetic tastes of the young writer, he filled his hand, searched for himself and was never afraid to make mistakes, the main thing is not to stop.

Studying as a lawyer did not attract him, Goethe's leading interest was literature and art, and he soon leaves home. Then he becomes a student at the University of Strasbourg. There, due to his curiosity, Goethe is fond of medicine, reads a lot, studies the natural sciences.

Herder, a German cultural historian, critic and poet, had a great influence on the young poet. Thanks to Herder, Johann studied Shakespeare more closely, as well as folk poetic and song creativity. In the same years, he began work on Faust, his main work.

Even at the dawn of his work, Goethe took as a principle not to rewrite ancient, already established poetic images, but to write from the heart and express his own in his works. life experience and the results of your thoughts. In all the works of Johann, autobiographical events of his life are traced, which are reflected in the destinies and actions of his heroes.

The tragedy "Faust" was created by the great poet for sixty years. The author sealed the manuscript in an envelope and ordered that it be published only after his death. Faust has been translated into many languages, it is a popular theatrical production and a well-known cinematic story.

The brilliant writer passed away on March 22, 1832, leaving his brilliant legacy in the form of many poems, ballads, plays, novels, scientific works in the field of anatomy, geology, mineralogy, and physics. Goethe went down in history as the greatest poet and universal genius of German literature.

· Friedrich Schiller(Annex 24)

Friedrich Schiller (Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller) is an outstanding German playwright, poet, prominent representative of romanticism, one of the creators of the national literature of the New Age and the most significant people of the German Enlightenment, art theorist, philosopher, historian, military doctor. Schiller was popular all over the continent, many of his plays rightfully entered the golden fund of world drama.

The writer was born on November 10, 1759 in Germany in the city of Marbach am Neckar. Schiller's father was a regimental paramedic, and his mother came from a baker's family. From childhood, the boy was brought up in a religious atmosphere, which can be seen in his early poems. The future writer grew up in relative poverty.

In 1773 he entered the military academy, where he first studied law and then medicine. His first works were written during his studies. At the end of the academy, Schiller was appointed to the post of regimental doctor. In 1781, he completed the drama The Robbers, which was not accepted by any publishing house. As a result, he published it with his own money. Subsequently, the drama was duly appreciated by the director of the Mannheim Theater and, after some adjustments, was staged.

The Robbers premiered in January 1782 and was a great success with the public. After that, they started talking about Schiller as a talented playwright. For this drama, the writer was even awarded the title of honorary citizen of France.

Schiller's most famous ballads (1797) are the Cup (Der Taucher), the Glove (Der Handschuh), Polycrates' Ring (Der Ring des Polykrates) and Ivikov's Cranes (Die Kraniche des Ibykus), which became familiar to Russian readers after translations by V.A. Zhukovsky. World-famous was his "Ode to Joy" (1785), the music for which was written by Ludwig van Beethoven.

From 1787 to 1789 he lived in Weimar, where he met Johann Goethe. It is believed that it was Schiller who inspired a friend to complete many of the works. Schiller, together with him, founded the Weimar Theater, which became the leading theater in Germany. Until the end of his days, the writer lived in this city. He died on May 9, 1805.

· Michael Schumacher(Annex 25)

Michael Schumacher is a name that Formula 1 is proud of, the history of world racing, and indeed the whole of Germany. Seven-time world champion, winner of many awards and records, the fastest racer on the planet! There is hardly a person in the world who has not heard this now legendary German surname. Many Formula 1 pilots have tried and are trying to repeat the records of Michael Schumacher, but all in vain.

Michael was born on January 3, 1969. Despite the fact that the family lived in Germany, his father was quite creative in raising his son. Once, he even suggested that Michael leave school, but on the condition that his son finds himself a worthy occupation. Subsequently, it was the father who opened the world of auto racing to Schumacher and gave the young racer his first car, converted with his own hands from an old lawn mower.

Little Michael started driving very early. Thus, he got his first driver's license at the age of 14. Since then, he has become a regular participant in various competitions. As a teenager, Schumacher drove cards. And in 1987 he became the champion of Germany and Europe in karting.

Schumacher has been racing in Formula 1 since 1991, winning his first Grand Prix a year later. Racing for Benetton in 1994, Schumacher earned his first world title. After four years with the Benetton team, he started driving for Ferrari. In 2000, the driver brought the first world title in 21 years of waiting for the Ferrari team. In the biography of Michael Schumacher, 2004 became legendary: he won 13 races out of 18 attempts, becoming an unprecedented world champion for the seventh time.

Schumacher remained a major force in Formula One racing until 2006, when it was announced that Schumacher would retire from racing at the end of the season.

· Philip Lam(Annex 26)

Philipp Lahm is a German footballer who plays as a central midfielder/wing back for the German club Bayern Munich and the German national team. In both teams, Philip is the captain and the clear leader. Philipp Lahm is one of the most experienced players in Bayern Germany, as he joined the team in the early 2000s and saw how the club changed several generations of players. As part of the German national team, Lam has been playing since 1999, but he made his way to the main team only in 2004; today Philipp is the backbone of the German team, participating both in the attacks of the team and settling in defense; under his leadership, the German national team reached the final of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil, where they stole the victory from the Argentina national team - 1:0.

A favorite of the fans, Lam has acquired a huge number of nicknames over the years of professional play, most of which in one way or another indicated his small stature, perseverance and speed: "Mighty Ant", "Magic Dwarf" and the most popular - "Lami".

During his career, Lahm became the champion of the German Bundesliga (Bundesliga) 6 times, 6 times - the owner of the German Cup (DFB-Pokal) and once - the German Super Cup (DFL-Supercup). In 2013, the footballer, together with the team, became the winner of the Champions League (UEFA Champions League), the Club World Cup and the owner of the UEFA Super Cup (UEFA Super Cup) and the World Championship (FuЯballweltmeisterschaft). During his career, Philip entered the field more than 530 times.

In 2011, Lahm became the captain of Bayern Munich, after which the club's game improved dramatically: for example, subsequent seasons - 2012, 2013 and 2014 - are perhaps the best in the history of the club. In 2013, thanks to the efforts of Lam, the team reached the Champions League final and entered its name among the best clubs in the world. In the same season, the player’s native club became the winner of the Club World Cup.

Lahm played his first match in the form of the German national team in 1999. Since then, he has become a permanent member of the youth teams, and in 2004 he entered the main squad. The biggest achievement on the world stage, of course, was the victory in the World Cup in Brazil in 2014; in the final match, the Germans defeated the Argentina national team in extra time. Despite the most appearances in the national team - 113 - Lam scored goals only 5 times, the last time in 2012. However, it is through him that most of the attacks of the German team pass, and it is he who often becomes the author of assists.

In 2011, the player also proved himself as a writer by releasing his autobiography "Der feine Unterschied: Wie man heute SpitzenfuЯballer wird". The book quickly became a bestseller in Germany and was fairly well received by critics.

Philipp Lahm takes part in various social projects. In December 2011, he founded a charitable foundation named after himself (Philipp Lahm-Stiftung), which aims to support needy children in Germany and Africa. In addition, the Lama Foundation takes part in the SOS Children's Villages project and other charitable projects. On June 30, 2009, Lam received an award from the Bayerischen Sportpreis for his charitable work.

· Miroslav Klose(Annex 27)

Miroslav "Miro" Josef Klose

Games for the national team - 120. Goals - 64. Years of performance: from 2001 to the present. Position - striker.

Klose holds a confident second place in terms of the number of matches played for the Bundestim, he is again the second in terms of the number of goals scored. In general, Klose's statistics are impressive, and if the German national team had been a little more successful with him, then one could speak of Miro as a world-class star. But Klose's career did not come at the best of times in German football. Miroslav's collection has three bronzes and two silvers and one gold of the world and European championships. There is nothing to reproach the football player with: Klose was twice included in the symbolic team of the best at the world championships and once became the top scorer in 2006. He also owns a unique achievement: he is the only one who was able to score at least 4 goals in 3 world championships.

But everything could have turned out quite differently, and Klose could have ended up ... in the Polish national team! As the name suggests, Miroslav is an ethnic Pole and moved to Germany with his family only in 1987 at the age of nine. As he himself later recalled, it was quite difficult to adapt, primarily because of the language, it is still easier for Klose to speak Polish, and it is in this language that he speaks at home. It is not surprising that the football player had a choice for which team to play, but Miroslav had no doubts, especially since the then Bundestim coach Rudi Föller had a very high opinion of the striker. In general, Klose is an extremely versatile football player - he can play a pass, take the initiative, and open up for the transfer. Klose's signature goals are headers. By the way, Miro also has a peculiar way of celebrating a scored goal - to perform a somersault forward.

At the club level, Klose played for Homburg, Kaiserslautern, Werder Bremen and Bayern, and now plays for the Roman Lazio. Off the football field, Klose is not very "hyped", he does not like to dress flashy or attract the attention of the press. But he participates in charity and supports the campaign for donor stem cell transplantation.

And most importantly, Klose is a kind of talisman of the German team. Not once, if Klose managed to score a goal, Germany did not lose a match.

· Manuel Neuer(Annex 28)

Manuel Neuer is a German footballer, goalkeeper for the Bayern Munich team and the German national football team. To date, Neuer, according to many football analysts, is one of the best goalkeepers in the world.

Manuel's unique style of play quickly drew the attention of professional agents to the young footballer: Neuer not only defended the goal, but throughout the match he was part of the team and its 11th player, who was not only the center of defense, but the initiator of the sharpest attacks and counterattacks of the team. Unlike other goalkeepers, Manuel was never afraid to go out of the goal and meet attackers already on the penalty line - this trick alone baffled forwards, who are used to the fact that there is almost always enough space between the goalkeeper and the defensive line to disperse, shake off protection and impact. In many ways, as Neuer himself admitted, he owes his technique to his idol, Jens Lehmann, the most successful German goalkeeper in history, who ended the 2004 season with Arsenal without a single defeat. But over time, Manuel began to look for his own style of play, more aggressive and dangerous than his predecessors. So, today Neuer feels confident on the penalty line, and is also not afraid to go out of the gate towards the attacker who has broken through the defense line. Thanks to this technique, he not only reduces the angle of fire, but catches the attacker by surprise, preventing him from coming close to the goal.

In 2011, Manuel signed a contract with Bayern Munich and immediately entered the main team. The transfer amounted to 22 million euros, making him the second most expensive goalkeeper in the history of world football. Already in the first months in the new team, Neuer broke the record of the previous goalkeeper, Oliver Kahn, and also set a team record - more than 1000 minutes of play without conceded goals.

In 2009, Manuel entered the main squad of the German national team. At the 2010 World Cup, the young goalkeeper played in all matches, except for the game for third place. He also played for the German national team at the 2012 European Championship, but with the team was eliminated in the semi-finals after losing to Italy.

At the World Cup in Brazil in 2014 Manuel Neuer easily reached the championship final with the team, becoming one of the most productive goalkeepers of the championship.

· Magdalena Neuner(Annex 29)

Magdalena Neuner is a famous biathlete from Germany who twice became the Olympic champion and won the title of world champion in her sport twelve times. In addition, she has three World Cups, seven Minor Cups. Also during her professional career, Magdalena won world competitions in summer biathlon three times.

She is rightfully considered the best German biathlete. And although in 2012 the athlete completed her sports career, she still has a huge number of gold medals, reminiscent of her enchanting sports past.

The future world champion was born in Germany in the small town of Garmisch-Panterkirchen on February 9, 1987. Already at the age of four, the girl began to learn skiing. And at the age of 9, her parents took her to the biathlon section. Magdalena really liked this sport, and she began to show her skills from the very first lessons. The athlete made a conscious decision to perform at a professional level only after graduating from school, then she was 16 years old. Over the next four years, Magdalena demonstrated her skills at junior competitions, where she was able to become a seven-time biathlon world champion. If we talk about regional competitions, then she won the championship in them even more often.

In her free time, Magdalena enjoys making time for creativity. She loves knitting and even playing the harp.

If we talk about musical passion, then the athlete dreams of someday playing in a real orchestra. Thanks to her perseverance, perhaps someday she will realize this dream. In addition to needlework and music, Magdalena is fond of motorcycles and, like many girls, she simply loves sweets.

· Heidi Klum(Annex 30)

Heidi Klum is a German top model, actress and TV presenter. Since the late 1990s, she has been considered one of the most famous models in the world. Biography of Heidi Klum ( Heidi Klum has always been associated with the fashion world. She was even born into the family of a representative of a large cosmetics company and a fashion stylist. It happened in West Germany in 1973. In 1992, Heidi managed to win the national German competition "Model 1992". The 19-year-old schoolgirl won the competition against 25,000 competitors, and as a prize she signed a contract with a modeling agency for $300,000. she signed a contract with a modeling agency for 300 thousand dollars. She decided not to continue her education, although she was going to become a fashion designer. Instead, Heidi took up her modeling career.

The following year, Heidi moved to the US. She gained worldwide fame by being on the cover of the popular Sports Illustration magazine in a swimsuit. Then there were the covers of Vogue, Marie Claire, Elle. By signing a multi-million dollar contract with Victoria's Secret, Heidi Klum became their leading model. But Heidi's career is not limited to the fashion world. She was also the official representative of several German shoe brands, participated in the advertising of the new Volkswagen model, Jordache jeans, Schwarzkopf cosmetics.

Sometimes Heidi plays in the series, mostly herself. The most famous are Spin City, How I Met Your Mother, The Devil Wears Prada, Desperate Housewives. Heidi Klum has designed several clothing lines presented in the Otto catalogue, created two fragrances Heidy Klum and Me. Her reality show Project Runway was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Contribution to the Genre.

3. Holidays

· Easter(Annex 31)

Germans, like other Christians, celebrate Easter (Ostern) or the Resurrection of Christ on Sunday after the first spring full moon - not earlier than March 22, not later than April 25. In the modern world, the Germans celebrate Easter for two days: Easter Sunday and the next day - Easter Monday. Both days are public holidays.

Initially, the ancient Germans celebrated the spring equinox on this day and praised the goddess of spring and fertility, Ostara, from whose name the name of the holiday came.

The holiday is always celebrated in spring, most often in April. This month is called the Easter month - Ostermonat. Initially, there was no single exact date for the celebration of Easter. But already in 325 AD. it was established: the first Sunday after the spring full moon (i.e. after March 21), the Resurrection of Christ.

This spring holiday is especially important for rural residents. Easter for them is not only a holiday, but also a time of action: the timely start of field work depends future harvest. The change of cold and warm seasons causes changes in the plant world, everything awakens to a new life. It is also important for a person - it stimulates human vitality, vitality.

There are 5 holidays associated with the celebration of Easter:

Palm Sunday (Palmsonntag) is the Sunday before Easter. On this day, with consecrated green willow branches, they meet the entry of Jesus into Jerusalem on a donkey. This tradition has been preserved since the Middle Ages.

Maundy Thursday (Gründonnerstag) is the Thursday before Easter, from which, in fact, “passion days” (days of suffering) begin. On this day Jesus was betrayed, his last supper took place. Therefore, even today, communion on Maundy Thursday is held in the church. On this day, various dishes with herbs are prepared.

Good Friday (Karfreitag) is the Friday before Easter, the day on which Christ died on the cross. The dishes prepared on this day include various pies baked in vegetable oil. Who is going to "hide" Easter eggs on Sunday, goes to good friday collect moss for Easter nests with the children in the forest.

Holy Saturday (Karsamstag) - Saturday before Easter, when the Easter fire is usually lit, the day of eternal rest of Jesus Christ.

Easter Sunday (Ostersonntag) - also the first day of Easter, the main holiday, the resurrection of Christ. Church services are held, Easter customs are performed, Easter games are held.

Easter Monday (Ostermontag) is the second day of Easter. In Germany, there is a legal public holiday that takes place in different ways throughout the country.

In Germany, there are also Easter symbols:

Easter egg (Osterei) - bright, colored, with stickers, with amazing fantastic drawings, ornaments, hard-boiled. The egg is a symbol of nascent life.

The Easter Bunny (Osterhase) is the most controversial figure of this holiday. Only he brings eggs to children only from the 16th century, because. before it had many competitors. For this part, for example, the rooster in Saxony, the stork in Alsace and Germany, the fox in Hesse, the cuckoo in Potsdam and Switzerland. It is believed that, in the end, the hare won the speed competition. In addition, the hare is the animal of the goddess of love, Aphrodite.

Confectionery shops in Germany sell Easter bunnies of various sizes (from 2-3 cm to 50 cm) made of chocolate. The Easter Bunny is often represented with a full box of eggs behind his back and is a symbol of rich offspring.

Easter fire - symbolizes the beginning of spring and seeing off winter. Previously, on Maundy Thursday, fires were extinguished everywhere in houses, which could only be rekindled later on from the Easter fire. High bonfires made of wood were built in the glades, on the beaches, which were then burned. In this Paschal fire, everything evil and old was burned. The large Easter flame served as a symbol of the sun and spring. This custom comes from the Germans. At first it was a purely male holiday. But now - for everyone. Children bake potatoes on a fire. And adults, and children, and couples in love (hand in hand) jumped over the fire. It is believed that the one who jumps over the fire becomes purer in soul. For couples in love, this means a long life together. To avoid misfortune or damage, they painted their faces with ashes and ash from a fire, providing themselves with happiness and health for a whole year. It used to be believed that those houses that burned down from the fire protected the inhabitants of these burnt houses from illness. On this day, trees are also decorated with colorful ribbons and eggs. Fire for the Germans was the sun, and the symbols were life.

Osterbaum - Easter tree. The classic Easter tree comes from Lebensbaum - arborvitae, consists of the main, central trunk and three crossed trunks (sticks), of which the lowest is the longest. On each crossed stick, 4 colorful eggs inflated from a ball are hung, which symbolize 12 months.

Osterzweig - Easter branch - a flowering branch is placed in a vase and hung with 12 eggs made of any material.

And another important element of Easter is a wreath that characterizes the awakening of nature, the rebirth of a new life. An Easter wreath in Germany is hung on the front doors or windows, or at the same time. Decorated with flowers, blossoming branches. On this day, it is customary to sanctify only blossoming branches in the church. They are decorated with sweets (especially chocolate), fruits, ribbons and presented to children. Consecrated branches are attached to the head of the bed, at crucifixes, and hearths of fireplaces. Dried branches are stored and used as amulets during bad weather, thunderstorms, and diseases.

Osterspaziergang - people willingly go hiking on Easter. The first walk after a long winter to the green bosom of nature is called, according to Goethe's expression, the Easter walk.

Ostermarsch - Easter marches are held in many German cities on Easter, the purpose of which is to protest people against new wars in the world, serious global topics.

Where did the custom of handing out eggs at Easter come from?

According to the old German law, land rent was paid in eggs, and since the due date was Easter, it is generally accepted that the concept of "Easter egg", the custom of distributing eggs at Easter, is associated with this fact.

Another suggestion is that after winter, the egg acts as a spring victim, because. there was no other food. It replaces the animal that should have been slaughtered. But they did not do this, because the overwintered animals and birds were used for domestic breeding. The summer was supposed to fill in the gaps in the economy that had arisen in the winter.

And one more thing - the strict ban of the church on eating eggs and dishes during the fast, which coincided with the period when the chickens lay especially well. Thus, a large number of eggs were collected, which were generously distributed at Easter. Initially, white eggs were distributed. Only in the XII-XIII centuries. they were painted or painted. Coloring eggs for Easter is a great art.

Preparation for the holiday. People decorate their houses with Easter symbols, bouquets, the table is set with an Easter tablecloth, in gardens and front gardens you can see a delightful Easter shrub or tree. Schoolchildren go on Easter holidays, and Easter bunnies come to kindergartens.

· Strawberry Feast(Annex 32)

Every year at the end of May in the small German town of Oberkircher, which is located in the lands of Baden-Württemberg, a very tasty and fun festival is held - Strawberry Festival (Erdbeerfest). The largest wholesale strawberry market in Germany is located here, so it is not surprising that the festival of this delicious berry takes place in this city and traces its history back to 1999, when it was first held. It starts on the last Saturday of May and lasts two days. Traditionally, the Strawberry Festival begins on Saturday morning with a speech by the mayor of Oberkirch, who welcomes residents and guests of the city and announces the opening of the festival. Then fairs, presentations, workshops, tastings, concerts, fashion shows, dance shows and theatrical performances take place at many festival venues. The main events take place along the main road of the city, where there are also cafes and restaurants, which, of course, treat the guests of the holiday with all kinds of strawberry delicacies and dishes from this berry. And yet, according to tradition, each institution pleases its visitors with performances of various musical groups and performers who specially come here for the holiday.

Do not get bored at this event and the little guests of the holiday. For children, a separate playground has been prepared here, where they can ride the carousel, try strawberry cakes and ice cream, and cook something with the chef. An integral part of the Strawberry Festival are free trips to the wholesale fruit market Mittelbaden, where everyone can buy any amount of delicious and fresh strawberries - the hero of the occasion. And the holiday ends on Sunday with a big concert with the participation of invited musicians. Every year more and more tourists visit this holiday, because the rich festival program, a huge amount of strawberries and delicacies from it attract guests not only from Germany itself, but also foreign tourists to Oberkirch.

· German Unity Day

German Unity Day or German Unity Day (Tag der deutschen Einheit) is a national holiday in Germany. It is celebrated on the day of the successful official reunification of West and East Germany on October 3, 1990.

Simultaneously with the unification, this day was proclaimed an official national holiday and a state holiday, while the national holiday of the former FRG, June 17, was abolished.

The unification of Germany became possible thanks to the “peaceful revolution” in the GDR in the autumn of 1989, which serves as a de facto unification of the people and is more revered by them.

On this day, celebratory rallies and meetings are organized in state parliaments and city halls, at which political celebratory speeches are made. They are attended by members of the Bundesrat (the upper house of the German parliament) and other constitutional bodies of the country, as well as representatives of politics, society and the population (the so-called delegations of citizens - Burgeldelegation).

This holiday has no special customs and traditions. In some areas, concerts and festivities are held, fireworks are arranged in the evening. Compared to Bastille Day in France or Independence Day in the United States, Germany's national holiday is celebrated quite modestly. The only exception is probably Berlin. There are many cultural and mass events taking place simultaneously on different stages.

· Light Festival in Berlin(Annex 33)

The Festival of Lights in Berlin is a large-scale light show, when the historical and architectural sights of the city serve as objects of light installations at night. It has been held annually since 2005 in the second half of October and lasts almost two weeks.

The cultural life of Berlin, like any other capital in the world, is full of events all year round, regardless of the season. In the autumn, many interesting events take place here, one of which is undoubtedly the Festival of Light, when residents and guests of Berlin can literally see the city in a completely new light.

Every year, thousands of tourists strive to get to this festival, and every year it amazes with its originality and originality. Billions of multi-colored lamps on the facades of historical buildings and monuments, fireworks and hundreds of spotlights flare up in the evenings, dispersing the autumn dusk over the capital of Germany and turning the city into a fairy tale. "Light the Light, Let It Shine" is a specially composed festival anthem.

The burgomaster of Berlin Klaus Wowereit invented and organized this action. The purpose of this event was to show that the city is no less beautiful at night than during the day, and also how you can play a real symphony with fireworks, laser and light. The festival was first held in 2005 and immediately gained great popularity. Today, it aims not only to show Berlin in a “favorable light”, but also to demonstrate how important lighting plays in creating a favorable atmosphere in modern city where there is a constant increase in urbanization. And many citizens believe that the artists and masters of the festival reveal to the guests the true face of their hometown- a little mysterious and mysterious.

Traditionally, more than 70 world-famous historical buildings and places are involved in the event, including the Brandenburg Gate, Alexanderplatz, the TV tower, the Golden Elsa victory column, Unter den Linden street, the facades of the Berlin House, the Berlin Cathedral, the Pergamon Museum , buildings on the Museum Island, the Main Station, Charlottenburg Castle, the chancellor's residence, the DomAquaree aquarium complex and others.

Many unique illuminations and light projections are made at a high professional level, and anyone can see them just walking along the streets. To increase the comfort of movement during the festival, the LightLiner bus runs around Berlin, boarding which guests can see all the light compositions.

During all the festival evenings and nights, in addition to special buses, river buses, bicycle taxis and even a balloon operate for residents and guests of the city. All these modes of transport are also decorated with multi-colored illumination.

In addition to light installations, the festival program includes a variety of cultural and entertainment events, excursions and music concerts, laser shows and fireworks. Naturally, on these days, or rather in the evenings, bars, restaurants and even museums will be open until late at night.

The festival will end with a night marathon "City Light Run", in which participants will make a 10-kilometer run through the center of Berlin. The Brandenburg Gate will be the starting and finishing point. It has already become a good tradition to hold an exhibition of photographs telling about the festival in Berlin at night, some time after the event. The Germans are rightly proud of their ancient and beautiful city, which has survived a lot, but retained warmth and comfort, despite some bulkiness, and the festival only confirms this, allowing everyone to discover a new, hitherto unseen Berlin.

The festival of light is a whole symphony where light, laser and fireworks are used instead of instruments. This very beautiful, unusual and large-scale action will give a lot of impressions to both adults and children.

· Saint Martin's Day(Annex 34)

In Germany, Saint Martin's Day (Martinstag) is a harvest festival. He is especially loved by children. After all, it is on this day that Laternenumzug takes place (in free translation - “Procession with Lanterns”). It all starts a few days before, with preparations for the event - children in kindergartens and elementary grades of the school make paper lanterns with their own hands, where candles are inserted.

On the evening of the holiday, children and their parents gather at a designated place (usually near a church) and set off in a column to some predetermined final point of the hike. Usually the distance is short: 30-40 minutes of travel, but the whole point is how it happens. The procession looks impressive - adults carry torches, children carry paper lanterns with lighted candles. Typically, up to several hundred people participate in such trips, so a kind of luminous snake of hundreds of lanterns and torches stretches around the city.

According to legend, this is how the fellow villagers of Saint Martin used to look for him with lanterns and torches in order to pay tribute to him for his kindness.

· Christmas

Christmas is one of the most beautiful and favorite holidays in Germany, so the Germans prepare for it long and thoroughly. Starting from December 1, Germany is unrecognizable, the atmosphere of celebration and joy is felt everywhere. Shop windows, house facades, arches, streets and trees - everything is decorated for the holiday. Everything around is sparkling with Christmas lights!

By tradition, large elegant Christmas trees are set up in the main squares of all cities, which are one of the essential attributes of German Christmas. Since ancient times, there has been a belief that a forest spirit lives in green needles. By the way, the Christmas tradition of decorating the Christmas tree with garlands, stars, figurines of Santa Claus, as well as various toys and delicacies came to Russia from Germany, and then quickly took root in other countries. In German houses, according to custom, the Christmas tree is decorated in mid-December. It happens that the Germans put a Christmas tree decorated with garlands also on their balconies or in front of the house, paint the windows. The traditional theme, of course, the Christmas biblical story, window sills are also decorated according to the holiday.

Also characteristic feature Christmas in Germany is that all Germans love to create various religious scenes with the help of figurines of people and animals. All these figurines are carefully kept in families and even inherited. The Christmas holiday begins already 4 weeks in advance, this time is called Advent by the Germans. Advent (Advent), this is the expectation of the onset of the bright holiday - the birth of the little Christ.

The main symbol of Christmas in Germany is the "Christmas Star". In reality, the Christmas star is indoor plant Euphorbia is the most beautiful, poinsettia. It usually blooms in December and has bright red bracts that resemble stars.

One of the brightest symbols of the German holiday is also the Christmas wreath with the obligatory four candles. The first candle is lit according to the rules on the first Sunday, on the second - two candles are already lit, and on the last Sunday, 4 candles are traditionally lit. However, not only candles in a wreath are lit in the house. During this cheerful festive period, usually practical Germans do not save, so many beautiful candles are usually lit in the house.

The favorite and main colors of Christmas in Germany have long been considered green and red. The green color symbolizes hope and fidelity, while the red color symbolizes the blood of Christ.

Also a symbol of German Christmas is the merry Christmas festival (Weihnachtsfest), which starts on November 11 and lasts until Christmas. Germans have a lot of fun at Christmas markets, where you can buy hot red wine with various spices, which is loved by many Germans, called mulled wine, but the Germans call it Glühwein. Mulled wine can be both strong and weak. No less traditional at fairs is another Christmas drink called “Fire Tooth”, which is the name given to the usual hot punch, which is prepared according to an old recipe in a huge bowl and then it is spectacularly set on fire. Hot wine warms people frozen on the street and raises an already excellent mood. In the center of the fair, a stage is being built where Christmas concerts take place. Here at the fair you can also meet the German Santa Claus, in order to tell you in secret again what gift you expect from him for Christmas.

There is no Christmas in Germany without fairy-tale German heroes: the enchanted Nutcracker, Frau Holle from the beloved fairy tale “Lady Snowstorm”, as well as other characters loved by children.

Children in Germany are especially fond of the sweet Advent calendar, which consists of 24 windows, calculated respectively for 24 days. (Appendix 35) The most interesting thing for them, of course, is that in each of these windows a sweet gift is hidden - an original chocolate surprise or something like that. And every time a child opens one window with a breath, he already anticipates in advance the pleasure that awaits him. It's funny, but such calendars exist even for pets, in the bags of which there is delicious food.

December 24 - Holy Evening (Heilige Abend) - German families, as usual, go to church, and then sit down to dinner decorously. Seven or nine courses are usually served on the Christmas table. Christmas is not complete without millet porridge in milk, seasoned with butter and honey. Well, a stuffed goose with a delicious golden brown crust and a variety of snacks are a must. Pork with sauerkraut is also considered a very desirable dish at the Christmas feast. The Germans cannot do without a Christmas cake called Stollen on the festive table, the recipe of which includes many dried fruits and all kinds of seasonings. By the way, this dessert becomes much tastier the next day than just baked. During dinner, everyone wishes each other happiness, goodness and health and exchanges gifts. And small children find gifts under the tree the next morning. They sincerely believe that Santa Claus brings them Christmas gifts, in German they call him Weihnachtsmann, although, for example, in Bavaria, children are waiting for the Christmas Angel.

Christmas is a family holiday, so on December 25 the whole family will gather for a festive dinner once again. This time there will be a baked goose with stewed cabbage on the table. And the house will again be filled with an atmosphere of comfort, tranquility and magic...

On the eve of Christmas in Germany, life seems to stop, all shops, restaurants and cafes are closed, as Christmas, according to tradition, should certainly be celebrated at home with the family.

· Samba carnival in Bremen(Annex 36)

Bremen Samba Carnival The Bremer Karneval is Germany's largest musical samba carnival, with vibrant performances and fiery music from this energetic Brazilian dance. Samba dancers from all over Germany come to take part in the street carnival, and thousands of tourists come to see this bright holiday.

The Free Hanseatic City of Bremen is an ancient and beautiful city in Germany, where there are many historical monuments, museums, rich city life, but its highlight is the samba carnival, which traditionally takes place every year in February for two days.

Samba is a Brazilian dance that appeared in Europe at the beginning of the 20th century, but gained wide popularity only after the Second World War. Samba music has a characteristic rhythm created by drums and maracas. Today, this rhythmic incendiary Brazilian dance is included not only in the program of modern ballroom dancing, but also in everyday life all those who love to dance.

The history of the Bremen Carnival dates back more than a quarter of a century. It originated in 1985, when enthusiasts of the local dance school - the samba club - decided to organize a celebration of Brazilian music and dance in the city. Fans of incendiary samba held their own street festival, which in a few years won the love of the townspeople and was so loved by everyone that they decided to arrange it annually and already with the support of the Bremen authorities.

Within a few years, this Brazilian party quickly turned into a real carnival, and the sounds of samba never leave it. Every year the number of participants is constantly growing - these are dancers from newly emerging samba clubs, percussion and brass bands, and theater groups, and just those who wish - from Bremen, other regions of Germany and even from neighboring countries.

Although northern Germany is not particularly famous for emotionality, but the carnival proves that the city knows how to have fun. Powerful burghers dress up in costumes and take to the streets to surrender to the power of dance. The city vibrates with the drum music and masquerade dances of Germany's largest samba carnival. You have no idea what kind of madness the inhabitants and guests of the venerable city of Bremen are capable of during the carnival.

Punctual Germans start preparing for the festival in advance - exactly on November 11 at 11:11 am. This is a kind of Opening of the starting action of the Bremen Carnival. On this day, carnival communities discuss the future program of the festival, the number of participants and performances, costumes, etc. Just before the carnival in the city, many shops sell carnival costumes, jewelry and makeup for everyone. Special "guilds" and "guards" of jesters rehearse songs, write jokes and come up with costumes.

The carnival itself starts on Friday. It begins with a children's costume procession in the city center, performances by young musicians and dancers. Then the adults take over. For them, from morning until late at night, samba sounds, and dance floors are open, and in the evening and at night, competitions and performances of samba groups are held in several open areas of the city.

The next day there is a big street parade with giant puppets, colorful costumes, platforms on which fantastic decorations are erected - the so-called "carnival of animals", then drumming competitions. The evening program consists of dance parties in clubs and outdoors, and at night there are incredible costume balls. All this action ends with incendiary dances to Brazilian music and parties in restaurants and bars. Often the fun spills out onto the streets and turns into spontaneous processions of mummers.

The samba carnival in Bremen is a real madness when locals and visitors of the city suddenly seem to go crazy, dress up as clowns and animals and pour out into the streets of Bremen to have fun from the heart. By the way, the Germans know how not only to have fun, but also to treat nicely. Traditionally, several types of beer, wine, as well as sausages, baked meat, and cabbage are served at the festival.

Every year the theme of the carnival changes, but the energetic rhythms of samba and bright colors festivals always remain.

· St. Nicolas day

Saint Nicholas Day (Nikolaustag) is the first sign of the approaching Christmas. It has been celebrated in Germany since 1555.

Saint Nicholas is one of the most revered saints of Christianity. He became famous for his intercession for the persecuted and suffering, as well as for his courage and generosity. Also, St. Nicholas is considered the patron saint of sailors, merchants, clergy and children.

There are many legends associated with Saint Nicholas. He was a rich man and took care of the poor people of that time. And he did it secretly so that he would not be thanked. There is a legend that one day, wanting to help a very poor family, Nikolai climbed onto the roof at night and from there threw five bundles of gold coins into the room - the bundles fell into children's shoes standing by the window.

According to another legend, for three nights Nikolai secretly threw through the window into the room where the daughters of one poor man spent the night, a piece of gold - for a dowry for each sister. Now they could get married, and they did not have to be sent to work.

Most likely, the tradition of gifts originated from these cases. In Germany, as well as in Switzerland and Austria, children put their shoes out of the house on the evening of December 5, so that Nikolaus, who came at night, would leave them sweets and small gifts. Some believe that Nikolaus travels around all the houses in his sleigh and comes through the fireplace to hide the gifts he brought in shoes or socks hung by children.

Also today, on the night of December 5th to 6th, German children put polished shoes or boots outside the door so that St. Nicholas passing by puts apples, tangerines, nuts, sweets there.

True, St. Nikolaus brings tasty gifts only to obedient children, and those who annoyed their parents for a whole year and did not obey will receive a rod as a gift. Which of the children was obedient and which was not, Nikolaus reads in his special "golden book".

According to another custom, Nikolaus comes to the children's house and asks them if they have behaved well, and gives gifts only to honest and obedient children. Nikolaus is often accompanied by the servant Ruprecht (Knecht Ruprecht) - a terrible character who punishes naughty children with rods or even put them in a bag and takes them to the forest. Apparently, Knecht Ruprecht was invented for educational purposes - he first appeared in the traditions of the 17th century, and since then has been invariably present in German folklore. It's good that this is a fictional character! In Switzerland, Nikolaus is usually accompanied by Schmutzli for this purpose, and in Austria and Bavaria by Krampus. But in anticipation of the holiday, the children try not to be naughty, and no one is left without gifts from St. Nicholas.

4. Folklore

· Poetry

1. Ich gebe dir ein Osterei

als kleines Angedenken.

Und wenn du es nicht haben willst,

so cannst du es verschenken.

2. Meine Mutti ist die beste,

Und die schönste Frau der Welt.

Mutti ist ja immer fleiЯig

Und die Arbeit ihr gefällt.

kommt angerannt,

Er schl "gt mit dem Bommel

auf eine Trommel:

4. Eins, zwei, drei, wir tanzen heut, juchhei!

Rechtes Bein, linkes Bein, das ist lustig, das ist fein!

Eins, zwei, drei, wir tanzen heut, juchhei!

5. Eine böse Ki-ka-katze

Schlagt die Maus mit ihrer Tatze.

Sitzt vor ihrem Haus.

Ein Mi-mauschen

Sitzt vor ihrem Hauschen.

6. Ich bin ein Bar.

Ich laufe hin und her.

Ich habe gern den Honig.

Ich bin im Wald der König!

7. Wir fahren fahren, fahren

Wir fahren in die Stadt.

Wirgehen in den Zoo,

Der viele Tier hat.

Alle Tiere wohnen da:

Tieger, Baren, Affen,

Lowen and Giraffen,

Fuchse, Wolfe, Zebras hier

Alle Tiere lieben wir.

8. Guten Morgen

Guten Morgen,

Guten Morgen,

Guten Morgen,

9. Bei "Rot" bleibe stehen,

Bei "Grun" Kannst du gehen.

Bei "Gelb" muBt du warten,

Bei "Grun" kannst du starten.

Der Winter ist schon da.

Uberall liegt Schnee.

11. Hurrah! Hurrah! Neujahr ist da.

Wir lachen und singen.

Wir tanzen and springen.

Wir sind alle lustig und rufen: Hurra!

Hurrah! Hurrah! Die ferien sind da.

12. Der Schneemann auf der StraBe

Tragt ein weiBen Rock,

Hat eine rote Nase

Und einen dicken Stock.

13. Eins, zwei, drei, vier,

In die Schule gehen wir.

In die Schule kommen wir

Und bekommen "Funf" und "Vier".

14. Ei, ei, ei! Im Monat Mai

Ist es warm und kalt dabei.

1,2,3-komm, lieber Mai!

15. Mein Geburtstag ist heute.

Komm herbei, liebe Leute!

Tanzen, spielen wollen wir,

Lieder singen am Klavier.

16. Nun, liebe Gaste sagt all im Chor:

Ach wie schade, ach wie schade

Wir haben gerne Schokolade.

Der Kopf tut mir weh,

Der Doctor ist da.

Jetzt bin ich froh,

Es ist wieder gut, juchhe!

jetzt fehlt mir nix,

Jetzt geh ich ins Bett.

18. Ich kann springen: hopp, hopp, hopp.

Ich kann lachen: ha, ha, ha.

Ich kann klatschen: klapp, klapp, klapp.

Ich kann singen: la, la, la

· Songs

Weihnachtslied: LaЯt uns froh und munter sein

Lasst uns froh und munter sein

und uns ganz von Herzen freu "n.

Lustig, lustig, tralla-la-la-la,

bald ist Nikolaus-abendda,

Bald ist Nikolaus-abend da!

Stelle Deinen kleinen Teller auf,

Nikolaus legt gewiss "was" drauf.

bald ist Nikolaus-abendda,

Bald ist Nikolaus-abend da!

Nikolaus mit seinem Jutesack,

trägt darin Geschenke huckepack..

Freu "Dich, freu" Dich, tralla-la-la-la,

bald ist Nikolaus-abendda,

Bald ist Nikolaus-abend da!

Nikolaus ist ein gutter Mann,

dem man nicht genug danken kann.

Freu "Dich, freu" Dich, tralla-la-la-la,

bald ist Nikolaus-abendda,

Bald ist Nikolaus-abend da!

Nikolaus ist schon unterwegs,

mit Päckchen, Nüssen und mit süssem Keks.

Freu "Dich, freu" Dich, tralla-la-la-la,

bald ist Nikolaus-abendda,

Bald ist Nikolaus-abend da!

Weihnachtslied: Kling, Glöckchen, kingelingeling

kling, Glöckchen, kling!

Layt mich ein, ihr Kinder,

ist so kalt der Winter,

ffnet mir die Tren,

laît mich nicht erfrieren!

Kling, Glöckchen, klingelingeling,

kling, Glöckchen, kling!

Kling, Glöckchen, klingelingeling,

kling, Glöckchen, kling!

Mädchen hört und Bübchen,

macht mir auf das Stübchen,

bring" euch milde Gaben,

sollt euch dran erlaben.

Kling, Glöckchen, klingelingeling,

kling, Glöckchen, kling!

Kling, Glöckchen, klingelingeling,

kling, Glöckchen, kling!

Hell erglhn die Kerzen,

ffnet mir die Herzen,

will drin wohnen fröhlich,

frommes Kind, wie selig!

Kling, Glöckchen, klingelingeling,

kling, Glöckchen, kling!

Weihnachtslied: O Tannenbaum

O Tannenbaum, o Tannenbaum,

wie treu sind deine Blätter.

Du grünst nicht nur zur Sommerzeit,

nein auch im Winter, wenn es schneit:

O Tannenbaum, o Tannenbaum,

wie treu sind deine Blätter!

O Tannenbaum, o Tannenbaum,

du kannst mir sehr gefallen!

Wie oft hat nicht zur Weihnachtszeit,

ein Baum von dir mich hoch erfreut!

O Tannenbaum, o Tannenbaum,

du kannst mir sehr gefallen!

O Tannenbaum, o Tannenbaum,

Die Hoffnung und Beständigkeit,

gibt Trost und Kraft zu jederzeit!

O Tannenbaum, o Tannenbaum,

dein Kleid will mich was lehren!

Backe, Backe Kuchen

Backe, backe Kuchen,

Der Bäcker hat gerufen.

Wer will guten Kuchen backen,

der muss haben sieben Sachen,

Eier und Schmalz,

Zucker (Butter) und Salz,

Safran macht den Kuchengehl!

Schieb, schieb in "n Ofen" rein!

Schnappi, das kleine Krokodil

Ich bin Schnappi, das kleine Krokodil.

Komm aus Agypten,

das liegt direkt am Nil.

Zuerst lag ich in einem Ei,

dann schni-,schna-,schnappte ich mich frei

Refrain: Schni Schna Schnappi

Schnappi Schnappi Schnapp

Schni Schna Schnappi

Schnappi Schnappi Schnapp

hab scarfe Zähne,

und davon ganz schön viel.

Ich schnapp world,

was ich schnappen kann,

ja ich schnapp zu, weil ich das so gut kann.

Ich bin Schnappi, das kleine Krokodil,

ich schnappe gern, das ist mein Lieblingsspiel.

Ich schleich mich an die Mama ran,

und zeig ihr, wie ich schnappen kann

Ich bin Schnappi, das kleine Krokodil,

und vom Schnappen, da krieg ich nicht zu viel.

Ich bei I dem Papi kurz ins Bein,

und dann, dann schlaf ich einfach ein.

Das Lied von den Jahreszeiten

Dezember, Januar, Februar,

Da kommt der Winter. Ist es klar?

Im März, April und Mai,

Da kommt der Frühling. Eins, zwei, drei!

Im Juni Juli August

Da kommt der Sommer. Hast du "s gewusst?

September, October, November,

Dann ist der Herbst bis Dezember…

Stoffel ("Antoshka")

He, Stoffel, he, Stoffel Komm, schälern wir Kartoffeln! Dilidili, traliwali, das hab ich nicht aufbekommen, das hab ich nicht durchgekommen! He, Stoffel, he, Stoffel	Komm her mit deinem Löffel! Dilidili, traliwali, ja, da werde ich gleich kommen, hab den Löffel schon genommen Dilidili, traliwali, traliwali, traliwali! Param, pam, pam, param, pam, pam

· Fairy tales

The Bremen Town Musicians

One man had a donkey who for many years dutifully carried sacks of flour to the mill, but in old age the donkey became weak and unfit for work. Then the owner decided to starve him to death, but the donkey guessed what was going on, ran away and headed for the city of Bremen. He decided to work there as a musician.

After walking a little, the donkey saw a hunting dog. She lay on the road and breathed so heavily, as if running to the point of exhaustion.

Why are you puffing like that, Polkan? - asked the donkey.

Ah, - answered the dog, - I am old and every day getting weaker and no longer fit for hunting, so my master wanted to kill me. I ran wherever my eyes look! What am I going to do to earn my living now?

You know what, - said the donkey, - I'm going to Bremen and I'll hire myself as a musician there. Come with me and make music too. I will play the lute and you will beat the drum. The dog agreed and they moved on.

Soon they saw a cat on the road. She sat on the road as dull as three days of rainy weather.

What happened to you, old stink, - asked the donkey.

Who will rejoice if they grab him by the throat? My teeth are gone and now I'm more willing to sit at the stove and purr than chasing mice, so my mistress decided to drown me. Of course, I ran away, but who will advise me where to go now?

Come with us to Bremen, you know a lot about music and you can get hired as a musician there. The cat liked it and they went together.

Then our fugitives passed by a courtyard. A rooster sat on the gate and roared with all his might.

Why are you choking your throat like that? - Asked the donkey. - What's the matter with you?

It is I who predict good weather for tomorrow, - answered the rooster, - because tomorrow is a holiday, but since guests will come to us on this occasion, my mistress, without any mercy, ordered the cook to cook soup from me. I'm going to have my head cut off tonight. So I'm screaming at the top of my lungs while I still can.

What are you, red-headed, - said the donkey, - better go with us. We are heading to Bremen. You will find something better than death everywhere. You have a good voice and if we sing in chorus, it will turn out great. The rooster liked this offer and the four of them went on.

But they could not get to Bremen in one day and in the evening they came to the forest, where they decided to spend the night. The donkey and the dog sat under a large tree, the cat perched on the branches, and the rooster flew to the very top of the tree, where it seemed to him the safest. Before falling asleep, the rooster looked in all four directions and suddenly it seemed to him that he saw a light in the distance. He shouted to his comrades that the house must be close, because the light was visible.

Then we must go there, I do not like this lodging for the night, - said the donkey. And the dog noticed that a few bones with the remains of meat would be very useful to her. So, they went in the direction where the light flickered. The light grew stronger and stronger, and finally they came to the brightly lit house of the robbers. The donkey, as the tallest, approached the window and looked inside.

What do you see gray? - asked the rooster.

What I see? - answered the donkey. A set table with good food and drink. And the robbers sit around and have fun.

It wouldn't be bad for us either," said the rooster.

Yes Yes. Ah, if we were there, - the donkey sighed.

Then they began to consult on how they could drive out the robbers. And, finally, they came up with. The donkey stood with its front legs on the window, the dog jumped on its back to the donkey, the cat climbed on the dog, and the rooster flew up on the cat's head. When this was done, they began their music at once. The donkey roared, the dog barked, the cat mewed, the rooster crowed. Then they rushed through the window into the room. So that the glasses rang. The robbers jumped up from their seats with terrible screams. They thought that a ghost had come to them. And in great fear they fled into the forest. Then the four friends sat down at the table and began to eat up everything that was left with pleasure. They ate as if they had to eat for four weeks. After finishing their meal, the musicians turned off the lights and began to look for a place to rest. Each according to his own taste and habits. The donkey lay down in the yard on a heap of rubbish, the dog behind the door, the cat on the hearth in a warm place, and the rooster perched on a perch. And since they were very tired after a long journey, they immediately fell asleep. When midnight had passed and the robbers had already noticed from a distance that there was no light in the house and everything seemed to be calm, the ataman said:

We shouldn't have let it intimidate us though.

And he ordered one of the robbers to go and inspect the house. The messenger, making sure that everything was calm, went into the kitchen to light the fire. And since he mistook the sparkling eyes of a cat for smoldering coals, he put a match in there to get a spark. But the cat did not like to joke. She rushed at the robber and grabbed his face. He was terribly frightened, rushed to run and was about to jump out into the yard, but the dog that was lying outside the door jumped up and bit him on the leg. As he raced across the yard past the rubbish heap, the donkey kicked him hard with its hind leg. And the rooster, which was awakened by the noise, cheerfully screamed from its perch

Ku-ka-re-ku.

The robber started running with all his might to his chieftain. And told him.

Ah, there's a terrible witch in the house. She hissed at me, scratched my face with her long claws. There was a man standing outside the door with a knife, he wounded me in the leg. There was a black monster lying in the yard, which attacked me with a club. And upstairs on the roof sits a judge, he screams - "give me this swindler here." This is where I started to run. Since then, the robbers no longer dared to approach the house. And the four Bremen musicians liked it so much in the house of robbers that they stayed there to live.

Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs

It was in the middle of winter, snowflakes were falling like fluff from the sky, and the queen was sitting at the window - its frame was of ebony - and the queen was sewing. She sewed, stared at the snow, and pricked her finger with a needle, and three drops of blood fell on the snow. And the red on the white snow looked so beautiful that she thought to herself:

“If I had a child, white as this snow, and ruddy like blood, and black-haired, like a tree on a window frame!”

And the queen soon gave birth to a daughter, and she was white as snow, like blood, blush, and as black-haired as ebony - and therefore she was called Snow White. And when the child was born, the queen died.

A year later the king took another wife. She was a beautiful woman, but proud and arrogant, and she could not stand it when anyone surpassed her in beauty. She had a magic mirror, and when she stood in front of it and looked into it, she would ask:

And the mirror answered:

You are the most beautiful queen in the country.

And she was pleased, because she knew that the mirror was telling the truth. During this time, Snow White grew up and became more and more beautiful, and when she was seven years old, she was as beautiful as a clear day, and more beautiful than the queen herself. When the queen asked her mirror:

Mirror, mirror on the wall

Who is the most beautiful in the whole country?

It answered like this:

Yet Snow White is a thousand times more beautiful!

Then the queen was frightened, turned yellow, turned green with envy. From that hour she will see Snow White - and her heart breaks, so she began to hate the girl. Both envy and arrogance grew like weeds in her heart higher and higher, and from now on she had no rest day or night. Then she called one of her rangers and said:

Take the child to the forest, I can't see her anymore. You must kill her and bring me her lungs and liver as proof.

The huntsman obeyed and led the girl into the forest, but when he pulled out his hunting knife and was about to pierce the innocent heart of Snow White, she began to cry and ask:

Ah, dear huntsman, leave me alive, I will run far into the dense forest and never return home.

And because she was beautiful, the huntsman took pity on her and said:

So be it, run, poor girl!

And it was like a stone fell from his heart when he did not have to kill Snow White. At that time, a young deer just ran up, and the huntsman stabbed him, took out his lungs and liver and brought them to the queen as a sign that her order had been carried out. The cook was told to boil them in salt water, and the evil woman ate them, thinking they were Snow White's lungs and liver.

And the poor girl was left alone in the big forest, and she became so frightened that she looked at all the leaves on the trees, not knowing what to do next, how to help her grief. She started to run, and ran over sharp stones, through thorny thickets, and wild animals jumped around her, but did not touch her. She ran as far as she could, and now it was already evening, she saw a small hut and went into it to rest. And in that hut everything was so small, but beautiful and clean, which cannot be said in a fairy tale or described with a pen.

There was a table covered with a white tablecloth, and on it were seven small plates, each plate had a spoon, and also seven small knives and forks, and seven small goblets. There were seven small beds against the wall, one next to the other, and they were covered with snow-white bedspreads. Snow White wanted to eat and drink, and she took a little bit of vegetables and bread from each plate and drank a drop of wine from each goblet - she did not want to drink everything from one. And since she was very tired, she tried to lie down in bed, but none of them suited her: one was too long, the other too short, but the seventh turned out to fit her, she lay down in it and, surrendering to the mercy of the Lord, fell asleep .

When it was already completely dark, the owners of the hut came, and there were seven dwarfs who mined ore in the mountains. They lit seven of their lamps, and when it became light in the hut, they noticed that they had someone, because not everything turned out to be in the order that it was before. And the first dwarf said:

Who was sitting in my chair?

Who ate this from my plate?

Who took a piece of my bread?

Fourth:

Who ate my vegetables?

Who took my fork?

Who cut with my knife?

The seventh asked:

Who was drinking from my little cup?

And the first one looked back and saw that there was a small wrinkle on his bed, and asked:

Who was that on my bed?

Then the rest ran up and began to say:

And there was someone in mine too.

The seventh dwarf looked at his bed, he sees - Snow White lies in it and sleeps. He then called the others, they came running, began to scream in surprise, brought seven of their light bulbs and lit up Snow White.

Ah, my God! Oh my God! they exclaimed. “What a handsome child! They were so happy that they did not wake her up and left her to sleep in bed. And the seventh dwarf slept for an hour with each of his comrades, and so the night passed.

Morning has come. Snow White woke up, saw seven dwarfs and got scared. But they were kind to her and asked:

What is your name?

My name is Snow White, she answered.

How did you get into our hut?

And she told them that her stepmother wanted to kill her, but the huntsman took pity on her, and that she ran all day, until finally she found their hut. The gnomes asked:

If you want to manage our household, cook, fluff up our beds, wash, sew and knit, keep everything clean and in order, if you agree to this, you can stay with us, and you will have plenty of everything.

All right," said Snow White, "with great pleasure.

And stayed with them. She kept the hut in order, in the morning the gnomes went to the mountains to look for ore and gold, and in the evening they returned home, and she had to cook food for them when they arrived. The whole day the girl remained alone, and therefore the good gnomes warned her and said:

Beware of your stepmother: she will soon know that you are here, be careful not to let anyone into the house.

And the queen, having eaten Snow White's lungs and liver, again began to believe that she was the very first and most beautiful of all women in the country. She went to the mirror and asked:

Mirror, mirror on the wall

Who is the most beautiful in the whole country?

And the mirror answered:

You queen are beautiful

But Snow White is there, beyond the mountains,

At the seven dwarfs outside the walls

The Queen was frightened then - she knew that the mirror was telling the truth, and realized that the huntsman had deceived her and that Snow White was still alive. And she began to think again and invent how to exterminate her; from envy she did not have peace, because she was not the very first beauty in the country. And then, finally, she thought of something: she painted her face, disguised herself as an old merchant, so that it was impossible to recognize her. She went through the seven mountains to the seven dwarfs, knocked on the door and said:

Snow White looked out the window and said:

Hello, kind woman, what are you selling?

Good goods, fine goods,” she answered, “the laces are multi-colored. - And the queen took out one of the laces, showed, and it was woven from colorful silk.

“This honest woman can be let into the house,” thought Snow White, opened the door bolt and bought herself a beautiful lace.

How does it suit you, girl, - said the old woman, - let me lace you up properly.

Snow White, not expecting anything bad, stood in front of her and let the new laces be tightened on her, and the old woman began to lace up, so quickly and so hard that Snow White suffocated and fell dead to the ground.

You were the most beautiful, - said the queen and quickly disappeared.

Shortly thereafter, towards evening, the seven dwarfs returned home, and how frightened they were when they saw that their dear Snow White lay on the ground, not moving, not stirring, as if dead! They lifted her up and saw that she was tightly laced, then they cut the laces, and she began to breathe a little and gradually came to her senses. When the dwarves heard what had happened, they said:

The old merchant was actually an evil queen, beware, do not let anyone in when we are not at home.

And the evil woman returned home, went to the mirror and asked:

Mirror, mirror on the wall

Who is the most beautiful in the whole country?

And the mirror answered her, as before:

You queen are beautiful

But Snow White is there, beyond the mountains,

At the seven dwarfs outside the walls

A thousand times more beautiful!

When she heard this answer, all the blood rushed to her heart, she was so frightened - she realized that Snow White had come to life again.

Well, now, - she said, - I will think of something that will surely ruin you. - Knowing the witchcraft, she prepared a poisonous comb. Then she changed clothes and turned into another old woman. And she went over the seven mountains to the seven dwarfs, knocked on the door and said:

I sell good stuff! Selling!

Snow White looked out the window and said:

You can probably take a look, - said the old woman, took out a poisonous comb and, lifting it up, showed it to Snow White.

The girl liked him so much that she allowed herself to be deceived and opened the door. They agreed on a price, and the old woman said: "Well, now let me comb your hair properly."

Poor Snow White, not suspecting anything, let the old woman comb her hair, but as soon as she touched her hair with a comb, the poison immediately began to act, and the girl fell senseless to the ground.

You, written beauty, - said the evil woman, - now the end has come to you. Having said this, she left.

But, fortunately, it was towards evening, and the seven dwarfs soon returned home. Noticing that Snow White was lying dead on the ground, they immediately suspected her stepmother of that, began to find out what was the matter, and found a poisonous comb; and as soon as they got him out, Snow White came to her senses again and told them everything that had happened. And once again the gnomes told her to be on her guard and not open the door to anyone.

And the queen returned home, sat down in front of the mirror and said:

Mirror, mirror on the wall

Who is the most beautiful in the whole country?

And the mirror answered, as before:

You queen are beautiful

But Snow White is there, beyond the mountains,

At the seven dwarfs outside the walls

A thousand times more beautiful!

She heard what the mirror was saying, and she trembled and trembled all over with anger.

Snow White must die, she cried, even if it cost me my own life!

And she went to secret room where no one has ever entered, and prepared there a poisonous, poisonous apple. It was very beautiful on the outside, white and ruddy, and anyone who saw it would want to eat it, but whoever ate even a piece of it would certainly die. When the apple was ready, she made up her face, disguised herself as a peasant woman and set off on her way, over the seven mountains to the seven dwarfs. She knocked, Snow White stuck her head out the window and said:

It is not allowed to let anyone in, the seven dwarfs forbade me to do this.

Yes, that's good, - answered the peasant woman, - but where will I put my apples? Do you want me to give you one of them?

No, said Snow White, I am not ordered to take anything.

What are you, afraid of poison? asked the old woman. “Look, I will cut the apple into two halves, you will eat the ruddy one, and I will eat the white one.

And the apple was made so cunningly that only its ruddy half was poisoned. Snow White wanted to taste a beautiful apple, and when she saw that the peasant woman was eating it, she could not resist, put her hand out of the window and took the poisoned half. As soon as she bit off a piece, she immediately fell dead to the ground. The queen looked at her with her evil eyes and, laughing loudly, said:

White as snow, ruddy as blood, black-haired as ebony! Now your gnomes will never wake you up.

She returned home and began to ask the mirror:

Mirror, mirror on the wall

Who is the most beautiful in the whole country?

And the mirror answered at last:

You, queen, are the most beautiful in the whole country.

And then her envious heart calmed down, as far as such a heart can find peace.

The dwarves, returning home in the evening, found Snow White lying on the ground, lifeless and dead. They lifted her up and began to look for poison: they unlaced her, combed her hair, washed her with water and wine, but nothing helped - the dear girl, as she was dead, so she remained dead. They put her in a coffin, all seven sat around her and began to mourn for her, and they wept like this for three whole days. Then they decided to bury her, but she looked as if alive - her cheeks were beautiful and ruddy.

And they said:

How can you bury it in damp earth?

And they ordered that a glass coffin be made for her, so that she could be seen from all sides, and they put her in that coffin, and wrote on it in golden letters her name, and that she was a king's daughter. And they carried the coffin to the mountain, and always one of them remained on guard with her. And the birds also came to mourn Snow White: first the owl, then the raven, and finally the dove.

And for a long, long time Snow White lay in her coffin, and it seemed that she was sleeping - she was white as snow, ruddy like blood, and black-haired like ebony. But it happened that one day the prince drove into that forest, and he ended up in the house of the gnomes to spend the night in it. He saw a coffin on the mountain, and in it the beautiful Snow White, and read what was written on it in golden letters. And then he said to the dwarves:

Give me this coffin, and I will give you whatever you want for it.

But the dwarves answered:

We won't give it up even for all the gold in the world.

Then he said:

So give it to me. I can't live without seeing Snow White.

When he said this, the good gnomes took pity on him and gave him the coffin.

And the prince ordered his servants to carry him on their shoulders. But it so happened that they stumbled over some kind of bush, and from the concussion a piece of poisonous apple fell out of Snow White's throat. Then she opened her eyes, lifted the lid of the coffin, and then stood up herself.

Oh Lord, where am I? -- she exclaimed.

The king, filled with joy, answered:

You are with me, - and he told her everything that had happened, and said:

You are dearer to me than anything in the world, let's go with me to the castle to my father, and you will be my wife.

Snow White agreed, and they celebrated a magnificent and magnificent wedding.

But the Queen, Snow White's stepmother, was also invited to the feast. She dressed up in a beautiful dress, went to the mirror and said:

Mirror, mirror on the wall

Who is the most beautiful in the whole country?

And the mirror answered:

You, lady queen, are beautiful,

But the young queen is a thousand times more beautiful!

And then the evil woman uttered her curse, and she became so frightened, so frightened, that she did not know how to cope with herself. At first she decided not to go to the wedding at all, but she had no peace - she wanted to go and see the young queen. And she entered the palace, and recognized Snow White, and from fear and horror, as she stood, she froze in place.

But iron slippers were already placed for her on burning coals, and they brought them, holding them with tongs, and placed them in front of her. And she had to put her feet in red-hot shoes and dance in them until, at last, she fell dead to the ground.

A pot of porridge

There lived a girl. The girl went to the forest for berries and met an old woman there.

Hello, girl, the old woman said to her. - Give me berries, please.

Here, grandmother, - says the girl.

The old woman ate the berries and said:

You gave me berries, and I will also give you something. Here's a pot for you. All you have to do is say:

"One two Three,

Pot, boil!”

and he will start cooking delicious, sweet porridge.

And you say to him:

"One two Three,

Don't cook anymore!"

And he stops cooking.

Thank you, grandmother, - said the girl, took the pot and went home to her mother.

The mother was delighted with this pot. And how not to rejoice? Without labor and hassle, delicious, sweet porridge is always ready for lunch.

Once a girl left the house somewhere, and her mother put the pot in front of her and said:

"One two Three,

Pot, boil!”

He started cooking. made a lot of porridge. Mother ate, became full. And the pot cooks everything and cooks porridge. How to stop it? Should have said:

"One two Three,

Don't cook anymore!"

Yes, the mother forgot these words, but the girl was not at home. The pot cooks and cooks. The whole room is already full of porridge, and there is porridge in the hallway, and porridge on the porch, and porridge on the street, and he cooks and cooks everything.

The mother was frightened, ran after the girl, but she couldn’t get across the road - hot porridge flows like a river.

Good thing the girl was close to home. She saw what was happening in the street, and ran home. Somehow she climbed onto the porch, opened the door and shouted:

"One two Three,

Don't cook anymore!"

And the pot stopped cooking porridge.

And he cooked so much of it that the one who had to go from the village to the city had to eat his way through the porridge.

But no one complained. The porridge was very tasty and sweet.

Grandma Metelitsa

A widow had two daughters: her own daughter and her stepdaughter. The native daughter was lazy and fastidious, and the stepdaughter was good and diligent. But the stepmother did not like her stepdaughter and made her do all the hard work. The poor thing sat outside by the well all day long and spun. She spun so much that all her fingers were punctured until they bled.

One day, the girl noticed that her spindle was stained with blood. She wanted to wash him and leaned over the well. But the spindle slipped out of her hands and fell into the water. The girl wept bitterly, ran to her stepmother and told her about her misfortune.

Well, if you managed to drop it - manage to get it, - answered the stepmother.

The girl did not know what to do, how to get the spindle. She went back to the well and out of grief and jumped into it. She was very dizzy, and she even closed her eyes in fear. And when she opened her eyes again, she saw that she was standing on a beautiful green meadow, and there were many, many flowers around and the bright sun was shining.

The girl went through this meadow and sees - there is a stove full of bread.

Girl, girl, take us out of the oven, or we'll burn! the loaves screamed at her.

The girl went to the stove, took a shovel and took out all the loaves one by one. She went further, she sees - there is an apple tree, all strewn with ripe apples.

Girl, girl, shake us from the tree, we are already ripe! the apples screamed at her.

The girl went up to the apple tree and began to shake it so that the apples rained down on the ground. She shook until not a single apple remained on the branches. Then she collected all the apples in a pile and went on.

And so she came to little house, and an old woman came out of this house to meet her. The old woman had such huge teeth that the girl was frightened. She wanted to run away, but the old woman called out to her:

Don't be afraid, dear girl! You'd better stay with me and help me with the household chores. If you are diligent and hardworking, I will reward you generously. Only you must fluff my feather bed so that the fluff flies out of it. I'm a Metelitsa, and when fluff flies from my feather bed, it snows on people on earth.

The girl heard how kindly the old woman spoke to her, and she stayed to live with her. She tried to please Metelitsa, and when she fluffed up the feather bed, the fluff flew around like snow flakes. The old woman fell in love with the diligent girl, was always affectionate with her, and the girl lived much better at Metelitsa than at home. But here she lived for some time and began to yearn. At first, she herself did not know why she yearned. And then I realized that I missed my home.

She then went to Metelitsa and said:

I feel very good at your place, grandmother, but I missed mine so much! May I go home?

It's good that you missed home: it means you have a good heart, - said Metelitsa. - And for the fact that you helped me so diligently, I myself will escort you upstairs.

She took the girl by the hand and led her to the big gate.

The gates opened wide, and as the girl passed under them, golden rain poured down on her, and she was covered with gold.

This is for you for your diligent work, - said Grandmother Metelitsa; then she gave the girl her spindle.

The gate closed, and the girl found herself on the ground near her house.

A rooster sat on the gate of the house. He saw the girl and shouted:

Ku-ka-re-ku! Look, people: our girl is all in gold!

The stepmother and daughter also saw that the girl was all in gold, and greeted her affectionately, began to question. The girl told them about everything that had happened to her. So the stepmother wanted her own daughter, the sloth, to also get rich. She gave the sloth a spindle and sent it to the well. The sloth deliberately pricked her finger on the briar thorns, smeared the spindle with blood and threw it into the well. And then she jumped in. She, too, like her sister, got into a green meadow and went along the path. She reached the stove, bread, and they shouted to her:

Girl, girl, take us out of the oven, or we'll burn!

I really need to get my hands dirty! - the sloth answered them and went on.

When she passed by an apple tree, the apples shouted:

Girl, girl, shake us from the tree, we are ripe!

No, I won't shake it! Otherwise, you will fall on my head and hurt me, - the sloth answered and went on.

A lazy girl came to Metelitsa and was not at all afraid of her long teeth. After all, her sister had already told her that the old woman was not at all evil. So the sloth began to live with her grandmother Metelitsa. On the first day, she somehow hid her laziness and did what the old woman told her. She really wanted to win an award! But on the second day she began to be lazy, and on the third she did not even want to get out of bed in the morning. She did not care at all about the Metelitsa feather bed and fluffed it so badly that not a single feather flew out of it. Grandmother Metelitsa did not like the lazy girl very much.

Come on, I'll take you home, she said a few days later to the sloth.

Sloth was delighted and thought: "Finally, a golden rain will pour down on me!" Blizzard led her to a large gate, but when the sloth passed under them, it was not gold that fell on her, but a whole cauldron of black resin poured out.

Here, get paid for your work! - said Snowstorm, and the gate closed.

When the sloth came up to the house, he saw the rooster, how grimy she had become, flew up to the well and shouted:

Ku-ka-re-ku! Look, people: Here comes the mess to us!

Washed, washed sloth - could not wash the resin. And so it remained a mess.

Conclusions on the second chapter

In modern society, in the era of pan-European development, the status of a foreign language as an academic subject is changing. Considering the changed role of a foreign language as a means of communication and mutual understanding in the world community, the modern methodology is aimed at achieving tangible results, that is, it emphasizes the need to strengthen the linguistic and cultural aspects of language learning.

In theoretical terms, the work showed that modern teaching a foreign language is impossible without instilling a foreign language culture in students. It was revealed that most methodologists pay great attention to the current state of the theory and practice of teaching foreign languages ​​with a pronounced communicative orientation, which contributes to the comprehensive development of the personality and the development of spiritual values ​​in children.

Thus, teaching a foreign language puts forward the task of humanitarian and humanistic development of the child's personality. This is facilitated by acquaintance with the culture of the countries of the language being studied; education of politeness, goodwill; self-awareness as a person. The study of a foreign language is also intended to make a certain contribution to the development of independent thinking, logic, memory, imagination of the child, to the formation of his emotions, to the development of his communicative and cognitive abilities.

In the light of modern requirements for the goals of teaching a foreign language, the status and role of country-specific information is changing, presented in such a way as to correspond to the experience, needs and interests of children and be compared with the similar experience of their peers in the country of the language being studied.

Consequently, in modern preschool educational institutions it is necessary to teach a foreign language in close connection with the national culture. A foreign language culture, containing sociocultural factors, contributes to the formation of a communicative personality, as well as increasing the motivation for learning. The sociocultural component is an incentive to improve the effectiveness of student learning at all stages of education.

Introduction

Chapter I. Specifics of teaching a foreign language to preschoolers

1 Psycho-physiological characteristics of children 5-7 years old

2 Problems of teaching a foreign language to preschoolers

3 Formation of the socio-cultural competence of preschoolers when teaching the German language

Conclusions on the first chapter

Chapter II. The structure of the German country studies course for preschoolers

2 Objectives of the training course "Country Studies"

3 Country studies for the little ones

Conclusions on the second chapter

Conclusion

Bibliography

Applications

Introduction

Over the past few years, the number of people learning foreign languages, in particular German, has increased dramatically. The fact that it is impossible for a modern person to do without knowledge of foreign languages ​​has become obvious to almost everyone. The age of students has also changed. If until now the methodology was focused primarily on schoolchildren, now parents are striving to start teaching their children a foreign language as early as possible. Moreover, preschool age is recognized by psychologists as the most favorable period for this type of activity.

In connection with the orientation towards the humanistic goal of education, the cultural value of educational institutions, including kindergartens, increases. There is already a practice of teaching foreign languages ​​from preschool age. But full-fledged mastery of a foreign language is impossible without regional knowledge. Education by means of a foreign language involves knowledge about the culture, history, realities and traditions of the country of the language being studied.

The subject of the research is the problems of the formation of the socio-cultural competence of preschoolers in the German language classes.

The object of the research is a course of regional studies for preschoolers.

The purpose of this work is to compile an information country-specific guide to Germany for preschoolers.

In accordance with the goal, the following tasks were formulated:

To study and analyze the age characteristics of preschoolers and their readiness to learn a foreign language;

Consider the content of the concept of socio-cultural competence (SCC);

Select the content of teaching the German language for the formation of CCM among preschoolers;

Develop a manual for teaching regional studies to preschoolers.

The work consists of theoretical and practical parts. In the theoretical part, we determine the age characteristics of preschoolers and analyze the importance of the age factor in teaching foreign languages.

In the practical part of this work, a brief regional reference book is presented.

The theoretical significance of this work lies in the theoretical substantiation and selection of content for the formation of CCM in preschoolers.

The practical value of this work lies in the fact that these developments can be applied by teachers of foreign languages ​​in preschool institutions.

preschooler geography german learning

Chapter IThe specifics of teaching a foreign language to preschoolers

.1 Psychophysiological characteristics of children 5-7 years old

Studies of the psychological characteristics of preschool age, in particular in the context of the problem of readiness to start schooling, constitute a vast area of ​​developmental psychology. A large number of works devoted to the study of various aspects of the psychology of preschool childhood have been published in domestic and foreign psychology (J. Selley, E. Meiman, A. Binet, St. Hall, K.D. Ushinsky, A.P. Nechaev, E.N. Vodovozova and others), discusses the features and significance of preschool age, differences in the course of mental processes in children and adults; the need for purposeful preparation of children for systematic schooling; the role of family education in preparing a child for school; tasks of preschool institutions in preparing children for school; the content and methods of work with young children in the family and in preschool institutions to ensure the comprehensive development and preparation for schooling.

According to psychologists, preschool childhood is an important period in the mental and personal development of the child. In domestic psychology and pedagogy, it is customary to single out the younger (3-4 years), middle (4-5 years) and senior preschool age (5-7 years). Each age period is associated not only with further development, but also with a significant restructuring cognitive activity and the personality of the child necessary for his successful transition to a new social status- student status. (2,7,14,18,30)

Since the older preschool age is more favorable for the implementation of targeted learning, in particular teaching a foreign language (Vygotsky L.S., Nafikova E.V., Roptanova L.F., Filatov V.M., etc.), it would be advisable consider the features of this particular period.

The development of arbitrariness and volitional qualities allow the child to purposefully overcome certain difficulties specific to the preschooler. The subordination of motives also develops (for example, a child may refuse to play noisily during the rest of adults).

There is an interest in reading. At the age of 5-6 years, the child can already remember something purposefully.

In addition to the communicative function, the planning function of speech develops, that is, the child learns to consistently and logically build his actions, to talk about it. Self-instruction develops, which helps the child organize his attention in advance on the upcoming activity.

The moral development of an older preschooler largely depends on the degree of participation of an adult in it, since it is in communication with an adult that a child learns, comprehends and interprets moral norms and rules. The child needs to form the habit of moral behavior. This is facilitated by the creation of problem situations and the inclusion of children in them in the process of everyday life.

At the age of six, the child is free and relaxed, impatient. “A six-year-old child constantly has a variety of needs that constantly replace each other. Their peculiarity is that they are experienced as urgent, i.e. actual desire. Actual needs are closely intertwined with impulsive activity, i.e. with the transition to action from the first awakening, without delay. The teacher has not yet completed the question, but the child is already trying to answer, the task has not yet been clarified, and he is already starting to complete it.

By the age of 6, a child becomes much more independent, more independent from an adult, his relations with others expand and become more complicated. This makes it possible for a fuller and deeper self-awareness, assessment of the merits and demerits of both one's own and peers. The child begins to realize his place among other people, he develops an internal social position and a desire for a new social role that meets his needs. At this age, a preschooler begins to realize and generalize his experiences, a stable self-esteem and a corresponding attitude to success and failure in activities are formed.

The harmonious development of a six-year-old child is closely related to his abilities - personality traits that provide high achievements in activities, determine the suitability of a person for a particular type of activity.

Many of them are already noticeable by the age of 6. These include cognitive abilities, including sensory (perception of objects and their external properties) and intellectual abilities. The latter provide a relatively easy and productive mastery and operation of knowledge, their sign systems.

The child's cognitive abilities are manifested, for example, in accuracy, the sensitivity of his perception to differences in objects, the ability to isolate their most characteristic properties, differences from each other, the ability to understand difficult situations, asking questions, confident use of logical and grammatical structures in speech (cause - effect , opposition, etc.), observation, ingenuity. An important condition for the development of these abilities is the craving for mental effort, the absence of indifference or unwillingness to mental stress.

By the end of the preschool period, the beginnings of voluntary, active attention appear, associated with a consciously set goal, with an effort of will. Its occurrence is an important neoplasm in the child's psyche. Voluntary attention does not appear by itself from involuntary, but only in the course of interaction between the child and the adult. The first to pay attention to this was the Soviet psychologist L. S. Vygotsky. Each person in the process of his development, with the help of communication with other people, masters the historically established ways of organizing his own attention. The first stages of such mastery fall just on 6-7 years.

Preschool age is characterized, first of all, by the development of the game. The significance of the game for the development of educational activities and preparation at school is revealed in the works of L.I. Bozhovich, S.G. Jacobson, T.N. Doronova, N.V. Nizhegorodtseva and others. In child psychology, various types of games are analyzed: manipulative, directing, role-playing, playing with rules, didactic. The central place among them is occupied by a role-playing game. It is in this type of games that the most significant changes in the psyche of the child occur. These changes are of permanent importance and prepare the child for a new, higher stage of development. The role-playing game integrates and reveals the most significant aspects of the child's development.

For the first time in the game, the most important ability appears - to act in terms of representations. In play, the child, acting with one object, imagines another in its place. The game develops the imagination and thinking of the child, he plans the implementation of the plan, creatively improvises during the game. L.S. Vygotsky wrote that "a child's play is not a simple recollection of what he has experienced, but a creative processing of the experienced impressions, combining them and building from them a new reality that meets the needs and inclinations of the child himself."

The group nature of the role-playing game develops the ability to coordinate their actions with others. The child needs to be able to communicate, establish certain relationships with peers. In the game, the child learns to control himself, his behavior in general and individual actions. Taking this or that role, the child learns the norms of behavior necessary for this role, develops the ability to navigate in the sphere of norms and rules of human relations.

Thus, on the one hand, the level of development of the game is the most important indicator of the development of the child, and on the other hand, the game reveals the essential characteristics of the mental and social development child.

One of the main characteristics of a child's development is the motor sphere. The level of mastery of motor skills is important for the overall development of the child. The development of fine motor skills and the development of fine, complexly coordinated actions are the basis for mastering writing skills at school. Motor awkwardness, impaired coordination of movements can serve as indicators of mental development disorders. Mastery of certain actions and movements, compliance of motor skills with certain minimum age norms is a necessary characteristic of age.

Mental development is the most informative and complex indicator of a child's development. In a broad sense, mental development refers to the development of basic cognitive processes: perception, memory, thinking, imagination, attention and speech. The operational side of cognitive processes characterizes the actions and transformations that the child is able to perform with the information he receives. The content side is the knowledge about reality that the child owns and can operate in the process of solving various problems.

During preschool age, the child's memory undergoes quantitative (allowing him to retain an increasing amount of information) and qualitative changes. Qualitative changes are characterized by the appearance of mediation and arbitrariness. Which are expressed in the fact that the child no longer simply memorizes what he likes, but accepts the task of memorization, uses special methods to retain the necessary information.

Similar indicators determine the development of attention. An important property of attention is its volume, measured by the number of objects that a person is able to perceive, to cover when they are presented at once. A child of 6 years old can already perceive not one object at the same time (as it was at 4-5 years old), but even three, and with sufficient completeness, detail.

By the age of six, not only does the number of objects that a child is able to perceive simultaneously increase, the circle of objects that attract the attention of six-year-olds also changes. If at the age of 3-4 the child's attention was attracted by bright, unusual objects, then at the age of six, the child's attention is often attracted to outwardly unattractive objects. In addition to strengthening such qualities of attention as stability, volume, switching, it increases, most significantly, its arbitrariness, the child's ability to concentrate more and more directed.

The attention of children in the classroom can increasingly be caused by a riddle, a question. And in those objects that attracted him before, a six-year-old child notices both more and something else than before. His attention is increasingly attracted by the person himself, his activity.

Weakly developed in six-year-old children are such properties of attention as distribution and switching. Teachers are well aware of the distractibility of six-year-old children from activities, the difficulty of concentrating on something of little interest, unimportant.

One of the main neoplasms of preschool age is imagination. The main indicators of the development of the imagination are its symbolic nature, productivity, combined with the originality and flexibility of images, the creation of a plan-concept and its implementation.

In an older preschooler, the imagination needs to be supported by an object to a lesser extent than at previous stages of development. It turns into internal activity, which manifests itself in verbal creativity (counting books, teasers, poems), in creating drawings, modeling, etc.

In the development of speech, a variety of components and indicators can be distinguished. These are types of speech (monologic, dialogic, oral, written), and the degree of its development and coherence, mastery of various means of speech activity; mastery of phonetics (sound hearing and sound pronunciation), vocabulary (wealth of the dictionary), grammar (correctness of speech).

In addition, in the older preschool age, there is a rapid development and restructuring of the work of all the physiological systems of the child's body: nervous, cardiovascular, endocrine, musculoskeletal. The child quickly gains in height and weight, body proportions change. There are significant changes in higher nervous activity. According to its characteristics, the brain of a six-year-old child is more similar to the brain of an adult. The body of the child during this period indicates readiness for the transition to a higher stage of age development, involving more intense mental and physical stress associated with systematic schooling. Physiological readiness for learning at school is formed.

The proportions of the body change, the limbs are extended, the ratio of the length of the body and the circumference of the head approaches the parameters of school age. All of these positive changes in physical development serve as indicators of the biological maturity of the child, which is necessary to start schooling.

Speaking about physical development, one should also note his success in mastering movements, the emergence of useful motor qualities (dexterity, speed, strength, accuracy, coordination of movements). In the process of various and specially selected exercises, the hand, small muscles of the fingers developed.

So, thanks to proper upbringing, by the end of preschool age, the child develops a general physical readiness for school, without which he will not be able to successfully cope with new learning loads.

All of the changes described above lead to the fact that by the end of preschool age, the child becomes ready to accept a new social role for him as a schoolchild, to master new (educational) activities and a system of generalized knowledge that make up the foundations of the sciences. In other words, he develops psychological and physical readiness for systematic education at school.

It should be emphasized that these changes in the child's psyche, which are important for further development, do not occur by themselves, but are the result of purposeful pedagogical influence.

1.2 Problems of teaching a foreign language to preschoolers

Teaching a foreign language, mainly English, in preschool educational institutions is becoming increasingly popular in Russia. From psychology, it is known that the most favorable age for the development of speech abilities is the older preschool age. Therefore, the idea of ​​using this period in the development of a child's personality to master a foreign language attracts many teachers. At the same time, there are a number of difficulties associated specifically with the specifics of preschool age.

First of all, preschool age, being on the one hand an advantage, on the other hand, includes a number of problems that the teacher needs to pay attention to. The reactions of preschoolers are spontaneous, emotions overflow, attention constantly switches from one subject to another. All this must be taken into account by the teacher in the preparation and conduct of the lesson. In addition, a child may develop an active negative attitude towards a foreign language, which will have certain consequences for life, and which will not be easy to overcome in the future. Therefore, the teacher needs not only to know his material well, but also to be a good psychologist in order to avoid such situations.

When teaching a foreign language to preschoolers, the principle of oral advance will be decisive. Thus, when explaining the material, only speaking and listening will be relied upon.

The search for appropriate ways and techniques that allow the formation of socio-cultural competence in preschoolers can also present a certain difficulty for the teacher. The difficulty lies in the competent selection of the necessary and adequate lexical and grammatical material.

The following problem is relevant primarily for the teaching of the German language. There are many pre-school educational institutions that practice teaching English. Therefore, there is enough literature on teaching English to children of any age. As for the German language, this language is not as popular as English. In this regard, the main problem is the lack of good and well-developed teaching materials for teaching preschoolers the German language. In addition, there is no single standard of education, in contrast to school education. In this case, the teacher needs to independently come up with topics for classes, select suitable material and build the course of the lesson.

1.3 Formation of the socio-cultural competence of preschoolers when teaching the German language

At present, modern society is faced with the problems of the mutual influence of different cultures and the preservation of the cultural diversity of the planet. The need to develop a dialogue of cultures is increasingly recognized, in connection with this, teaching a foreign language should become a preparation for intercultural communication, since in the process of learning a language, the child will have to penetrate into a different system of values ​​and life guidelines and integrate it into his own picture of the world.

The position on the need to study a foreign language in inseparable connection with the culture of the people - the native speaker of this language has long been perceived in the methodology of foreign language as an axiom.

Vereshchagin wrote that “by finding out the relationship between personality and culture, it is impossible to understand the genesis, the formation of personality in isolation from the culture of a social community (a small social group and, ultimately, a nation). If you want to understand the inner world of a Russian or a German, a Pole or a Frenchman, you should study Russian or, respectively, German, Polish, French culture.

Thus, the subject "foreign language" occupies a special place. He not only introduces the culture of the countries of the language being studied, but by means of comparison sets off the features of his national culture, introduces universal values. In other words, it contributes to the education of the individual in the context of the "dialogue of cultures".

A foreign language, as a new means of communication, is necessary in order to communicate with representatives of another culture. Such communication must comply with the norms adopted in a foreign cultural environment, and for this it is required to master both the forms of verbal and non-verbal behavior characteristic of the carriers of this culture, and the ability to navigate in a foreign language environment, in other words, be able to behave in everyday situations in the country of the language being studied. At the same time, it is necessary to master the means and methods of transmitting the facts of one's own culture in a foreign language.

Obviously, in order to ensure intercultural communication, it is necessary to provide students with certain knowledge and form certain skills and personality traits that will allow them to participate in the process of communication with representatives of another culture, that is, in other words, to form students' sociocultural competence.

Sociocultural competence is an integral part of communicative competence. In addition, it is believed that narrower concepts can be distinguished from the scope of sociocultural competence - linguocultural, sociolinguistic and social competences. However, this terminology needs clarification, which is connected with the conceptual uncertainty leading to the confusion of these concepts in modern methodological literature. The differences between them are found in the nature of the knowledge and skills that the student possesses, as well as in those abilities and personality traits that can be developed in the process of mastering knowledge and skills.

Sociocultural competence includes a body of knowledge from the field of geography, nature and history of the country of the language being studied; knowledge of national customs, traditions, realities, as well as the ability to extract regional information from language units and use it for communication. Sociolinguistic competence includes an idea of ​​the ways in which the choice of language means is determined depending on the environment, the relationship of communication partners, and communicative intention. Social competence is understood as additional, non-linguistic knowledge that regulates the normatively correct verbal and non-verbal behavior of a person as a member of society.

But language teaching should not be aimed only at the formation of sociocultural competence, as the ability to use a foreign language in authentic situations of verbal communication. It is also important to develop in children the ability to explain and assimilate someone else's lifestyle / behavior in order to destroy the stereotypes in their minds, use a non-native language as a tool for learning a different linguistic culture and expanding their individual picture of the world.

As you know, the main goal of teaching a foreign language in educational institutions is to develop the child's personality, able and willing to participate in intercultural communication and improve independently in the activity being mastered. In order to participate in a direct and indirect dialogue of cultures, it is necessary to gradually get acquainted through the language being studied with the history and modern life of the country whose language is being studied, its traditions and culture. At present, the study of a foreign language is becoming more and more inseparable from the simultaneous acquaintance of students with the culture of the country of the language being studied, which includes the culture of foreign language communication.

Of course, it is very difficult to master sociocultural competence in a foreign language without being in the country of the language being studied. Therefore, an important task of teachers is to form students' motivation for learning a foreign language.

To stimulate sociocultural competence, children need to know why they need a foreign language and have a clearly defined specific goal of studying it, and the teacher, in turn, should create real or imaginary situations of communication in a foreign language class, use role-playing games, discussions, creative projects etc. Equally important is the familiarization of preschoolers with the cultural values ​​of the native speaker people.

Starting to learn a foreign language, children want to get acquainted with the everyday life of people in other countries, especially their peers, to get an idea of ​​their worldview, interests, concerns, hobbies. They strive to compare life abroad with their own, and of course, learn to communicate with people who speak a different language.

Familiarization of students with the intercultural component of the language can be carried out using pictures, drawings, realities (stamps, coins, etc.), communicative gestures, videos, country-specific comments, texts different kind. In addition, for the formation of socio-cultural competence, it is recommended: the creation of correspondence clubs, cooking according to national recipes, solving geographical riddles and puzzles; collecting models of cars, ships, brands, toys from countries; placement in the class of flags, symbols, posters. These and other forms and methods of work will help students acquire intercultural communication skills.

At the beginning of learning a foreign language, regional information should be entertaining. As you know, entertainment precedes cognitive interest in the subject, and new vivid impressions help to arouse students' interest in learning.

The main motives in this case could be: the desire to expand and deepen the scope of cognitive activity, interest in the culture of the people of the native speaker - the language.

In addition, the sociocultural component contributes to a more conscious mastery of the foreign language as a means of communication.

Thus, in modern educational institutions it is necessary to teach foreign languages ​​in close connection with the national culture. A foreign language culture, which contains sociocultural factors, contributes to an increase in the motivation of learning, the development of needs and interests, as well as a more conscious study of foreign languages.

The use of country-specific information in the learning process provides an increase in the cognitive activity of students, considers their communication capabilities, favors their communication skills and abilities, as well as positive motivation, gives an incentive for independent work on the language and contributes to the solution of educational problems.

Conclusions on the first chapter

In recent years, the age threshold for the start of teaching children a foreign language has been increasingly reduced. Teaching a foreign language from an early age is a social order and is based on such psychological characteristics of preschoolers as the plasticity of natural mechanisms of speech acquisition, the intensive formation of cognitive processes and the ability to analyze and systematize speech flows in different languages. All this gives the child the opportunity, under appropriate conditions, to successfully master a foreign language. With age, this ability gradually fades away. Therefore, any attempts to teach a foreign language (especially in isolation from the language environment) to older children are usually associated with a number of difficulties.

Successful mastery of foreign language speech by children becomes possible also because children (especially preschoolers) are distinguished by more flexible and faster memorization of language material than at subsequent age stages, the naturalness of motives for communication and the absence of the so-called language barrier, i.e. fear of inhibition, which prevents them from engaging in communication in a foreign language, even if they have the necessary skills.

Learning a foreign language at an early age is especially effective because preschoolers show great interest in people of a different culture. These childhood impressions remain for a long time and contribute to the development of internal motivation for learning the first, and later the second foreign language. In general, early learning of a foreign language carries a huge pedagogical potential both in terms of language and general development of children.

The main functions of a foreign language at an early stage of its study are to develop both the general speech ability of preschool children, in their most elementary philological education, and in the formation of their abilities and readiness to use a foreign language as a means of communication, as a way of familiarization with another national culture and as an effective means of continuous language education, upbringing and versatile development of the child's personality.

Chapter II. The structure of the German country studies course for preschoolers

2.1 The content of the course of regional studies for preschoolers

Early foreign language teaching in preschool educational institutions continues to be popular. Parents and professionally trained teachers are really interested in the early familiarization of the child not only with the national, but also with a foreign culture.

Recently, the attention of researchers (E.M. Vereshchagin, I.N. Vereshchagina, V.G. Kostomarov, G.V. Rogova and others) has been increasingly attracted to the content of teaching a foreign language at the initial stage. Many pay attention to the linguo-cultural aspect in the study of a foreign language (i.e., cultural studies, focused on the tasks and needs of language learning).

In the work of E.M. Vereshchagin and V.G. Kostomarov, in particular, it is noted that “language, being one of the main features of a nation, expresses the culture of the people who speak it ... Therefore, it is possible and necessary to teach a foreign language not only as a new code, but also as a source of information about the national culture of the people - native speaker of the language being studied.

Sociocultural competence is understood as a holistic system of ideas about the main national traditions, customs and realities of the country of the language being studied, which, in addition, allows one to associate the same information with the lexical unit of this language as its native speakers and achieve full communication. That is why the linguistic and cultural direction in teaching foreign languages ​​primarily aims to ensure intercultural communication and mutual understanding between partners.

The problems of developing the content of the sociocultural component of teaching a foreign language to preschoolers were analyzed, for example, in the work of L. Even, who emphasized the important role of a fairy tale in the transmission of cultural heritage, saying that a fairy tale performs the function of "children's country studies", allows the child to better understand the structure of the language being studied, its means expressions, the nature of the thinking of the people and its national identity. Thus, the distinguishing features of "children's country studies" are: simplicity and accessibility of the material, proximity to the child's inner world, and peculiar forms of presenting the material.

Children should form the idea that the language is closely connected with the culture and history of the country. Therefore, it is at the initial stage that country-specific information aimed at familiarizing children with the peculiarities of the country of the language being studied can and should be included.

The sociocultural component should act in the content of teaching the German language to preschoolers not only as an additional material in relation to the main course, but also as a basic material for children to master a foreign language. The inclusion of a socio-cultural component in the methodology of early teaching of the German language begins from the very first stages of children's mastery of a foreign language. For young children, it is important to understand that language is associated with some other way of life, with specific people living, perhaps in another country, using this language. A child, especially a child of older preschool age, is already interested in learning how his peers live in other countries, through the specific naming of an object in a foreign language, he comes to the idea that not everyone is the same everywhere.

The use of linguistic and regional information in a fascinating and accessible form also contributes to the faster assimilation of elements of a foreign language culture by children, increasing their cognitive activity and creating positive motivation in them.

The objectives of linguistic and cultural education in the course of teaching a foreign language at preschool age are the acquisition of knowledge about the culture of the language being studied, the structure of the language, its system, similarities and differences with the native language, as well as satisfying the cognitive interests of students in the field of national, social ethnographic features of the country of the language being studied . Such knowledge, acquired by the child in the form of a set of cultural facts, a system of concepts, ideas, serves as the basis for the development of the student's thinking, and also regulates his independent creative activity.

Thus, the linguo-cultural aspect combines, on the one hand, language teaching, and on the other hand, it provides certain information about the country of the language being studied. In the process of unaccented study of linguistic and regional studies by students, students are gradually preparing for the study of regional studies at an older age.

Recently, a variety of reference literature has been in great demand among children, as well as teachers of a foreign language. These are various reference books, encyclopedias, electronic publications. Therefore, it seems more appropriate to present linguistic and regional information on the course "Country Studies" in the form of a reference book, which will consist of the following sections:

1. Geographic information (cities and landmarks)

Dresden

Hamburg

2. Personalities

The Brothers Grimm

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

· Friedrich Schiller

· Michael Schumacher

Philip Lahm

Miroslav Klose

· Manuel Neuer

· Magdalena Neuner

· Heidi Klum

3. Holidays

· Christmas

German Unity Day

· St. Nicolas day

"Festival of Light" in Berlin

Saint Martin's Day

・Strawberry Feast

Samba carnival in Bremen

4. Folklore

Mastering a foreign language, children get acquainted not only with foreign words and grammatical rules. Learning a foreign language is also getting to know the country of this language, its customs, traditions, holidays, geographical features, sights.

Unfortunately, the current teaching materials for the German language for preschoolers do not fully contribute to satisfying students' interest in the country of the language being studied, its people, traditions, literature, and, therefore, do not support the motivation to learn a foreign language, which is largely based on this. interest.

Thus, the main goal of the course program was formulated - ensuring the assimilation of regional studies material and the formation of linguistic and regional studies communicative competence, which is understood as a holistic system of ideas about national customs, traditions, realities of the country of the language being studied.

The main objectives of the course are:

1. Formation of sociocultural competence among preschoolers;

2. Introducing children to the history, culture, traditions and realities of Germany; comparison with native culture;

Education of a tolerant attitude towards the culture of the country of the language being studied;

Formation of interest and sustainable motivation for learning a foreign language;

Aesthetic education of preschool children.

2.3 Regional studies for the little ones

1. Geographic information (cities and landmarks)

· Berlin

Berlin is the capital of Germany and a center of culture with a unique history. With a population of 3.4 million, it is the second most populous city and the ninth most populous region in the European Union.

After the Second World War the city was divided. East Berlin became the capital of East Germany while West Berlin became a Western enclave surrounded by the Berlin Wall from 1961-1989. After German reunification in 1990, the city regained its status as the capital of all Germany. In Berlin, as in no other city, the past, present and future collide with each other with such force: in architecture, in worldview and in the way of thinking. Berlin is once again experiencing a breakthrough, and in this it is again in its element. There is an fusion of the eastern and western parts of the city.

In every corner of Berlin you can feel the breath of history. And henceforth it will not be otherwise, because Berlin is a city that is destined to always grow and change. That is why today's Berlin is one of the brightest, most diverse and energetic cities in Europe.

Berlin is able to impress and pleasantly surprise any travel-savvy tourist. This city has an endless number of attractions that are unlikely to be explored in just one trip to Berlin.

In addition, here tourists will discover the world of amazing historical museums, will be able to visit dozens of luxurious restaurants and nightclubs. The most popular tourist attractions in the city are:

Brandenburg Gate- Das Brandenburger Tor Annex 1 )

Like the Eiffel Tower in Paris, the Colosseum in Rome or the Tower of London, the Brandenburg Gate is a symbol and hallmark of Berlin. This is the most recognizable Berlin landmark, from which the construction in the so-called Berlin classicist style began. They are located in the heart of the German capital and adjoin the legendary Linden Alley, which connects the gate with the former royal residence, and are also one of the tallest buildings on Paris Square, their height is more than twenty-five meters.

The Brandenburg Gate was built by order of the German king Friedrich Wilhelm II in 1791. Their continuous construction was carried out for three years, and was led by the architect Karl Gottgard Langgans. It was he who designed this triumphal arch, taking as a model the front gates of the Acropolis of Athens. According to the original idea, they were supposed to become a symbol of the world, hence their second name - the Gates of the World.

According to this concept, the main decoration of the gate is the bronze figure of the ancient Greek goddess of peace, Irene, riding an ancient chariot drawn by four horses; she appeared above the gate only two years after they were erected. Napoleon Bonaparte liked this sculptural composition so much that after the conquest of Berlin in 1806, he took it with him to Paris, but eight years later it was won back and took its original place. True, since then, instead of an olive branch, she holds a cross in her hands, and is called the goddess of victory, Victoria.

TargetAnd:

introduce children into the world of culture of the country of the language being studied, correlate it with their native culture;

to form interest in the traditions of the countries of the language being studied and in people who speak English;

to develop in children thinking, attention, perception, emotions, imagination, as well as cognitive and linguistic abilities (phonemic hearing, language guessing);

consolidate lexical material on the topics "Counting" (direct and reverse counting), "Vegetables and fruits", "Family", "Mood", "Food", "Pets", "Movements";

consolidate grammatical structures in games, counting rhymes, songs;

educate children in a culture of communication, teach them to listen carefully to the interlocutor, politely respond to peers and adults, make requests and thank;

Preliminary work:

Acquaintance of children with the traditional holiday of the inhabitants of the USA, Canada and Great Britain, with the life of the indigenous people of America, looking at illustrations, learning songs, poems.

Materials and equipment:

2 coasters with a stretched rope, fruits and vegetables on threads, scissors, 2 baskets, 2 scarves;

real potatoes;

a set of turkeys;

2 saucepans, 2 sets of vegetables and fruits, 2 spats, 2 balls, 2 socks, 2 cubes, 2 pencils, 2 glasses, 2 napkins;

large magnetic board, pumpkins, darts;

a basin with water, a bucket, 2 fishing rods, a set of fish;

treats, cards, gifts.

rhymeGood morning

Today is Thanksgiving Day at Kindergarten. Which countries celebrate this holiday? That's right, it's a traditional American and Canadian holiday. It has a long history. Do you want to look back at the time when this holiday was born? Then, listen.

About four hundred years ago there were people in England who were persecuted for their faith. Then they decided to leave their country. They boarded a ship with the beautiful name "May Flower" (Mayflower) and went to America. They sailed across the ocean for two months, storms gave them a lot of trouble. Finally, they landed on the shore. It was a wild uninhabited place. There they founded their colony. The colonists suffered from cold and hunger, many fell ill and died. But the Indians came to the aid of the settlers. They taught the pale-faced brothers (as they called them) everything they could.

What do you think they taught them?

They taught them how to hunt with bows and arrows, how to fish, how to grow vegetables and fruits. With the help of friendly Indians, the colonists began to acquire pets and learned to grow corn and various vegetables and fruits in harsh lands. The first harvest was so rich that the colonists decided to have a feast. And, of course, they invited the Indians to the feast. And the Indians brought their treat - the meat of deer and wild turkey. The colonists were surprised - they never ate turkey meat, because this bird was not found in England at that time. The turkey was the best treat at the holiday. The feast lasted three days. People enjoyed delicious food and thanked God for his gifts.

Since then, every year on the fourth Thursday of November, an amazing Thanksgiving holiday is celebrated in Britain and America.

Children recite thanksgiving poems

1 child.

Thursday the fourth in November

In Britain, everyone remembers the good.

And what is the accomplishment?

It's Thanksgiving!

2 child.

Everyone thank each other

Kindness is not to be forgotten.

Turkey and pumpkin pie

Like the ancestors in the old days, they eat.

3 child.

And after Thanksgiving

Even more wonderful mood:

After all, it comes in its turn

Both Christmas and New Year!

On Thanksgiving Day, it is customary to dance, sing, arrange various contests. In one of them, I invite you to participate.

Game "Harvest"

The game is played by teams.

Various fruits and vegetables are hung on a rope. The child must come up with his eyes closed and cut off any fruit or vegetable and put it in his team's basket.

So let's see what kind of harvest we have gathered.

Children name the collected fruits and vegetables

The Indians were in different moods, but in their tribe they did not lose heart.

A game " How are you ?»

Since the harvest is good, it's time to feast on baked potatoes. That's what the game is called "Hot potato" .

Children around the circle pass the "hot" potatoes. Anyone who did not have time to pass the potatoes leaves the game or must complete any task in English.

As you remember, the turkey has become the best and traditional treat at the holiday. I noticed in the morning how several turkeys hid in our group. Let's try to find them.

Game "Find the Turkey"

Turkeys are laid out in advance in different places of the group.

For example:

in the drawer of Katya's school desk;

in Liza Zabelnikova's locker;

in Irina Alexandrovna's pocket;

on Masha Kurasova's towel;

under the pillow of Masha Azimova;

under the sofa

on the windowsill;

in Nikita Apanasenko's boot.

Turkeys are real spies. But you and I are also nothing. Remember the spy game.

« Spy Game »

Not only turkeys were prepared for the holiday, but also other goodies. Let's try to cook soup with you too.

Game "Cook Soup"

For the game you will need two pots, 2 sets of vegetables and fruits, various unnecessary items (ball, sock).

Yes, the Indians are very clever and agile! And we have guests - small pumpkins - one of the favorite vegetables of the Indians. Meet!

Game "Hit the Pumpkin"

Several pumpkins are hung on a magnetic board. Children using magnetic darts try to hit the pumpkin.

Song - dance "This is the way"

And now let's go fishing with the Indians, you just need to know the cherished words for a successful catch. Repeat after me:

A game « Fish catching »

To play, you will need a basin of water, 2 fishing rods, a set of fish, a bucket.

Our contests are coming to an end. And at the end of the competition, all participants will be treated to delicious treats. Welcome to the table.

Hooray, hooray, Thanksgiving Day!

Feast

There is always someone to be thankful for. Do not complain, but rejoice. Do not grieve for the lost, but admire the gift. And believe in the best.

We are grateful and we say:

“Peace and Love for Thanksgiving Day!”

After the feast, the children go to congratulate the administration and kindergarten workers on the holiday.

Subject: "Let's be polite" (country studies).

Educational tasks: to cultivate a sense of camaraderie, goodwill, the desire to help friends, a culture of communication.

Development tasks: training of language guessing, verbal-logical thinking, visual memory, visual-figurative and practical-effective thinking.

Learning tasks: Vocabulary repetition: “Good morning!”; Good-bye!

New vocabulary: " Thanksyou!»

Equipment: models of Winnie the Pooh, Cheburashka, Mickey Mouse, Baba Yaga; envelope with flags of Russia, USA, Great Britain.

move classes :

- Goodmorning, children! - Guys, look who came to us today. This is Winnie the Pooh. Let's say hello to him in English, because Winnie the Pooh is an Englishman, he is from England. (Winnie the Pooh greets each child individually).

Guys, I have a question for you: in which country do you live? And who knows the capital of our Motherland? What language do you speak? Do you know that there are other countries such as England, America, France, Japan, China, Germany, Italy. People in these countries all speak different languages. Here we are with you are Russians and we speak Russian. And in France they speak ... (French). I ask several countries.

Winnie the Pooh: But I didn’t come to visit you alone today. My friends came with me: Russian - Cheburashka and American Mickey Mouse. And they brought with them the flags of their countries (we examine the flags of Russia, the USA, Great Britain with the children).

Physical education minute "Head and Shoulders"

Head and shoulders, knees and toes, knees and toes, knees and toes.

Head and shoulders, knees and toes, eyes, ears, mouth and nose.

Sit comfortably and I will tell you a fairy tale that tells about the adventures of friends (I use the models of heroes on the board):

Lived in different countries Cheburashka, Mickey Mouse and Winnie the Pooh. They lived in their own countries and showed children funny cartoons. But one evil Baba Yaga envied them that they are so cheerful and kind, they visit each other, show cartoons to children, and she is alone without friends. So she took, and hid her friends in a dark magical forest. So that they can no longer please the kids with their cartoons. And sit Cheburashka, Winnie the Pooh and Mickey Mouse are in a dark forest and can't get out...

Guys, I have a request for you: let's help our friends get out. And for this we must show our knowledge in English (we repeat the names of colors).

Well done, the Evil Heart of Baba Yaga begins to thaw and becomes kinder. And now, let's learn a good dance to completely appease the evil Baba Yaga. This dance is called"Waltz of Friendship".

Listen to how it sounds in Russian:

One, two, three - on the toes,

One, two, three - on the toes,

One, two, three, turn around

They clapped and dispersed.

Now line up in pairs and stand in a circle (learning movements with Russian text). And now, everything is the same only with English words:

One, two, three - on the tiptoes,

One, two, three - on the tiptoes,

One, two, three - turn around,

clap , clap , step aside .

(we dance, and the teacher sings in English). And now, let me turn on the music and we will dance to the music already (we dance 2-3 times).

Babia Yaga, from such our efforts, became completely kind and let our friends go: Cheburashka to Russia (I place it near the Russian flag), Mickey Mouse in the USA (near the American flag), and Winnie the Pooh to Great Britain (near the flag of Great Britain).

Our friends say "Thank you" in English:Thank you!

And they say goodbye to you:Good-bye, children !» (Children say goodbye in English).