What types of cancer are there. A very terrible disease: everything you need to know about cancer. The main symptoms of lung cancer

Before you learn all about the most common cancers, check out our infographic to see if it's time for you to get screened.

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Despite the fact that this is the most common type of cancer in the world, it is a separate line in oncological statistics.

This disease is of two types: melanoma and skin cancer, which is not - the vast majority of cases of skin cancer.

The most common form is basal cell carcinoma: a tumor that develops from cells in the deep layer of the epidermis. Millions of such diagnoses are made every year in the world.

No one has exact statistics, because skin cancer (except for melanoma) is not taken into account in the total calculations. Skin cancer that is not melanoma is well treated, does not metastasize, and in 99% of cases does not lead to death.

Symptoms of basal cell skin cancer are redness and peeling of the skin that does not go away for a long time.

Often this type of cancer appears on the face. A common method of treatment is photodynamic therapy: it allows you to remove the tumor and preserve the aesthetic appearance of the skin.

Actually, melanoma is an extremely dangerous type of tumor. It occurs when moles on the human body degenerate into a malignant formation. In the world, about 200 thousand people fall ill with melanoma per year, and about 10 thousand in Russia. This type of cancer often and quickly metastasizes, including to the brain.

A doctor is usually treated with suspicious moles that have changed color or shape, grow and bleed.

If there is a possibility of melanoma, the doctor prescribes a complete examination to find out how far the tumor has gone and whether it has metastasized. The mole is then removed and sent for histological examination to confirm the diagnosis.

“If the melanoma has already metastasized, the patient is prescribed drug therapy. In the treatment of melanoma, immunotherapy and targeted therapy are more effective. Some may also benefit from conventional chemotherapy. In order to prescribe adequate treatment, it is necessary to study the morphology of the tumor and understand in which genes mutations have occurred, ”explains MD, head of the Center for Laser and Photodynamic Diagnosis and Tumor Therapy of the Moscow National Research Institute of Infection. Herzen Elena Filonenko.

Lung cancer

It most often leads to death - 20% of all deaths from malignant tumors occur in lung cancer. And only 5% of people who are diagnosed with this disease will live 10 years or more - all because this disease is often detected at a late stage, when it is already incurable.

All over the world, men get lung cancer twice as often as women, in Russia - four times more often.

The main reason, of course, is smoking (men smoke more than women) - smokers have a 15 times higher risk of lung cancer than those who have never smoked. But the development of lung cancer is also influenced by harmful conditions when working in production, where men are mainly employed - for example, in the oil industry, in the extraction and processing of coal, in metallurgy.

Smoking hookah, contrary to popular belief, is also not harmless - it doubles the risk of lung cancer.

Lung cancer usually affects men over 60 years of age. In 2015, 48,000 men and 12,000 women fell ill with lung cancer (as well as trachea and bronchi) in Russia.

There are several types of lung cancer: squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, large cell and small cell cancer, adenocystic and mucoepidermoid cancer. Recently, tumors of several types are often encountered at once. Lung cancer can also be central and peripheral.

In the later stages, it gives numerous metastases - to the liver, brain, bones, to another lung. The prognosis and treatment strongly depend on which tumor is found in the patient and at what stage.

“In the early stages, lung cancer in most cases proceeds without clinical manifestations. The disease is detected in such an early phase of development during an annual preventive examination with mandatory x-rays, or better, CT of the chest organs. The development of the disease can be suspected by a prolonged persistent cough with streaks of blood in the sputum. Unfortunately, often patients, especially experienced smokers, do not pay due attention to these symptoms, ”says MD, head of the department of thoracoabdominal oncosurgery of the Moscow Research Institute of Surgery. Herzen Andrey Ryabov.

In the later stages, there is constant shortness of breath, aching chest pains, hemoptysis, general weakness and fever. Patients often complain of pain of various localization (due to bone metastases, nerve damage). It is not difficult to detect the disease at this moment, but treatment will not help much.
Andrey Ryabov
Head of the Department of Thoracoabdominal Oncology Herzen, MD

The most dangerous type of lung cancer is small cell. It quickly metastasizes throughout the body. If a patient is diagnosed with small cell lung cancer at any stage, treatment - chemotherapy - should be started immediately.

With non-small cell lung cancer at the first or third stage, an operation can be effective - removal of the lung or part of it. Depending on the stage of the disease, this makes it possible to cure from 30 to 80% of patients.

If surgical treatment is not possible for any reason, radiation therapy may be an alternative to surgery: with its help, 15-30% of patients with non-small cell lung cancer of the first or second stage recover.

Radiation therapy may also be given as an additional treatment after surgery.

Unfortunately, in the last stage of lung cancer, the probability of death is 100%. Doctors can only offer palliative care: a little prolong life and relieve the pain of the patient.

In Russia in 2015, more than 60,000 new cases were detected. In general - 12%, that is, every eighth woman will face this diagnosis during her life.

The probability of getting sick increases rapidly after 40-50 years.

Breast tumors are divided into hormone-dependent and non-hormone-dependent. The first type is less aggressive and is better treated.

Breast cancer is also genetically determined - it is much more dangerous than non-hereditary forms. Therefore, those women whose relatives have already been ill should be especially careful in their diagnosis and treatment.

In general, breast cancer is treated fairly well. In the early stages, the efficiency is over 90%. And the survival rate at the first stage is even close to 100%.

According to the head of the breast oncology department of the Moscow Research Institute of Herzen Aziz Zikiryakhodzhaeva, now breast cancer is increasingly detected quite early: 20-30 years ago, only 40% of tumors were found at the first or second stage, now it is already about 70%.

It is not always necessary to remove the breast for breast cancer. At the first or second stage, only the sector of the gland where the tumor is located is removed. At later stages, it is necessary to remove the gland completely, but thanks to implants, doctors can maintain an aesthetic appearance.
Aziz Zikiryakhodzhaev
Head of the Department of Breast Oncology, MNII named after Herzen

Depending on the stage of the disease and the type of tumor, the operation may be supplemented with chemotherapy, hormonal or radiation therapy.

If the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes (usually axillary, subscapular and subclavian), then they also have to be removed.

Today, the procedure is much more gentle than in the 1970s and 1980s: then surgeons immediately removed all the lymph nodes, and sometimes the muscles - because of this, women developed problems with the hand, lymphostasis (edema).

Now only the affected lymph nodes are removed, and after the operation, rehabilitation is carried out: they give loads on the arm, make vacuum drainage. Due to this, women almost do not face postoperative complications.

Breast cancer prevention includes pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Many people believe that oral contraceptives (OCs) increase the risk of breast cancer - doctors agree that this is not the case. It's probably the other way around: in some cases, OCs can reduce the risk of cancer.

By the way, about pregnancy: if a young woman gets breast cancer, she will be able to give birth to a child after treatment. If doctors prescribe "chemo" or radiation therapy, they suggest pre-freezing the eggs. You can get pregnant two years after recovery.

Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men. In Russia, it is diagnosed in more than 40 thousand people a year.

Men over 50 are at risk - they should regularly visit a urologist and undergo examinations, including monitoring the level of prostate-specific antigen in the blood.

In the early stages, prostate cancer has no specific symptoms.

More common symptoms of another disease: this is difficulty urinating, frequent trips to the toilet, discomfort when urinating.

Prostate adenoma is a benign disease, it is not associated with cancer in any way and cannot degenerate into cancer.

But these two diseases can develop in parallel. Often a person comes to the urologist with symptoms of prostate adenoma, and during the examination they find cancer.

In the advanced stages, the symptoms of prostate cancer are the same as those of any oncological disease: poor health, sudden unreasonable weight loss, weakness, bone pain (due to metastases).

There are some specific symptoms that are characteristic of advanced prostate cancer - these are pains in the lower abdomen, severe difficulty urinating.

Prostate cancer is highly treatable. Almost 100% of patients with localized prostate cancer with proper treatment will live more than five years, 98% - more than 10 years. Even when detected at a late stage, there is every chance of living four to five years or more.

The main thing in the treatment of prostate cancer is that for a long time it is possible to save the patient not only life, but also the high quality of this life.

Up to 85% of prostate tumors are hormone-dependent, so they respond well to hormone therapy. Such treatment, unlike chemotherapy, allows you to lead a full life.

Even if prostate cancer is detected at a late stage, hormonal therapy can restrain the development of cancer, and all this time the patient will lead a normal life. Then, when hormonal therapy stops working, you can fight the disease with more aggressive “chemistry” for another two or three years.

We had cases where patients with the last stage of prostate cancer, with bone metastases, lived for 8-10 years on hormone therapy, went to work and did everything that healthy people do. In the end, of course, they needed "chemistry", it gave them a few more years of life.
Nikolay Vorobyov
Head of the Department of Oncourology, MNIOI them. Herzen, Ph.D.

In the remaining 15% of cases, the prostate tumor is not sensitive to hormones - this is a more difficult situation to treat.

Patients with such a tumor are immediately prescribed chemotherapy, the prognosis for them is worse than for patients with a hormone-dependent tumor.

One of the main methods of treatment is an operation, during which the entire gland is removed. Men are often afraid or even refuse surgical treatment - they are afraid that problems with urination and erectile function will begin.

But today, oncosurgery has achieved great success, including plastic surgery and reconstruction of organs after tumor removal - it is possible to recreate the urinary tract and preserve erectile function.

According to Nikolai Vorobyov, most of the operated patients do not have problems with urination, and some men still have an erection.

Sometimes prostate cancer can be left untreated at all. There is such a term - clinically insignificant cancer: it is a small tumor that does not develop or develops very slowly.

With such a tumor, you can live for decades and die from another disease altogether.

Abroad, many men with clinically insignificant prostate cancer choose dynamic observation, but in our country the mentality is different: the majority still do not want to walk with a “time bomb” - they prefer to be treated and remove the tumor.

Colorectal cancer (cancer of the colon and rectum)

Colorectal cancer is almost equally common in both sexes. In Russia, this disease is found annually in 30,000 men and 35,000 women. The risk of getting sick increases after age 50.

In addition to the general symptoms that can be suspected of cancer - unexpected weight loss, weakness, fever - colorectal cancer has a number of specific symptoms.

First of all, it is blood in the stool, a change in the shape of the stool (diarrhea or constipation), pain and cramps in the lower abdomen.

Sometimes blood in the stool is not visible, but there is still bleeding in the intestines - then the first symptom of colorectal cancer may be anemia.

It is possible to confirm that blood loss occurs in the intestines using a fecal occult blood test.

If there is a suspicion of cancer, a person is given an examination of the intestine - a colonoscopy. Bleeding in the colon and rectum can be not only due to cancer, but also due to polyps.

About 90% of them are harmless, but the remaining 10% are adenomatous polyps, which with a high probability can degenerate into cancer.

If during the examination the doctor finds adenomatous polyps, he will remove them. Those who have ever found such polyps need to carefully monitor their health and undergo regular colonoscopy.

Colorectal cancer is often hereditary. In a special risk group, those whose relatives have repeatedly suffered from colon and rectal cancer, in whom multiple intestinal polyps are common in the family. Even if one relative had colorectal cancer, but under the age of 50, this is also a reason to be wary.

Individuals at high genetic risk are advised to be screened for occult blood in stool from a young age and have more frequent colonoscopies.

Treatment of colorectal cancer is complex. First, radiation therapy, then the tumor is removed along with a segment of the intestine, and then, if necessary, chemotherapy is prescribed.

Previously, surgery for many types of colorectal cancer led to the fact that doctors completely removed the rectum, and the analog anus formed on the anterior abdominal wall. This, of course, brought great discomfort and reduced the quality of life, even if the disease could be overcome.

At the second or third stage, 50 to 90% of patients with colorectal cancer can be cured. At the last stage, when the tumor has metastasized, the probability of living more than five years is reduced to about 10%.

Health

The horror and fear that come to a person when he hears such a diagnosis can hardly be compared with anything. This is the number 2 cause of death among Americans, the primacy in this terrible category is occupied by cardiovascular disease. Even with early diagnosis and treatment in the latest ways, he still has the power to kill a man.

Although today there are latest methods treatments, about which nothing was known until a few decades ago, the "cure for cancer" is still something that is still unattainable for science. There are about 100 types of cancer, as well as many causes that contribute to its development, ranging from radiation to various viruses and exposure to carcinogens.

Cancer cells, as well as the direction of their growth, are still unpredictable, and in some cases this process is generally mysterious. Even after seemingly effective treatment, cunning cancer cells can still make themselves felt.

About $200 billion has been spent on cancer research since the early 1970s, with patient survival rates rising from 50 percent to 65 percent.

"We wouldn't know so much about cancer today if basic clinical science research hadn't been funded," says Dr. Len Lichtenfeld, one of the American cancer community's experts. "Basic science tells us about how drugs work and how effective drugs can be, we absorb that information and put it to the test."

Below are the 10 cancers that killed the most people in the United States between 2003 and 2007, according to the National Cancer Institute.

1. Bronchial and lung cancer: 792,495 lives

This type of cancer is the most scary killer people in the USA. Smoking and the use of tobacco products is the main cause of its development, which most often affects people aged 55-65 years. There are two main types of lung cancer: non-small cell lung cancer, which is the most common, and small cell lung cancer, which progresses much faster. More than 175,000 people are expected to die from bronchial and lung cancer in 2010.

2. Colon and rectal cancer: 268,783 lives

According to the National Cancer Institute, colon cancer develops in the tissues of the colon, while rectal cancer develops inches from the colon. In most cases, cancer begins as a collection of small, benign tumors called polyps that become cancerous over time. It is recommended to undergo regular screening to detect polyps before they turn into malignant tumors. Colorectal cancer is projected to kill 51,000 people in 2010.

3. Breast cancer: 206983 lives

Breast cancer is the second most common cancer among women in the US after skin cancer. But this type of cancer also occurs sometimes in men, in the period from 2003 to 2008, about 2,000 cases of breast cancer were recorded in the stronger sex. Usually, this type cancer develops in the channels that carry milk to the breast, or in the glands that produce it. It is estimated that 40,000 people will die from breast cancer in 2010.

4. Pancreatic cancer: 162,878 lives

This type of cancer begins to develop in the tissues of the pancreas, which helps digestion and is involved in the regulation of metabolism. It is extremely difficult to detect it in its early stages, as it often progresses quickly and imperceptibly. According to sad forecasts, this type of cancer in 2010 will take the lives of 37,000 people.

5. Prostate cancer: 144,926 lives

According to statistics, this type of cancer is the second most common cause of death among men after lung and bronchial cancer. Typically, cancer begins slowly in the prostate gland, which produces seminal fluid to "transport" sperm. Some types of this cancer are limited to the prostate gland and do not spread further, which makes it easier to treat, while others, on the contrary, are more aggressive, as a result of which cancer cells begin to colonize the entire body. In 2010, prostate cancer will kill about 32,000 men.

6 Leukemia: 108,740 lives

There are many types of this cancer, but each affects the body's blood-forming tissues, namely the bone marrow and lymphatic system, resulting in the production of abnormal white blood cells. Leukemia is classified by how quickly it progresses and which cells it affects. A type called "acute myeloid leukemia" killed the most people during the period under review (41,714 people). Nearly 22,000 people are predicted to die from leukemia in 2010.

7 Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: 104,407 lives

This type of cancer destroys lymphocytes, the white blood cells, and is characterized by severe enlargement of the lymph nodes, fever, and weight loss. There are several types of this cancer, which are classified according to the rate of progression of the disease, as well as which type of lymphocyte is affected. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is a very merciless disease that is projected to claim 20,000 lives in 2010.

8. Cancer of the liver and intrahepatic bile ducts: 79,773 lives

Liver cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer worldwide, but is quite rare in the US. However, the disease has been on the rise in recent years. Most often in the United States, this situation is observed: cancer begins to develop in another part of the body, and then spreads to the liver. Very close in symptoms to liver cancer and cancer of the intrahepatic bile ducts, which develops in the channels that carry bile from the liver to the colon. This type of cancer is predicted to kill nearly 19,000 Americans in 2010.

9. Ovarian cancer: 73,638 lives

Ovarian cancer is the number 4 cause of death among American women. Average age a woman who is given a similar diagnosis is 63 years old. Cancer is easier to treat but harder to detect in its early stages. Nevertheless, latest research in this area have been able to shed light on some of the early symptoms, which can be an indispensable aid in early diagnosis. These symptoms include discomfort in the lower abdomen, frequent pelvic pain, and frequent urination. The year 2010 is projected to kill 14,000 women suffering from ovarian cancer.

10. Cancer of the esophagus: 66,659 lives

This type of cancer begins in the cells lining the esophagus (the tube that carries food to the stomach) and tends to occur most often in the lower part of the stomach. This type of cancer kills more men than women and is projected to kill 14,500 people in 2010.

Hodgkin's lymphoma

If you are in the region of 25-30 years, there is a danger of swollen lymph nodes. Most often it happens in the chest. A tumor appears, which begins to put pressure on internal organs and interfere with their full functionality. Over time, it spreads to the liver, spleen, lungs, and bone marrow. It is realistic to survive and recover at an early stage of Hodgkin's lymphoma (91% of patients), at a late stage it is also possible (73%).

According to the US National Cancer Institute, people who have had infectious mononucleosis are more at risk of the disease. One of the first signs of an impending disease is constantly swollen lymph nodes in the throat area. Not necessarily cancer can be the cause of this. But this is no reason to ignore the disease. As soon as noticed - run to the surgeon or hematologist.

testicular cancer

It affects the tissues that cover the canals of the testicles from the inside, in which spermatozoa are formed. Late stages may result in metastases in the lymph nodes of the groin, as well as the liver, brain and bones. At an early stage, up to 99% of patients survive, at a late stage - 73%. Make sure the testicles descend into the scrotum. Otherwise, you become 20-40 times more likely to end up with cancer. How to detect a disease? Doctors advise not to be shy and feel the organ. Noticed a painless nodule? Quickly to the oncologist.

Brain tumor

A brain tumor is an overgrowth of auxiliary nervous tissue that begins to put pressure on the entire organ. In most cases, these tumors are malignant. But apart from the brain, they do not spread anywhere else.

Survival:

at an early stage - 65%;
at the later stage - only 17%.

You suffer from a constant headache, nausea, lethargy, loss of skin sensitivity, mental disorders, and so on - contact a neurologist and ask for a tomography.

Source: depositphotos.com

Melanoma

Melanoma is the most dangerous form of cancer. Although it begins with a harmless degeneration of a mole, in most cases the process turns out to be malignant. Cancer cells migrate very quickly throughout the body and easily penetrate into other tissues, forming metastases. It is possible to recover at an early stage (91%). But if you made it to the last, then only 15% have a chance to survive. This is because melanoma often ends in cancer of the liver, lungs, bones, and brain.

Basically, the disease clings to ultraviolet lovers. So do not get carried away with tanning on the beach or tanning salons. Melanoma is also found in blue-eyed, blond, redheads, people with large birthmarks and those with many moles on their skin. I noticed some change with my spots (color, size, hair loss), contact a dermatologist.

colon cancer

This disease usually develops from polyps on the walls of the colon, swollen with polyposis. Colon cancer metastases can reach the liver, lungs, and bones. It is realistic to survive at an early stage (90%), at a later stage it is more difficult (12%). Most often, the disease appears in those who use a lot of medicines and eat a lot of animal fats. The latter are decomposed in the intestine to carcinogenic substances. Those who lead a sedentary lifestyle and do not eat foods rich in coarse fiber are even more susceptible to colon cancer. You can find out if you have this disease with the help of a gastroenterologist and a colonoscopy.

Stomach cancer

The disease occurs on the wall of the stomach. Metastases spread rapidly to nearby lymph nodes, affecting the esophagus, liver, pancreas, and lungs.

Survival:

early stage - 71%;
late stage - 4%.

The reasons are excessive consumption of too salty and smoked foods, starch (potatoes) and alcohol. Also, stomach cancer can occur due to hereditary diseases, gastritis and ulcers. In the early stages, cancer is difficult to distinguish from ordinary poisoning or the same gastritis. We recommend having a gastroscopy once a year. Symptoms: lack of appetite, sudden weight loss, occasional unusual mild abdominal pain.

Source: depositphotos.com

Lung cancer

Most often, the disease develops in the bronchi. The danger lies in the fact that she makes herself known after she has touched neighboring organs or has reached the brain with bones. At an early stage, you have 54% to survive, at a later stage - no more than 4%. The main cause of this type of cancer is smoking. Only chest tomography or endoscopic examination, called the terrible word fibrobronchoscopy, helps to detect it at an early stage.

kidney cancer

Occurs in the tissues of the channels where urine is formed. Metastases spread to the second kidney, adrenal glands, liver, lungs, brain, bones of the skull, spine and pelvis.

Survival:

at an early stage - 90%;
late - 11%.

Causes: smoking, alcohol, obesity, heredity, constant overdose of analgesics and diuretics. In 25-40% of cases, it is detected by chance during ultrasound or computed tomography. One of the characteristic symptoms at a far from early stage is blood in the urine, after which you will run to the urologist without any examinations.

bladder cancer

Occurs, respectively, in the bladder itself. The first symptoms appear too late: when the disease grows through the wall of the bladder, or the tumor itself has matured and begins to bleed. Metastases can affect the lungs, liver, bones. At an early stage, 98% of patients have a chance to survive, at a late stage - only 6%.

Causes: smoking, inflammatory processes (cystitis), bladder papilloma. Bladder cancer can be detected in advance with the help of cytoscopy.

To date, very actual question- cancer treatment. Before considering it, it is important to know what types of cancer exist and which one is the most dangerous to health and life.

Cancer. General information

Cancer is a serious malignant disease that develops from healthy epithelial cells and can affect any organ or system of the human body. To date, the causes of the growth of pathological cells have not been thoroughly studied. Therefore, the more we are aware of the facts known to modern medicine, the easier it is to avoid this or find the right way out.

There is a theory that the appearance of cancer is associated with a mutation in body tissues. But this has not been proven, like other versions.

Causes of occurrence. Types of cancer

Having information about the causes of occurrence can save everyone who, for some reason, is at risk. Here are some common reasons that explain the nature of the appearance of foreign cells in a healthy body:

air pollution;
genetic abnormalities;
nicotine use;
inflammatory processes in the chronic stage;
viruses and infections;
alcoholism;
carcinogens, which are now used in almost everything, and which cannot be avoided.

What types of cancer are there? There are several varieties:

carcinoma is the frequent view cancer that affects the esophagus, prostate, mammary glands;
leukemia - a cancer that is localized in the bone marrow, but metastasizes throughout the body;
Sarcoma is a cancer that arises from the cells of the lymphatic system.

Blood cancer. dangerous kind

Blood cancer is also called a group of diseases of the circulatory system. Among them are especially dangerous types of blood cancer, hematosarcoma, lymphoma, angioma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute monoblastic leukemia and others.

Leukemia is manifested by impaired differentiation and proliferation of hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow. With this pathology, a large number of cancer cells accumulate in the body, which are not responsible for any function, but only slowly poison the body. Leukemia most often affects older people or children under 4 years of age.

Genital cancer. Uterine cancer

Tumors of the genital organs are malignant tumors that can affect the external and internal organs.

Uterine cancer is common among women. Types of uterine cancer affect women from 55 to 70 years old, but there are often exceptions when very young women are examined and they are given a terrible diagnosis - There is a hormonal type and an autonomous one.

Hormonal - this is a "younger" cancer, it happens in women under 40 years old who at a young age suffered from problems with conception, diabetes, hyperglycemia and other problems.
Autonomous is observed in older women - 60-70 years. In such patients, there is a reduced susceptibility to hormones and the absence of metabolic disorders of the endocrine system.

Cancer of the gastrointestinal tract

Tumors of the stomach and intestines are a very common disease. Such species are known gastrointestinal tract:

polypoid - makes up about 6% of all species, and its effect is that cancer corrodes the walls of the stomach. Pathological areas affected by cancer stand out well against the background of healthy tissues;
carcinoma, cancer-ulcer or ulcerative - accounts for about 36%, clear edges are visible, but practically does not differ from a stomach ulcer;
partial carcinoma - has no clear edges, protrudes above the level of healthy tissues and affects large areas of the stomach;
infiltrative cancer - develops inside the walls of the stomach, it is difficult to make a diagnosis;
adenocarcinoma - starts from the cells of the mucous membrane, or rather, the glandular epithelium.

As well as some types of bowel cancer:

adenocarcinoma;
lymphoma;
carcinoma;
leukomyosarcoma.

Types of cancer of the gastrointestinal tract can metastasize, but with timely access to a specialist oncologist, effective treatment can be carried out.

Lungs' cancer. The most dangerous type of cancer

A malignant neoplasm that arises from the epithelium of the bronchi. Experts, having found out what types of cancer are, and having studied their pathogenesis, determined that a lung tumor is the most life-threatening cancer.

Lungs' cancer:

central - the main bronchi are affected;
peripheral - the tumor grows from the alveoli and small bronchi;
mediastinal - characterized by the rapid appearance of metastases in the lymph nodes;
disseminated form - a large number of foci of growth of pathological cells are formed in the lung tissue;
sarcoma;
poorly differentiated. Lung cancer of this type is one of the most dangerous.

What are the causes of this terrible pathology? First of all, smoking affects the occurrence of lung tumors. It doesn't matter if it's active or passive smoking. The very fact of inhaling carcinogens is the main cause of cancer development. The next factor that can cause these types of cancer is contact with poisons such as nickel, cadmium, arsenic.

Heredity also plays a role in the occurrence of a tumor, along with factors such as radiation exposure, poor ecology, chronic lung diseases, and others.

Mammary cancer

What types of cancer do women have? Most often in women, the mammary glands are affected. This disease leads the list of the most dangerous and frequent pathologies. Mostly women from 40 to 60 years old suffer from breast tumors, but the disease is rapidly getting younger, and types of breast cancer that affect young girls are already being isolated.

Most of the neoplasms that a mammologist or the women themselves detect can be classified as benign. These are galactocele, fibrocystic mastopathy and fibroadenoma of the gland. Such cancers diagnosed in optimal timing, oncologists are promptly detected, and treatment is carried out, possibly even removal of the mammary glands in order to avoid a second process.

What are the reasons for the development of pathological cell growth in the mammary gland:

abnormalities in the development of the mammary gland;
alcoholism, smoking and other bad habits are an important factor risk, if we also take into account the genetic predisposition of a woman;
poor ecology, polluted air and poor-quality drinking water;
late delivery can also become a trigger at the beginning of the development of pathology;
long-term use of hormonal drugs and others.

Breast cancer with timely access to an oncologist is treated with the possibility of recurrence.

Cancer Symptoms

The problem is that in the initial stages of development, cancer does not make itself felt, and only early diagnosis will help determine the presence and severity of the pathological process.

The symptoms of cancer are:

rapid weight loss;
long-term elevated body temperature;
a state of apathy and constant fatigue for no reason;
may change color, shape, size birthmarks or moles;
ulcers appear in the oral cavity;
pain increases over time.

In addition to the main symptoms, there are also specific ones. Prolonged wound healing may indicate a change in cells in the body, the loss of their function - cancerous processes. Abnormal discharge or bleeding, as well as problems with urination, may indicate the presence of cancer cells in the body.

Diagnosis of types of cancer

To date, there are many unresolved issues posed by oncology. Cancer species mutate and become invulnerable. For quality treatment, it is necessary to correctly diagnose the disease.

For these purposes, ultrasound therapy, mammography (to identify types of breast cancer), endoscopic method for diagnosing tumors in the stomach, esophagus and intestines, magnetic resonance imaging, radioisotope diagnostics and others are used.

Read more about X-ray examination - the main method for diagnosing oncological diseases.

Radiography is used at the slightest suspicion of pathological processes in the cells. Using this method, you can examine the lungs, colon, stomach, bones. Recently, they have begun to use special methods- bronchography, angiography, which significantly increase the likelihood of detecting cancerous processes.

Cancer treatment

For many years there has been an active discussion and research of drugs for the treatment of cancer. But, unfortunately, medicine has not yet found the only way to cure such patients. Therefore, after the detection of cancerous processes, complex treatment is carried out using radiation therapy, chemotherapeutic drugs and surgical methods.

Radiation therapy of cancer patients: the principle of such treatment is the increased sensitivity of pathological cells to ionizing radiation. After such a procedure, a mutation occurs in diseased cells, and they die. Therapy is not indicated for children, as their cells are still in the developmental stage and are most exposed to radiation. Some types of lung cancer are successfully treated after the procedure.
The chemotherapeutic effect on cancer cells is very aggressive, and the procedure is indicated only in advanced stages, if other types of cancer treatment are already not helping. The dose is selected depending on the weight of the patient, the type of tumor, its position and the condition of the patient. Different drugs are combined to maximize the effect on tumor cells.
Surgical treatment is often resorted to, as it is the most effective and reliable method. Treatment consists in removing the source of pathology. But the surgical method will be ineffective if metastases have already appeared in the body.

Severe and most dangerous types of cancer, such as lung cancer, cannot always be cured. In this case, supportive therapy is used, but the chances that the patient will survive are very small.

For a more complete understanding of each malignant tumor, a special system was developed, in accordance with which varieties of neoplasms with specific features in development, diagnosis and treatment were identified.

Carcinoma

Carcinoma is a malignant tumor that is formed from epithelial cells of various structures. Affected cells lose their ability to differentiate, but acquire the possibility of intensive and uncontrolled division.

As a result, the structure of nearby tissues and organs is disrupted. In addition, carcinoma has a tendency to metastasize - the spread of cancer cells throughout the body through the lymph or blood.

Such activity contributes to the development of new foci of the disease in other organs that are far enough from the primary neoplasm.

According to statistics, about 6 million people are affected by this disease every year. And the mortality among them is quite high - especially in cases with the occurrence of metastases.

Melanoma

Melanoma is a malignant neoplasm that is formed from melanin-producing pigment cells. In most cases, it affects the skin surface, sometimes it develops on the retina or mucous membranes.

It is considered an extremely dangerous form of the disease, since the likelihood of metastases is high. In addition, in the initial stages there are no pronounced symptoms, so it is quite difficult to diagnose it in a timely manner.

In this regard, a person with such oncology seeks help too late, when it is no longer possible to conduct effective treatment.

Melanoma can be detected by systematically examining moles. For example, they change color, shape, or start to hurt - any of these signs are considered sufficient to contact a specialist.

It should be borne in mind that the probability of survival in the last stages is extremely small: at 3 - more than 70% of people do not survive the 5-year period after diagnosis, and at stage 4 less than 10% survive.

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Sarcoma

Sarcoma is a malignant tumor that is formed from the cells of "immature" connective tissue: bone, muscle, fat, as well as the walls of blood and lymphatic vessels.

The structure of the neoplasm itself has a pinkish color with white glimpses. It develops in a fairly short time, while deforming and destroying nearby tissues.

After removal, it can form again. It has the ability to metastasize early, the main area of distribution is the lungs and liver.

This property is due to a more intensive growth of connective tissues in a child. Sarcoma occupies the second position in terms of the number of deaths among all malignant tumors.

Leukemia

Leukemia is a malignant clonal disease that affects the hematopoietic system. A clone can be formed from immature bone marrow cells of a homeopathic type or already matured blood cells.

For leukemia, the initial localization of the tumor structure in the bone marrow is characteristic. In the process of development, the affected tissue replaces healthy hematopoietic sprouts.

For this reason, in patients with leukemia, increased bleeding, hemorrhage, reduced immunity, which is attacked by infectious diseases, can be observed.

As for the prognosis of survival, it largely depends on the form of leukemia. Obviously, with an acute variety, a person's life is significantly reduced - patients at the stage live up to 5 years in 20% of cases. Chronic leukemia allows 60% of patients to reach the threshold of 5 years.

Lymphoma

The initial manifestations are an increase in the size of the lymph nodes of the cervical, axillary and inguinal regions. Lymphoma has the ability to metastasize. For this reason, it is considered quite dangerous, since often the treatment cannot destroy all the foci.

Teratoma

Teratoma is a neoplasm that develops from embryonic cells. In most cases, it affects the ovaries of women, the testicles of men, the coccygeal region in children, and occasionally it can develop in the brain.

It forms as a tissue or even an organ that is atypical for the location of the tumor. In the structure of teratoma, one can observe hair, muscle and bone tissue, in isolated cases more complex structures: eyes, limbs, torso.

Appears due to coordination failures in the interaction between the stem cell and its niche, at the stage of embryogenesis.

Remarkably, teratoma is formed together with a person - at the stage of intrauterine development. And it can appear for the first time at any age. Such a formation is dangerous due to the compression of surrounding structures and blood vessels, in particular.

glioma

Glioma is a malignant brain tumor that develops from glia - a structure consisting of auxiliary cells. nervous system. This variety makes up about 60% of all brain tumors and ranks second among malignant neoplasms that manifest themselves in childhood.

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Symptomatic signs depend on the localization of the size of the tumor. Among the most frequent manifestations, persistent headaches can be distinguished, which are usually accompanied by severe nausea and convulsive syndrome.

Depending on the affected part of the brain, problems with speech and memory, weakness of muscles and thinking, impaired stool and vision, and partial paralysis may appear. In fact, any brain tumor greatly affects the general condition of the body.

In this case, it is even possible not to take into account intoxication from tumor cells - the size of the neoplasm will be enough, which puts pressure on the surrounding structures, causing various harmful manifestations.

Therefore, in case of untimely treatment, the probability of a favorable outcome is extremely small - no more than 15-25% survive for 5 years after the diagnosis of stage 4.

Choriocarcinoma

Choriocarcinoma is a malignant neoplasm that develops from chorion cells - the outer shell of the embryo that forms the placenta. Formed in most cases in pregnant women.

Chorionic cells initially have the ability to penetrate and divide in the body. Their transformation occurs due to disruption of the immune system or failures in the genetic code.

The tumor pretty soon affects the vagina, and abundant yellowish-white discharge is formed, which becomes purulent over time. The situation is aggravated by the fact that at this stage a woman is treated with various antibiotics for thrush.

Such therapy further worsens the state of the immune system, allowing tumors to develop at a rapid pace.

In the future, blood clots appear in the discharge and severe bleeding in the lungs and vagina. The spread of chariocarcinoma into the structures is accompanied by pain.

Classification of neoplasms by localization

Breasts. It is formed from the glandular tissue of the mammary gland. The second most common cancer among women. Remarkably, it can be detected independently when feeling the chest. As a result of the lesion, the nipple, the shade of the breast and the structure of the mammary gland change.

Testicles. It is formed from the tissues of the male gonad. A rather rare disease - it makes up about 2% of the total number of oncological lesions. Such cancer can be easily diagnosed - this can be done by visual changes, consisting in the enlargement of the testicle.

With timely treatment, the likelihood of a favorable outcome is high. In advanced cases, removal of the testicle is possible.

Larynx. It develops from the epithelial tissue of the larynx. Characterized by rapid development. Due to its localization, it poses a great threat, since in addition to general intoxication of the body, it compresses the respiratory tract and surrounding blood vessels.

Often in the early stages it is mistaken for a cold - the symptoms are similar. Therefore, diagnosis is not always possible in a timely manner.

Uterus. It is formed from the tissues of the female reproductive system. The prognosis of this disease is quite favorable - the survival rate up to 5 years is more than 75%. This is due to the possibility of early diagnosis - even in the initial stages, uterine cancer is manifested by bleeding, which provides a woman with a referral to a specialist.

Intestine. It consists mainly of transformed cells of the colon or rectum. Difficult to identify due to the fact that the initial symptoms are similar to a common indigestion. With further development, bleeding, impaired stool and intestinal anemia occur. More than 60% of patients with bowel cancer do not live past the age of 5 years.

Which cancer is the most dangerous? Expert opinion in this video:

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benign tumors 65
uterus 39
women 34
chest 34
myoma 32
mammary gland 32
stomach 24
lymphoma 23
intestines 23
malignant tumors 23
lungs 22
liver 20
blood diseases 20
diagnostics 19
metastases 18
Melanoma 16
adenoma 15
lipoma 15
leather 14
brain 14

Possible types of cancer

Alarming statistics claim that the number of patients diagnosed with various types of cancer is increasing every year around the world. No wonder scientists call oncological diseases a disease of civilization.

Cancer does not occur at once, it is a rather long process, developing over more than one year. For example, with lung cancer, the tumor grows to a size of one and a half centimeters within 5-10 years. A large number of malignant neoplasms are laid in the human body with age. And the diagnosis is made only after many years. The growth time of the tumor depends on various factors. Good body resistance can stop growth, and physiotherapy procedures in some cases can increase it.

A person who has been diagnosed with cancer experiences quite appropriate fear. But he should not immediately panic, as medicine has learned to deal with this disease, albeit not with all its manifestations. Many early-stage cancers respond well to treatment. The most important thing is to monitor your health, undergo examinations with a doctor in order to detect this disease as early as possible.

5 types of malignant tumors

The human body is made up of many different types of cells. Healthy cells multiply when the body needs it. It does this by dividing them. Those cells that are no longer needed die. This is how healthy cells work. In cancer cells, the process is different. They rapidly divide and do not die. As a result of such a violation, oncology develops.

Scientists have described more than 200 types of cancer that affect different human organs. Various types cancers have their own characteristics.

Carcinoma. Epithelial cells contribute to the appearance of this tumor. The colon, prostate, breast, and cervix are the organs most commonly affected by carcinoma.
Melanoma. Skin cells, by their uncontrolled division, cause skin cancer.
Sarcoma. Caused by cancerous connective tissue cells. Quite a rare tumor, occurs less than one case out of a hundred diagnosed.
Leukemia. In this oncology, the cause lies in the bone marrow, the stem cells of which cause cancer.
Lymphoma. It develops due to cancer cells of the hematopoietic tissue. Lymphoid tissue can also be the cause of lymphoma.

In medicine, other types of cancerous tumors are also described, but they are rarely diagnosed: gliomas, teratomas, choriocarcinomas.

Treatment of malignant tumors is performed surgically, using methods of radiation therapy and chemotherapy. The doctor chooses the type of treatment depending on the type of cancer and many other factors.

The operation is assigned to the patient only after a deep examination. For a successful outcome of surgical intervention, it is necessary to identify all metastases. Together with the tumor, tissues and lymph nodes adjacent to it, that is, the sites of existing metastases, are removed. If the stage of the disease is early, then, as a rule, one operation is dispensed with. Otherwise, other methods of treatment, such as chemotherapy, are additionally used.

Radiation therapy methods are used in the fight against distant metastases and oncology, which is afraid of radiation. Cancer cells die as a result.

Chemotherapy is often used in addition to surgery. These are drugs that can damage cancer tissue.

The most common types of cancer

In Russia, among the male population, according to the type of cancer, the following are in the first three places:

malignant neoplasms of the lungs;
prostate tumors;
skin oncology.

The most common cause of lung cancer is bronchial epithelial cells. The tumor grows rather slowly. A person for several years does not realize that such a terrible disease has settled in his body. Therefore, these types of cancer have a high mortality among patients: by the time of diagnosis, the disease is very advanced. This oncology is also dangerous because it is prone to rapid growth metastases. Cigarette drinkers are at risk. They are advised to examine the lungs for the presence of the disease every three years.

Prostate cancer usually develops in men who lead a sedentary lifestyle. Improper nutrition also contributes to the appearance of the disease. Men over 50 are at risk. They are recommended to examine the prostate at least once every two years.

Too much sun exposure causes skin cancer. Cigarette smoke is also carcinogenic. If strange spots and neoplasms of various types appear on the skin, you should consult a dermatologist.

For women it looks like this:

breast tumors;
skin oncology;
cervical and uterine cancer.

Due to its prevalence, breast cancer has been studied quite well and is successfully treated. But only if the disease is not running. As a rule, a woman herself discovers a tumor in herself. If the diagnosis is confirmed, then the neoplasm is removed surgically. Cancer cells that remain in the body after removal of the tumor are given special treatment. Almost all women over 40 are at risk. They need to be examined at least once every two years.

Skin cancer, as a rule, develops in those who like to sunbathe excessively and in frequent visitors to solariums. It is necessary to monitor the skin, and at the slightest change, visit a doctor. Like breast cancer, tumors of the cervix and body of the uterus are well studied and successfully treated. It is found during gynecological examinations, which women need to attend at least once a year.

Different types of cancer determine different methods of treatment. There are many medicines, and scientists are working on the production of more and more.

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Today, a very topical issue is the treatment of cancer. Before considering it, it is important to know what types of cancer exist and which one is the most dangerous to health and life.

Cancer. General information

There is a theory that the appearance of cancer is associated with a mutation in body tissues. But this has not been proven, like other versions.

Causes of occurrence. Types of cancer

air pollution;
genetic abnormalities;
nicotine use;
inflammatory processes in the chronic stage;
viruses and infections;
alcoholism;
carcinogens, which are now used in almost everything, and which cannot be avoided.

What types of cancer are there? There are several varieties:

carcinoma - the most common type of cancer that affects the esophagus, prostate, mammary glands;
leukemia - a cancer that is localized in the bone marrow, but metastasizes throughout the body;
Sarcoma is a cancer that arises from the cells of the lymphatic system.

Blood cancer. dangerous kind

Blood cancer is also called hemoblastosis. This is a group of diseases of the circulatory system. Among them there are especially dangerous types of blood cancer, these are leukemia, hematosarcoma, lymphoma, angioma, chronic myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute monoblastic leukemia and others.

Genital cancer. Uterine cancer

Tumors of the genital organs are malignant tumors that can affect the external and internal organs.

Hormonal - this is a "younger" cancer, it happens in women under 40 years old who at a young age suffered from problems with conception, diabetes, hyperglycemia and other problems.
Autonomous is observed in older women. In such patients, there is a reduced susceptibility to hormones and the absence of metabolic disorders of the endocrine system.

Cancer of the gastrointestinal tract

Tumors of the stomach and intestines are a very common disease. Known types of cancer of the stomach and gastrointestinal tract:

polypoid - makes up about 6% of all species, and its effect is that cancer corrodes the walls of the stomach. Pathological areas affected by cancer stand out well against the background of healthy tissues;
carcinoma, cancer-ulcer or ulcerative - accounts for about 36%, clear edges are visible, but practically does not differ from a stomach ulcer;
partial carcinoma - has no clear edges, protrudes above the level of healthy tissues and affects large areas of the stomach;
infiltrative cancer - develops inside the walls of the stomach, it is difficult to make a diagnosis;
adenocarcinoma - starts from the cells of the mucous membrane, or rather, the glandular epithelium.

As well as some types of bowel cancer:

Types of cancer of the gastrointestinal tract can metastasize, but with timely access to a specialist oncologist, effective treatment can be carried out.

Lungs' cancer. The most dangerous type of cancer

Lung cancer is a malignant neoplasm that arises from the epithelium of the bronchi. Experts, having found out what types of cancer are, and having studied their pathogenesis, determined that a lung tumor is the most life-threatening cancer.

central - the main bronchi are affected;
peripheral - the tumor grows from the alveoli and small bronchi;
mediastinal - characterized by the rapid appearance of metastases in the lymph nodes;
disseminated form - a large number of foci of growth of pathological cells are formed in the lung tissue;
sarcoma;
tracheal cancer;
poorly differentiated. Lung cancer of this type is one of the most dangerous.

Heredity also plays a role in the occurrence of a tumor, along with factors such as radiation exposure, poor ecology, chronic lung diseases, and others.

Mammary cancer

Most of the neoplasms that a mammologist or the women themselves detect can be classified as benign. These are galactocele, fibrocystic mastopathy and fibroadenoma of the gland. Such types of disease, cancer diagnosed at the optimal time, are promptly detected by oncologists, and treatment is carried out, possibly even removal of the mammary glands in order to avoid a second process.

What are the reasons for the development of pathological cell growth in the mammary gland:

abnormalities in the development of the mammary gland;
alcoholism, smoking and other bad habits are an important risk factor, if we also take into account the genetic predisposition of a woman;
poor ecology, polluted air and poor-quality drinking water;
late delivery can also become a trigger at the beginning of the development of pathology;
long-term use of hormonal drugs and others.

Breast cancer with timely access to an oncologist is treated with the possibility of recurrence.

Cancer Symptoms

The problem is that in the initial stages of development, cancer does not make itself felt, and only early diagnosis will help determine the presence and severity of the pathological process.

The symptoms of cancer are:

rapid weight loss;
long-term elevated body temperature;
a state of apathy and constant fatigue for no reason;
the color, shape, size of birthmarks or moles may change;
ulcers appear in the oral cavity;
pain increases over time.

Diagnosis of types of cancer

To date, there are many unresolved issues posed by oncology. Cancer species mutate and become invulnerable. For quality treatment, it is necessary to correctly diagnose the disease.

For these purposes, ultrasound therapy, computed tomography, mammography (in order to identify types of breast cancer), endoscopic method for diagnosing tumors in the stomach, esophagus and intestines, magnetic resonance imaging, radioisotope diagnostics and others are used.

Read more about X-ray examination - the main method for diagnosing oncological diseases.

Radiography is used at the slightest suspicion of pathological processes in the cells. Using this method, you can examine the lungs, colon, stomach, bones. Recently, special methods have been used - bronchography, angiography, which significantly increase the likelihood of detecting cancerous processes.

Cancer treatment

Radiation therapy of cancer patients: the principle of such treatment is the increased sensitivity of pathological cells to ionizing radiation. After such a procedure, a mutation occurs in diseased cells, and they die. Therapy is not indicated for children, as their cells are still in the developmental stage and are most exposed to radiation. Some types of lung cancer are successfully treated after the procedure.
The chemotherapeutic effect on cancer cells is very aggressive, and the procedure is indicated only in advanced stages, if other types of cancer treatment are already not helping. The dose is selected depending on the weight of the patient, the type of tumor, its position and the condition of the patient. Different drugs are combined to maximize the effect on tumor cells.
Surgical treatment is often resorted to, as this is the most effective and reliable method. Treatment consists in removing the source of pathology. But the surgical method will be ineffective if metastases have already appeared in the body.

Severe and most dangerous types of cancer, such as lung cancer, cannot always be cured. In this case, supportive therapy is used, but the chances that the patient will survive are very small.

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Types of cancer

Posted By: admin 04/22/2016

A malignant tumor (cancer) is a tumor that has negative properties and poses a great danger to both health and human life (this feature became the basis of its name). The tumor itself is made up of malignant cells.

A malignant neoplasm is a pathology that occurs in the form of uncontrolled cell division that has the ability to penetrate into neighboring tissues and metastasize to almost all human organs.

Today, cancer processes pose a great threat to people's lives, since the incidence rate is very high, and treatment methods have not been thoroughly developed.

General information about cancer

Malignant tumors tend to develop as a result of mutation of normal cells of the body. In some cases, they lend themselves to uncontrolled division and lose their ability to undergo programmed cell death. In normal physiology, each cell must disintegrate into individual apoptotic bodies surrounded by a plasma envelope. In most people, the immune system is not able to detect the presence of such transformations in time, which leads to tumor growth and the onset of metastasis. Metastases from altered cells can penetrate into any organs or tissues.

Malignant tumors have their own classification. She distinguishes them by the affected organ, and by the type of cells that have succumbed to transformation. The branch of medicine that studies all types of cancer is called oncology.

Types of malignant tumors (cancer)

Carcinoma

Carcinoma (actually cancer) is a malignant formation that originates from the cells of epithelial tissue, it can form on different organs where this tissue is present. Carcinoma is a very dangerous disease, since mortality from it is in second place (after pathologies of the cardiovascular system). In women, in most cases, carcinoma affects the mammary glands, cervix, lungs, and stomach. In men, the prostate, liver, esophagus, lungs.

Today, the effectiveness of this treatment is quite high. The best treatment is considered to be therapy in the initial stages of the disease, and the place of formation also plays a significant role. The more time it develops, the less likely it is to be cured.

Symptoms: Signs that indicate the presence of carcinoma may be different, it will depend on the location of the tumor and its size.

As the tumor grows, there is an increase in swelling at the site of its placement;
Increased bleeding;
Severe pain;
Dysfunction of the affected organ;
poor appetite;
Weight loss and weakness.

Diagnosis: Carcinoma detected in time makes the chances of a cure higher. Today, doctors use many methods for diagnosing oncological diseases.

Scheduled medical examinations for men and women every year, which include oncological examinations (especially after 40 years), fluorography of the lungs and others;
Palpation of unknown neoplasms on the skin, checking of some organs (palpation of the mammary glands in women, by a doctor mammologist);
Endoscopic instrumental studies;
Blood tests, especially for the antigen of squamous cell carcinoma;
Modern methods diagnostics of the whole body MRI, CT, X-ray with contrasts;
Histological examination after tumor biopsy.

Treatment: Diagnosed carcinoma is treatable in different ways and is always unpredictable. What is the exact prognosis of the end of the disease is not exactly known, but big role has a process development stage. Modern treatments include:

Surgical excision of the tumor. In some cases, they produce complete removal the affected organ and regional lymph nodes;
Chemotherapy - taking drugs that have a detrimental effect on cancer cells and can slow down the growth of the tumor;
Radiation therapy is used to treat unexplained formations and is performed before surgery;
Immunotherapy - increasing resistance special kinds vaccines, as a result of which oncological diseases become a target for the body;
Neutron therapy is the latest technique for fighting carcinoma, which uses neutron irradiation of the tumor;
Gene therapy - influence on cell division.

Combined methods of treatment have a good effect, when doctors simultaneously apply several of the above methods.

Prevention: There is no exact cause of carcinoma, which means that it is impossible to determine preventive measures. But oncologists strongly recommend undergoing scheduled medical examinations every year. Special attention should be given to the mammary glands of women, they should be familiar with the methods of self-examination.

Melanoma

Melanoma is a dangerous type of cancer that arises from mutated melanocytes (pigment cells in the skin). Melanoma is characterized by a rapid rate of metastasis and high level complications and mortality. It is not difficult to determine melanoma, because it is formed on open skin. In some cases, the eyes, nails, feet, and oral mucosa may be affected.

Long exposure to sunlight. The action of ultraviolet radiation from the sun, or solarium.
Moles. All moles on the human body are divided into normal and atypical (those that have an asymmetrical shape, rise above the surface of the skin).
People with delicate skin (especially albinos) are considered to be at increased risk for melanomas.
Anamnesis. Having a history of any skin cancer, even after remission, increases the risk of cancer coming back.
Weak immune system.

A large role in the occurrence of melanoma, like any other type of cancer, is played by genetic predisposition. According to statistics, 10% of patients diagnosed with skin cancer had people with the same problem in their family. This feature increases the risk of developing pathology by 50%.

Symptoms: melanoma has the ability to grow from moles present on the skin, in some cases the process occurs on clean skin. Most often it is localized on the legs and back, occasionally on other areas of the body.

The main sign of melanoma growth is considered to be visual changes in the size, shape and color of already present moles or birthmarks, accompanied by discomfort in these places. If a new mole becomes noticeable on the body, which quickly increases and has an abnormal appearance, it should be shown to specialists, since there is a high probability that melanomas develop on the skin.

In more advanced stages, the tumor on the skin begins to itch, crust, secrete various exudates, and new blackouts appear around the main focus. Then all this changes to pain, bleeding, destruction of the skin. Ultimately, melanoma starts metastases throughout the body, and the formation of a cancerous process in other organs and tissues is inevitable.

At the same time, the general condition changes dramatically, the patient rapidly loses weight, becomes emaciated, convulsive seizures are possible.

Diagnosis: Diagnosing melanoma can be very difficult, even for an experienced dermatologist. Due to the fact that the characteristic symptoms of skin cancer do not always appear, for this, doctors recommend paying attention to the presence of moles, and immediately inform specialists at the first suspicious changes (especially if there have already been cases of this type of cancer in the family).

Except visual inspection, the doctor may order a skin biopsy, and a biopsy of the lymph nodes. The final diagnosis can only be made on the basis of a histological examination of the material taken from the pathological formation.

Early diagnosis has great importance in the prognosis of treatment, in connection with which people are recommended to undergo regular examinations. For self-examination, you need to have some fairly simple things (a lamp, 2 mirrors, two chairs, hair dryer).

With the help of mirrors it is convenient to examine the face and the back of the head. To check the scalp, you can use a hair dryer.
After the head, hands and nails are examined, elbows and armpits are checked in the mirrors.
Next, you should check the skin of the neck, chest and torso. For women, it is necessary to check the skin under the breasts.
Use a mirror to examine the back, buttocks, shoulders and legs.
In the end, you should check the legs and genitals.

Treatment: produced by one of two methods - surgical and combined.

Combined is the most successful, since the combination of timely irradiation allows you to extrude the tumor in more ablastic conditions. To begin with, the area of the skin affected by cancer is subjected to close-focus X-ray therapy, after which surgeons excise the tumor with the capture of 4 centimeters of healthy skin around the lesion, as well as subcutaneous tissue and fascia. The formed crater in the skin is sutured with a rare suture or closed with the help of skin plasty.

A negative feature of melanoma is its ability to rapidly metastasize to nearby lymph nodes. In case of detection of their increase, they are subject to complete removal.

Sarcoma

Sarcoma is another type of malignant tumor that arises from connective tissue cells. In the human body, all organs have connective tissue in their structure, so sarcoma can be localized anywhere. According to statistics, only 5% of oncological diagnoses are in favor of sarcoma, which has a high mortality rate. Another feature of this type of cancer is its occurrence in young people (more than 40% of patients are less than 30 years old).

Heredity;
Development from precancerous diseases;
Poisoning the body with carcinogens;
Foreign bodies in the body;
Mechanical damage to connective tissue;
Hormone imbalance in women during puberty.

Symptoms: very often, the sarcoma begins to appear in the form of a growing mass. With bone sarcoma, the patient complains of night pains in the area of the affected bone, which cannot be anesthetized with drugs. Due to the fact that the tumor is constantly growing, the clinical picture is filled with additional symptoms. When squeezing or germination of the vessels by the tumor, the venous network increases, when exposed to the nerve trunks, pain along the affected nerve begins to disturb.

Diagnosis: for timely detection and correct diagnosis, it is necessary to use a whole range of diagnostic procedures:

Physical examination and history taking;
Laboratory research;
Ultrasound, radiography, MRI, Doppler angiography, etc.;
Biopsy of affected tissues.

Treatment: the most best method treatment of the disease, this is an operation. If it is located successfully, then the removal of the tumor does not affect the normal functions of the body and the treatment will not lead to disability. Although quite often there are situations when, after removal of the sarcoma, malignant growth begins in the lungs. In addition to surgery, chemotherapy methods and radiation exposure can be prescribed, which can be applied both before and after surgery.

The combination of several methods of treatment is considered the most successful, but more dangerous way to overcome cancer.

Leukemia

Leukemia (leukemia, blood cancer) is a malignant pathology of the hematopoietic system. The disease begins with the bone marrow, which is responsible for the production of blood cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets). When a cell mutates in any phase of its development, it acquires the properties of a cancer cell, while it does not perform its usual functions and begins uncontrolled division. It only takes one mutated cell in the blood to develop blood cancer.

Causes: The following factors can influence the development of leukemia:

Genetic predisposition - if the family had relatives affected by any type of cancer, then the risk of leukemia increases significantly. Such a contingent is advised to be examined 2 times more often (especially women);
Exposure to ionizing radiation - working conditions that are directly related to exposure. Direct evidence that radiation affects the development of leukemia can be considered atomic explosions at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant and in Japan, which brought out a sharp increase in patients diagnosed with blood cancer.
Taking carcinogens - taking certain medications that affect the blood-forming organs.
Viruses - some viruses are able to invade human DNA and provoke mutations in body cells.
Food - modern food manufacturers use a lot of chemical preservatives and dyes, the effect of which is carcinogenic.

Symptoms: the clinical picture of leukemia is not clear, it is impossible to independently determine its presence, but if a person has several of the symptoms described below, you should consult a specialist:

Chronic weakness;
weight loss and lack of appetite;
Bleeding and swelling of the gums;
Pain in joints and bones.
Symptoms of colds;
Reduced resistance, which threatens the occurrence of infections;
Red spots under the skin;
Increased sweating, especially during sleep.

Diagnosis: to diagnose blood cancer, it is necessary to donate blood for general and biochemical tests. Also, for a clearer study, a bone marrow biopsy is taken.

Treatment: it is necessary to start treating leukemia immediately after diagnosing an oncological disease, because it has properties for rapid development. In the case of blood cancer, the treatment consists of chemotherapy, which aims to kill the cancerous blood cells. Given the general condition and severity of the disease in the patient, apply additional measures in the form of blood transfusion, reduction of intoxication and prevention of infectious complications.