Black magic, or as it is better and more correctly called Aggressive magic, arose at the very moment when people realized their place in the world and began to distinguish the concept of their own dignity. At different times, people showed different attitudes towards magic, including towards magic and witches. During the Great Inquisition, using Black Magic was considered an unforgivable sin. In those days, those who realized and felt the presence of the gift did not even think about how to learn black magic. This meant death for the magician. Later, attitudes towards magic changed and magicians began to be revered as healers and people endowed with gifts. White magic at home began to be reduced to rituals for happiness and luck. And Black magic at home has been reduced to household curses and damage.

White magic for beginners does not require self-sacrifice, unlike Black magic

Magic training

Learning magic and witchcraft is not an easy task, especially if your choice comes down to engaging in aggressive rituals. White magic for beginners does not require self-sacrifice, unlike Black magic. Engaging in aggressive rituals and also studying the real world of damage and curses is much more difficult than learning the magic of water, earth and other elements.

What is the meaning of Black Magic

Many novice practitioners think that learning magic on their own at home is very simple. But here it is important not only to know and understand the rituals, but also to realize your strength. Despite the fact that Black magic is aggressive, among dark practitioners the rule “Do no harm!” also applies, but this rule has its exceptions. If the rituals are aimed at punishing the offender, or taking revenge on the enemy, it is the rituals of Black Magic that will come to the rescue. The only problem is that not everyone can use aggressive magic, but only those who know when to stop and are aware of their responsibility. And learning magic at home is not so easy. Rarely does anyone think about how to learn White magic, how to use White magic. Most practitioners want to learn how to use Black magic.

Independent study of Black Magic begins not with rituals, but with the learning to control energy flows, distinguish between them and give them the right charge.

It is not for nothing that Black Magic is called aggressive, the whole point is that it is based on complex rituals and some of them can not only harm, but also destroy. At the same time, only such witchcraft can guarantee maximum effect.

Rituals of Black Magic

Among the rituals of Black Magic, it is especially worth highlighting:

• love spells;
• damage;
• evil eyes;
• curses.

As you can see, even love magic associated with dark rituals.

Black Magic Love Spells

The peculiarity of Black Magic love spells is that such rituals are aimed not just at attracting a specific loved one, but at enslaving him, depriving him of his will and instilling the necessary thoughts. The person who is affected by the love spell does not truly love, he is simply affected by a special force that binds him to the one who performs the love spell ritual. Speaking about the significance of such an impact, this is the same law that refutes the rule “You won’t be nice by force!” As a black magician, I will not hide from you and reverse side love spell Such a cruel attachment does not evoke tender feelings in the bewitched person towards the one who bewitches. To instill love, you need to try hard. Here you won’t get away with just one ritual or one love spell.

The peculiarities of love spells using Black magic are that they are aimed at enslaving a person

Most love spells are based on the sexual attachment of one person to another. That is, the influence is aimed at generating in the bewitched an irresistible craving for the one who bewitched him, but the craving is based on sexual attraction. If a love spell is not done professionally, its effect practically disappears in the first minutes of orgasm after sexual intercourse, that is, the victim of the love spell for some time realizes the absurdity of what is happening. But then the action resumes.

But don't be afraid. Not everything is as bad as it might seem at first glance. Any person is very sensitive to the manifestation of kindness, love and care. And if the one who makes the love spell has truly strong feelings for his victim, he will be able, with his love and care, to generate real feelings in the soul of the bewitched person, that is, love, the most real human love. If a love spell is performed by a professional magician, he acts so carefully and gently on the subconscious of his victim that it will not cause him much harm.

Damage

Teaching White magic says that you cannot use damage as a weapon of revenge. But at the same time, I always say that the choice of weapons in the world of magic is dictated by the situation. There are certain situations in which there is no other solution than to use damage.

A feature of damage is an aggressive influence on a person with the aim of causing harm to him. There are a variety of damage, the blow can be aimed at:

• family;
• business;
• appearance;
• family;
• personal relationships;
• life.

The most terrible and heaviest damage will rightfully be cemetery damage to death. With such rituals, the goal is precisely punishment by destruction, the physical destruction of the enemy, that is, his death. If the damage is caused by a professional magician, then the victim may not even realize that magic is affecting him. Also, an unprofessional magician will not immediately see the work with the energy of the victim, and if he does, he will not be able to remove the damage quickly enough to save the damaged person from death.

But at the same time, influencing any area of ​​life can lead a person to suicide. Which is also not little. If you are afraid that you will have to answer for such work, you may not even begin; fear and doubts can only harm the magician himself in the worst case; in the best case, the work simply will not give the expected effect.

Evil eye

In principle, speaking about the power of influence, a purposefully made evil eye is no easier than a purposefully made damage. Basically, the evil eye can be divided into two categories:

• the evil eye is involuntary;
• the evil eye is intentional.

An involuntary evil eye is a rather mild effect, since there is no deliberate work of the magician put into it. Such an evil eye is both induced quickly and imperceptibly, and often passes quickly and without any special consequences.

An involuntary evil eye is a rather mild effect

A deliberately made evil eye is classified as light damage. The work of a magician is also present here, but more often such an effect does not carry enough force to cause significant harm. When it comes to beauty, the evil eye will temporarily bring problems with appearance. This may be the appearance of inflammation on the skin, hair loss, sometimes conjunctivitis, and so on. People who are affected by such an influence rarely turn to a magician, more often they look for solutions in the use of medications. The evil eye gradually loses its power on its own, and the person thinks that specialized drugs helped him. If we compare the evil eye and damage with physical impact, we say that damage is a blow, and the evil eye is a push.

Curse

The category of curse should be given a special place in the hierarchy of negative magical effects. A curse is a conscious influence, under the influence of anger or weakness, it is damage, but a special one. This influence is based not on the ritual of causing damage through magical instruments, but on the influence through words. With words and the anger that is present in these words, a person charges a certain flow of energy and directs it towards his enemy. Sometimes this flow is formed consciously, sometimes unconsciously. Removing an unconscious curse is much easier and faster than a conscious one. But even an unconscious blow can become an impetus for a person’s self-destruction. The most terrible thing is a mother’s curse directed at a child (this happens) or a woman’s curse directed at a man who bore him a child. In my practice, I have more than once met people who became victims of just such an unconscious, but very strong curse.

Do you want to become a magician? We will tell you how to learn magic at home, and even without the help of a mentor. You will learn what qualities a person who practices witchcraft should develop in himself. You need to know this before you master magic and gain the opportunity to control powerful forces that can change your life and the destinies of other people.

Have you ever wondered why the same magical rituals work for some people and do not help others at all? The thing is that it is not enough to learn and mutter a couple of spells to achieve the desired effect. Like any other science, magic needs to be learned.

7 qualities of a true magician

You will definitely need to develop these character traits if you want to master magic at the professional level. Without these qualities, the magician will not be able to advance beyond simple love spells, hexes, etc. By the way, “black” magic is the easiest way to learn; evil spirits help a lot in such matters. If your ambitions go beyond “village” magic, then be sure to develop the following abilities:

1. Willpower. This is the basis of practical magic. A magician without a strong will is not capable of any outstanding magical actions. To develop willpower, start small. For example, try to complete tedious tasks on time, but useful work. Avoid sweets and starchy foods if you are addicted to these foods and want to lose weight. Strictly fulfill your obligations, do not invent excuses.

2. Ability to concentrate. If you are an absent-minded person, then you will not get far in magic. You need to learn to fully concentrate on the task you are doing. Fortunately, you can practice concentration anywhere and everywhere - when you read the morning newspaper, wash the dishes, do housework. Try to focus on one thing and don't allow yourself to be distracted. It will be difficult at first, but over time you will develop the ability to concentrate.

3. Courage. Due to the nature of his work, a magician has to interact with the other world; sometimes mystical things happen in his life. If the possibility of seeing a ghost, coming into contact with otherworldly forces, or even scares you out of your wits, then it is better for you not to practice magic. Unfortunately, there are no exercises that can help you learn courage. But this quality can be “grow” in yourself.

4. Awareness of responsibility. Magic abilities- this is a huge responsibility! As your power grows, you will realize that you can make dramatic changes in your life and in the lives of others. A magician must not give in to emotions. If ordinary person in the heat of a quarrel, he says to his opponent “so you die!”, then nothing terrible will happen. If a magician does this, he can cause colossal harm to his opponent. You must always remember this and learn responsibility.

5. Tendency to experiment. Of course, experiments involve certain risks. But if the magicians of the past had never experimented, then magic would not have existed at all! In short, if a conspiracy or ritual “doesn’t work,” then you can always try to change it slightly or use another ritual.

6. Ability to learn. A true magician never ceases to “improve his skills.” Not a single sorcerer can say about himself that he has reached the heights of mastery.

7. Sense of humor. Magic is a very serious science that requires a responsible attitude. A practicing sorcerer will very quickly exhaust his powers if he treats his activities like a sapper minefield. Besides, even a magician can make mistakes. The best remedy from stress - learn to laugh at your failures. Develop it in yourself.

Listen to the world

The magician draws his powers from the natural elements - fire, water, earth and air. A resident of a modern metropolis has extremely limited contacts with nature. Unlike an ordinary city dweller, a magician must have “natural recharge.” Take walks more often, get out of town for a couple of days.

It will be just perfect if you can afford to take a walk in the forest at least once a month. The forest is a sacred place for any magician; it is here that unity with nature occurs in full. Trees and plants were worshiped by Celtic Druids and Slavic Magi, sorcerers of France and magicians of eastern countries.

Get out into nature whenever you have to perform an important magical ritual. Two or three days before the ceremony, try to reduce communication with people to a minimum. Instead, communicate with Mother Nature, ask her for help and support. Walk in the park, look at the stars, swim in the river, if the weather permits, meditate.

Don't waste your energy!

Ordinary people waste their strength and energy on a variety of things. More precisely, they “squander” them completely incompetently. Discussion of politics or the latest gossip, fuss over unimportant matters, squabbles with neighbors... All these seemingly insignificant events deprive a person of the energy so necessary to perform magical ceremonies.

Is it worth saying that only the person who conserves his strength and does not waste his time on such trifles can master magic? First of all, you need to get rid of such negative qualities as envy, jealousy and resentment. A true magician has no one to envy, since he himself is the creator of his life. And by being angry with someone, you are wasting your energy. And then, if you really want to “annoy” your offender, then you can send damage to him.

Start with meditation

This exercise will help you collect the universal energy prana, which magicians use to perform rituals and ceremonies (and the most capable - for telepathic communication). Sit comfortably, place your palms on the Manipura chakra - in the solar plexus area. Relax, try to free your mind from extraneous thoughts.

Begin to monitor your breathing, count each inhalation-exhalation cycle. If you get confused or distracted, start counting again. When you reach the number “100”, you can move on to the next stage.

Imagine that you are surrounded by a cloud of energy emanating from the Universe. This energy is absorbed by every cell of your body and then moves to the solar plexus area. You can imagine energy-prana in the form of rays of light or, for example, in the form of running ants. After a while, you will really be able to feel the movement of energy and its warmth. Continue accumulating prana for 5..10 minutes and then complete the exercise.

Many people, especially in adolescence, dream of having supernatural powers. A person grows up reading numerous fairy tales and films about magic, which gives him an incredible desire to learn how to do magic.

Magic for beginners really exists, and almost anyone can learn to cast magic.

The most popular is white magic, the spells of which are aimed for the benefit of a person. Through the forces of light, it is possible to heal a sick person, attract luck to an unlucky person, improve their financial condition and make their family happy.

Black magic is used only by incredibly powerful dark magicians who have renounced the church and faith, and have dedicated their lives to the use of forbidden powers. Through such witchcraft, many problems can be solved - money, love, career, but you will have to pay for everything in this life. You never know when retribution will overtake the dark magician.

Light sorcerers direct their powers for the benefit of man, dark sorcerers direct their powers to his detriment.

All practical magic has light foundations. White witchcraft originated in the era of paganism, when it was customary to worship several gods, spirits and natural elements. Paganism is still gaining popularity today. So, in order to learn magic, you need to learn how to control the elements.

Where does training begin?

Many of modern people Having learned that they can learn to master magic, they immediately pronounce the verb “I want!”, while completely unaware of what will be required of them. In order to learn how to master magic, first of all you need to believe in yourself and your strength. Only faith can lead learning to a positive result. No one can learn magic without faith. Next important point- this is the will of the learner. And the last one is his imagination. So, before you start casting magic, you should learn to master the three above aspects.

During the ritual, it is absolutely unacceptable for novice magicians to be distracted by extraneous factors, so they should practice in quiet and remote places where no one can interfere. At the moment of distraction from performing a magical act, something irreparable can happen. In addition, a person should get rid of the feeling of fear, learn to draw energy from foreign objects, receive necessary information and learn to meditate.

Difficulties in mastering light witchcraft

Many people wonder how to learn to use the magic of natural elements, because it lies at the basis of light witchcraft. Teaching practice shows that mastering such skills comes down to memorizing numerous spells. Thus, white magic represents an inextricable connection between the performer and higher powers. At the moment of its development, the teacher is the mediator. Instead of the word “I want”, a novice magician should devote a long time to studying different situations, searching for multiple answers and in various ways their decisions.

The second point is to learn to suppress fear. White magic does not accept the participation of fear in witchcraft, since it can be directed by evil forces against him. Positive side light magic - using the energy of natural elements. Practical magic sucks a large amount of energy from a person, so it is recommended to supplement it with energy from water, fire, earth, metal, air and other substances.

It is completely unacceptable to draw energy from living beings and people.

The use of living energy can lead to the transformation of a novice magician into an energy vampire. Other energy sources are strong human feelings. However, this practice is very dangerous - you can burn yourself.

I want to be a dark magician - is it dangerous?

Is it possible to learn black magic? Black magic practice is extremely dangerous not only for the victims, but also for the performer. It is important to know that dark spells facilitate contact between the magician and evil spirits - devils, demons and others. After a while, evil forces begin to control the magician, especially if the latter is weak or a beginner.

In order to start witchcraft from a dark point of view, it is necessary to renounce faith and excommunicate from the Church. This procedure is performed at midnight on the first day of the waning moon. Of course, excommunication from the Church will leave an extremely negative imprint on a person. To continue learning magic, it is necessary to master all phases of the Moon, since dark forces are most powerful on the days of the waning Moon.

It is very important to understand that black witchcraft practice will bind a person forever and there will be no turning back.

After excommunication, a follower of dark witchcraft must be initiated into black magic. Initiation is carried out on the full moon at night by reciting a spell. All dark rituals are performed near an altar with a pentagram and an inverted crucifix. Most often, candles and personal belongings of the victims are used. Rituals are cemented with blood.

Black magic is stronger than white magic, and can be used not to harm a person. But all spells are aimed at suppressing the will of the victim. And dealing with its consequences is much more difficult.

The world of the mysterious has been attractive to humanity at all times. Control the elements and destinies, subjugate people and events, dominate, get what you want with a wave of your hand, become omnipotent and omnipotent, learn the secrets of nature and the beyond - who wouldn’t want this? Strange question, isn't it? And that is why to this day they arouse keen interest all over the world.

Awareness of responsibility

Remember the biblical expression that knowledge “multiplies sorrow”? In our case, when discussing how to learn magic, let’s paraphrase it somewhat. Knowledge related to the occult greatly increases a person’s sense of responsibility for his every step and action, for every action. After all, magic is, first of all, power. And it must be managed wisely.

Many people think about how to learn magic in order to get a loved one, great wealth, and easily deal with ill-wishers. Which wonderful life, it would seem, then it will come! Alas, this point of view is too superficial and short-sighted. After all, you have to pay for everything, including secret knowledge. More precisely, for their use.

Knowing how to learn practical magic, not all people can resist the temptation to use it for not very plausible purposes or to avoid looking into places where the human eye and consciousness should not go at all. In this case, the Law of Karma may turn on, and not only the curious person will suffer, but many representatives of his family, close and loved ones. Therefore, when trying to find out how to learn magic, first of all think about whether you have enough endurance, seriousness, a cold, sober mind and basic decency to carry this heavy burden of knowledge with dignity. For for a real practicing magician the same covenant applies as for a doctor: “Do no harm!”

Elemental magic

Modern man, more or less knowledgeable about history earthly civilization, remembers how in pagan times people deified the forces and elements of nature. It was believed that they were controlled by spirits who could help in witchcraft. Those energies that 4 possess essential element- water, earth, fire, air - are truly limitless in their power. Primitive shamans and medieval alchemists were able to subjugate the forces of nature and put them at the service of their own needs. And with their help they did the seemingly impossible. Causing a thunderstorm, taming a typhoon, incinerating from a distance - these are not fairy tales, but the very “miracles” that magicians associated with the elements are capable of. In order to manage them, it is important for you to remember several universal rules.

Firelord: Step One

How to learn fire magic?

• In addition to special knowledge, you must absolutely firmly believe in yourself, in your capabilities and in the fact that you are achieving the desired result (without faith, any knowledge is dead).
• Be able to do it, that is, give your thoughts and desires a strong energy impulse.
• Have a well-developed imagination, visualize the development of events that you need.

First, try to develop your skills in these areas. And only then can you move on to the next stage of how to learn the magic of fire, air, etc. This is the first step that brings you closer to your desired goal - getting closer to the elements.

Firelord: Step Two

The next stage that initiates of the occult sciences go through is establishing direct contact with the elements. How should this happen? In the case of fire, do this: when left alone in the room, light a candle. First, just look at the flame, absorb its warmth, study the shades of the glow, feel the element the way you feel someone close to you. You must tune in to the fire, just as a receiver's antenna tunes to radio waves. Feel the vibrations of the flame. This is necessary especially in cases where you are interested in how to learn magic at home, on your own, and not under the guidance of a mentor.

The element of fire is all-consuming, cleansing and destroying at the same time. Subdue her, tame your fear of her - then everything will work out for you. Stretch your hands as close to the flame as possible. Closing your eyes, imagine how you merge with the fire, become one, how it begins to live inside you. When you feel complete identity, cast a spell, putting into it the maximum of your will, desire, and faith. Its text can be different - read from books or invented by you. For example: “Sacred fire, eternal source of warmth and light, enemy of darkness, spark of life and renewal! Give me knowledge of the truth, illuminate the path of life, become a reliable companion in business, so that I can conquer unconquered spheres! So be it, my word is strong and tenacious!”

Lord of the Waters

Let's move on to the next stage with the elements and talk about how to learn to master water magic. To some extent it is similar to the previous one. Water is the source of life and energy information. With its help it is good to remove negativity, because it is the first purifier not only of the body, but also of the soul. Water is also an almighty healer, especially holy water. Therefore, almost all healers and healers charm her for a variety of needs: for beauty and the attention of others, for love, repayment of debts, for death - yes, and they also do such dirty tricks.

Where should you start when joining water element? Perhaps from contemplation, from an attempt to find in oneself some similarity with its eternal fluidity and renewal. No wonder Leo Tolstoy noticed that a person is like a river: always the same and every moment different. And you should turn to the elements with the following spell: “Smooth transparent sea boundless, the fundamental principle of all living things, become my help, give me the strength to conquer the rebellious! So be it, my word is strong and tenacious!” As already written, in order to achieve real results, you must work hard on yourself!

Perseverance and determination

Even if you know how to learn how to use magic, you shouldn’t think that you will succeed the first time. Only long, persistent training, using all your mental strength, will ultimately lead to desired result. It is important to achieve harmony with at least one element. Then it will become simpler and easier to interact with other forces of nature. And your power will truly be limitless.

Magic white and black

Let’s assume that you are a good person, you don’t accept evil by definition, you want to do magic, but you don’t want to have anything to do with dark forces. That is, you are concerned about how to learn white magic. Alas, we will disappoint. Magic - and the synonym is the word “witchcraft” - is only one, and whether it is black or white depends on who uses it and for what.

Using rituals and conspiracies, sorcerers and healers, shamans and sorcerers turn to “that” world, to demonic forces. And even if Christian symbols are used - prayers and icons - the texts of the spells and the actions of the sorcerer themselves have far from religious significance. After all, all these rituals are associated with paganism, communication with the dead, spirits, and the use of energy on a completely different plane than human energy.

Why the magician needs them is another matter. If it is to treat the sick, remove damage, love spells, to improve the life of someone who turned to him for help (but not to the detriment of others!) - yes, such magic has a positive effect. In a different situation, the occultist spoils his karma so much that his soul will have to pay for everything over the course of many reincarnations.

What to study, how to study

Along the way, the following question arises: “If damage, love spells, spells and curses are bad, then should an esotericist know this, does he need such magic?” How to learn to cast magic - yes, you should know! And be able to. Otherwise, he will never be able to fight evil, no matter what forms it appears in. Without mastering the love spell technique, you cannot remove it. Getting acquainted only in theory with the cemetery will never help the patient save his life. And so it is in every matter connected with “that” world. However, being able to do this does not mean practicing! You should hone your skills only by good deeds and actions. And under no circumstances even think about how to quickly learn magic. This matter is so delicate and complex, multifaceted, that it does not tolerate fuss. As well as serving the muses.

Talents and inclinations

In any type of activity, there are two types of attitude towards one’s work: amateur and professional. For those who are thinking about how to learn to master magic, the first is unacceptable. However, magic, by and large, requires talent, inclinations, and a special gift from a person. Mozarts and Salieris are not only in art. If a person is not marked by anything significant from birth, then you can memorize the texts of conspiracies by heart, know by heart all the subtleties magical rituals, but you will never become a true sorcerer.

Magic, more than any other area of ​​application of our strength and knowledge, requires dedication, discipline, hard work, responsibility and Talent. Yes, Talent with a capital T. A true healer must combine the genius of Mozart with the hard work of Salieri. Only then will he be able to achieve something.

And finally a few practical advice. The most correct way to learn magic is to find a master who would pass on his knowledge to you. These can be village “grandmothers” and “grandfathers” who inherit their power and join the sacraments from representatives of their own clan (they receive it by inheritance) or other practicing magicians. First-hand information, as well as practical lessons, can become an invaluable treasure for you on the path to mastering this complex science. And, what is very important, only a practicing healer will tell you and teach you not only magical wisdom, but also how to protect yourself from negativity when communicating with “dark forces.”

Naturally, try to purchase specialized literature, preferably publications from the beginning of the last century or even older. There you will find texts of spells, descriptions of rites and rituals, explanations of how to use magical objects, talismans, etc. Why ancient books? Because their contents are the fruit of the work of ethnographers and folklore collectors. In modern publications, such information is very doubtful.

Explore lunar calendar, learn to use it. Read prayers, delve into their texts, study religious symbols. Try to broaden your horizons as much as possible. Also, be observant, develop intuition, listen and take a closer look at what is happening around you. When a person takes the path of practicing magic, the world around us starts giving him hints.

One way or another, magic is present in the world around us and in the people themselves. Therefore, with great desire and perseverance, you can learn to use magic. What needs to be done in order to master magic?

• The best place to start is with theoretical foundations. There are a large number of books that will help you master white, black or other types of magic. Recently, video tutorials on some magical techniques have begun to appear, as well as courses, by signing up for which you can learn a lot of new things. And all this under the guidance of an experienced magician.
• By the way, a wonderful way is to become a student of a magician. The method of transferring magical knowledge from teacher to student is not only the most ancient, but also the most effective.
• In order to become a magician, you need dedication and a strong belief in your success.
• In addition, you need to train your concentration skills and willpower. The best way to do this is to start with meditation.

One of the most interesting areas of magic is the magic of the elements. In order to master the magic of the elements, you need to immerse yourself in the chosen element and become part of it.

How to master water magic?

Water is a truly magical substance that can bring both life and death. Try to understand water. Step into it, relax, let it flow through you, become water. Now that you feel like water, you can increase your strength: imagine yourself as a stormy river or waterfall. Remember this feeling and learn to evoke it. Now you can begin to practice causing ripples on the surface of the water or changing its temperature.

How to master ice magic?

Ice is frozen water. If you managed to master water magic, then ice magic is the next step. Concentrate your energy on changing the temperature of the water, clear your head of extraneous thoughts, and calm down.

How to master fire magic?

At the first stage, it is important to feel your unity with the flame. A large fire in a secluded place is good for this. Look at the fire, absorb it, immerse yourself in it. When you realize that you have completely dissolved in it, imagine long tongues of flame rising from the fire. Try to control them, put out the fire or, conversely, rekindle it. After the fire, you can practice with a candle, and soon the flame will appear out of nowhere at your request. The main thing is perseverance and self-confidence.

How to master air magic?

Air magic is beautiful, free and very powerful. Air surrounds us everywhere, it is life itself.

First you need to learn how to breathe correctly, consciously, feeling every molecule of air and realizing its power and importance. Learn to feel the wind, perceive any air movement as the movement of a living creature. Try to evoke the feeling of wind in enclosed spaces and gradually direct it in the direction you want.

Remember that there are conspiracies and spells that will help you speed up the process of subjugating the elements. More useful tips Read about how to master magic in these articles.