The concept of radio electronics. Stages of development of radio engineering and electronics Basic principles of information transmission and reception

History and development of radio engineering

The subject of electronic engineering is the theory and practice of using electronic, ionic and semiconductor devices in devices, systems and installations for various areas of the national economy. The flexibility of electronic equipment, high speed, accuracy and sensitivity open up new opportunities in many branches of science and technology.

Radio (from the Latin “radiare” - to emit, emit rays) -

1). A method of wirelessly transmitting messages over a distance using electromagnetic waves (radio waves), invented by the Russian scientist A.S. Popov in 1895;

2). The field of science and technology associated with the study of the physical phenomena underlying this method and its use in communications, broadcasting, television, location, etc.

Radio, as mentioned above, was discovered by the great Russian scientist Alexander Stepanovich Popov. The date of invention of radio is considered to be May 7, 1895, when A.S. Popov made a public report and demonstration of the operation of his radio receiver at a meeting of the Physics Department of the Russian Physical-Chemical Society in St. Petersburg.

The development of electronics after the invention of radio can be divided into three stages: radiotelegraph, radio engineering and the stage of electronics itself.

During the first period (about 30 years), radiotelegraphy developed and the scientific foundations of radio engineering were developed. In order to simplify the design of a radio receiver and increase its sensitivity, intensive development and research was carried out in different countries on various types of simple and reliable detectors of high-frequency oscillations - detectors.

In 1904, the first two-electrode lamp (diode) was built, which is still used as a detector of high-frequency oscillations and a rectifier of technical frequency currents, and in 1906 a carborundum detector appeared.

A three-electrode lamp (triode) was proposed in 1907. In 1913, a circuit for a lamp regenerative receiver was developed and continuous electrical oscillations were obtained using a triode. New electronic generators made it possible to replace spark and arc radio stations with tube ones, which practically solved the problem of radiotelephony. The introduction of vacuum tubes into radio engineering was facilitated by the First World War. From 1913 to 1920, radio technology became tube technology.

The first radio tubes in Russia were made by N.D. Papaleksi in 1914 in St. Petersburg. Due to the lack of perfect pumping, they were not vacuum, but gas-filled (with mercury). The first vacuum receiving and amplifying tubes were manufactured in 1916 by M.A. Bonch-Bruevich. Bonch-Bruevich in 1918 led the development of domestic amplifiers and generator radio tubes at the Nizhny Novgorod Radio Laboratory. Then the first scientific and radio engineering institute was created in the country with a broad program of action, which attracted many talented scientists and young radio engineering enthusiasts to work in the field of radio. The Nizhny Novgorod laboratory became a true forge of radio specialists; many areas of radio engineering were born in it, which later became independent sections of radio electronics.

In March 1919, serial production of the RP-1 electron tube began. In 1920, Bonch-Bruevich completed the development of the world's first generator lamps with a copper anode and water cooling with a power of up to 1 kW, and in 1923 - with a power of up to 25 kW. At the Nizhny Novgorod radio laboratory O.V. Losev in 1922 discovered the possibility of generating and amplifying radio signals using semiconductor devices. He created a tubeless receiver - the Kristadin. However, in those years, methods for producing semiconductor materials were not developed, and his invention did not become widespread.

During the second period (about 20 years), radiotelegraphy continued to develop. At the same time, radiotelephony and radio broadcasting were widely developed and used, and radio navigation and radiolocation were created. The transition from radiotelephony to other areas of application of electromagnetic waves became possible thanks to the achievements of electrovacuum technology, which mastered the production of various electronic and ion devices.

The transition from long waves to short and medium waves, as well as the invention of the superheterodyne circuit, required the use of lamps more advanced than the triode.

In 1924, a shielded lamp with two grids (tetrode) was developed, and in 1930 - 1931. - pentode (lamp with three grids). Electronic tubes began to be manufactured with indirectly heated cathodes. The development of special methods of radio reception required the creation of new types of multigrid lamps (mixing and frequency-converting in 1934 - 1935). The desire to reduce the number of lamps in a circuit and increase the efficiency of equipment led to the development of combined lamps.

The development and use of ultrashort waves led to the improvement of known electronic tubes (acorn-type tubes, metal-ceramic triodes and beacon tubes appeared), as well as the development of electrovacuum devices with a new principle of electron flow control - multicavity magnetrons, klystrons, traveling wave tubes. These achievements of electrovacuum technology led to the development of radar, radio navigation, pulsed multichannel radio communications, television, etc.

At the same time, there was a development of ion devices that use an electron discharge in a gas. The mercury valve, invented back in 1908, was significantly improved. A gastron (1928-1929), a thyratron (1931), a zener diode, neon lamps, etc. appeared.

The development of methods for transmitting images and measuring equipment was accompanied by the development and improvement of various photoelectric devices (photocells, photomultipliers, transmitting television tubes) and electron diffraction devices for oscilloscopes, radar and television.

During these years, radio engineering turned into an independent engineering science. The electrovacuum and radio industries developed intensively. Engineering methods for calculating radio circuits were developed, and extensive scientific research, theoretical and experimental work was carried out.

And the last period (60s-70s) is the era of semiconductor technology and electronics itself. Electronics is being introduced into all branches of science, technology and the national economy. Being a complex of sciences, electronics is closely related to radio physics, radar, radio navigation, radio astronomy, radio meteorology, radio spectroscopy, electronic computing and control technology, radio control at a distance, telemetry, quantum radio electronics, etc.

During this period, further improvement of electric vacuum devices continued. Much attention is paid to increasing their strength, reliability, and durability. Baseless (finger-type) and subminiature lamps were developed, which makes it possible to reduce the dimensions of installations containing a large number of radio lamps.

Intensive work continued in the field of solid state physics and the theory of semiconductors; methods for producing single crystals of semiconductors, methods for their purification and the introduction of impurities were developed. The Soviet school of academician A.F. Ioffe made a great contribution to the development of semiconductor physics.

Semiconductor devices quickly and widely spread in the 50s-70s to all areas of the national economy. In 1926, a semiconductor AC rectifier made from cuprous oxide was proposed. Later, rectifiers made from selenium and copper sulfide appeared. The rapid development of radio technology (especially radar) during the Second World War gave a new impetus to research in the field of semiconductors. Microwave alternating current point rectifiers based on silicon and germanium were developed, and later planar germanium diodes appeared. In 1948, American scientists Bardeen and Brattain created a germanium point-point triode (transistor), suitable for amplifying and generating electrical oscillations. Later, a silicon point triode was developed. In the early 70s, point-point transistors were practically not used, and the main type of transistor was a planar transistor, first manufactured in 1951. By the end of 1952, a planar high-frequency tetrode, a field-effect transistor and other types of semiconductor devices were proposed. In 1953, the drift transistor was developed. During these years, new technological processes for processing semiconductor materials, methods for manufacturing p-n junctions and semiconductor devices themselves were widely developed and studied. In the early 70s, in addition to planar and drift germanium and silicon transistors, other devices using the properties of semiconductor materials were also widely used: tunnel diodes, controlled and uncontrolled four-layer switching devices, photodiodes and phototransistors, varicaps, thermistors, etc.

The development and improvement of semiconductor devices is characterized by an increase in operating frequencies and an increase in permissible power. The first transistors had limited capabilities (maximum operating frequencies of the order of hundreds of kilohertz and dissipation powers of the order of 100 - 200 mW) and could perform only some functions of vacuum tubes. For the same frequency range, transistors with a power of tens of watts were created. Later, transistors were created that were capable of operating at frequencies up to 5 MHz and dissipating power of the order of 5 W, and already in 1972, samples of transistors were created for operating frequencies of 20 - 70 MHz with dissipating powers reaching 100 W or more. Low-power transistors (up to 0.5 - 0.7 W) can operate at frequencies above 500 MHz. Later, transistors appeared that operated at frequencies of about 1000 MHz. At the same time, work was carried out to expand the operating temperature range. Transistors made on the basis of germanium initially had operating temperatures no higher than +55 ¸ 70 ° C, and those based on silicon - no higher than +100 ¸ 120 ° C. The samples of gallium arsenide transistors created later turned out to be operational at temperatures up to +250 ° C, and their operating frequencies were eventually increased to 1000 MHz. There are carbide transistors that operate at temperatures up to 350 °C. Transistors and semiconductor diodes were superior to vacuum tubes in many respects in the 70s and eventually completely replaced them from the field of electronics.

Designers of complex electronic systems, numbering tens of thousands of active and passive components, are faced with the task of reducing the size, weight, power consumption and cost of electronic devices, improving their performance characteristics and, most importantly, achieving high operational reliability. These problems are successfully solved by microelectronics - a branch of electronics that covers a wide range of problems and methods associated with the design and manufacture of electronic equipment in microminiature design due to the complete or partial elimination of discrete components.

The main trend in microminiaturization is the “integration” of electronic circuits, i.e. the desire to simultaneously manufacture a large number of elements and components of electronic circuits that are inextricably linked. Therefore, among the various areas of microelectronics, integrated microelectronics, which is one of the main areas of modern electronic technology, turned out to be the most effective. Nowadays ultra-large integrated circuits are widely used; all modern electronic equipment, in particular computers, etc., are built on them.

Used Books:

1. Dictionary of foreign words. 9th ed. Publishing house “Russian language” 1979, rev. - M.: “Russian language”, 1982 - 608 p.

2. Vinogradov Yu.V. “Fundamentals of electronic and semiconductor technology.” Ed. 2nd, add. M., “Energy”, 1972 - 536 p.

3. Radio magazine, number 12, 1978

History and development of radio engineering The subject of electronic engineering is the theory and practice of using electronic, ionic and semiconductor devices in devices, systems and installations for various areas of the national economy. Flexibility

Introduction to the educational program "Radioelectronics".

Lesson notes

I. Organizational moment

(Slide 1)

Good afternoon, dear guys! I am the head of the children's creative association "Radioelectronics" of the Center for Additional Education of Children Sobolev I.V.

Today in class I would like to invite you to take a short journey into the world of radio engineering and electronics.

II. Preparatory stage

Imagine...the Stone Age, then the Bronze Age. The 19th century is the age of steam and electricity, but what should we call our time?

The age of the atom, electricity, communications, telecommunications, computerization... Our time is not without reason called the age of the atom, the space age, the age of communications and telecommunications...

A little more than a hundred years have passed since radio was invented, but try to leave modern man without radio, television, or computer.

(Slide 2)

But it all started simple. More than 2.5 thousand years ago, the Greeks described a phenomenon that only they understood. Attracting light bodies with an amber stick and rubbed wool. They called this phenomenon electricity (in Greek, amber means “electron”). But people made electrons work a little over 200 years ago. The new type of energy has become so universal that it is now difficult to imagine our life without electricity.

III. Main part

(Slide 3)

- What is electricity? (students answer questions)

Electricity is the ability to transfer energy over vast distances. And very simple, convenient means of transport - not a pipe with hot steam, not a composition of coal - all you need is a copper or aluminum conductor for billions of electron workers to arrive at their place of work.

Electricity is the ability to divide energy into any portions and distribute it among a huge number of consumers: run a wire into the apartment and use it as much as you need.

Electricity is the instant transformation of received energy into any form you need: light, heat, mechanical movement. These are compact, simple and bright light sources, compact, simple electromechanical motors (imagine a gasoline engine installed on a tape recorder) and a lot of the most important devices and processes that would not exist without electricity (atomic particle accelerator, TV, computer). In short, electricity has enough advantages that it is advantageous to first convert other forms of energy into electricity, and then carry out the reverse conversion as needed.

And which of you can tell me what types of energy you know to produce electricity, or, more correctly, electric current? (students answer the question).

What substances or materials conduct electric current?

DISPLAY OF THE DEVICE....(Metal, plastic, water, man....)

Thus, on the basis of rapidly developing radio technology and the use of the achievements of many sciences, RADIO ELECTRONICS arose and very soon became necessary in almost all spheres of human activity.

The term "radio electronics" combines a wide range of fields of science and technology related to the problems of transmitting, receiving and converting information using electrical oscillations and electromagnetic waves.

(Slide 4)

Radio electronics includes radio engineering, electronics, lighting engineering and a number of new areas: semiconductor and microelectronics, acousto-electronics, etc.

Display of works produced in t/o....

What type are these devices?

So: radio electronics is also skillful control of the flow of electrons.

Many details have been created with which you can see, hear and even feel energy from a distance.

Radio microphone...(show in action)...

And all this is the ability to control the flow of electrons.

What radio components do you know? (students answer the question).

The modern world is saturated with electronic equipment and each of us should have at least a minimum set of knowledge, skills and abilities to use complex household appliances. Today, electrical engineering is used everywhere: a pilot and a doctor, a biochemist and an economist, a metallurgist and a musician can encounter it. And no matter what profession a person chooses, he encounters electronics everywhere. And everyone who deals with practical electronics understands perfectly well that this pleasant activity will be useful for a person of any profession.

(Slide 5)

During classes at the creative association “Radioelectronics,” various radioelements, their principles of operation, and applications are studied, including integrated circuits, which are the basis for the construction of modern radioelectronic devices. Laboratory students make and design electronic toys, instruments, learn to work with reference books and special technical literature, and work with measuring instruments.

One more point - radio engineering design not only teaches, but also educates. It makes a person more intelligent, resourceful, inventive, collected, clear, and neat. It becomes a habit to work quickly and carefully check what has been done. By assembling electronic circuits, adjusting them, looking for some kind of malfunction, you learn to think logically, reason, and independently obtain new knowledge.

IV. Practical part

Now we will move on to the practical part of our lesson.

Before you: "Electric flashlight"

What electrical parts does it consist of?

What elements does a simple electrical circuit consist of?

(Slide 6)

Current source
- Consumer
- Key
- Wires (conductors)

(Slide 7), (Slide 8), (Slide 9), (Slide 10)

QUESTIONS and display of elements.

(Slide 11)

STUDENTS' PRACTICE

1) Electric flashlight circuit

2) Build a circuit diagram containing one galvanic cell and two incandescent lamps, each of which can be turned on separately from each other.

3) Assemble a connection diagram for the battery, lamp and two switches (buttons), located so that you can turn on the lamp from two different places.

4) Double switch circuit.

5) Switch and electric motor.

V. Summing up the lesson

Dear guys, our journey into the world of radio electronics has come to an end!

What new did you learn in class today?

What radioelements and their designations did you recognize?

What electrical circuits have we collected?

What is the role of electric current in our life?

Dear guys, thank you very much for your work. I think you will leave today's lesson in a good mood.

Currently, it is difficult to imagine an area of science and technology where the achievements of radio technology would not be used. Not only audio and television broadcasting, but also cellular telephony, space telephony, personal communications, paging communications, computer radio electronics, control of household appliances, control of land, sea, air vehicles, etc. have already become firmly established in everyday life. Telemetry systems are rapidly developing , ground-based, airborne and space-based radar systems and communication systems with the development of new radio frequency ranges. Work is intensively underway to create communications technology in the microwave frequency range.

With the development of digital technology, the relevance of the use of radio engineering and radio-electronic devices and systems not only does not decrease, but increases. Such systems include digital audio and television broadcasting systems. Issues regarding the mass introduction of digital television broadcasting are already being resolved. The development of high technologies has led to the emergence of a micro- and nanoelectronic base.

It is enough to note that a modern aircraft has on board more than a hundred different radio-electronic means of navigation, location, tracking and communication throughout the entire flight. Existing satellite systems provide navigation and tracking not only for intercontinental airliners, but even for individual vehicles, personal cars and aircraft. The opportunity to use the latest advances in radio technology has become available to ordinary individual consumers.

Technology and the manufacture of components and parts currently play a special role in the development of radio engineering and radio electronics. Modern wireless communication systems are represented by a wide range of products supplied to the market. With the increasing complexity of radio-electronic systems, the need for their maintenance and management also increases without compromising their technical characteristics. Only an automated control and monitoring system developed on the basis of microcontrollers and microprocessors can cope with this task. To ensure flexibility in design and manufacturing, modern design systems use software circuitry techniques, i.e. at the level of debugging a software product. With changes in the requirements of technical characteristics and maintenance services, it is enough to simply enter or “flash” a new program for the operation of the radio-electronic system controller.

Currently, there is a rapid development of new information technologies for data transmission, the so-called bluetooth wireless technology. This technology allows you to create a local computer network within a radius of 20...100 meters, ensuring the operation of a whole range of devices: computer, mobile phone, printer, various household appliances, etc. The operating frequency range used is currently defined as 2.4-2.4835 GHz. This wireless communication technology allows you to control various devices, both computer-based and without the use of a computer. Almost all devices already have certain nodes for processing, converting and transmitting information.

Rice. 1.38 Application areas of bluetooth wireless data transmission technology

The main element that provides wireless communication is Bluetooth adapters that connect to the USB port of the computer.

Rice. 1.39 Bluetooth adapter

Rice. 1.40 Methods for connecting equipment using Bluetooth technology

Rice. 1.41 Headset that enables devices to operate using Bluetooth technology

It should be noted the enormous role of radio engineering in the study of the atmosphere, near-Earth space, planets of the solar system, near and deep space. Recent achievements in the exploration of the solar system, planets and their satellites are clear confirmation.

Rice. 1.42 Image of the surface of the planet Venus, transmitted from the landing module of the Soviet interplanetary station Venera-13 (March 1, 1982)

Rice. 1.43 Image of the surface of the planet Mars, transmitted from the American rover Opportunity (2004)

With the increasing complexity of the electromagnetic environment, the task of developing methods and means to ensure the protection of radio systems from random and artificial interference arises.
Along with this, methods and techniques for interfering with radar stations, tracking and guidance systems and various types of radio fuses, as well as systems for intercepting unauthorized sources of radio emission, are also being developed.

It is a highly qualified specialist in the field of radio engineering, radio electronics and high information technologies for transmitting, receiving and processing information that determines the level of development of society as a whole. How to manage all the achievements of the mind and what the consequences of scientific and technological progress are depends only on you - the radio engineer of the future.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http:// www. allbest. ru/

Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

Black Sea Higher Naval School of the Order of the Red Star named after P.S. Nakhimova

Faculty of Radio Engineering and Information Protection

Department of Radio Engineering Systems

in the academic discipline "Introduction to radio technology"

on the topic “Stages of development of radio engineering and electronics”

Performed

Puzankova S.O.

Checked

Krasnov L.M.

Sevastopol 2016

INTRODUCTION

1. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF RADIO ENGINEERING

2. HISTORY OF ELECTRONICS DEVELOPMENT

3. STAGES OF ELECTRONICS DEVELOPMENT

4. RADIO ENGINEERING AND ELECTRONICS.NEW DEVELOPMENT

5. MODERN UNDERSTANDING OF RADIO ENGINEERING AND ELECTRONICS

USED BOOKS

INTRODUCTION

Electronics is a rapidly developing branch of science and technology. She studies the physics and practical applications of various electronic devices. Physical electronics include: electronic and ionic processes in gases and conductors. At the interface between vacuum and gas, solid and liquid bodies. Technical electronics includes the study of the design of electronic devices and their application. The field dedicated to the use of electronic devices in industry is called Industrial Electronics.

Advances in electronics are largely stimulated by the development of radio technology. Electronics and radio engineering are so closely related that in the 50s they were combined and this field of technology was called Radioelectronics. Radio electronics today is a complex of fields of science and technology related to the problem of transmitting, receiving and converting information using electronic/magnetic oscillations and waves in the radio and optical frequency range. Electronic devices serve as the main elements of radio engineering devices and determine the most important indicators of radio equipment. On the other hand, many problems in radio engineering have led to the invention of new and improvement of existing electronic devices. These devices are used in radio communications, television, sound recording and playback, radar, radio navigation, radio telecontrol, radio measurements and other areas of radio engineering.

The current stage of technology development is characterized by the ever-increasing penetration of electronics into all spheres of people’s lives and activities. According to American statistics, up to 80% of the entire industry is occupied by electronics. Advances in the field of electronics contribute to the successful solution of the most complex scientific and technical problems. Increasing the efficiency of scientific research, creating new types of machines and equipment. Development of effective technologies and control systems: obtaining material with unique properties, improving the processes of collecting and processing information. Covering a wide range of scientific, technical and industrial problems, electronics is based on advances in various fields of knowledge. At the same time, on the one hand, electronics poses challenges to other sciences and production, stimulating their further development, and on the other hand, equips them with qualitatively new technical means and research methods.

1. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF RADIO ENGINEERING

Radio (from the Latin “radiare” - to emit, emit rays) -

1).A method of wirelessly transmitting messages over a distance using electromagnetic waves (radio waves), invented by the Russian scientist A.S. Popov in 1895;

2).The field of science and technology related to the study of the physical phenomena underlying this method, and its use in communications, broadcasting, television, location, etc.

The development of electronics after the invention of radio can be divided into three stages:

· radiotelegraph,

· radio engineering

· electronics.

The transition from long waves to short and medium waves, as well as the invention of the superheterodyne circuit, required the use of lamps more advanced than the triode.

The development and improvement of semiconductor devices is characterized by an increase in operating frequencies and an increase in permissible power. The first transistors had limited capabilities (maximum operating frequencies of the order of hundreds of kilohertz and dissipation powers of the order of 100 - 200 mW) and could perform only some functions of vacuum tubes. For the same frequency range, transistors with a power of tens of watts were created. Later, transistors were created that were capable of operating at frequencies up to 5 MHz and dissipating power of the order of 5 W, and already in 1972, samples of transistors were created for operating frequencies of 20 - 70 MHz with dissipating powers reaching 100 W or more. Low-power transistors (up to 0.5 - 0.7 W) can operate at frequencies above 500 MHz. Later, transistors appeared that operated at frequencies of about 1000 MHz. At the same time, work was carried out to expand the operating temperature range. Transistors made on the basis of germanium initially had operating temperatures no higher than +55 - 70 °C, and those based on silicon - no higher than +100 - 120 °C. The samples of gallium arsenide transistors created later turned out to be operational at temperatures up to +250 ° C, and their operating frequencies were eventually increased to 1000 MHz. There are carbide transistors that operate at temperatures up to 350 °C. Transistors and semiconductor diodes were superior to vacuum tubes in many respects in the 70s and eventually completely replaced them from the field of electronics.

2. HISTORY OF ELECTRONICS DEVELOPMENT

Advances in electronics are largely stimulated by the development of radio technology. Electronics and radio engineering are so closely related that in the 50s they were combined and this field of technology was called Radioelectronics. Radio electronics today is a complex of fields of science and technology related to the problem of transmitting, receiving and converting information using electronic/magnetic oscillations and waves in the radio and optical frequency range. Electronic devices serve as the main elements of radio engineering devices and determine the most important indicators of radio equipment. On the other hand, many problems in radio engineering have led to the invention of new and improvement of existing electronic devices. These devices are used in radio communications, television, sound recording and playback, radio coating, radio navigation, radio telecontrol, radio measurements and other areas of radio engineering.

The current stage of technological development is characterized by the ever-increasing penetration of electronics into all spheres of people’s lives and activities. According to American statistics, up to 80% of the entire industry is occupied by electronics. Advances in the field of electronics contribute to the successful solution of the most complex scientific and technical problems. Increasing the efficiency of scientific research, creating new types of machines and equipment. Development of effective technologies and control systems: obtaining material with unique properties, improving the processes of collecting and processing information. Covering a wide range of scientific, technical and industrial problems, electronics is based on advances in various fields of knowledge. At the same time, on the one hand, electronics poses challenges to other sciences and production, stimulating their further development, and on the other hand, equips them with qualitatively new technical means and research methods. The subjects of scientific research in electronics are:

1. Study of the laws of interaction of electrons and other charged particles with electric/magnetic fields.

Development of methods for creating electronic devices in which this interaction is used to convert energy for the purpose of transmitting, processing and storing information, automating production processes, creating energy devices, creating control and measuring equipment, means of scientific experimentation and other purposes.

The exceptionally low inertia of the electron makes it possible to effectively use the interaction of electrons, both with macrofields inside the device and microfields inside the atom, molecule and crystal lattice, to generate the conversion and reception of electric/magnetic oscillations with a frequency of up to 1000 GHz. As well as infrared, visible, x-ray and gamma radiation. Consistent practical mastery of the spectrum of electrical/magnetic oscillations is a characteristic feature of the development of electronics.

2. Foundation for the development of electronics

The foundation of electronics was laid by the works of physicists in the 18th-19th centuries. The world's first studies of electrical discharges in the air were carried out by academicians Lomonosov and Richman in Russia and, independently of them, by the American scientist Frankel. In 1743, Lomonosov, in his ode “Evening Reflections on God’s Greatness,” outlined the idea of the electrical nature of lightning and the northern lights. Already in 1752, Frankel and Lomonosov showed experimentally with the help of a “thunder machine” that thunder and lightning are powerful electrical discharges in the air. Lomonosov also established that electrical discharges exist in the air even in the absence of a thunderstorm, because and in this case it was possible to extract sparks from the “thunder machine”. The "thunder machine" was a Leyden jar installed in a living room. One of the plates of which was connected by a wire to a metal comb or point mounted on a pole in the yard.

In 1753, during experiments, Professor Richman, who was conducting research, was killed by lightning that struck a pole. Lomonosov also created a general theory of thunderstorm phenomena, which is a prototype of the modern theory of thunderstorms. Lomonosov also investigated the glow of rarefied air under the influence of a machine with friction.

In 1802, a professor of physics at the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy, Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov, for the first time, several years before the English physicist Davy, discovered and described the phenomenon of an electric arc in the air between two carbon electrodes. In addition to this fundamental discovery, Petrov is responsible for describing various types of glow of rarefied air when an electric current passes through it. Petrov describes his discovery as follows: “If 2 or 3 charcoals are placed on a glass tile or a bench with glass legs, and if metal insulated guides connected to both poles of a huge battery are brought closer to each other at a distance of one to three lines, then a very bright white light or flame appears between them, from which these coals flare up faster or more slowly, and from which the dark peace can be illuminated." Petrov’s works were interpreted only in Russian; they were not accessible to foreign scientists. In Russia, the significance of the works was not understood and they were forgotten. Therefore, the discovery of the arc discharge was attributed to the English physicist Davy.

The beginning of the study of the absorption and emission spectra of various bodies led the German scientist Plücker to the creation of Heusler tubes. In 1857, Plücker established that the spectrum of a Heussler tube extended into a capillary and placed in front of a spectroscope slit unambiguously characterizes the nature of the gas contained in it and discovered the first three lines of the so-called Balmer spectral series of hydrogen. Plücker's student Hittorf studied the glow discharge and in 1869 published a series of studies on the electrical conductivity of gases. Together with Plücker, he was responsible for the first studies of cathode rays, which were continued by the Englishman Crookes.

A significant shift in understanding the phenomenon of gas discharge was caused by the work of the English scientist Thomson, who discovered the existence of electrons and ions. Thomson created the Cavendish Laboratory from which a number of physicists came out to study the electric charges of gases (Townsen, Aston, Rutherford, Crookes, Richardson). Subsequently, this school made a major contribution to the development of electronics. Among the Russian physicists who worked on the study of the arc and its practical application for lighting were: Yablochkov (1847-1894), Chikolev (1845-1898), Slavyanov (welding, melting of metals with an arc), Bernardos (use of an arc for lighting). Somewhat later, Lachinov and Mitkevich studied the arc. In 1905, Mitkevich established the nature of the processes at the cathode of an arc discharge. Stoletov (1881-1891) did not deal with independent air discharge. During his classic study of the photoelectric effect at Moscow University, Stoletov experimentally built an “air element” (A.E.) with two electrodes in the air, giving an electric current without introducing extraneous emf into the circuit only when the cathode is illuminated externally. Stoletov called this effect actinoelectric. He studied this effect both at high and low atmospheric pressure. Equipment specially built by Stoletov made it possible to create a reduced pressure of up to 0.002 mm. Hg pillar Under these conditions, the actinoelectric effect was not only a photocurrent, but also a photocurrent enhanced by an independent gas discharge. Stoletov ended his article on the discovery of this effect as follows: “No matter how one has to finally formulate the explanation of actinoelectric discharges, one cannot help but recognize some peculiar analogies between these phenomena and the long-familiar, but still poorly understood, discharges of Heusler and Crookes tubes. Although at my first In experiments to navigate among the phenomena represented by my mesh capacitor, I involuntarily told myself that in front of me was a Heussler tube, which could act without rarefying the air with extraneous light. Here and there, electrical phenomena are closely related to light phenomena. Here and there, the cathode plays a special role. apparently dispersed. The study of actinoelectric discharges promises to shed light on the processes of the propagation of electricity in gases in general...” These words of Stoletov were completely justified.

In 1905, Einstein interpreted the photoelectric effect associated with light quanta and established the law named after him. Thus, the photoelectric effect discovered by Stoletov is characterized by the following laws:

Stoletov's law - the number of electrons simulated per unit time is proportional, other things being equal, to the intensity of light incident on the surface of the cathode. Equal conditions here should be understood as illumination of the cathode surface with monochromatic light of the same wavelength. Or light of the same spectral composition. electronics radio lamp measuring

Maximum speed of electrons leaving the surface cathode at external photoelectric effect is determined by the relation:

The magnitude of the energy quantum of monochromatic radiation incident on the cathode surface.

The work function of an electron leaving a metal.

The speed of photoelectrons leaving the cathode surface does not depend on the intensity of radiation incident on the cathode.

The external photoelectric effect was first discovered by the German physicist Hertz (1887). Experimenting with the electromagnetic field he discovered. Hertz noticed that in the spark gap of the receiving circuit, a spark that detects the presence of electrical oscillations in the circuit jumps, other things being equal, more easily if light from a spark discharge in the generator circuit falls on the spark gap

In 1881, Edison first discovered the phenomenon of thermionic emission. Carrying out various experiments with carbon incandescent lamps, he built a lamp containing in a vacuum, in addition to the carbon filament, a metal plate A from which conductor P was drawn. If the wire is connected through a galvanometer to the positive end of the filament, then a current flows through the galvanometer, if connected to the negative , then no current is detected. This phenomenon was called the Edison effect. The phenomenon of the emission of electrons by hot metals and other bodies in a vacuum or gas was called thermionic emission.

3. STAGES OF ELECTRONICS DEVELOPMENT

Stage 1. The first stage included the invention of the incandescent lamp in 1809 by the Russian engineer Ladygin.

The discovery in 1874 by the German scientist Brown of the rectifying effect in metal-semiconductor contacts. The use of this effect by Russian inventor Popov to detect radio signals allowed him to create the first radio receiver. The date of invention of radio is considered to be May 7, 1895, when Popov gave a report and demonstration at a meeting of the physics department of the Russian Physico-Chemical Society in St. Petersburg. And on March 24, 1896, Popov transmitted the first radio message over a distance of 350m. The successes of electronics during this period of its development contributed to the development of radiotelegraphy. At the same time, the scientific foundations of radio engineering were developed in order to simplify the design of the radio receiver and increase its sensitivity. In different countries, development and research was carried out on various types of simple and reliable detectors of high-frequency vibrations - detectors.

2. The second stage in the development of electronics began in 1904, when the English scientist Fleming designed an electric vacuum diode. The main parts of the diode (Fig. 2) are two electrodes located in a vacuum. A metal anode (A) and a metal cathode (K) are heated by electric current to a temperature at which thermionic emission occurs.

At high vacuum, the discharge of the gas between the electrodes is such that the mean free path of the electrons significantly exceeds the distance between the electrodes, therefore, when the voltage Va at the anode is positive relative to the cathode, the electrons move towards the anode, causing a current Ia in the anode circuit. When the anode voltage Va is negative, the emitted electrons return to the cathode and the current in the anode circuit is zero. Thus, the vacuum diode has one-way conductivity, which is used when rectifying alternating current. In 1907, the American engineer Lee de Forest established that by placing a metal mesh (c) between the cathode (K) and anode (A) and applying a voltage Vc to it, the anode current Ia can be controlled practically without inertia and with low energy consumption. This is how the first electronic amplification tube appeared - a triode (Fig. 3). Its properties as a device for amplifying and generating high-frequency oscillations led to the rapid development of radio communications. If the density of the gas filling the cylinder is so high that the mean free path of electrons is less than the distance between the electrodes, then the electron flow, passing through the interelectrode distance, interacts with the gaseous medium, as a result of which the properties of the medium change sharply. The gas medium is ionized and turns into a plasma state, characterized by high electrical conductivity. This property of plasma was used by the American scientist Hell in the gastron he developed in 1905 - a powerful rectifier diode filled with gas. The invention of the gastron marked the beginning of the development of gas-discharge electric vacuum devices. The production of vacuum tubes began to develop rapidly in different countries. This development was especially strongly stimulated by the military importance of radio communications. Therefore, 1913 - 1919 was a period of rapid development of electronic technology. In 1913, the German engineer Meissner developed a circuit for a tube regenerative receiver and, using a triode, obtained undamped harmonic oscillations. New electronic generators made it possible to replace spark and arc radio stations with tube ones, which practically solved the problem of radiotelephony. Since then, radio technology has become tube technology. In Russia, the first radio tubes were manufactured in 1914 in St. Petersburg by Nikolai Dmitrievich Papaleksi, a consultant to the Russian Society of Wireless Telegraphy, a future academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Papaleksi graduated from the University of Strasbourg, where he worked under Brown. The first Papaleksi radio tubes, due to the lack of perfect pumping, were not vacuum, but gas-filled (mercury). From 1914 - 1916 Papaleksi conducted experiments on radiotelegraphy. He worked in the field of radio communications with submarines. He led the development of the first samples of domestic radio tubes. From 1923 - 1935 Together with Mandelstam, he headed the scientific department of the central radio laboratory in Leningrad. Since 1935, he worked as chairman of the scientific council on radiophysics and radio engineering at the USSR Academy of Sciences.

The first electric vacuum receiving and amplifying radio tubes in Russia were manufactured by Bonch-Bruevich. He was born in Orel (1888). In 1909 he graduated from engineering school in St. Petersburg. In 1914 he graduated from the officer's electrical engineering school. From 1916 to 1918 he was engaged in the creation of electronic tubes and organized their production. In 1918, he headed the Nizhny Novgorod Radio Laboratory, bringing together the best radio specialists of the time (Ostryakov, Pistolkors, Shorin, Losev). In March 1919, serial production of the RP-1 electric vacuum tube began at the Nizhny Novgorod radio laboratory. In 1920, Bonch-Bruevich completed the development of the world's first generator lamps with a copper anode and water cooling, with a power of up to 1 kW. Prominent German scientists, having familiarized themselves with the achievements of the Nizhny Novgorod laboratory, recognized Russia's priority in the creation of powerful generator lamps. Extensive work on the creation of electric vacuum devices began in Petrograd. Chernyshev, Bogoslovsky, Vekshinsky, Obolensky, Shaposhnikov, Zusmanovsky, Alexandrov worked here. The invention of a heated cathode was important for the development of electric vacuum technology. In 1922, an electric vacuum plant was created in Petrograd, which merged with the Svetlana electric lamp plant. In the research laboratory of this plant, Vekshinsky carried out multifaceted research in the field of physics and technology of electronic devices (on the emissive properties of cathodes, gas evolution of metal and glass, and others).

The transition from long waves to short and medium waves, and the invention of the superheterodyne and the development of radio broadcasting, required the development of more advanced tubes than triodes. A shielded lamp with two grids (tetrode), developed in 1924 and improved in 1926 by the American Hell, and an electric vacuum lamp with three grids (pentode), proposed by him in 1930, solved the problem of increasing the operating frequencies of radio broadcasting. Pentodes have become the most common radio tubes. The development of special methods of radio reception caused the emergence of new types of multi-grid frequency-converting radio tubes in 1934-1935. A variety of combined radio tubes also appeared, the use of which made it possible to significantly reduce the number of radio tubes in the receiver. The relationship between electrovacuum and radio engineering became especially clear during the period when radio engineering moved to the development and use of the VHF range (ultra-short waves - meter, decimeter, centimeter and millimeter ranges). For this purpose, firstly, already known radio tubes were significantly improved. Secondly, electric vacuum devices were developed with new principles for controlling electron flows. These include multicavity magnetrons (1938), klystrons (1942), backward-wave BWO lamps (1953). Such devices could generate and amplify very high frequency oscillations, including the millimeter wave range. These advances in electrovacuum technology led to the development of such industries as radio navigation, radio coating, and pulsed multichannel communications.

In 1932, the Soviet radiophysicist Rozhansky proposed the creation of devices with modulation of the electron flow in velocity. Based on his idea, Arsenyev and Heil in 1939 built the first devices for amplifying and generating microwave oscillations (ultra high frequencies). Of great importance for the technology of decimeter waves were the works of Devyatkov, Khokhlov, Gurevich, who in 1938 - 1941 designed triodes with flat disk electrodes. Using the same principle, metal-ceramic lamps were made in Germany, and beacon lamps were made in the USA.

Created in 1943 Compfner's traveling wave tubes (TWTs) ensured the further development of microwave radio relay communication systems. To generate powerful microwave oscillations, a magnetron was proposed in 1921 by Hell. Research on the magnetron was carried out by Russian scientists - Slutsky, Grekhova, Steinberg, Kalinin, Zusmanovsky, Braude, in Japan - Yagi, Okabe. Modern magnetrons originate in 1936 - 1937, when, based on the idea of Bonch-Bruevich, his collaborators, Alekseev and Molyarov, developed multicavity magnetrons.

In 1934, employees of the central radio laboratory, Korovin and Rumyantsev, conducted the first experiment on the use of radiolocation and determination of a flying aircraft. In 1935, the theoretical foundations of radiolactation were developed at the Leningrad Institute of Physics and Technology by Kobzarev. Simultaneously with the development of vacuum electrical devices, at the second stage of electronics development, gas-discharge devices were created and improved.

In 1918, as a result of the research work of Dr. Schröter, the German company Pintsch produced the first industrial glow lamps at 220 V. Beginning in 1921, the Dutch company Philips produced the first neon glow lamps at 110 V. In the USA, the first miniature neon lamps appeared in 1929

4. RADIO ENGINEERING AND ELECTRONICS.NEW DEVELOPMENT

In the post-war years, the creation of an electronic television network and the production of television receivers for mass use, the introduction of radio communications in various parts of the national economy, transport, geological exploration, and construction began. Multichannel telemetry tools are being created for Earth satellites, radio tracking and communication with them from various land areas and the World Ocean.

By this period, the era of electronic tubes ends and the time of semiconductor technology begins. This necessitates a restructuring in the system of training specialists, in the design and production of radio industry products based on new principles and elemental base. The beginning of the seventies dates back to the appearance of integrated circuits, microprocessor technology, ultra-long-range space radio communications, and giant radio telescopes capable of picking up radio signals from the depths of space. Thanks to the successes of rocket technology and radio telemetry, astronomers have learned much more about the planets of the Solar System than in the entire previous centuries-old history of this science.

Modern radio engineering is one of the advanced fields of science and technology, engaged in the search for new applications of electrical oscillatory processes in a wide variety of fields, the development of radio equipment, its production and practical implementation. Thanks to the efforts of many thousands of scientists and designers, both domestic and foreign, based on the achievements of electronics and microelectronics, radio engineering has recently experienced another qualitative leap in literally all its directions.

Continuing to develop traditional areas of application - radio broadcasting, television, radar, radio direction finding, radio telemetry, radio relay communications - specialists managed to achieve a significant improvement in all quality indicators of radio equipment, making it more modern and convenient to use. The scope of use of radio engineering has also expanded: in medicine - for the treatment of diseases with ultrahigh frequency currents, in biology - for studying the behavior and migration of animals, fish and birds using radio direction finding methods, in mechanical engineering - for high-frequency hardening of metal parts.

Modern radio engineering is also a huge radio engineering industry, producing millions of black-and-white and color televisions, receivers of a wide variety of brands and categories, not to mention special equipment for scientific research, multi-purpose radio stations - from powerful broadcasting to mobile portable and portable .

Radio engineering enterprises are also manufacturers of a significant part of radio equipment components: loop coils, transformers for various purposes, band switches, various fasteners and much more that is necessary in modern equipment. Therefore, they are characterized by a wide range of working professions, many of which require training in the vocational education system. For example, stampers of metal products and plastics. These professions are extremely necessary for the manufacture of instrument cases, structural parts, and parts of complex configurations. In fact, these are operators of special presses that control the working bodies that regulate the pace of work, the speed of supply of material and workpieces.

The need to increase the speed of computers forces specialists to look for more and more new means of improving microcircuit production technology, optimizing their architectural organization and the physical principles of processing digital and logical information. The already known means of terrestrial and space electronics, television, telephony, and telemetry are changing significantly.

Digital methods of signal processing, the transition to ultra-high frequencies, the widespread use of satellite systems as multi-program television repeaters, ultra-precise navigation systems, for prompt assistance to those in distress at sea, weather forecast services, and in the study of natural resources are being increasingly introduced into these areas of electronic technology.

Many advances in the field of microelectronics have given rise to the need to revise established standards for all components used in a variety of equipment - resistors and capacitors, semiconductor elements and connectors, telemechanics and automation parts. The requirement for the accuracy of electrical parameters and mechanical characteristics of related products is also fundamentally changing. For example, mass-produced household equipment - players, tape recorders, video recorders - are currently very precise devices, in fact, an alloy of complex electronics and high-quality mechanics.

If we talk about special equipment, machine tools, precision equipment, modern robots used in the production of microcircuits, then the requirements for their accuracy are even higher. Therefore, many types of modern electronic products are produced using microscopes and video monitoring systems, which provide high-quality images of manufactured parts on a large television screen.

Semiconductor technology, and many other components in electronics, are produced on the basis of special ultra-pure materials: silicon, sapphire, gallium arsenide, rare earth elements, precious metals and their alloys. The most critical technological operations in the production of semiconductor integrated circuits take place in rooms with sterile cleanliness, constant temperature and excess air pressure to exclude any external source of contamination. In such productions, all workers wear special suits and appropriate shoes. They absolutely need good vision and tremor (shaking) of the hands is contraindicated.

Miniaturization and automation of the electronics industry make it possible, even at this stage, to use elements of unmanned technology, when certain types of electronics products are manufactured without direct human participation: raw materials are supplied to the input of a production line or section, and the finished product is obtained at the output. But most types of products are still produced with human participation, so the list of working professions is quite large. The increasing complexity of product production is usually associated with an increase in mandatory technological operations and their specificity. This implies the need for professional specialization of workers in their mastery of complex industrial equipment and knowledge of everything that underlies this technological operation, as well as all the factors affecting the quality of the products produced.

The most common and necessary professions are an operator of vacuum-spraying processes, an operator of diffusion processes, an adjuster of parts and devices, a tester of parts and devices, and others.

Microelectronics products are increasing every year, and this trend is unlikely to change in the foreseeable future. It is the production of microcircuits with a high degree of integration that can satisfy the ever-growing needs of our national economy. This is the prospect for the development of the electronics industry.

5. MODERN UNDERSTANDING OF RADIO ENGINEERING AND ELECTRONICS

In the modern world, we are given the opportunity to instantly find the right person living on the other side of the world, find the required information without getting up from our chair, and plunge into the fascinating world of the past or future. All routine and labor-intensive work has long been entrusted to robots and machines. Existence has become not as simple and understandable as before, but definitely more entertaining and educational.

Our life is replete with radio technology and electronics, it is crossed by endless wires and cable connections, we are affected by electrical signals and electromagnetic radiation. This is the result of the rapid development of electronics and radio technology. Mobile communications have erased all spatial and temporal boundaries, the courier delivery service of the online store has deprived us of difficult and tedious shopping trips and queues. All this has become so firmly established in our lives that it is difficult to imagine how people managed without it for centuries. The development of radio engineering and electronics contributed to the introduction of microprocessor computers into life, the complete automation of certain types of production, and the establishment of connections with the most inaccessible points designed to carry out information exchange.

Every day the world becomes aware of electronic and radio engineering innovations. Although, by and large, they do not become real innovations, since only the quantitative characteristics change, achieved by placing a larger number of elements on a fixed unit of area, and the idea itself may be a year or more ago. Progress is undoubtedly interesting to many people, so it is very important that everyone interested can unite, share observations and discoveries, create and implement truly new and popular inventions aimed at improving the living standards of people around the world.

Using a variety of equipment and apparatus in everyday life, we often hear about such concepts as radio engineering and electronics. In order to understand the structure or operation of a particular element, we have to resort to the help of the Internet, various specialized magazines and books.

The development of radio engineering science began when the first radio stations appeared that operated on short radio waves. Over time, radio communications became better due to the transition to longer radio waves and improvements in transmitters.

It is impossible to imagine the operation of television or radio systems without radio engineering devices, which are used in the industrial and space fields, in remote control, radar and radio navigation. Moreover, radio engineering devices are used even in biology and medicine. Tablets, audio and video players, laptops and phones - this is an incomplete list of those radio devices that we encounter every day. An important element in the economy of any country is investment management. The radio engineering industry, like electronics, does not stand still; it is constantly developing, old models are being improved, and completely new devices are appearing.

It should be noted that all kinds of radio engineering and electronics devices make our life easier, making it much more interesting and rich. And one cannot but rejoice at the fact that today many young people, wanting to have a good understanding of radio engineering and electronics, enter various higher and secondary educational institutions in the relevant faculties. This suggests that in the future these branches of science and technology will not stand still, but will continue to improve and fill our lives with even more interesting devices and devices.

USED BOOKS

1. Dictionary of foreign words. 9th ed. Publishing house “Russian language” 1979, rev. - M.: “Russian language”, 1982 - 608 p.

2. Vinogradov Yu.V. “Fundamentals of electronic and semiconductor technology.” Ed. 2nd, add. M., “Energy”, 1972 - 536 p.

3. Radio magazine, number 12, 1978

4. Modern articles from magazines about radio engineering and electronics.

Posted on Allbest.ru

...

Main stages in the development of radio electronics

The birthday of radio is considered to be May 7, 1895, when A.S. Popov demonstrated “a device for detecting and recording electrical vibrations.” Independently of Popov, but later than him, Marconi at the end of 1895 repeated Popov’s experiments on radiotelegraphy.

The invention of radio was a logical consequence of the development of science and technology. In 1831, M. Faraday discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction; in 1860-1865. J.C. Maxwell created the theory of the electromagnetic field and proposed a system of electrodynamics equations that describe the behavior of the electromagnetic field. The German physicist G. Hertz in 1888 was the first to experimentally confirm the existence of electromagnetic waves and found a way to excite and detect them. The discovery of the internal photoelectric effect in 1873 by W. Smith and the external photoelectric effect in 1887 by G. Hertz served as the basis for the technical development of photoelectric devices. The discoveries of these scientists were prepared by many others.

At the same time, electronic technology was developing. In 1884, T. Edison discovered thermionic emission, and while Richardson was studying this phenomenon in 1901, cathode ray tubes had already been created. The first electric vacuum device with a thermionic cathode - a diode - was developed by D.A. Fleming in 1904 in Great Britain and is used to rectify high-frequency oscillations in a radio receiver. In 1905, Hell invented the gastron, 1906-1907. were marked by the creation in the USA by D. Forest of a three-electrode electric vacuum device, called a “triode”. The functionality of the triode turned out to be extremely wide. It could be used in amplifiers and generators of electrical oscillations in a wide range of frequencies, frequency converters, etc. The first domestic triodes were produced in 1914-1916. regardless N.D. Papaleksi and M.A. Bonch-Bruevich. In 1919, V. Schottky developed a four-electrode vacuum device - a tetrode, the widespread practical use of which began in the period 1924-1929. The work of I. Langmuir led to the creation of a five-electrode device - a pentode. Later, more complex and combined electronic devices appeared. Electronics and radio engineering merged into radio electronics.

By 1950-1955 A number of electrovacuum devices capable of operating at frequencies up to the millimeter wave range were created and put into mass production. Advances in the development and production of electric vacuum devices made it possible to create quite complex radio systems already in the forties of the twentieth century.

The constant complication of problems solved by radio-electronic systems required an increase in the number of electric vacuum devices used in the equipment. The development of semiconductor devices began somewhat later. In 1922 O.V. Losev discovered the possibility of generating electrical oscillations in a circuit with a semiconductor diode. A major contribution to the theory of semiconductors at the initial stage was made by Soviet scientists A.F. Ioffe, B.P. Davydov, V.E. Loksharev.

Interest in semiconductor devices increased sharply after 1948-1952. in the laboratory of the Bell-Telephone company under the direction of W.B. Shockley created the transistor. In an unprecedentedly short time, mass production of transistors began in all industrialized countries.

From the late 50s - early 60s. radio electronics becomes mainly semiconductor. The transition from discrete semiconductor devices to integrated circuits, containing up to tens to hundreds of thousands of transistors on one square centimeter of substrate area and being complete functional units, has further expanded the capabilities of radio electronics in the technical implementation of complex radio engineering complexes. Thus, the improvement of the element base has led to the possibility of creating equipment capable of solving virtually any problem in the field of scientific research, engineering, technology, etc. .

The importance of radio electronics in the life of modern man

Radioelectronics is an important tool in communications technology. The life of modern society is unthinkable without the exchange of information, which is carried out using modern radio electronics. It is used in radio communication systems, radio broadcasting and television, radar and radio navigation, radio control and radio telemetry, in medicine and biology, in industry and space projects. In the modern world, televisions, radios, computers, spaceships and supersonic aircraft are unimaginable without radio electronics.