In the science of constitutional law, the concept of " electoral system" has twofold content: 1) in a broad sense, it is considered as essential element political system states. This is the entire organism of the formation of elected bodies of state power and local government bodies. The electoral system is regulated by legal norms, which together form the electoral law. It covers: a) principles and conditions for participation in the formation of elected bodies (see Active suffrage, Passive suffrage); b) organization and procedure of elections (election process); c) in some countries, recall of elected officials; 2) in a narrow sense, this is only a certain way of summing up voting results and distributing deputy mandates on this basis.

The majoritarian electoral system (from the French "majorite" - majority) means that, in accordance with the majority principle, only the candidate (in a single-mandate district) or a number of candidates (in a multi-mandate district) who represented the electoral list that received the majority of votes in a given district is considered elected. district. According to this system, the entire country is divided into districts of approximately equal numbers of voters. Moreover, one deputy is usually elected from each district (i.e., one district - one deputy). Sometimes elected from one district larger number deputies. Valid in the USA, Great Britain, France, Australia and several dozen other countries. The practice of using this electoral system shows that such a system is capable of ensuring a more successful formation of parliament with a stable (one-party) majority and a smaller number of heterogeneous party factions, which is important for the stability of the government.

The disadvantage of the majoritarian electoral system is that it significantly narrows the possibilities at the parliamentary level to reflect wide range interests of a minority, especially small and even medium-sized parties, some of which remain without parliamentary representation at all, although in the aggregate they can lead a very significant, or even a large part of the population.

Types of majoritarian electoral system: the majority can be relative, absolute and qualified; within the majoritarian system, three varieties are distinguished. 1) The majority system of relative majority is the most common type of majority system. When it is used, the candidate who receives more votes than his opponents is considered elected.

The advantages of this electoral system: it is always effective - each deputy seat is filled immediately, as a result of only one vote; Parliament is formed in full; there is no need to hold a second round of voting or new elections in districts where the necessary quorum was not present; understandable to voters; economical; allows large parties to gain a “solid” majority and form a stable government. Disadvantages of the system: 1. Often a deputy is elected by a minority of voters 2. Votes cast for other candidates are “lost” 3. The results of voting throughout the country are distorted. Under the conditions of a majoritarian system of relative majority, in the presence of a large number of candidates (lists), the election can be won by a candidate who receives only 1/10 of the votes. The type of majoritarian electoral system under consideration is more acceptable for countries with a two-party system (USA, UK, etc.).

2) The majoritarian system of the absolute majority is different in that: firstly, to be elected from the district it is necessary to obtain not a simple majority, but necessarily an absolute (i.e. 50% plus one vote) majority of votes from the voters who took part in the voting; secondly, if none of the candidates obtains the required absolute majority, a second round is held, in which, as a rule, only two candidates who obtain greatest number votes in the first round; thirdly, the winner (of the two remaining candidates) in the second round is the one who gets more votes than the opponent; fourthly, as a rule, a mandatory quorum is provided: for the elections to be considered valid, the participation of more than half (i.e. 50%) of the registered voters (less often - 25% or another number) is necessary. The advantage of this electoral system is that it produces less distortion.

3) The qualified majority majoritarian system places extremely high demands on the number of votes required for election. For example, until 1993 in Italy, to be elected as an Italian senator, you had to get 65% (almost 2/3 of the vote). As a rule, in democratic countries it is almost impossible to obtain such a majority the first time. That's why this system used extremely rarely.

Majoritarian electoral system- This is an election system where those who receive a majority in their constituency are considered elected. Such elections are held in collegial bodies, for example, in parliament.

Varieties of determining winners

There are currently three types of majoritarian systems:

• Absolute;
• Relative;
• Qualified majority.

If there is an absolute majority, the candidate who receives 50% + 1 voter vote wins. It happens that during elections, none of the candidates has such a majority. In this case, a second round is arranged. It usually involves the two candidates who received more votes in the first round than the other candidates. This system is actively used in the elections of deputies in France. This system is also used in presidential elections, where the future president is chosen by the people, for example, Russia, Finland, the Czech Republic, Poland, Lithuania, etc.

In elections under the majoritarian system of relative majority, the candidate does not need to receive more than 50% of the votes. He just needs to get more votes than others and he will be considered the winner. Now this system operates in Japan, Great Britain, etc.

In elections where the winner is determined by a qualified majority, he will need to achieve a predetermined majority. Usually it is more than half of the votes, for example, 3/4 or 2/3. This is mainly used to resolve constitutional issues.

Advantages

• This system is quite universal and allows you to elect not only individual representatives, but also collective ones, for example, parties;
• It is important to note that candidates are mainly nominated among themselves and the voter, when making his choice, is based on the personal qualities of each, and not on party affiliation;
• With such a system, small parties can not only participate, but actually win.

Flaws

• Sometimes candidates may break the rules to win, such as bribing voters;
• It happens that voters who do not want their vote to “go in vain” cast their vote not for the one they like and like, but for the one they like best of the two leaders;
• Minorities that are scattered throughout the country cannot achieve a majority in certain circles. Therefore, in order to somehow “push” their candidate into parliament, they need more compact accommodation.

Stay up to date with everyone important events United Traders - subscribe to our

The majoritarian electoral system is historically the first and simplest. It is used in both single-member and multi-member electoral districts. It is based on the majority principle and has several applications.

The majority system of relative majority is the simplest of the existing ones and the most widespread, as a rule, it is used in single-member districts. When using it, the candidate who received the largest number of votes is considered elected. When using the system of relative majority, no mandatory minimum participation of voters in voting is established, even if at least one votes, the elections are considered valid. If only one candidate is nominated for a seat, he is considered elected automatically, since one voter voting for him is enough, even if such a voter is himself.

This electoral system has a number of advantages. First of all, it is effective - each deputy seat is filled immediately, as a result of only one vote. Cases of ineffectiveness are quite rare; if two or more candidates can receive the same number of votes, a legislative draw will resolve this situation. Secondly, it is understandable to voters, unlike mixed and non-traditional systems. Thirdly, this system is economical, since there is no need to re-vote in the districts. Fourth, it allows large parties to gain a “solid” majority and form a stable government. Zorina Zh.O. The electoral system and its importance in the formation of institutions of representative democracy, Collection of competitive works in the field of electoral law, electoral process and referendum legislation in 2001/2002, scientific. ed. Yu.A. Vedeneev, Moscow, RTSIOIT under the Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation, 2002, p. 44. The disadvantages of the majoritarian electoral system of a relative majority include its extremely unfair treatment of those with medium and small influence political parties. The use of a relative majority system at the national level can lead to significant distortion of election results. Also, the votes that voters cast for a non-winning candidate “disappear” and have no meaning. For example, in the 1997 parliamentary elections in Great Britain, the Labor Party led by Tony Blair received 64% of the mandates - no one has ever achieved such a majority in the history of modern parliamentarism, and at the same time only 44% of voters voted for it. The Conservatives, led by John Major, received 31% of the vote and 25% of the seats, respectively, while the Liberal Democrats, supported by 17% of voters, received only 7% of the seats. Candidates from other parties received 7% of the votes and 4% of the seats. data provided upon request by the site http://ru.wikipedia.org However, such a system has its supporters; it is used as the only one for elections in 43 states, including the United States.

The majority system of absolute (simple) majority requires an absolute majority of votes for election, which means more than half of the total number, usually at least 50% + 1 vote. However, the original total number itself can be interpreted in three ways: it can be the total number of registered voters, or the total number of votes cast, or it can be considered the total number of valid votes cast. Therefore, electoral laws must necessarily indicate what is considered an absolute majority when elections are held under such a system. Unlike the relative majority system discussed earlier, this system usually sets a lower threshold for the participation of voters in voting and if it is not reached, the elections will accordingly be considered invalid or invalid.

This system has its own advantages and disadvantages. Its main advantage is that candidates supported by a real majority of voters voted are considered elected, at least the excess over the minority was one vote, that is, it allows you to create a strong, stable government based on a reliable majority. However, the defects inherent in the relative majority system remain. The first defect of the absolute majority system is that votes cast for defeated candidates are lost. The second is that it is beneficial only to large parties, and small parties have very dubious chances of success. Finally, the third is that it is ineffective. If no candidate receives an absolute majority of votes or several candidates receive the same number of votes, the question of which deputy will receive the mandate remains open. In order to avoid such cases and make the system more efficient, various methods are used.

One of these methods is to hold a second round or repeat voting, in which not all the candidates who competed in the first round run, but only the two who received the largest number of votes in the first round. This method is called re-balloting and is used quite often. For example, in the 1986 presidential election in Portugal, the socialist Mario Soares received 25.4% of the vote in the first round - significantly less than the conservative Diego Freitas do Amaral, for whom 46.3% of voters voted. However, for the majority of supporters of other candidates, M. Soares was more preferable than Freitas do Amaral. As a result, in the second round, Soares prevailed over his rival, receiving 51.4% of the votes against 48.6%, and became President of Portugal. Taagepera R., Shugart M.S. Description of electoral systems, Moscow, Polis, lecture No. 3, electronic version.

Another way to overcome the ineffectiveness of the absolute majority majority system is to conduct alternative voting, which allows you to do without a second round of elections, and has been used for many years in Australia. In this case, the voter is asked to mark both the first and alternative preferences on the ballot. To win, a candidate must receive the support of an absolute majority. If none of the candidates became the first, having received more than 50% of the votes, the vote counting continues, and the candidate with least amount first preferences are crossed off the list. The votes he receives are transferred to the remaining candidates allocated as second preferences by the respective voters. Once the number of first preferences received by a candidate plus the number of votes transferred to him from other candidates exceeds half the total number of ballots, he is declared the winner. In my opinion, this system helps to really establish who the majority would choose if all preferences are taken into account, however, it can also lead to an inadequate distribution of seats in legislative bodies through the overrepresentation of small party associations.

The qualified majority system considers the candidate elected who receives a qualified majority of votes. A qualified majority is a predetermined number of votes that exceeds the absolute majority, that is, more than 50% + 1 vote. For example, the President of Azerbaijan, in order to be elected in the first round, must receive at least 2/3 of the votes of those participating in the vote. In Chile, to be elected in the first round, a deputy must also receive 2/3 of the votes. In Italy, before the 1993 reform, it was stipulated that a senatorial candidate, in order to be elected in the first round, must receive at least 65% of all popular votes cast. In practice, it is very difficult to obtain such a number of votes, since the votes are divided between different candidates, so this system can also be considered very ineffective and involves several rounds of voting.

To smooth out the shortcomings of the majoritarian system, some countries use “transitional” options, such as a system of limited votes (votes), non-transferable votes, and cumulative votes. The essence of the first and second ones is approximately the same, and lies in the fact that a voter in a multi-member electoral district has fewer votes than the number of deputies to be elected from him. A cumulative vote is characterized by the voter having as many votes as there are candidates to be elected or less, and the distribution of the available votes in a free manner. These systems are quite rare (Spain uses a limited vote to elect senators), but many foreign countries have had experience using them.

Having examined the majoritarian electoral system and its varieties, intermediate conclusions should be drawn. It is obvious that this system as a whole has inherent advantages, which lie in the ease of its use both for the bodies conducting elections and for the population of the country participating in them. Also, the advantage lies in the directly embedded principle of the majority; despite the variety of this system, the candidate supported by the actual majority of voters is considered elected, which allows us to talk about the creation of a strong and stable government agency. In my opinion, the system is ideal for single-member constituencies. However, there are also significant shortcomings that often make the system ineffective and uneconomical to use; as a rule, the inadequacy of the results obtained is manifested in the use of this system in multi-member electoral districts.

Having carried out a fairly detailed analysis of the majoritarian electoral system in this chapter, certain conclusions were drawn and its advantages and disadvantages were reflected. To sum up the final results and select the optimal electoral system, the next chapter will consider another type of electoral system - proportional.

For almost every representative modern choice managers at various levels is the norm. Each citizen reflects his point of view on the ballot and places it at the ballot box. It is precisely this principle of determining heads of different levels that is formed by the majoritarian electoral system. Next, a description will be given and the principles of organizing the majoritarian electoral system will be listed.

Description

It is the preference of the majority that is in the most ancient way choosing a leader or direction of activity. Let's list features of the majoritarian electoral system. When determining managers, the principle of lists of applicants for the position presented is applied.

An important condition is the right of everyone to express their own claims to take the proposed place. The adequacy of a candidate's claims is determined by popular vote. Preference is given to the one who receives the largest number of supporters. Citizens of a certain state can apply for competition. Every interested person can participate in the event voluntarily. We are talking only about citizens of a specific country.

Important! When majoritarian elections are held in a particular region, only residents of that area are invited to participate.

Procedure for electing the President

The electoral system of the Russian Federation is based on majoritarian principles. The President of the Russian Federation is elected for a term of 6 years. All citizens of the country take part in elections. To simplify the analysis of votes cast, elections are held in a specific locality. A special place is allocated where citizens officially registered in this territory are invited. There are several conditions for applicants:

• age at least 35 years;
• presence of Russian citizenship, dual citizenship is excluded;
• if a citizen has been the head of the country for two terms in a row, he does not have the right to go to the polls a third time; after a term, this opportunity returns;
• declaring plans to head the state will not be possible from prison, or even simply if there is an outstanding criminal record.

Determination of voting participants is carried out in several stages. At the first of them, any citizen of the state has the right to declare their readiness to lead the country. Further, to continue participation, applicants confirm the seriousness of their intentions by submitting the votes of supporting supporters.

In Russia the intention, in accordance with Federal Law No. 3-FZ of February 9, 2003 requires confirmation of 300,000 signatures. It is important that there cannot be more than 7,500 signatories from one region of the Russian Federation on this list. Those who can submit such signatures receive candidate status and the opportunity to stand as a candidate. Next, the applicant introduces his program to the population.

Then the election commission begins to work. It operates at each precinct to collect ballots, count the resulting data and transmit it for centralized data tabulation. EC participants invite every citizen of the country to cast their vote for the selected candidate on a single voting day.

The winner is the candidate who scores maximum number supporters who transmitted the official ballot. The winner will lead the country for the next 6 years. It is important that to win in the first round, you must obtain the consent of at least 50% and one more supporter who came to the voting site. In another situation, intermediate winners are determined. Voting is carried out among two candidates. The one who has the most supporters at this step will win.

The principles include the opportunity for anyone to try their hand at being the recipient of a supporter's ballot and the prospect for every potential supporter of a challenger to declare their own choice.

Compliance of all procedures current legislation controlled by the election commission. It consists of persons whom voters trust to exercise control.

All procedures are necessarily completely transparent. Any applicant who meets the requirements and meets a certain criteria can act as an observer of the procedure. social status: be a citizen of the state, have no criminal record and have reached a certain age.

Elections can be held according to the principle of multi-member or single-member constituencies.

Varieties, pros and cons

The following types exist:

• choice of a program of action by a large number of supporters. Use it Russian Federation, France, Czech Republic, Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine;
• the principle of determining the winner by relative majority. These countries include the IP of Great Britain, Japan, and some other countries. Majority agreement is assumed.
• according to the principle of mandatory obtaining a certain majority of votes at the preliminary stage, this can be 1/3, 2/3 and another indicator.

Disadvantages of the majoritarian system:

• possible electoral disproportionality;
• losers do not take part in the distribution of seats in parliament;
• “third” parties are not included in parliamentary and government coalitions;
• a possible majority in parliament for the winning party in the absence of the appropriate level of support in the regions;
• when “cutting” districts, violations may be allowed

While there are certain shortcomings, there are positive signs of a majoritarian system. First of all, this is the identification of the best candidate by calculating the agreement of the majority, which makes it possible to eliminate controversial situations when determining the results.

A positive feature is the equal right of everyone to make personal claims. The issue is decided by a simple majority.

Attention! The transparency of each elective procedure ensures that it is as simple and clear as possible.

What types are used in different countries

An example of the use of determining the winner by simply identifying a majority of votes, taking into account the requirement to obtain the consent of 50% and officially one more person agreeing, are Russia, Ukraine, France, Poland, Lithuania and some other states.

In Germany, Denmark and a number of other countries, a proportional version of the electoral system is used. It involves the distribution of mandates in the government, depending on how many supporters of the declared course of action were recruited. Regardless of the winner, the party of the candidate with a quarter of the percentage wins ¼ ​​of the seats in the country's parliament.

The minimum percentage threshold is determined. In Germany you need to score at least 5%. In a body such as the Danish Parliament, even a party that receives 2% of the ballots can win seats.

What system are elections used in Japan, China and 20 other countries?: There is a mixed type here, which makes it possible to represent all interested parties, often with polar political views. In this case, a combination of elections according to the majoritarian and proportional principles is used.

There are others special features of the majoritarian system. Let's give examples. Thus, in order to obtain objective results, a certain number of applicants must come to a certain place for the procedure for transferring the ballot. This indicator is not the same, in some countries it is 50%, in others - 25% or another number that must be determined and reported in advance.

Let's list advantages of the majoritarian electoral system. It is a historically established option for choosing the winner. The method has been used since prehistoric times. IN modern society States began to come to a similar principle of voting at the official level after. The system was first tested in the modern stage of social development in 1889 in Denmark.

Only the development of society made it possible to officially determine the list of applicants who have the moral and social right to try to declare their own claims to become the leader of the community. Each state sets an age limit, the absence of an outstanding criminal record, and a number of other indicators and requirements. They help identify a worthy candidate.

The name of this system comes from the French word majorite (majority). The essence of the majoritarian electoral system is that the candidate who receives a certain majority of votes is considered the winner of the election. The legislation of a particular state determines, depending on the type of elections (presidential, parliamentary or local), what kind of majority of votes is required - relative or absolute. In accordance with this, a majoritarian system is distinguished qualified majority relative majority and majoritarian system absolute majority. 3

Majoritarian electoral systems operate primarily in single-member (uninominal) electoral districts, but they can also be used in multi-member (polynomial) electoral districts, in which case voting is based on party lists as a whole.

Majority system of qualified majority

Under a majoritarian system qualified majority the law establishes a certain share of the votes that a candidate (list of candidates) must receive in order to be elected. This share is greater than the absolute majority, i.e. more than 50% plus one vote (2/3, 3/5, 65%, etc.). Thus, the President of Azerbaijan, in order to be elected in the first round, must receive at least 2/3 votes of persons participating in the voting. In Chile, to be elected in the first round, a deputy must also receive 2/3 of the votes. In Italy, before the 1993 reform, it was established that a senatorial candidate must receive at least 65% of all popular votes cast in order to be elected in the first round. In reality, obtaining such a majority is very difficult because the votes are split between different candidates. Therefore, in Italy, in the first round, at best, seven senators out of 315 were elected, sometimes one, or even none.

If no one wins in the first round under a qualified majority system, a second round follows, usually held one to two weeks later. In the second round, under this system, the two candidates with the largest number of votes compared to the others are usually nominated for a new vote. 4

Majority system of relative majority

Under a majoritarian system of relative majority, to win the election, a candidate must win more votes than each of the other candidates, even if less than half of the voters voted for him.

Suppose there are 4 candidates running in one constituency, and the votes are distributed among them as follows:

A-11%; B-23%; B-34%; G-32%.

Candidate B will be declared the winner of the election if he receives 34% of the votes, despite the fact that 66% of voters actually voted against him. Thus, the votes of 2/3 of the voters remain uncounted, “thrown out,” and the deputy in the elected body represents only 1/3 of the voters of his district.

It should, however, be noted that the electoral laws of some countries establish a minimum number of votes that must be collected in order to win: a candidate is considered elected if he received more votes in his constituency than his competitors, but provided that more votes were cast for him. 20% of all valid votes.

In Great Britain, the practice of applying the uninominal majoritarian system of relative majority led to paradoxical situations: the absolute majority of mandates in the lower house of parliament, and, consequently, the right to form a one-party government, was received by the party that collected fewer votes overall than the losing party. Let's illustrate this with the following example:

in five electoral districts with an equal number of voters of 30 thousand, the candidates of parties A and B fought for mandates, and the votes were distributed between them as follows:

The party that wins a larger number of constituencies with at least a minimal margin of votes will receive a larger number of mandates. In our example, party A will receive 4 mandates when the total number of voters who voted for its candidates is 73 thousand, and party B will receive 1 mandate, while 77 thousand voters voted for its candidates. This means that the ruling party will be the one that enjoys the support of a minority of voters.

In France, majority parties that received less than 50% of the total vote had almost 75% of the seats in parliament.

A similar situation has existed in India for many years. The INC party in the elections to the People's Chamber over the entire period of the country's independent development (except for losses in 1977 and 1989) received an absolute majority of seats, gaining about 1/4 of the votes of the entire electoral corps.

The above allows us to conclude that the majoritarian system of relative majority is one of the least democratic electoral systems, the main defects of which are:

2) the picture of the real balance of political forces in the country is distorted: the party that receives a minority of votes receives a majority of parliamentary seats.

The potential injustice inherent in this electoral system is more clearly manifested in conjunction with special methods of dividing electoral districts, called “electoral geometry” and “electoral geography.”

Essence "selective geometry" is that it is necessary to divide the electoral districts in such a way as to, while maintaining their formal equality, ensure in advance the advantage of supporters of one of the parties in them, dispersing supporters of other parties in small numbers across different districts, and concentrating their maximum number in 1-2 districts. In other words, the party that is cutting up electoral districts will try to cut them out in such a way as to “drive” the maximum number of voters voting for the rival party into one or two districts, deliberately going to “lose” them, thereby ensuring victory for yourself in other districts. Formally, the equality of districts is not violated, but in fact the election results are predetermined. By allowing the formation of constituencies for another party, we will get the opposite result.

The legislation of a number of foreign countries (USA, France, Germany, Great Britain, Japan), like the Russian legislator, also proceeds from the fact that it is practically impossible to form absolutely equal electoral districts, and therefore establishes a maximum percentage (usually 25% or 33%) of deviation districts by number of voters from the average district in one direction or another. This is the basis for the application of “electoral geography”, referred to in the USA as “Gerryman-dering” (from the personal name of one American governor who used the division of districts in the interests of his party, and an English word translated, in particular, as “tinkering”). 5

Target "electoral geography" is to make the voice of the more conservative rural voter weigh more than the vote of the urban voter by creating more electoral districts in rural areas with fewer voters than in urban areas. As a result, with an equal number of voters living in urban and rural areas, 2-3 times more constituencies can be formed in the latter.

The majoritarian system of relative majority, which has become quite widespread in developing countries, in some of them (India, Egypt, etc.) has acquired unique forms, actually depriving citizens in certain cases of the right to choose: when the number of candidates is equal to the number of deputies elected in the constituency, they are considered elected without voting.

Perhaps the only advantage of the majority system of relative majority is that voting is carried out in one round, since the winner is determined immediately. This makes elections much cheaper.

On the basis of the majoritarian electoral system of a relative majority, in particular, half of the deputies of the State Duma of the Russian Federation are elected in single-mandate constituencies - the candidate who received the largest number of votes of voters who took part in the voting is considered elected (if the number of votes received by the candidates is equal, the candidate registered earlier is considered elected) . Another type of majoritarian electoral system is the absolute majority majoritarian system.

Majority system of absolute majority

Under this system, elections usually take place in several rounds. To be elected, a candidate must receive an absolute majority of the votes of voters who took part in the voting, i.e. 50% + 1 vote. If none of the candidates achieves this majority (and most often this is what happens), a second round is held (usually two weeks after the first), where the same requirement of an absolute majority of the popular vote is again applied. But the legislation may also establish a requirement for a relative majority for the second round.

Not all registered candidates can participate in the second round. The so-called re-balloting is carried out: only two candidates who received the largest number of votes in the first round compared to other candidates are allowed to the second round.

All French presidents in the V Republic were elected under the absolute majority majority system, and only in 1958 did Charles de Gaulle manage to collect 78.5% of the votes in the first round; all other presidential elections were held in two rounds. Elections for the President of Uzbekistan are held using this electoral system. During elections to the National Assembly of France, there was often a situation where, as a result of the actions of several political parties, candidates who were not among the first two in terms of the number of votes received entered the second round. This opportunity is provided by Art. 7 of the French Constitution, according to which only the two candidates who receive the most votes in the first round or who follow the candidates who received the most votes and withdrew their candidacies (if this is the case) may participate in the second round.

This means that if, before midnight on the Thursday following the day of the first round, one of the two candidates who took the first two places in the first round submits a written application to the Constitutional Council to withdraw his candidacy, then the candidate who took the first two places in the second round will participate together with him in the second round. took third place. This rule is used by parties that are similar in their political positions in order to prevent the candidate of the left party from winning.

Let’s assume that candidate A from the left party and candidate B from the right party win in the first round; they are the ones who are vying to advance to the second round. However, right-wing parties supporting candidate B, who took third place, can propose that the parties of candidate B unite, but with the condition that candidacy B be withdrawn. If this proposal is accepted, then left-wing candidate A and candidate B, who is supported by the united right-wing parties, will participate in the second round , which significantly increases his chances of winning.

When electing the President of Uzbekistan, a repeat vote is held no earlier than 15 days from the date of the first vote, but within one month. 6 If by the day of the re-election there is only one candidate left, then the candidacy of the second one for inclusion on the ballot papers is determined in the same way as in the French practice described above. Based on the results of the repeat voting, the candidate for the post of President of Uzbekistan who received a greater number of votes from voters who took part in the voting in relation to the number of votes cast for another candidate (in other words, according to the majority system of relative majority) is considered elected.

The majoritarian electoral system, both relative and absolute majorities, does not imply holding elections on a purely party basis. Along with candidates nominated by political parties, independent candidates are also fighting for mandates. And voters, when voting in elections, often give preference to one candidate or another not as a representative of a particular party, but as a trustworthy politician.

Majoritarian systems of single unchallenged vote and cumulative vote

Very rarely, along with the three mentioned above, two more particular varieties of the majoritarian system are used: a single non-transferable vote and a cumulative vote. At system of a single unchangeable voice, which is sometimes called semi-proportional, multi-member constituencies are created, as is always the case with a proportional system, but each voter can vote for only one candidate from a particular party list contained on the ballot. Candidates who have collected more votes than others are considered elected, i.e. The principle of a majoritarian system of relative majority operates (the number of elected persons corresponds to the number of mandates in the district). Since the outcome of the elections is still determined according to the majoritarian principle, this system is considered a type of majoritarian system, although with some deviations.

At cumulative vote(cumulative means cumulative;

date cumulo - add up) the voter has not one, but several votes (three, four, etc.). He can give all the votes to one candidate, or he can distribute them among different candidates of the same party (for example, give three votes out of the available four to the candidate No. 1 on the party list, and one vote to the candidate No. 4). The voter may also, if permitted by law, apply panashage(or panning; from fr. panachage - mixing, motley): to vote for candidates from different party lists, focusing not on party affiliation, but on the personal qualities of a particular candidate. Panachage is discussed in more detail below, since it is usually allowed very rarely and under a proportional electoral system. If a cumulative vote system is used, then the results are determined again according to the principle of relative majority: votes are counted for all candidates running in the district; Those who have collected more votes than other voters are considered elected (in accordance with the number of deputy seats in a given district). Therefore, this system is also a type of majority system.

Voting under the system of a single permanent vote and with a cumulative vote is based on the principle of preference: the voter chooses the candidates most suitable for him, but from list of one party. 7

The greatest opportunities for the participation of political parties in elections and their direct influence on the distribution of deputy mandates are provided by the proportional electoral system, which involves holding elections on a strictly party basis.