§1. General information

Let us remember: sentences are divided into two-part sentences, the grammatical basis of which consists of two main members - the subject and the predicate, and one-part sentences, the grammatical basis of which consists of only one main member: the subject or the predicate.

One-part sentences are divided into two groups:

• with the main member - subject
• with the main member - predicate

The latter are divided into four types.

This means that there are five types of one-part sentences in total. Each has its own name:

• nominal
• definitely personal
• vaguely personal
• generalized-personal
• impersonal

Each type is discussed separately below.

§2. One-part sentences with the main member - subject

Name sentences- These are one-part sentences with the main member - the subject.
In nominal sentences, the existence of an object or phenomenon is reported or an emotional and evaluative attitude towards it is expressed. Examples:

Night.
Silence.
Night!
Sweet raspberries!
What a beauty!

Denominative sentences with particles here, over there have a demonstrative meaning: Over there is the village!

Nominal sentences can be uncommon and consist of only one word - the main member, or common, including other members of the sentence:

Blue sky overhead.

Blue sea at your feet.

By the window small table, covered with a tablecloth.

Most often, the following are used as subjects in nominative sentences:

• nouns in I.p.: Heat!
• pronouns in I.p.: Here they are!
• numerals or combinations of numerals with nouns in I.p.: Twelve. First of January.

§3. One-part sentences with the main member - the predicate

One-part sentences with the main member - the predicate - are not the same in the structure of the predicate. There are four types.

Classification of one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate

1. Definitely personal proposals
2. Vaguely personal sentences
3. Generalized personal sentences
4. Impersonal offers

1. Definitely personal proposals

Definitely personal proposals- these are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, which is expressed by the personal form of the verb in the form of 1 or 2 l. or a verb in the imperative mood. The person is defined: it is always either the speaker or the interlocutor. Examples:

I love meeting with friends.

the action referred to in the sentence is performed by the speaker, verb in the 1st form. units

Let's call tomorrow!

inducement to joint action of the speaker and interlocutor, verb in the imperative mood)

How are you living?

the action about which information is obtained is performed by the interlocutor, verb in the form of 2 l. plural

Declarative and interrogative sentences express the action of the speaker or interlocutor:

Tomorrow I'm leaving on a business trip. What do you prefer for dessert?

Incentive sentences express the motivation for the interlocutor to act:

Read! Write! Fill in the missing letters.

Such sentences are independent, they do not need a subject, because the idea of ​​a person can be expressed in language by personal endings of verbs.

2. Vaguely personal sentences

Vaguely personal proposals- these are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, which is expressed by a verb in the form of 3 l. plural in the present or future tense or in the plural form. in the past tense. Person unspecified: the action is performed by someone unidentified.

unknown, not determined by whom the action is performed

It was reported on TV that...

it is not determined who performed the action

Such sentences do not need a subject, since they express the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe uncertainty of the persons performing the action.

3. Generalized personal sentences

Generalized personal proposals- these are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, standing in the form of 2 l. units or 3 l. plural in the present or future tenses or in the form of 2 l. units or plural imperative mood:

In generalized-personal sentences, the person appears in a generalized form: all, many, and the action is presented as ordinary, always performed. Such proposals express the collective experience of the people as a whole and reflect stable, generally accepted concepts. Examples:

If you love to ride, you also love to carry sleds.
You cannot build your happiness on someone else's misfortune.

The action being spoken of is common and common to all people, conveying the idea of ​​collective experience.)

Chickens are counted in the fall.

It does not matter who specifically performs the action, what is more important is that it is performed usually, always, by everyone - the collective experience is reflected, while a specific person is not implied.

In generalized-personal sentences, the idea of ​​a generalized person is important, therefore they express generalizations characteristic of proverbs and sayings, aphorisms, and various kinds of maxims.

Note:

Not all textbooks highlight generalized personal sentences as a special type. Many authors believe that definite-personal and indefinitely-personal sentences can have a generalized meaning. Examples:

If you love to ride, you also love to carry sleds.
(considered as a definite personal sentence having a generalized meaning)

Chickens are counted in the fall.
(considered as an indefinitely personal sentence having a generalized meaning)

What is the basis for different interpretations?
Authors who distinguish generalized-personal sentences into a separate type pay more attention to the meaning of this group of sentences. And those who do not see a sufficient basis for this put formal features (verb forms) at the forefront.

4. Impersonal offers

Impersonal offers- these are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, standing in the form of 3 l. units present or future tense or in the form s.r. past tense. Examples:

The action or state is expressed in them as involuntary, in no way dependent on any person or group of persons.

The predicate in impersonal sentences can be expressed in different ways:

1) impersonal verb: It was getting dark, it was getting dark.
2) a personal verb in impersonal use in the form of 3 l. units present or future tense or in s.r. units past tense. It's getting dark, it's getting dark.
3) a short passive participle in the form s.r.: Already sent to the market for fresh products.
4) in a state category word: Are you cold?, I feel good.
In the present tense, the zero copula of the verb be not used. In the past and future tenses, the copula be is in the following forms:

• past tense, singular, middle: I felt good.
• future tense, singular, 3 l.: I will be fine.

5) infinitive: To be a scandal, to be in trouble.
6) impersonal auxiliary verb with infinitive: I wanted to relax.
7) a state category word with an infinitive: Have a good rest!
8) negatives: no (no - colloquial), nor: There is no happiness in life!

Impersonal sentences are also diverse in the meanings they express. They can convey the states of nature, the states of people, and the meaning of the absence of something or someone. In addition, they often convey the meanings of necessity, possibility, desirability, inevitability, etc.

Test of strength

Find out your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is it true that one-part sentences are those with one main predicate member?

2. Is it true that one-part sentences are those with one main member - the subject?

3. What are sentences with one main member - the subject - called?

   • incomplete
   • nominal

4. What is the offer: What nonsense!?

   • nominative
   • definitely personal
   • impersonal

5. What is the offer: Take care of nature!?

   • definitely personal
   • vaguely personal
   • impersonal

6. What is the offer: The newspaper published a weather forecast for the week.?

   • vaguely personal
   • generalized-personal
   • definitely personal

7. What is the offer: I'm shivering.?

   • nominative
   • impersonal
   • definitely personal

8. What is the offer: It's getting light.?

   • impersonal
   • vaguely personal
   • generalized-personal

9. What is the offer: He wanted to sleep.?

   • definitely personal
   • vaguely personal
   • impersonal

10. What is the offer: Would you like some tea?

    • definitely personal
    • vaguely personal
    • impersonal

summarize and systematize students’ knowledge on the topic “One-part sentences”;

develop skills to distinguish one-part sentences;

learn to differentiate between types of one-part sentences.

Lesson progress

I. Checking homework

More beautiful, cakes, blinds, plumbing, electrical wires, at the same time, petition, ring, started, inform, facilitate, uncork.

b) Explain the lexical meaning of the words:

Ignore- deliberately not to notice, not to want to know, not to take into account - ignore the facts.

Paradoxical– incredible, being a paradox (a strange opinion that diverges from the generally accepted one) – paradoxical behavior.

Correct - polite, impeccable – correct remark.

Facsimile - exact reproduction of the manuscript, document, signature – facsimile of signature.

II. Learning new material

a) Problem situation

Explain why a comma must be placed before the conjunction “and” in a sentence:

I don't know how to feel sorry for you,
And I carefully carry my cross... A. Blok

Students' explanation: In order to avoid punctuation errors in a complex sentence, you must be able to “see” one-part sentences within a complex sentence.

III. Pin a topic

1. Work at the board.

Write down a stanza from A. Blok’s poem:

Night, street, lantern, pharmacy,
Pointless and dim light.
Live for at least another quarter of a century -
Everything will be like this. There is no outcome.

2. Teacher's question.

How many sentences are there in this stanza?

Underline the grammatical basis in each sentence.

a) Night, street, lantern, pharmacy, meaningless and dull light.

b) Live at least another quarter of a century - All it will be like this.

c) Exodus No.

How are these offers different?

What is the difference between one-part and two-part sentences?

How do one-part sentences differ from two-part incomplete sentences?

Working with a table in “Theoretical Notebooks”.

(“Theoretical notebooks” is the conventional name for notebooks where students write down rules, learned definitions, terms, vocabulary words, etc. (kept from the 5th grade)).

Remember the types of one-part sentences (students refer to the table).

Types of offers	Main member of the sentence	Form	Example
Nominal	Subject	Noun in I.p.	Beauty! Spring.
Definitely personal	Predicate	Verb in the form of the indicative and imperative mood of the 1st or 2nd person of the present and future tense.	I love you, Petra's creation!
Vaguely personal	Predicate	Verb in 3rd person form plural present and future tense.	In Siberia they do not like fever and haste.
Generalized-personal	Predicate	Action refers to a generalized person	If you like to ride, you also like to carry a sled.
Impersonal	Predicate	Impersonal verb Infinitive Personal verb in the sense of impersonal. Short form of the participle. The word NO, form of the verb TO BE	It's getting light. Bad children should be punished. The forest was humming, rustling, and moving. It's open for you. There is no outcome. You shouldn't be a captain.

Teacher's question: what types of one-part sentences are divided into?

d) Commented letter. (Write down sentences, explain the types of one-part sentences)

I hear a bell.
It's spring in the field. A. Blok. “I hear the bells”

Student Explanation:

I hear a bell.

(The sentence is one-part, because it contains one main member sentences - a predicate expressed by a personal verb of the present tense of the 1st person singular. This is definitely a personal suggestion.)

In the field spring.

(The sentence is one-part, because it has one main member of the sentence - the subject, expressed by a noun in the I.p. This is a nominative sentence.)

2. It's hard us was under the blizzards
Cold winter sleep ... A. Blok “It was hard for us...”

Student Explanation:

The proposal is one-part, because it contains one main member of the sentence - the predicate, expressed by a verb in the form of the neuter past tense (was), an infinitive (to sleep) and a word of state (hard). This is an impersonal offer.

e) Explanatory dictation with a grammar task.

Write down sentences, highlight grammatical basics, indicate types of one-part sentences.

1. Tell me something. (Definitely personal)

2. It was a little dawning. (Impersonal)

3. Be a great thunderstorm! (Impersonal)

4. Tears will not help your grief. (Generalized-personal)

5. I know you’re joking, but I still believe it. (Definitely personal)

6. Rain over the station. (nominal)

f) Graphic dictation with verification.

Determine the type of one-part sentences. Using conventional signs, write the answer in letters.

N - nominative

op-l - definitely personal

n-l – indefinite

b - impersonal

l – personal

ob-l – generalized-personal

(The teacher reads the sentences, students determine by ear the type of one-part sentence and make a note. See answer)

1. No war.
2. It was damp and cold.
3. Spring.
4. Chickens are counted in the fall.
5. Come here quickly!
6. Take your time.
7. The newspapers had not yet been brought.
8. The rain slanted against the glass.
9. Turn back, bow to the fish!
10. I love thunderstorms in early May.

lV. Summing up.

Independent work.

Determine the type of one-part sentences.

1 option

A) Now bison are not only protected, but also bred.

B) The entrance to the estate is always crowded.

B) We had to turn off the highway and take country roads.

D) A terrible crash...

D) Both masts and all the sails were torn off.

E) I see, I see a moonlit meadow through the foliage of dense willow trees.

Option 2

A) One day they were rinsing clothes in our yard and left a trough.

B) When you take off your head, you don’t cry over your hair.

C) I want to sign up for the swimming section.

D) Here comes spring.

D) At night, cold blows from the ground.

E) migratory birds are given rings with markings on their paws.

V. Homework.

From the collection “Typical test tasks. Unified State Examination - 2008.” Puchkova L.I. complete option 1-10 task B4.

Literature used

1. Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language, edited by R.I. Avanesov, Moscow, “ Russian language”, 1989
2. Ozhegov S.I. “Dictionary of the Russian Language”, Moscow, “Russian Language”, 1991.
3. Brief dictionary foreign words edited by I.V. Lekhin and professor F.N. Petrov, Moscow, 1950.
4. A. Blok “Poems. Poems”, Moscow, “Sovremennik”, 1987
5. Babaytseva V.V., Maksimov L.Yu. “Modern Russian language” in 3 parts, Moscow, “Enlightenment”, 1987.
6. A.G. Narushevich “Methods of preparation for the Unified State Exam in the Russian language: lesson planning, lesson organization, exercise system”, Moscow, Pedagogical University“First of September”, 2007

Among simple sentences based on the presence of main members, they distinguish two-part And one-piece. In two-part sentences, the grammatical basis consists of both main members - subject and predicate, in one-part sentences - only one.

It is important that the main member of one-part sentences is neither subject nor predicate, because it combines the functions of the two main members of the sentence.

The following types of one-part sentences are distinguished:

• definitely personal
• vaguely personal
• impersonal
• infinitives
• nominative

Definitely personal sentences are one-part sentences in which the main member indicates a specific character and is expressed in the personal form of the verb (1st or 2nd person). No.: I love thunderstorm in early May- here is the form of the main story. points to certain person- on the speaker himself. The main members are defined-personal. sentence most often expressed hl. 1l. And 2l. units or plural. present or bud. time, as well as ch. pov incl., e.g.: I'm coming on the way. We're sitting, we think, we write. Don't let it cool down your heart, son! Such one-part sentences are synonymous with two-part sentences: I'm coming on the way - I'm coming on the way. Used in formal speech, in business style and in thin literature.

Vaguely personal sentences are one-part sentences in which the action expressed by the predicate forms refers to an indefinite person. For example: At the door knocking (someone unspecified). The main term is most often expressed in the form 3 l. pl. h. present or bud. time, ch. pl. part last time, ch. in consonance inclination. Eg: You waiting in the audience. You handed over the book (will be handed over). If I asked, I would agree.

Impersonal are those one-part sentences in which the main member denotes an action or state that exists independently of the idea of ​​the person, example: Already it was getting light. Was frosty And It's clear . In impersonal sentences, natural phenomena are called ( Freezing), physical and mental states of a person ( I'm bored), state of the environment, assessment of the situation ( Cold. Good thinking on steppe roads), modal relations ( I wanted toThere is) etc. Predicate in impersonal. the sentence is expressed by an impersonal verb ( It's getting light), a personal verb in an impersonal meaning ( There was a knocking sound in the attic), words of the state category ( How nice it is all around!), short passive participle past. time ( Decided to go on an excursion), a negative word ( There is no peace). Most often used in bad times. lit. (accuracy, conciseness).

Infinitives- these are sentences in which the main member is expressed by an independent infinitive and denotes a necessary, inevitable or desirable action, for example: You start! They differ from impersonal ones in that they are impersonal. the infinitive is dependent, and in infinitives it is independent: To you tell about this?- inf. And To you should(need to) tell about this?- impersonal

Nominative (nominal)- these are sentences in which the main member is expressed in the nominative case of the name and denotes the existence of objects, phenomena, states, for example: Night. Street. Flashlight. Pharmacy(Block). The main member combines the meaning of the subject and its existence. The following types of sentences are distinguished: nominative existential: Night. Street; nominative demonstratives: There's an asterisk; nominative emotional-evaluative: What a neck! What eyes!(Krylov).

From Masterweb

07.06.2018 04:00

In the Russian language, there are two groups of syntactic units, divided by the presence or absence of a subject or predicate in them: two-part and one-part sentences. How many main members are there in such constructions, and what types of one-part sentences are there (table with examples)? This article will tell you.

Definition of the concept

A one-part sentence is a complete speech utterance where the grammatical basis has only a subject or only a predicate.

For example: “Shall we buy groceries at the store?” Analyzing the offer through parsing, you can see that the main member there is the predicate - “we’ll buy”, expressed by a verb, and the secondary ones are the addition of “products” and the adverbial “in the store”, expressed by nouns.

There is no subject in this sentence, but you can easily pick it up: “Shall we buy groceries at the store?” You can only substitute here the pronoun “we” - 1st person singular.

In this case, the subject was not specifically removed, but it is simply absent.

Important! Do not confuse one-part sentences with two-part incomplete sentences with a missing subject.

For example: “The trees grew tall and slender. They rustled their green leaves in the wind.” Determine the type of one-part sentence. Or is it still two-part?

In this example, without context, it is impossible to understand the meaning of the second sentence, so it is a two-part incomplete sentence with a missing subject.

Types of one-part sentences (table with examples)

So. The easiest way is to put the types of one-part sentences into a table with example tips:

What is the difference between them? It's worth taking a closer look.

Nominative or nominative sentences

The following syntactic constructions are called nominative or nominative sentences. It's quite simple. One main member of a one-part sentence is the subject, expressed by a noun. It always appears in such complete speech utterances in nominative case.

In such a syntactic unit there are not and cannot be secondary members, for example, additions or adverbials, since they relate to the predicate, it is from it that the question will be asked to similar members of the sentence.

In nominative sentences there can only be a definition, since it always refers to the subject.

For example: "Morning. Summer day. Winter."

In all these sentences there is only a subject, but a predicate is not provided there.

In addition to the noun, nominative sentences may contain a phrase in which one noun is in the nominative case and the second in the genitive case.

For example: "A time of warmth and sun. Songs of fun and joy."

One-part definitely-personal sentences

These syntactic constructions contain only the predicate in 1 and 2 liters. units and many more h. The predicate is in the indicative or imperative mood, depending on the person, and is expressed by a verb.

These constructions are always called one-part definite-personal sentences, since the grammatical basis is equal to one main member of the sentence.

For example:

1. “I’m walking up the stairs, looking out the windows.”
2. "Shall we play together?"
3. “Please give me this piece of cake!”
4. "Do me a favor."

Vaguely personal proposals

The following syntactic units also contain a predicate expressed by a verb in the 3rd person plural. The predicate can be in the past or future tense, and also have an indicative or subjunctive (conditional) mood.

For example:

1. "I was told that classes were cancelled."
2. “Would you give me a discount in this store!”
3. “Let them first tell you about all the nuances of the work!”

In these constructions, it is possible to select only the personal pronoun “they” and substitute it for the subject.

Generalized personal proposals

Such syntactic units of speech are a real alloy of definite and indefinite personal speech utterances, however, in generalized personal sentences the predicate carries a generalized rather than specific meaning. That is why this type of one-part construction is used most often in proverbs and sayings, where it is impossible to make a reference to a specific person.

For example:

1. “If you love the tops, love the roots.”
2. “You can’t catch a fish out of a pond without effort.”
3. “Measure twice, cut once.”

Impersonal offers

These sentences are a separate and very interesting type - they do not and cannot have a subject, so there remains only one predicate, which can be expressed in various categories:

• A verb without a person: “It was getting light.” "It's getting evening." "It was getting dark."
• A verb that used to be personal and then became impersonal: “My nose itches.” “He can’t sleep at all.” “It got dark in the distance.”
• A category of state, or an impersonal predicative word: “It was quiet in the garden.” “I feel very sad.” "Stuffy and hot."
• A negative particle “neither” or a negation word “no”: “You have no conscience!” “Not a star in the sky.”

Infinitive sentences

The last category of one-part sentences also has in its grammatical basis only the predicate, expressed by the infinitive - the initial form of the verb. The infinitive is very easy to identify - it answers the questions “what to do/what to do?”.

This part of speech has neither number nor person, since it is unchangeable.

1. "You don't need to listen to anyone!"
2. “Why lie on the beach for a long time under the scorching sun?”
3. "Why not dance at the celebration?"

To easily remember the types of one-part sentences (table with examples), it is best to learn which main member is missing in them. If this is a predicate, then you have a nominative sentence, etc.

Thus, one-part sentences - special kind syntactic constructions, the grammatical basis of which has only one main member. Subject or predicate. In addition, there are several types of one-part sentences. Each of them uses either only the subject in the nominative case, or only the predicate in different faces and numbers.

Kievyan Street, 16 0016 Armenia, Yerevan +374 11 233 255

N.A. SHAPIRO

Continuation. See the beginning in No. 39, 43/2003

One-part sentences.
Incomplete sentences

Definition of a one-part sentence

In Russian, all simple sentences according to the nature of the grammatical basis are divided into two types - two-part And one-piece. Two-part sentences have a subject and a predicate. Dissuaded grove golden birch cheerful tongue.(S. Yesenin) Poet you may not be , But must be a citizen . (N. Nekrasov) In one-part sentences there is only one main member, and the second is not needed to understand the meaning of the sentence. Late autumn. In the yards tourniquet dry leaves. Everything earlier it's getting dark. At school, the main member of a one-part sentence is called, like the main members of two-part sentences, the subject or predicate. Linguistic scientists usually use the term “main member of a one-part sentence.”

All one-part sentences are divided into sentences with the main member - the subject and sentences with the main member - the predicate (otherwise they are called, respectively, nominal and verbal one-part sentences).

It is important to understand the difference between one-part sentences and incomplete ones, which can also have only one main member. Wed: 1) – Dry leaves are being burned in the courtyards. 2) – What do wipers do in the fall? – Dry leaves are burned in the yards. In the first case, it is reported that a certain action is being performed, but who performs it is not important. This is a one-part proposal. In the second case, an action is reported that is performed by a specific subject - the wipers. Subject wipers missing, but easily recovered from the previous sentence. This means that the second sentence is two-part incomplete.

Name sentences

One-part sentences in which the main member is expressed by a noun in the nominative case or a syntactically indecomposable phrase are called nominal. Cinema. Three benches.(O. Mandelstam) Twenty-one. Night. Monday. The outlines of the capital in the darkness.(A. Akhmatova) The greenery of the laurel, almost to the point of trembling. The door is open, the window is dusty.(I. Brodsky) Such sentences are said to express the meaning of beingness. It is thanks to this meaning that a word or phrase “turns” into a sentence.

Nominal sentences may have some additional grammatical meanings, such as concrete demonstrative (expressed by the particle Here: Here's the mill); emotional assessment (expressed using special particles what, like this, well, what the, this etc.). It is important to distinguish nominal sentences with a particle Here from two-part ones with a pronoun This. Here's a chair– one-part noun sentence; This is a chair– two-part, where This– subject, and chair– compound nominal predicate with zero coupling.

The teacher should pay special attention to students on how the order of words in a sentence can affect its composition. Yes, in a sentence Warm day the subject and definition, expressed by the adjective, standing before the word being defined, are easily detected. This is a one-part nominative common sentence. In the sentence Warm day there is a subject and a compound nominal predicate with a zero connective and noun part expressed by an adjective after the subject. This is a two-part unexpanded proposal.

Another case is more complicated. Offer It was boring listening to him is considered a one-component impersonal with a compound verbal predicate, where instead of an auxiliary verb there is a word of the state category boring and a linking verb. But if the infinitive is put in first place - Listen to him was boring, it can be considered as the subject, then it was boring– a compound nominal predicate, where the nominal part is expressed by a short adjective (cf. The listening was boring).

In the Russian language there are sentences in which, at first glance, there are no main members at all: Snow! Trees! Noise, noise!(Meaning: So much snow (trees, noise)!) Not a speck of dust. They are not studied in the school course. The grammatical meaning of beingness seems to allow us to classify these sentences as denominative. But the only member of such a sentence cannot be considered as the subject, because it is expressed by a noun not in the nominative, but in the genitive case. Many linguists call such sentences genitive (by the Latin name of the genitive case), and those sentences that we call nominative - nominative (by the Latin name of the nominative case), combining both of them into the type “nominal one-part sentences”.

When the only main member of a sentence is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, and the secondary members depend on the main one and form a phrase with it ( Early morning; End of the alley; House on the outskirts etc.), no one doubts that this proposal is one-part.

But there are also controversial cases. If the minor member has adverbial or objective meaning (I have the blues; There is a holiday in the house), some scholars consider the sentence to be two-part with an omitted predicate on the grounds that neither an adverbial nor an object can relate to the subject. Other scholars consider such sentences to be denominative, with a special minor member that relates to the entire sentence, extending it as a whole, and is called a determiner.

Exercise

Are the highlighted sentences denominative?

A wonderful man, Ivan Ivanovich!.. What apple and pear trees he has right next to his windows! He loves melons very much. This is his favorite food.

- Tell me, please, what do you need this gun for, which is set out to air out along with the dress?.. Listen, give it to me!
- How can you! This gun is expensive. You won't find guns like this anywhere anymore. Even when I was getting ready to join the police, I bought it from Turchin... How is that possible? This is a necessary thing...
- A good gun!(N. Gogol)

Answer. Title suggestions: What apple and pear trees he has right next to his windows! And Nice gun! Offer Listen, give it to me!- one-part, but not denominative, because the main member in it is not the subject, but the predicate. All other highlighted sentences have both a subject and a predicate, i.e. they are two-part.

One-part sentences with the main member - the predicate

One-part sentences with the main member - the predicate - are divided into definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal, and impersonal. These types differ in two main ways: a) in how expressed the idea of ​​the actor is; b) by morphological forms a verb used as the main member of a sentence. In other words, different types single-component sentences make it possible, with varying degrees of specificity, to imagine who performs the action, or contain an indication that there is no such producer at all, it is impossible to imagine him.

Moreover, each type of sentence has its own forms of the predicate verb, and they do not intersect, i.e. by the form of the verb, you can determine the type of one-part sentence (with the exception of generalized personal sentences, which will be discussed separately).

Definitely personal proposals

Definitely personal These are one-part sentences in which the actor is not named, but is thought of as a well-defined person - the speaker himself or his interlocutor. In other words, in definite personal sentences the subject is easily restored - the 1st or 2nd person pronoun (I, we, you, you). This is possible because the predicate in a definite personal sentence is expressed only by a verb of the 1st or 2nd person of the indicative or imperative mood.

I'm sorry the fever of youth and youthful fever and youthful delirium.(A. Pushkin) Linen on the river I'm rinsing, my two flowers growing.. . (M. Tsvetaeva) I laughed: “Oh, prophesy We’ll probably both be in trouble.”(A. Akhmatova) Let's praise, brothers, twilight of freedom...(O. Mandelstam) Don't come near to her with questions.(A. Blok) Come , let's drink guilt, let's have a snack bread or plums. Tell me let me know. I'm going to bed you in the garden under the clear sky and I'll tell you what are the names of the constellations?(I. Brodsky)

It is important to note that in definite-personal sentences the predicate cannot be expressed by a verb in the past tense or in the conditional mood, since in these forms there is no person meaning (Cf. Came up. I didn't show my excitement...(A. Akhmatova) In the first sentence it is impossible to restore the subject. You? She? This means that this sentence is not definitely personal, but two-part, incomplete. Which subject is missing can only be determined from the following lines: She sat down like a porcelain idol in the position she had chosen long ago.).

Exercise

Find one-part sentences in the text and determine the type of each of them.

Steppe again. Now the village of Abadzekhskaya lies widely on the horizon - its pyramidal poplars turn blue, its church turns blue. The air trembles with heat. The faces of the Solovyov girls take on an expression calm to the point of sternness - they hide their fatigue. But finally the village of Abadzekhskaya enters our lives, surrounding us with white huts and front gardens with mallow.
Here we made our first stop. River bank, a low hedge, someone's gardens. Swimming in familiar water from an unfamiliar shore. Everyone is happy with the transition and pleasantly surprised that I am not tired, and I am more than anyone else. We collect brushwood, make a fire, the girls cook conder - either soup or millet porridge with lard. (E. Schwartz)

Answer. Title suggestions: Steppe again. River bank, low hedge, someone's gardens. Swimming in familiar water from an unfamiliar shore. Definitely personal proposal: We collect brushwood and make a fire(part of a complex sentence).

Vaguely personal proposals

Vaguely personal are called one-part sentences, where the actor is thought of as an indefinite person who does not interest the speaker. Such sentences are used when it is necessary to show that the action itself is important, and not the producer of the action. The predicate in such sentences necessarily has a plural form (although this does not mean that there are many implied figures), in the present and future tense. incl. and in command. incl. – 3rd person plural form. h.

After all, it’s only here that treasure nobility!(A. Griboyedov) We have scold everywhere, and everywhere they accept.(A. Griboyedov) Let me will announce Old Believer...(A. Griboyedov) But, without asking her advice, the girl got lucky to the crown. And at their table there are guests wore dishes by rank. Whenever left I was free, how quickly I would run into the dark forest! Just you will be locked up, will be imprisoned on the fool's chain and through the bars like an animal to tease you will come . (A. Pushkin) They took me away you at dawn...(A. Akhmatova) I let them take it away lanterns...(A. Akhmatova)

Exercise

Find in the text all the sentences in which the predicates are expressed by verbs in plural form. Which one is indefinitely personal? Try changing the remaining sentences into vaguely personal ones.

One day, the goddess Eris threw an apple with the inscription: “To the most beautiful” to the three inhabitants of Olympus - Hera, Athena and Aphrodite. Each goddess, of course, hoped that the apple was destined for her. Zeus ordered Paris to resolve the dispute.
By birth, Paris was a Trojan prince, but he lived not in a palace, but among shepherds. The fact is that his parents Priam and Hecuba, even before the birth of their son, received a terrible prophecy: because of the boy, Troy would perish. The baby was taken to Mount Ida and abandoned there. Paris was found and raised by shepherds. Here, on Ida, Paris judged the three goddesses. He recognized Aphrodite as the winner, but not disinterestedly: she promised the young man the love of the most beautiful woman in the world. (O. Levinskaya)

Answer. Vaguely personal sentence: baby carried to Mount Ida and abandoned there.
Possible modifications to other proposals: In Troy, even before the birth of the king's son, they received a terrible prophecy. Paris was found on Mount Ida and raised as a shepherd.

Generalized personal proposals

Among one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, there are those in which the actor is thought of as a generalized person, i.e. the action relates to every person, to everyone; This meaning is especially common in proverbs: Soldiers are not born (i.e. no one can be born a soldier right away). Without difficulty Not take it out and fish from the pond. Quiet you're going- further you will.

As can be seen from the examples given, the predicate verbs in these sentences are in the same form as in definite-personal or indefinite-personal sentences. And yet, sentences with such a generalized meaning are often distinguished into a special type - generalized-personal offers.

Impersonal offers

Impersonal these are called one-component sentences in which the action is not correlated with any agent; in other words, there is no producer of action at all, he cannot be imagined.

To me can't sleep, no fire... They've been talking about Lensky's wedding for a long time it was decided. How funny shod with sharp iron on your feet, slide along the mirror of standing, smooth rivers! And it’s a pity for the old woman’s winter... But how any to me sometimes in autumn, in the evening silence, in the village visit family cemetery... How long will I walk in the world, sometimes in a carriage, sometimes on horseback, sometimes in a wagon, sometimes in a carriage, sometimes in a cart, sometimes on foot? Where should we go? swim? (A. Pushkin)

The grammatical indicator of impersonality is the 3rd person singular form. h. (for present and future tense, as well as for the imperative mood): Smells hay. Today it will be hot. Let you sleeping like at home;

unit form Part neuter (for the past tense, as well as for the conditional mood): boat carried away to the middle of the river. Her would have been carried away and further, if not for the snag;

infinitive: Be rain.

As can be seen from the examples given above, impersonal sentences convey the state of nature and environment, human condition, inevitability, desirability, possibility and impossibility of something.
Impersonal sentences are very diverse in the ways of expressing the predicate.
A simple verbal predicate in an impersonal sentence can be expressed:

a) impersonal verb (It's getting dark);
b) a personal verb in an impersonal form (Veterom blew away hat. Wed. Wind blew away hat – two-part sentence, subject – wind));
c) verb be with a negative particle or word No (Parcels No And there wasn't) ;
d) verb in indefinite form (This not to happen).

In composite verbal predicate The following can act as an auxiliary verb:

a) impersonal verbs should, I want, lucky etc. (I had to All do again);
b) personal phase verb ( It's starting to get dark );
c) instead of an auxiliary verb, short passive participles and special words of the state category are often used it’s impossible, it’s possible, it’s necessary, it’s a pity, it’s time, sin etc. . (Allowed for free carry one piece of luggage. Can be closed door. It's a pity was to part. It's time to leave in the field. It's a sin to complain due to lack of time).

A compound nominal predicate in an impersonal sentence consists of a nominal component - words of the state category or short passive past participles - and a linking verb in an impersonal form (in the present tense - the zero connective). (Us it was fun. It's getting lighter And quiet. In the evenings in the city dangerous. In the room tidied up.).

Word No

What part of speech does the strange word belong to? No? It does not change, there cannot be an auxiliary verb or connective with it, it is impossible to pose a question to it... And yet we discover that this word can act as the main one - and the only one! – a member in a one-part impersonal sentence.
Dictionaries say that No can be a negative particle, opposite in meaning to the particle Yes(– Have you finished reading the book yet?– No .). But when this word turns out to be a predicate in an impersonal sentence, we call it an invariable verbal form ( No - Means does not exist, is absent). This word is not found in any Slavic language except Russian. How was it formed?
In the Old Russian language there was an expression don't eat that one, Where that - adverb with meaning Here. From this expression the word first appeared There is not, and then the final one at disappeared, they began to talk and write No, although in colloquial speech you can meet There is not so far (No one There is not Houses).

Often there are sentences with several main members - subjects or predicates. (Fog, wind, rain. It's getting dark, it's getting cold, getting stronger blowing from the sea.) It seems that such subjects or predicates can be called homogeneous. But it is more correct to consider that we are faced with complex sentences in which each part is a one-part sentence.

Exercises

1. Select the predicates in impersonal sentences.

We should tell you more about this tenant, because suspicion fell on him first of all. But they fell a little later, about an hour later, and at that moment he was standing at the entrance, listening to music and was beyond suspicion. However, he stood dejectedly... Suddenly he squared his shoulders, raised his head more proudly and walked straight towards us. However, it was not easy to approach us. (Yu. Koval)

Answer.I should tell you, it was not easy to approach.

2. Find one-part sentences in the text. Determine the type of each of them, highlight the predicate.

Since mom is always busy with laundry, she always needs a lot of water, and we don’t have a tap in the yard. And mother, and Marusya, and I must get water in the distant backyards of one of the neighboring houses in order to fill the insatiable barrel to the top. You bring four buckets, and your eyes turn green, and your legs and arms tremble, but you need to carry the fifth, sixth, seventh, otherwise your mother will have to go get water, and we want to save her from this - Marusya and I. (K. Chukovsky)

Answer. Bring it four buckets – definitely personal (or generalized personal). ...to pour an insatiable barrel to the top; in the eyes turns green, need to be carried fifth, sixth, seventh, otherwise have to go for water for mom - impersonal.

3. Find incorrect statements.

1) B one-part sentences There cannot be a predicate expressed by a verb in the conditional mood.
2) In an indefinite-personal sentence, the predicate is necessarily expressed by a verb in plural form.
3) There are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, in which there are no verbs.
4) In definite personal sentences, the subject is easily restored - the personal pronoun of the 1st, 2nd or 3rd person.
5) In impersonal sentences, the predicate verb cannot be used in the plural form.
6) If there is no subject in the sentence, and the predicate is expressed by a verb in the form of a feminine or masculine unit. part last vr., this two-part sentence is incomplete.

Answer. 1, 4.

4. Find in the text: a) a one-part indefinite personal sentence; b) a one-part impersonal sentence.

1) The most difficult thing was in the Sumerian letter depict abstract concepts, proper names, as well as various function words and morphemes. 2) The rebus principle helped with this. 3) For example, the arrow sign was used not only for the word arrow, but also for the word life, which sounded the same. 4) Constantly applying the rebus principle, the Sumerians assigned to some signs not a specific meaning, but a sound reading. 5) As a result, syllabic signs arose that could denote a certain short sequence of sounds, most often a syllable. 6) Thus, it was in Sumer that the connection between spoken speech and written signs was first formed, without which real writing is impossible.

Answer. a) – 3); b) – 1).

Incomplete sentences

Incomplete is a sentence in which any member (or group of members) is missing. The missing member of a sentence can be restored from the context or is clear from the speech situation.

Here is an example of incomplete sentences in which the missing subject is restored from the context.

She walked and walked. And suddenly in front of him from the hill the master sees a house, a village, a grove under the hill and a garden above the bright river.(A.S. Pushkin.) (Context – previous sentence: In a clear field, in the silvery light of the moon, immersed in her dreams, Tatiana I walked alone for a long time.)

Examples of incomplete sentences, the missing members of which are restored from the situation.

He knocked down his husband and wanted to look at the widow’s tears. Unscrupulous!(A.S. Pushkin) - Leporello’s words, a response to the desire expressed by his master, Don Guan, to meet Dona Anna. It is clear that the missing subject is He or Don Guan .

– Oh my God! And here, next to this tomb!(A.S. Pushkin.) This is an incomplete sentence - Dona Anna’s reaction to the words of the protagonist of “The Stone Guest”: Don Guan admitted that he was not a monk, but “an unfortunate victim of a hopeless passion.” In his remark there is not a single word that could take the place of the missing members of the sentence, but based on the situation they can be approximately restored as follows: “ Do you dare say it here, next to this tomb!”

May be missed:

subject: How firmly she stepped into her role!(A.S. Pushkin) (The subject is restored from the subject from the previous sentence: How has it changed Tatiana!);

He would have disappeared like a blister on the water, without any trace, leaving no descendants, without providing future children with either a fortune or an honest name!(N.V. Gogol) (Subject I restored by the addition from the previous sentence: Whatever you say,” he said to himself, “if the police captain doesn’t arrive, to me Perhaps it would not have been possible to look at the light of God again!)(N.V. Gogol);

addition:And I took it in my arms! And I was pulling my ears so hard! And I fed him gingerbread!(A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentences: How Tanya has grown! How long ago, it seems, did I baptize you?);

predicate: Just not on the street, but from here, through the back door, and there through the courtyards. (M.A. Bulgakov) (Previous sentence: Run!);

several members of the sentence at once, including the grammatical basis:How long ago?(A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentence: Are you composing Requiem?)

Incomplete sentences are often found in complex sentences: He is happy if she puts a fluffy boa on her shoulder...(A.S. Pushkin) You Don Guana reminded me of how you scolded me and clenched your teeth with gnashing.(A.S. Pushkin) In both sentences, the missing subject in the subordinate clause is restored from the main clause.

Incomplete sentences are very common in spoken language, particularly in dialogue, where the initial sentence is usually an extended, grammatically complete one, and subsequent remarks tend to be incomplete sentences because they do not repeat words already named.

– I'm angry with my son.
– For what?
– For an evil crime.(A.S. Pushkin)

It happens that students mistakenly consider sentences incomplete in which not a single member is missing, for example: He's a genius, like you and me(A.S. Pushkin), saying that they are also incomprehensible without context . It is important to explain that sentence incompleteness is primarily a grammatical phenomenon, and it is grammatical incompleteness that causes semantic incompleteness. In the example given, the ambiguity is caused by the use of pronouns. Students should be reminded that pronouns always need to be explained in context.

Exercises

1. Find incomplete sentences and restore missing members.

And Tanya enters the empty house where our hero recently lived. ...Tanya is further away; The old woman said to her: “Here is the fireplace; here the master sat alone... This is the master's office; Here he rested, ate coffee, listened to the clerk’s reports and read a book in the morning...” (A.S. Pushkin)

Answer. Tanya ( coming) further... Old lady ( speaks) to her...

2. Find parts of complex sentences that are incomplete sentences and highlight them.

You are tolerant if you do not clench your fists when people contradict you. You are tolerant if you can understand why they hate you so much or love you so annoyingly and troublesomely, and you can forgive all this for both. You are tolerant if you are able to reasonably and calmly negotiate with different people, without hurting their pride and deep down, excusing them for being different from you.

An apologist is a person who is ready to extol an idea he once liked even when life has shown its falsity, praising the ruler, no matter what mistakes he makes, glorifying political regime, no matter what outrages happened under him in the country. Apologetics is a rather funny activity if done out of stupidity, and vile if done out of calculation. (S. Zhukovsky)

Answer. 1) ...if you are able to reasonably and calmly negotiate with different people, without hurting their pride and in the depths of your soul, excusing them for being different from you; 2) ...if done out of stupidity; 3) ...if by calculation.

All other subordinate clauses that do not have a subject are complete one-part clauses.

Let us remind you once again that incomplete sentences should be distinguished from one-part sentences, in which the missing subject or predicate does not need to be restored to understand the meaning. In a complex sentence But it’s sad to think that youth was given to us in vain, that cheated on her all the time that she deceived us...(A.S. Pushkin) the third part is an incomplete sentence with a missing subject We, which is restored by addition us from the previous subordinate clause. Subordinate clause of a sentence Just make sure that didn't see you. (A.S. Pushkin) by the nature of the grammatical basis is a one-part indefinite-personal sentence: what is important here is the action itself, and not the one who performs it; The grammatical form of the verb (plural past tense) here does not mean that there should be many producers of the action - this is an indicator of an indefinite personal meaning. In other words, the proposal so that didn't see you – complete.

Punctuation in an incomplete sentence

IN incomplete sentence A dash may be placed where the predicate is missing if a pause is expected when pronouncing the sentence: ...Then Baron von Klotz was aiming to be a minister, and I was aiming to be his son-in-law.(A.S. Griboedov) If there is no pause, the dash is not placed: ...Well, people in this side! She comes to him, and he comes to me.(A.S. Griboedov)

Elliptical sentences

In Russian there are sentences called elliptical(from the Greek word ellipsis, which means “omission”, “lack”). They omit the predicate, but retain the word that depends on it, and no context is needed to understand such sentences. These can be sentences with the meaning of movement, movement ( I'm going to the Tauride Garden(K.I. Chukovsky); speeches - thoughts ( And his wife: for rudeness, for your words(A.T. Tvardovsky), etc. Such sentences are usually found in colloquial speech and in works of art, but are not used in book styles (scientific and official business).

Some scientists consider elliptical sentences to be a type of incomplete sentences, others consider them to be a special type of sentences that is adjacent to incomplete ones and is similar to them.