On July 10, 1976, in the small Italian town of Seveso, an incident occurred. terrible disaster. An accident at a local chemical plant producing trichlorophenol released a huge toxic cloud containing more than 2 kg into the air. dioxins are one of the most toxic substances on earth. (This amount of dioxins can kill more than 100 thousand people). The cause of the accident was a failure in the production process, the pressure and temperature in the reactor sharply increased, the explosion-preventing valve operated, and a deadly gas leaked. The leak lasted two to three minutes; the resulting white cloud began to spread to the southeast with the wind and stretched over the city. Then it began to descend and cover the ground with fog. Tiny particles of chemicals fell from the sky like snow, and the air was filled with an acrid, chlorine-like smell. Thousands of people experienced coughing attacks, nausea, severe pain in the eyes and headaches. The plant management believed that there was only a small release of trichlorophenol, which is a million times less toxic than dioxins (no one imagined that they could be contained there).
Plant managers provided a detailed report on the incident only on July 12. Meanwhile, all this time, unsuspecting people continued to eat vegetables and fruits, as it turned out later, from areas contaminated with dioxins.

The tragic consequences of what happened began to fully manifest themselves on July 14. Hundreds of people who were seriously poisoned ended up in hospitals. The victims' skin became covered with eczema, scars and burns, and they suffered from vomiting and severe headaches. In pregnant women, there was an extremely high rate of miscarriages. And doctors, relying on the company's information, treated patients for poisoning with trichlorophenol, which is a million times less toxic than dioxins. Started mass death animals. They received lethal doses poison much faster than people because of what they drank rainwater and ate grass that contained large doses of dioxins. On the same day, a meeting of the mayors of Seveso and nearby Meda was held, at which a priority action plan was adopted. The next day, it was decided to burn all the trees, as well as the fruits and vegetables harvested from the contaminated area.

Only 5 days later, a chemical laboratory in Switzerland found that as a result of the leak, a large amount of dioxins was released into the atmosphere. All local doctors were notified about the contamination of the area with dioxins, and a ban was established on eating foods from the contaminated region.
On July 24, the evacuation of residents from the most contaminated areas began. This area was fenced with barbed wire and police cordons were placed around it. After that, people in protective overalls entered there to destroy the remaining animals and plants. All vegetation in the most contaminated area was burned, and in addition to the 25 thousand dead animals, another 60 thousand were killed. Healthy human existence is still impossible in these areas.

Scientists from the University of Milan conducted a study to study the incidence of cancer in the population of settlements nearby the city of Seveso.
More than 36 thousand people were monitored and they were found to have a significantly higher frequency of oncological diseases. From 1976 to 1986, about 500 people died from cancer in the disaster area. In 1977, 39 cases of congenital deformities were recorded there, which is significantly more than before the disaster.

The largest Hungarian industrial and environmental disaster, which occurred on October 4, 2010 at an aluminum production plant (Ajkai Timfoldgyar Zrt) near the city of Ajka (150 km from Budapest). An explosion occurred at the plant, destroying a platform that was holding a container containing toxic waste. As a result, 1,100,000 cubic meters of highly alkaline red mud leaked. The territories of the regions of Vas, Veszprem and Gyor-Moson-Sopron were flooded. There are 10 known victims of the accident (one more is considered missing); in total, more than 140 people received chemical burns and injuries due to the accident. Most of the local flora and fauna died. Toxic waste has entered many local rivers, significantly affecting their ecosystems.

Chronology of events:

October 4 at 12.25 – dam destruction. Leakage of 1.1 million cubic meters of toxic chemical - red mud.

October 7 – the norm for alkali content in the Danube was exceeded (according to the Hungarian Water Resources Control Service). A threat is created to the entire Danube ecosystem.

October 9 – the evacuation of the population of the affected city of Kolontar begins due to the existing threat of a repeated sludge spill.

October 12 – decision was made to nationalize the company that owns the plant. All victims will receive compensation. According to monitoring data today, the amount of toxic substances in the soil is decreasing, although their level still remains at a dangerous level

Perhaps the most important environmental problem of the Nile River is the overpopulation of the countries located on the river. The life of the population of these countries completely depends on the Nile. Every year people's needs are growing. The river provides the people with water and electricity resources. Many wars in the old days were fought over oil, but in the modern world they can be fought over water. It is Neil - great river world, which has passed the history of mankind through its streams, will find itself at the epicenter of the conflict.

Fresh running water has always nourished life on our planet, but now its value is greater than ever. It is expected that over the next 20 years, the amount of water available to each person will be reduced by three times. We are talking about Egypt. Since Egypt is located downstream from Ethiopia, the issue of rational use of the Nile water resources is of a conflicting nature. The situation is extremely serious and Egypt has already announced the possibility of war, referring to Ethiopia.

The Nile in Egypt flows almost all the time through the desert, not counting the narrow strips of green irrigated lands bordering the river on both banks, the entire territory of the country is a homeless desert. In the struggle for survival in this desert, the river plays a key role.

Giant dams were built upstream of the Nile to meet the need for electricity, but they also began to block the flow of the river and ruined the lives of Egyptian peasants. Previously, this country had one of the most best soils in the world, however, the construction of dams has disrupted the process of silt deposition, which naturally enriched this land for many thousands of years. Now the fields are producing an extremely meager harvest.

As a direct result modern methods the construction of dams - there was a decline in agriculture in Egypt for the first time in history. The peasants are forced to abandon the way of life that has supported the nation for many thousands of years. As the river approaches the southernmost point of Egypt's border, it becomes difficult not to notice that this people is rapidly modernizing and that tourism is displacing agriculture as the mainstay of the Egyptian economy, while the old way of life is gradually becoming a thing of the past.

The construction of a giant dam in Ethiopia can solve many problems for the population of this poor country, including providing full electricity. If the outcome of this project is positive, it is planned to build several more dams, which in turn will reduce the flow of water resources located downstream in Egypt by approximately half.

Undoubtedly, every country wants to use the priceless wealth of the Nile to the maximum. If a compromise is not found, the future fate of the Nile will be sad. Be that as it may, the river acquired such a specific environmental problem due to population growth, its modernization and increased needs.

It is well known that a wetland is unpromising: it is impossible to grow or build anything on it, it can cause flooding of cellars or vegetable gardens located in the neighborhood, and, in addition, it often becomes a breeding ground for various diseases.
Therefore, for a long time, swampy areas were deserted, and now people try not to build anything near such areas.
In addition, a swamp is a complex ecosystem, and its drainage negatively affects the environment, because the natural processes occurring in this place are disrupted, plants and animals die.

Current rates of marsh drainage

Despite this, draining swamps is beneficial to man, so he is actively involved in it. Crops can be grown on drained lands; they are saturated with oxygen and mineralized thanks to sulfuric acid produced by the oxidation of pyrite. Any crops can take root and grow well in enriched soil. Construction can also be carried out on drained land.

In fact, reclamation of wetlands is carried out in several main areas:
extraction of peat and other minerals;
preparing land for agriculture;
improvement of park areas, construction of football and golf fields;

construction water lowering before the start of soil excavation for the construction of foundations and utility networks;
restoration of areas subject to industrial swamping that occurred during the construction of roads, embankments, etc.;
improvement of private construction sites and adjacent areas.

Swamp drainage is usually carried out on a large industrial scale. It’s a completely different situation when people in their personal plots. This is where modern drainage systems come to the rescue, represented by various types of pipes, wells and other necessary equipment.

Types of drainage systems used to drain swamps

Three methods have been developed and are actively used to drain swamps: open, closed and combined.

Open way- this is nothing more than a network of canals draining excess ground and surface waters from the developed area. Depending on the requirements for the territory, drainage trenches can be located:
along the perimeter - used for areas for development or landscaping;
over the entire surface - main purpose: mining.
The open method is quite simple, but ineffective in winter and adjacent periods of the year. It is also necessary to understand that for efficient work the entire complex of channels requires a large volume earthworks, primarily related to soil excavation and slope development. The depth of the drainage trench must exceed the required water level by at least 1.5 meters.
Important Note: roadside ditches are not a drainage system; their main purpose is to drain storm and flood waters.

More possibilities are provided by closed drainage, the functionality of which is not limited by the seasons.
Closed method much more complicated and requires special equipment, while the main advantage is the almost 100% guarantee of drying of both the surface and the entire soil layer located above drainage pipes wires For this reason, underground drainage is used in almost all facilities where reliable and constant drainage is required, regardless of the amount of precipitation or time of year.
In the middle of the last century, pipes were made of cement, asbestos, ceramics or cast iron, but the development of technology gradually made its own adjustments.
Currently, the best and most relevant material for drainage pipes is polypropylene and polyethylene. Corrugated drainage pipes made of plastic are remarkable in their properties, different diameters, with and without additional protection from geotextiles.
Typically, for a device drainage system single-walled or double-walled pipes are used, in which the outer layer is corrugated and the inner layer is smooth.

The very first stage of designing any system is design.
When drawing up a project, factors such as relief features, scope of work, hydrological studies, vertical layout of the site and soil composition are taken into account. It is very important not to make a mistake with the choice of drainage pipes used, which primarily differ:
material - it can be polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP) or classic concrete;
wall design - single-walled with an internal corrugated surface or double-walled, corrugated on the outside and smooth on the inside;
type of delivery - pipes are supplied both in lengths and coils;
ring stiffness class - from SN2 to SN16.

Important steps in installing a drainage system

After approval of the project, you can begin the first stage of work - digging a trench for drainage. The width of the trench is determined as follows: the diameter of the pipe plus 20-40 cm. The depth is determined depending on the diameter of the pipe, the expected result and the purposes for which the drained area will be used. Thus, trees require a maximum pipe level of no more than one and a half meters, bushes - no more than 50-60 cm, lawn grass– no more than 20 cm. The deeper the drains are, the less moisture reaches the surface of the earth. The choice of drain diameter is also important. The optimal diameter is considered to be 110mm; this size reduces the cost of installing the system.

The degree of slope depends on the diameter of the pipe: the greater the slope, the smaller the diameter. This connection is due to the fact that throughput pipes become larger as the diameter increases. How less water is in the pipe, the more difficult it is for it to flow down the main line. Minimum permissible slope for pipes (no matter what diameter) - at least 3 degrees. The average slope is 2-3 cm for every 10 m of pipe. Too much slope can cause holes to appear around the pipes, so you should be extremely careful when making calculations.

So, the trench is ready. The next stage is laying drainage pipes. First, a layer of sand is laid at the bottom of the trench, a layer of crushed stone is placed on it, then the pipe is laid. The top of the drain is filled in the reverse order: first with crushed stone, then with sand. A layer of soil is poured on top of the sand, and, lastly, a layer of turf. The arrangement of the layers should remain the same, since each of them plays a specific role. Due to a change in the order of layers of sand and crushed stone, the pipe may become unusable. Pipes need to be laid at a depth that does not freeze during the cold season.

The drain network is discharged into a natural reservoir or an artificial reservoir. From the latter, it is subsequently pumped out by pumps or seeps into the lower layers of the soil if a filter is installed at the bottom of the reservoir.

If there are already buildings on the site, drainage should be laid at a distance of 0.5-1 m from the foundation.

The combined method of installing a drainage system is especially common in dacha and cottage areas. In fact, he is the most the best method to drain the soil and further regulate the level of moisture in it.

"Fifteen
years ago I started mastering
inherited land on a peat bog. This turned out to be not an easy matter
(I had to study the relevant literature) and very labor-intensive. I'll tell you how
drain the swamp at your summer cottage. Maybe the experience I have accumulated can be useful to someone
will come in handy." This is the letter sent to our website by Gennady Veselov from
Leningrad region. Here is his story.

We rarely cultivate peat-boggy soils. Together with
However, they can bring good harvests. Naturally, when due
processed in a manner. The disadvantages of a summer cottage on a peat bog are known. This
saturation of swamp methane gas in the soil and lack of oxygen, as well as
proximity to groundwater surface. Therefore, to the question, a plot on a peat bog - what to do, the answer is with
the right decision the problem is simple: enriching the soil with oxygen, getting rid of
methane and lowering groundwater levels.

How
to drain the swamp at the dacha, where to start? The first summer I had to dig drainage
ditches 50 cm wide and 70 to 140 cm deep. They must be dug with a slope of approximately
1 cm per one linear meter. Brushwood was laid at the bottom of the ditches. Covered the branches
old roofing felt, which I still had after re-roofing. On
roofing felt laid dry grass, which
mowed before the seeds appeared, so that summer cottage plot not overgrown with weeds. This grass
covered it with crushed dry peat, and laid the excavated soil on top, so that
it turned out to be a small hill. After it settled, almost no bedding was required.
The device of such drainage ditches on the dacha plot made it possible to make the land more
loose, get rid of methane gas and lower the groundwater level.

How to drain a swamp to make garden beds
plot.

Peat is known to be a source of nitrogen necessary for plant development. But
as long as it lies in a compressed layer, there is no benefit from it. However, it was worth
dig up and grind it, just like bacteria started working after taking a breath of oxygen,
turning peat into soil suitable for planting. Of course, here too it was necessary
work hard. After all, in order to receive good harvests, on a summer cottage
draining the swamp is not enough. Necessary
It was necessary to add clay, sawdust from a cow farm and sand to the soil. The first few
years we had to feed our peat bog too mineral fertilizers with additives
microelements.

Peat
retains moisture well and is an excellent mulch. His top layer(3-5 cm)
needs to be kept dry. This will save your garden from pests and diseases, and the vegetable garden from
tedious weeding. In addition, peat soils freeze and thaw
slowly and do not freeze deeply. Therefore, in our beds, in place of drained
The swamps of the plant never froze even during winters with little snow and frost.

Thus, having drained the swamp at my summer cottage, I was able to
in a few years create fertile soil here that is suitable for
growing most agricultural crops. Moreover, having ennobled
plot, they planted plum trees, apple trees, cherries, pears, sea buckthorn and chokeberry trees on it
rowan, which began to produce abundant harvests. So garden plot on
peat bog - this is quite feasible. You just need to put your hands to it.

More than 10% of Russia's territory is occupied by swamps. We can say that this is one of the main natural indicators of the country. But whether swamps are wealth, and whether draining swamps makes sense, we will consider in this article.

It would seem like a complete benefit

Russia is a huge country with a large population. And this population needs to be fed. And, if the degree of swampiness in some areas is more than 30%, where can we get fertile soil for crops? This is one of the main goals of such a phenomenon as draining swamps. It is known that swamps cover flat areas that are most suitable for creating meadows and arable lands. The same applies to forested areas. In wetlands, the forest practically does not grow, and if it does, then it is impossible to use this wood, since it is difficult to extract and export.

The second reason justifying the drainage of forest swamps is fires. Everyone has already realized how dangerous burning peat becomes. A swamp is formed by overgrowing a reservoir. At first, the main vegetation consists of reeds and reeds, then the water stagnates and becomes covered with duckweed, and sedge and cinquefoil begin to grow. The last plant has a powerful root system, and removing it is not so easy. Gradually, vegetation covers the entire water surface, and sphagnum or, in other words, peat mosses form on it. Peat is dry, its moisture content is no more than 2%, and therefore is easily flammable, but there may be many meters of water underneath it.

Now imagine that due to someone’s, often human, carelessness, a spark hits a peat mound and it catches fire. Fire in peat bogs - terrible phenomenon. Firstly, peat burns in breadth and depth, because when high temperature the water underneath begins to evaporate. Secondly, it is not possible to extinguish such a fire with conventional equipment - it simply will not penetrate into wetlands. As a result, the process becomes uncontrollable and brings multimillion-dollar losses to the country.

Draining swamps is a violation of the ecological balance

However, draining swamps also has negative side. Along with obtaining high-quality fuel, which is peat, expanding fertile lands and forests, forest drainage leads to adverse environmental consequences.

Swamps are real repositories clean water. The fact is that the notorious sphagnum mosses are excellent antiseptics, and, therefore, a complete natural filter. Further, draining swamps reduces the nutrition of small and, accordingly, large rivers. Fresh water, flows into the ocean and becomes salty.

Draining the forest leads to the death of vegetation that needs moisture. This primarily concerns coniferous trees, berries - cloudberries, cranberries, etc. Moreover, not only the forest in the vicinity of the drained swamps suffers, but also those located tens of kilometers away, since groundwater follows the principle of communicating vessels. As the flora of the area changes, the fauna also changes. Fish, birds, invertebrates and animals whose life depends on dying vegetation and proximity to a body of water die.

Draining the forest will have irreversible consequences if you do not approach this issue wisely. It is necessary to regulate the water regime, leaving reservoirs in the upper reaches of rivers and wetlands in watersheds. Swamps located on sandy and sandy loam soils, as well as those on which cranberries, cloudberries, and blueberries grow, cannot be drained. It is important to preserve swamps where rare species of plants, including medicinal plants, and animals grow.

What if we are talking about a summer cottage?

However, if we are talking about an ordinary summer cottage in a wetland, which, after a long struggle with the leadership of the district, a lot of wasted money and nerves, comes to your use, it is even funny to talk about the dangers of drainage. It is unlikely that significant damage will be caused to the ecosystem if you drain your 6-10 acres. Moreover, if you do not plan to make the main one horticultural crops cloudberries.

Introduction
It's no secret that wetlands are absolutely impossible to use in any way, and besides, a swamp can be a source of potential threats, for example, various diseases. For these reasons, people should not settle, build structures, or establish agricultural land near wetlands. Also, do not forget that a swamp is a complex ecosystem and draining it has an extremely negative effect on the environment. All natural processes are disrupted, which can lead to partial or complete destruction of the surrounding fauna and flora. However, draining swamps also brings undoubted benefits: the land becomes suitable for use, that is, construction can be carried out in this place, the soil is saturated with oxygen and mineralized thanks to sulfuric acid, which is obtained from the oxidation of pyrite. This creates one of the best soils for planting crops.
Swamp drainage is usually carried out in industrial scale, but with a problem excessive humidity And high level Summer residents also encounter groundwater problems in their garden plots. To eliminate problems of this kind, drainage systems are used.

There are three ways to drain swamps - closed, open and combined.

Swamps hinder development greenhouse effect. They, no less than forests, can be called “the lungs of the planet.” The fact is that the reaction of education organic matter from carbon dioxide and water during photosynthesis, in its overall equation, is opposite to the oxidation reaction of organic substances during respiration, and therefore, during the decomposition of organic matter, carbon dioxide previously bound by plants is released back into the atmosphere (mainly due to the respiration of bacteria). One of the main processes that can reduce the content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is the burial of undecomposed organic matter, which occurs in swamps that form peat deposits, which are then transformed into coal. (Other similar processes are the deposition of carbonates (CaCO 3) at the bottom of reservoirs and chemical reactions flowing in the earth's crust and mantle). Therefore, the practice of draining swamps, carried out in XIX-XX centuries, from an environmental point of view, is destructive.

On the other hand, swamps are one of the sources of bacterial methane (one of the greenhouse gases) in the atmosphere. In the near future, an increase in the volume of swamp methane in the atmosphere is expected due to the melting of swamps in the permafrost region.

Swamps are natural water filters and orderlies for agroecosystems.

Valuable plants grow in the swamps (blueberries, cranberries, cloudberries).

Peat is used in medicine (mud therapy), as fuel, fertilizer in agriculture, feed for farm animals, raw materials for the chemical industry.

Peat bogs serve as a source of finds for paleobiology and archeology - well-preserved remains of plants, pollen, seeds, and the bodies of ancient people are found in them.

For the latter, swamp ore was a source for the manufacture of iron products.

Previously, the swamp was considered a disastrous place for humans. Cattle that strayed from the herd died in the swamps. Entire villages died out due to the bites of malaria mosquitoes. The vegetation in the swamps is sparse: light green moss, small wild rosemary shrubs, sedge, heather. The trees in the swamps are stunted. Gnarled lonely pines, birches and alder thickets.

People sought to drain the “dead places” and use the land for fields and pastures.
^

Draining the swamps: full back!

Draining swamps allows large areas to be brought into agricultural use, but at the same time sharply increases the emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

There are few marshes left in Germany today. And once upon a time there was a lot. But then the idea of ​​draining them and turning them into agricultural land triumphed. Only relatively recently have ecologists and biologists been able to convey to the general public that peatlands have accumulated a huge amount of carbon, which, during the process of draining the swamps, is released and goes into the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide, increasing the greenhouse effect. Not to mention the fact that draining swamps leads to the disappearance of unique biotopes with their unique flora and fauna.

Therefore, today in Germany, concepts for the regeneration of previously developed peatlands are being actively developed by re-watering them and restoring the previous hydrological regime of former swamps. A number of such projects were presented at the recent annual session of the Ecological Society in Lüneburg.

^ Swamp VIP project

One of the projects is called VIP - but one should not think that we are talking about “a particularly important - or, if you like, very eminent - person.” “Nothing like that! This abbreviation stands for Vorpommern-Initiative Paludikultur - that is, the West Pomeranian Wetland Reclamation Initiative. Palus is Latin for swamp,” explains Professor Michael Manthey, a plant ecologist at the University of Greifswald.

As part of this project, scientists hope to find out whether wetlands can serve as additional territory for the cultivation of industrial crops that are used as renewable energy sources and biomass. After all, today the whole world, and Germany is no exception, is experiencing an acute shortage of such resources, and experts have long puzzled over this problem. “This is the solution if the swamps are not drained. But that’s the rub,” says Professor Mantai.

^ Back to square one

The use of wetlands as hay and pasture lands has been practiced for a long time, but in this case peatlands are first drained, which is accompanied by the emission of huge amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. And the artificial regeneration of swamps, that is, their secondary watering, starts the process of formation of new peat, while carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is again absorbed and bound.

The only question is, can the restored swamp continue to be used for agricultural purposes? And if so, how? It is these questions that scientists are trying to answer within the framework of the VIP project: after all, in the northeast of Germany, in the territory of Vorpommern, there are a lot of eutrophic, that is, shallow, well-warmed lowland swamps, rich nutrients and fed by groundwater.

^ Reed can also be a biofuel...

The idea, in fact, boils down to cultivating plants there that naturally prefer marshy soils. “This is, first of all, an ordinary reed,” says Professor Mantai. - It is also possible that the reed canary grass would be suitable. But these can also be representatives of forest flora, that is, trees. For example, red alder. Or mixed vegetation - say, reeds and various types sedges."


The stems are of greatest interest to experts. Now, in particular, research is being conducted to determine how suitable cane is as a raw material for producing biofuels. “The current experiments are carried out jointly with the university in Stralsund,” explains Professor Mantai. “These experiments concern not only the properties characterizing the combustion of reed, but also, say, its suitability for briquetting and granulation.”

...and as an additive to building materials

However, the possibility of using marsh grasses as an additive to building materials is also being considered, says the scientist: “Experiments are being conducted on the use of reed stems as a reinforcing filler in the production of fire-resistant wall panels For interior decoration buildings and premises using the dry method.”

For a long time, environmentalists have been advocating for the cessation of all agricultural activities in peat bogs. Now such activities, apparently, will help restore the swamps to their original appearance and at the same time allow the production of significant quantities of valuable plant materials.

^ There are still many unresolved issues

Biology professor Volkmar Wolters, president of the Ecological Society, explains: “Over the next 40 years we will have to increase plant biomass production by 60% compared to current levels, otherwise we will not be able to meet the needs of humanity. If we stop destroying nature through the production of biomass, if we learn, on the contrary, to regenerate it, especially such valuable biotopes as swamps, this will become a very important contribution to the general concept of nature conservation.”

However, with one caveat, adds Professor Wolters: “Measures must be taken to ensure that the agricultural use of wetlands is not too intensive. So that they don’t suddenly start introducing fertilizers or any other chemicals into the peatlands that disrupt the natural development of the swamps.”

^ What about methane?

And we still have to deal with the problem of methane, which, as is known, in the absence of oxygen is formed biogenically in waterlogged soils - it’s not for nothing that it is called swamp gas. It is necessary to compare the amount of carbon dioxide that regenerated swamps will absorb from the atmosphere with the amount of methane that the same swamps will release into the atmosphere. It is extremely important to take into account that the greenhouse activity of methane is 21 times higher than that of carbon dioxide. And if it turns out that the regeneration of swamps ultimately causes more harm to the climate of our planet than good, then the VIP project and all other similar concepts will apparently have to be buried.

What does improper drainage of swamps lead to?

References

1. 
   Great Encyclopedia of Oil and Gas http://www.ngpedia.ru/id225514p1.html
2. 
   P. Vvedensky "Guide to draining and cultivating swamps"
3. 
   Avakyan A. B., Shirokov V. M.: Rational use water resources: Textbook for geogr. , biol. and builds. specialist. universities - Ekaterinburg, publishing house “Victor”, 1994. - 320 p.
4. 
   Karlovsky V.F.: The impact of land reclamation on the environment. In the book. Land reclamation and protection environment. Collection scientific works. - Minsk, publishing house BelNIIMiVH, 1989. 212 p.