Population Population of Khakassia 538.2 thousand people. Of these, Russians are 80.2%, Khakassians are 12%, Germans are 1.7%, Shors are 0.2%, Ukrainians, Tatars, Chuvashs, and Mordovians also live. Khakassians are the indigenous population of the Minusinsk Basin. Known before the establishment of the ethnonym “Khakass” (beginning of the 20th century) under the names

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Population Population: 2786.2 thousand people. Composition: Russians (89.8%), Buryats (3.1%), Ukrainians (2.8%) and small peoples of Siberia. The smallest ethnic group: the Tofs (630 people, live in the Eastern Sayan). Administrative division - 33 districts, 22 cities. The largest cities in the region:

Population The population of the district is 143.8 thousand people. The indigenous Buryats make up about a third of the population, Russians make up a little more than 50%. Living density – 6.4 people. on

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Population 1237.2 thousand people live in the region, including 79.4 thousand people in the Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug. Urban population – 62.1%. National structure: Russians – 88.4%; Buryats – 4.8; Ukrainians – 2.8; other nationalities – 4.0. The population is distributed by territory

Population The population of the district is 72.2 thousand people. Urban population 32.2%. Ethnic composition: Buryats (55%), Russians (41%), Evens (0.2%), Ukrainians, Tatars, Bashkirs and representatives of other nationalities. The official language is Russian, about 60% of residents speak Buryat. Organs

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Population The population of the region is 202.9 thousand people. National composition: Russians – 60%, Altaians – approx. 30% (mainly in Ulagansky, Ust-Kansky, Ongudaysky districts), Kazakhs - approx. 6% (mainly in the Kosh-Agach region), as well as Old Believers, recognized as indigenous in the republic

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Population The population of India is a diversity of races and peoples, differing from each other in appearance, language and customs. The people of India speak 17 major languages ​​and 844 dialects. The most common language is Hindi, spoken by 35% of the population living in

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Distinctive Features. Khakassia is a region with a unique, very beautiful nature. The picturesque steppe valleys of Khakassia are surrounded by high hills, which are replaced by even higher mountains. In some steppe areas, gravestones grow out of the ground like giant fingers - the remains of an ancient culture that once existed here.

There are two nature reserves on the territory of the republic - the Khakass State Nature Reserve and the Kazanovka National Museum-Reserve. More than 2 thousand archaeological monuments, including mysterious petroglyphs, were found on the territory of Kazanovka.

Khakass Nature Reserve. Photo http://ol-lis.livejournal.com/

The first state on the territory of Khakassia was founded in the 4th century BC. Then the Kyrgyz came here. They had a hard time - every now and then they had to fight off the Mongols, Uighurs and other peoples Central Asia. After the campaigns of Genghis Khan, the lands of the Khakass were part of various Mongolian states, until in 1727 these territories were transferred to Russia.

The economy of Khakassia is associated with the production of electricity and aluminum. On the border with the Krasnoyarsk Territory, on the Yenisei River, not far from the village of Shushenskoye, where Lenin once served his exile, the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station was built. This is the largest power plant in Russia, and the energy generated here is very cheap.

Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station. Photo by ingalipt66 (http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/ingalipt66/)

Not far from the hydroelectric power station, in the city of Sayanogorsk, large aluminum production plants were built, owned by various industrial groups. Their appearance here is associated with the availability of cheap electricity - one of the main factors when choosing a location aluminum production. So the residents of Sayanogorsk are provided with work for a long time.

The vast steppes of Khakassia seem to be created for agriculture. Grains, sunflowers, and other crops are grown here. Livestock farming is also very well developed, including horse breeding.

Geographical location. The Republic of Khakassia is located in the southwestern part Eastern Siberia, in the territories of the Sayan-Altai Highlands and the Khakass-Minusinsk Basin. Khakassia borders the Republic of Tuva in the south, the Krasnoyarsk Territory in the east, the Kemerovo region in the west and the Altai Republic in the southwest. Khakassia is part of the Siberian Federal District.

Highway M53 "Baikal" in Khakassia. Photo by Ilya Naimushin

Here you can find a variety of natural and climatic zones. In the high mountain regions there are tundra and glaciers, in the basin there are steppes and forest-steppes. The predominant terrain is mountains, steppes and taiga. There are about 500 lakes, rivers and small streams in Khakassia. The largest rivers are the Yenisei, Abakan, Chulym, Tom.

Population. The Republic of Khakassia has a population of 534,243 people. The share of the urban population is 65.79%. Khakassia has a positive natural population growth of +2.7 people. per 1000 inhabitants. Despite migration, the population of the republic remains at a stable level.

By national composition in the Republic of Khakassia the Russian population predominates (80.32%). In second place are the Khakass (11.95%). Khakassia is a multinational region, more than 100 nationalities live here.

Festival of puppet theaters in Khakassia. Photo by sinovna (http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/sinovna/)

Crime. 23rd place in the ranking of Russian regions in terms of the number of crimes committed is far from the worst result. But in essence, is there a fundamental difference between Khakassia, where about 10 crimes per 1000 people are recorded in six months, and the leaders of the rating, where this number is 13-14? Crimes are committed both there and there, and their number in any case is very significant. The only thing that gives hope is a trend towards a decrease in the crime situation (by 10-20% compared to the previous year). The most common crimes committed are theft, theft, and car theft.

Unemployment rate in the Republic of Khakassia - 7.95%. This region cannot be called economically developed. The average salary in Khakassia is 23 thousand rubles, and the highest average salaries in the field financial activities- 44,352 rub. However, in many other industries incomes are generally miserable. For example, in textile production- 12 thousand rubles, in the field of hotel and restaurant services - 13.3 thousand rubles.

Property value. Studio apartment in Abakan it costs 1.3 - 1.5 million rubles. Two-room apartment - 2-2.5 million rubles. Three rubles with an area of ​​70 square meters. meters and above cost from 3 million rubles. There are few apartment offers. Apparently those who wanted to leave Khakassia left a long time ago, and there are not many people who want to move here.

Climate Khakassia is sharply continental. Summers here are hot and winters are cold. It is also worth noting that there are more sunny days in Khakassia (on average 311 per year) than on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. The weather is usually clear and partly cloudy. In spring, strong southwesterly winds bring dust storms. In January the average temperature is −17°C, in July +20°C. The amount of precipitation is 300-700 mm per year. Most of them fall in August (more than half of the annual norm).

"Wild" resort "Goryachiy Klyuch" near Abaza. Photo by Andrey Viktorovich (http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/andrey5d/)

Cities of the Republic of Khakassia

(170 thousand people) - capital of the Republic of Khakassia. Located at the mouth of the Abakan River, which flows into the Yenisei. The settlement existed here back in the 17th century, but the official founding date of Abakan is considered to be 1931. Industry here is not very developed: there is a factory for the production of carriages, as well as a number of food industry enterprises.

But Abakan is the cultural and scientific center of Khakassia: there are several museums, theaters, palaces of culture, a number of institutes and the Khakass state university. Among the advantages of the city are the ecology and well-developed infrastructure. The downsides include crime, the poor state of the public utilities sector, and problems with more or less well-paid jobs.

Chernogorsk(72.6 thousand people) - the second largest city in Khakassia. This is a city of miners, as you can guess from its name. A black piece of coal is also depicted on the city's coat of arms. It was founded in the 1930s to develop the Minusinsk coal basin. At first, forced labor camp prisoners were recruited to work in the mines. Coal mining still forms the basis of the city's economy.

Sayanogorsk(48.9 thousand people) - a city on the banks of the Yenisei River, 80 km south of Abakan. Founded in 1975 in connection with the construction of the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station. At the same time, they began to build two aluminum plants that used electricity from this very hydroelectric power station. These factories are the main city-forming enterprises. By the way, one of them, the Sayan Aluminum Smelter, is one of the three largest aluminum smelters in Russia. The city's infrastructure is poorly developed, but everything necessary for life is available. On the plus side, there is a place to work, but everything is spoiled by the environmental situation associated with the work of hazardous industries.

Khakassians- (self-name - “Tadar”) - a Turkic-speaking people living in Southern Siberia on the left bank of the Khakass-Minusinsk basin. The traditional religion is shamanism, in the 19th century many were baptized into Orthodoxy (often by force).
The Khakass themselves considered themselves born from mountain spirits. The term " Khakassians" denotes the medieval population of the Minusinsk basin. Modern Khakassians continue to call themselves spoken language"tadar". As V. Ya. Butanaev noted, the word “Khakas” is artificial and has not yet taken root in the language of the indigenous population of Khakassia. The term “Khakas”, taken from books, to designate the indigenous population of the Khakass-Minusinsk basin was officially adopted in the first years of Soviet power. Until this time, the ethnonym “tadarlar” (Russian Tatars) was used as the self-name of the indigenous population. The word “Khakas” was absent from the language, toponymy and folklore of the indigenous population of Khakassia. The new term was not immediately and unanimously supported by the bulk of the indigenous population.

Number of Khakass people

The total number of the Khakass people in Russia, compared to the 2002 census data (75.6 thousand people), decreased and amounted to 72,959 people according to the results of the 2010 census.

The Khakass people are divided into subethnic groups :

• Kachins (Haash, Khaas) - mentioned in Russian sources for the first time since 1608, when service people entered the land ruled by Prince Tulka;
• Koibals (Khoibal) - in addition to Turkic-speaking groups, according to some data, included groups that communicated in the dialect of the Kamasin language, which belonged to the southern subgroup of the Samoyed group of Uralic languages language family;
• Sagais (sagai) - mentioned for the first time in the news of Rashid ad-Din about the Mongol conquests; The first mentions in Russian documents date back to 1620, when it was stated that they “had an order not to pay yasak and to beat yasak people.” Among the Sagais, the Beltyrs (Piltir) are known as an ethnographic group; previously, the Biryusinians (Purus) were also distinguished.
• Kyzyls (Khyzyl) - a group of Khakass people located in the Black Iyus valley on the territory of the Shirinsky and Ordzhonikidze districts of the Republic of Khakassia;
  The Teleuts, Telengits, Chulyms, and Shors are close to the Khakass ethnic group in terms of cultural and linguistic characteristics.

History of the Khakass people

Khakassia is located in the valleys of the Yenisei and Abakan rivers. In the north-west it borders with the Kemerovo region, in the south and south-west with the Altai Mountains and Tuva. The southern border of Khakassia runs along the ridges of the western Sayan. The name of the ridge goes back to the Khakass “soyan” - “Tuvian” and translated means “Tuva Mountains”. Among the snowy peaks of the Western Sayans, the majestic five-domed Borus stands out - a mountain peak sacred to every Khakass. As legends say, in ancient times there lived the prophetic old man Borus. Anticipating a global flood, he built a ship where he put all the animals and birds. When the water began to subside, Borus landed on land, this was the top of the Sayan ridge. The great Yenisei, which the Khakass call “Kim,” flows through the Khakass-Minusinsk basin.
An excursion into the history of the ethnogenesis of the Khakass people makes it possible to identify the deep forms of national culture, determined by the adaptation of the people to the environmental conditions of Siberia. The history of the Khakass ethnic group goes back far into the past. The territory of Khakassia was inhabited before our era. Ancient population Khakassia has already reached a very significant cultural level. This is evidenced by numerous burial mounds, rock paintings, and artistic items made of gold and bronze, which delight all archaeologists in the world. Excavations of burial mounds have given us objects from the Stone, Bronze and Iron Ages. Conventionally, individual stages are called by archaeologists the Afanasyev era (III-II millennium BC, Old Stone and Bronze Ages), Andronovo era (mid-II millennium BC). Karasuk era (XIII-VIII centuries BC). Tatar era (VII-II centuries BC, Iron Age), Tashtyk era (I century BC-V century AD).
For the first time in the middle of the first millennium BC, ancient Chinese chronicles call the indigenous population of the Yenisei Valley Dinlins, describing them as blond and blue-eyed. “The study of information about the Dinlins revealed that data about them appeared in sources of the 4th-3rd centuries. BC The earliest of them are legendary. These are ideas about eternal horsemen living in the northern lands, as if fused with their horses, about peculiar centaurs.”
At the beginning new era there is a widespread development of steppe spaces as a zone of extensive cattle breeding and irrigated agriculture, which led to the formation of the First and Second Turkic Khaganates of the 6th-8th centuries. By the middle of the first millennium of the new era, a nomadic civilization was emerging, its material culture, a new complex of spiritual cultural values, different from the previous era, where, along with the storage of cultural elements, a new art and heroic epic were emerging. During this period of economics and culture in Southern Siberia, on the banks of the Yenisei, in the 6th century. the original state of the ancient Khakass (Kyrgyz) was born, who, according to L.R. Kyzlasov, in the VI-VIII centuries. represented the early feudal monarchy. It occupied the entire territory of Southern Siberia: the Altai Mountains, Tuva and the Khakass-Minusinsk basin to the Angara in the north. In its heyday, it was home to a multi-ethnic population of about two million people. It was a highly developed state with great economic potential, a stable, highly organized social structure. In this way it differed from the huge, but quickly disintegrating khaganates of the ancient Turks, Uyghurs, Turgeshes and others. “This state did not become an ephemeral steppe empire like the Turkic (VI-VIII centuries) or Uyghur (VIII-IX centuries) Khaganates. Based on a solid base of socio-economic and cultural development, it existed for about 800 years, dying under the brutal blows of the empire of the ancient Mongol feudal lords in 1293.”
Historians note that complex irrigation systems were used on the territory of modern Khakassia; residents sowed millet, wheat, Himalayan barley, rye, and oats. Copper, silver and gold mines and iron furnaces were located in the mountains. The country was famous for the art of blacksmiths and jewelers. Medieval Khakassia is famous for its monumental cities. “The ancient Khakass architectural school was the northern end of the Central Asian branch of Central Asian medieval architecture.” Researcher G.N. Potanin also writes (1877): “The Khakass had settled settlements with dwellings, they had a lot of gold things, they left a calendar, which served as the basis for other calendars. There were probably temples of Tannu or Jirku, which contained granite statues. I saw one on Diangul. Judging by this example, the sculpture was brought to considerable perfection. There was a huge class of priests, free from taxes, who owned some secrets of mining art, fortune telling, knowledge of the heavenly bodies and healing. The Khakass sultans lived north of Sayan, or at least between Tannu and Sayan.”
However, the conquests of the ancient Mongol feudal lords opened the chain of progressive development of the historical process. Was lost greatest achievement culture - Yenisei runic writing. As L. R. Kyzlasov, a researcher of the history of Southern Siberia, writes, not only the forward movement was stopped, but the Sayan-Altai ethnic groups were fragmented and thrown back in their development compared to the cultural level of the state of the medieval Khakass. Consequently, the cultural center of civilization in Southern Siberia was damaged, which tragically affected the historical fate of the population of the ancient Khakassian state.
In Russian historical documents, the Khakass, called “Yenisei Kyrgyz,” are mentioned already in early XVII century. At the beginning of the 17th century, the Yenisei Kyrgyz were divided into several small feudal uluses, whose power at that time extended along the Yenisei valley from the Sayan ridge in the south to the Bolshoi Rapid (below Krasnoyarsk) in the north. The main nomadic areas of the Kyrgyz were in the upper Chulym basin.
According to the anthropological type, the Khakass belong to the Mongoloid race, while traces of the influence of Europeans are clearly visible. The appearance of the ancient Khakass heroes is depicted as follows: “having white skin, with black bird cherry eyes and a round head.”
Ethnically, the Yenisei Kyrgyz were a small Turkic-speaking group, descendants of the medieval Yenisei Kyrgyz, whose state was mentioned in the Chinese chronicle of the Tang dynasty under the name "Hagis".
The political structure of the Kyrgyz at the beginning of the 17th century was characterized by a hierarchical structure: at the head of all uluses was the chief prince, each ulus was headed by its own prince, who had “ulus people” dependent on him. Russian documents name the Turkic-speaking Kachins, Agins, Kyzyls, Arguns, Shusts, Sagais, dependent on the Kyrgyz princes, as well as Keto-speaking and Samoyed-speaking tribes.
Socially, the Kyrgyz were heterogeneous: the bulk of the population were ordinary cattle breeders - “ulus men”. The tribal elite consisted of princes, whose power was hereditary. The princes kept prisoners captured during raids as slaves. The Kyshtymydanniks were subjected to cruel exploitation, and the princely elite enriched themselves at their expense.
The Yenisei Kyrgyz remained in their places only until early XVIII century. From that time on, most of them fell under the rule of the Dzungar Khan and were forcibly resettled. Most of the Kyrgyz Kyshtyms, who were in the stage of decomposition of the primitive communal system, are the closest historical ancestors of modern Khakass.
The traditional occupation of the Khakass is semi-nomadic cattle breeding. The Khakass kept horses, cattle and sheep, and in some places raised pigs and poultry. Hunting in the taiga, mainly among the Kyzyls, occupied a significant place in the economy of the Khakass. In the Sayan Mountains they hunted musk deer. In the autumn, the subtaiga population of Khakassia was collecting pine nuts, berries and mushrooms.
Until the middle of the 17th century, none of the Russian people had any idea about life along the banks of the Yenisei, or about the indigenous peoples, or about the Khakass-Minusinsk basin with its developed culture for that time. Monuments of this culture - open-air museums - are located throughout the Krasnoyarsk Territory and Khakassia. And although they are today separated by administrative boundaries, the history and culture of the Siberian land cannot be separated.
Russian development of the Yenisei region began at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries from the northern territories, rich in furs, fish, forests and moved towards the south, where more favorable climatic and natural conditions. At the turn of the 16th-17th centuries, Russian explorers entered the Yenisei basin. Making their way from the North, from the direction of “gold-boiling Mangazeya,” the Cossacks founded the city of Mangazeya in 1601 in the lower reaches of the Taza River. For a short historical time, this city became the center of further penetration of Russians deep into the territory of Siberia. The routes from the city of Mangazei led to the Yenisei River and its tributaries, which were inhabited by Samoyed tribes (Enets and Nganasans), Yenisei Ostyaks (Kets) and a large group of northwestern Tungus tribes. Over time, Mangazeya and then Turukhansk districts were formed in these territories. The last stage of Russian development of the banks of the Yenisei was access to the Khakass steppes and the foothills of the Sayan Mountains.
The Kyrgyz princes organized military raids of the Khakass on the lands of the Krasnoyarsk, Tomsk, and Yenisei districts, killed or took people captive, and stole livestock. The Russian authorities adhered mainly to defensive tactics. Attacks on Russian settlements were ultimately disastrous for the Khakassians, since in the middle of the 17th century the Mongol khans and Dzungar rulers began to carry out devastating raids on the lands of the Khakassians. Then the Khakass turned to the Siberian governors with a request to build a fort on their land and found a favorable response from the Russians. Khakassia became part of Russia in 1707, when Tsar Peter I signed a Decree on the construction of a fort in Khakassia. In August 1707, servicemen from Tomsk, Kuznetsk, Krasnoyarsk and Yeniseisk built the Abakan fort (on the site of the now flooded village of Krasnoturanskoye), in which a military garrison remained. For the first time in the last century, peaceful life began here.
True, the Dzungar rulers still continued to send their tribute collectors, but the Russian government undertook the construction of a defensive line, settling Cossacks on it. In 1718, near the village of Oznachenny (now the city of Sayanogorsk), the Sayan fort was erected - the last stronghold on the thousand-mile journey of Russian explorers.
With the construction of several forts in the Khakass-Minusinsk region, entire systems began to emerge there settlements. The Khakass-Minusinsk Territory includes the territory of modern Khakassia and the southern regions of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Due to geographical and historical features, this region has always had some cultural specificity, especially in the second quarter of the 18th century - the time of its final annexation to Russia. The peculiarity of the region lies in the fact that its inclusion in Russian state occurred much later than other Siberian regions. It is also important that this region has its own unique natural, climatic and landscape conditions, sharply different from neighboring territories. It is no coincidence that the term “Minusinsk region” was recently used to designate this part of Siberia. Currently, given the political and cultural realities of today, the term “Khakass-Minusinsk region” is widely used.
The core of Russian old-timers in this area, formed in the 18th century, were descendants of immigrants from the northern regions of European Russia. The development of the region by Russians was relatively peaceful. This, in our opinion, can be explained by the fact that for most of the Turkic-speaking ethnic groups of Southern Siberia and the Khakass ethnic group in particular, Russian advancement fully fit into their accepted picture of the universe, and the first contacts with the Russians did not in any way contradict the Central Asian relations of “citizenship - subordination” " These forms of state dependence have been known since ancient times throughout Central Asia, and in Russian statehood they appeared following the example of the Golden Horde, acquiring a complete form in the Moscow kingdom.
As a result, already in the second half of the 18th century, entire contact zones of joint settlement of the newcomer Russian and indigenous Khakass populations emerged in the region. Due to more favorable conditions for farming on the Right Bank of the Yenisei, here 19th century An area of ​​predominantly Russian settlement was formed, and the Khakass concentrated on the left bank of the Yenisei. And yet, areas with a monoethnic composition of the population practically did not exist in the region. This contributed to the emergence of both cultural and kinship relations between the Russians and the Khakass.
Russian peasants played a special role in the ethnic interaction between the Khakass and Russians. They arrived mostly without families, so the process of unification took place through interethnic marriages. This type of marriage allowed both Russians and local residents more successfully address economic, social and everyday problems. Especially many such marriages took place in the 17th century.
In the second half of the 18th century, the Russian population in the Khakass-Minusinsk region increased significantly. The replacement of arable land with government tithes and grain dues with cash payments in 1762 increased the freedom of movement of Siberian peasants. The share of furs in yasak (tax in kind) also steadily decreased, which was caused by the predatory extermination of fur-bearing animals and the deepening economic specialization of Khakassian farms. With each passing decade, the milk-free supply of yasak was ensured not so much by the inviolability of yasak lands and the absence of Russians in them, but by the proximity of Russian villages, where it was possible to earn the amounts necessary for payments or sell the raised livestock (“Tatars often go to Russian villages for periods of harvesting and mowing sen").
Compared to the first half of the 18th century, the influx of population into the Khakass-Minusinsk region from the northern Siberian districts, especially from the Yenisei district, became more noticeable. There, many villages lost most of their inhabitants. Thus, the peasants of the village of Tomilovo Podporozhny in 1765 “for lack of arable land” moved to Iyus in the villages of Sosnovaya, Toilutskaya, Amalinskaya. By 1769, only two courtyards remained in the old place.
Since the 70s of the 18th century, in general, the influx from other places amounted to about 25% of the total increase in the Russian population of the Khakass-Minusinsk region.
In a number of areas most suitable for farming, Russians and Khakass lived alternately, as local authorities protected the land interests of yasak people. The Khakass, as a whole ulus or individually, received official ownership documents for the “ancestral” and free land - “data”. This contributed to the establishment of economic and ethnocultural contacts with the Russians.
Thus, the inclusion of Khakassia into the Russian state in the second quarter of the 18th century played a huge role. Progressive was the deliverance of the Khakass people from devastating wars by the Mongol and Dzungar feudal lords. The Khakass have gained the opportunity to overcome centuries of fragmentation and unite into a single nation, which has received the right to further historical development. Along with the consolidation of the Khakass people in the center of the Khakass-Minusinsk basin, on its outskirts there was a process of partial assimilation of the indigenous population by Russians.

Culture of the Khakass people

Culture of the Khakass people- part of the world heritage. Her historical basis constitute values ​​created over centuries. It identified Turkic, Chinese-Confucian, Indo-Tibetan and Russian-European components, indicating active contacts of the ancestors of the Khakass with other ethnic groups in different periods history. Shamanism and Christianity played an important role in the formation and development of Khakass culture. They became part of the self-awareness and mentality of the people. In general, if by genesis Khakassia is connected with the East, then through the Russian language and Russian culture it is connected with the West.
IN formation of Khakass culture big role played by the close connection of man with nature, dependence on its forces. A difficult life in conditions of isolation and distance from others, the struggle for existence in harsh natural and climatic conditions has formed in people such a character trait as collectivism. Among the Khakass, friendship and camaraderie have always been highly valued, and loneliness has always been condemned, which is reflected in the following proverbs: “A friendly life is long, an unfriendly life is short,” “Starve together, thirst together, but do not abandon a friend.”
Mutual assistance among the Khakass has always been an important form of communication between people. Its content is quite broad. This includes hospitality, which was seen as a source of sympathy, mutual understanding and support, pity for the elderly, small children, orphans, and the poor. Any person here is greeted as welcome; neighbors always share food with each other, tools, etc. Compliance with the custom of mutual assistance is reflected in the following Khakass sayings: “Give a horse to a man without a horse, give clothes to a man without clothes,” “Death has a duty” (i.e., the one who came to help at a funeral, in case of an accident with him, must be helped), “The name of the guest is connected with the stomach of the neighbors” (i.e. when feasting with guests, neighbors are invited).
In etiquette public life both Khakassians and Russians great value has hospitality. A common feature of the two peoples is extreme cordiality, sometimes reaching the point of self-sacrifice.
Reception and visiting are frequent events in the everyday life of the peoples of Siberia. This is caused by the mobile nature of the lifestyle of nomads - cattle breeders, hunters, reindeer herders. A guest among the Khakassians is always a welcome person, since in the past people here lived in very small groups, and the thirst for communication with a “new” person always existed. She in itself often served as the reason for a person to “get up” from his place, get on a horse and go many dozens of miles away to visit a friend or relative.
Guests were invited for any occasion: neighbors in the event of livestock slaughter, the entire neighborhood for a wedding or holidays. Reception of guests begins with their meeting. The etiquette of all the peoples of Siberia requires the host himself and his closest male relatives to greet guests. General features The greeting ritual includes the following behavioral elements: raised right hand, good wishes. A fairly common feature is the two-handed greeting, expressing special respect or warm feelings. When greeting, Khakassians ask: “Is everything okay with you?”, “Are you healthy?” After these words, it is customary, first of all, to inquire about the health of the livestock: “How are your livestock doing?” Since these peoples in the past were differentiated socially, the position of the interlocutor was always taken into account in the process of communication, which is partly reflected today in the existence of more respectful and less respectful etiquette formulas. Now respectful phrases are addressed to older people - for example, instead of the usual greeting they say: “Allow me to inquire about your health.” Elders must always be addressed as you.
After greetings, it is customary to seat guests in a place of honor, first of all let them drink kumis or tea, and be sure to first engage them in a “decent”, that is, uninformative conversation about the weather, the path that the arrivals followed, health, etc. And only after that Decency allowed us to begin the meal.
Hospitality also occupied one of the first places in the village ethics of Russian settlers, so not accepting a guest or refusing an invitation was considered a manifestation of ignorance. “Come, godfather, to drink tea”, “you are welcome”, “thank you for the treat” - these are the stable verbal formulas that existed in the Yenisei region. They invariably observe courtesy and respect for each other. The guest was offered best place at the table and the best treats, and he, in turn, should not show arrogance, be moderate in food and drink. In the village they said: “For an arrogant guest, even the door is floored,” “It’s easy to treat a well-fed guest,” “It’s not a shame to leave someone else’s table without eating.” It was customary to thank the hostess for “bread and salt” with a low bow. A characteristic custom for Russian people is to invite passers-by and visitors into the house, feed him and, if possible, calm him down. They did not take money from passers-by; There was a proverb: “Bread and salt wins the robber.”
A special place in psychological characteristics Khakassians are occupied by stable traditions of the cult of ancestors, parents, and elders. It should be emphasized that respect for elders is a quality especially valued by many Asian peoples. People of venerable age personified wisdom and were the main guardians of worldly wisdom and experience, and norms of behavior. The basic principles of the people's picket, the leadership of the children for further adult life Khakass children received from the elders, from proverbs and sayings: “Ask the elder for blessings, the younger for the word”, “Respect the elders, do not offend the younger”, “Honor the oldest - your years will be long, protect the youngest - your days will be bright "
The above examples indicate that the behavior of adults towards children was colored by restraint, gentleness, and respect, which did not contradict the attitudes of subordination to adults and respect towards them. Children but folk traditions It is not customary to beat or humiliate in any other way. Such actions were everywhere perceived as a sign of adult weakness. Among the Khakass, children were forbidden to stand on the threshold, sit with both hands on the ground, put their hands behind their backs, sit with their arms wrapped around their legs, or clap their hands (a sign of mourning).
Among the peoples of Southern Siberia, it was customary to play a game with children, asking the names of their ancestors up to a certain (now up to the seventh, and in the old days up to the twelfth or more) generation, always presenting a reward for complete answers. This game has become a kind of etiquette detail of the custom of hospitality and at the same time an effective means of reproducing genealogical memory, which, as is known, is the ideological basis of the social organization of nomads.
The cult of ancestors and parents is closely connected with love for native places, caring attitude towards the flora and fauna of the native land. The Khakass's attachment to them is closely connected with the fact that their life is spent in daily communication with living nature, without which they do not recognize themselves. They worshiped sacred mountains and trees, spreading to the entire world around them " golden rule morality", expressed through certain taboos, which partly had a religious overtones. For example, you cannot make noise in the forest, as it needs silence, cut down a tree at night, as it is sleeping, cross a stream or river without permission. It was believed that any violation by a person of harmony and balance in the entire world inevitably entails punishment in the form of loss of crops, failures in hunting, illness, family misfortunes, physical death and, worst of all, the death of the soul through the extinction of the race.
One of the important values ​​of the traditional culture of the Khakass is the attitude towards work: “If you don’t put in the work, you won’t get a hat”, “A hardworking person’s children don’t go hungry”, “He who works well has grease on his lips, but a lazy person has dirt on his head” . By the age of seven, the child was considered mature. Boys from the age of five or six were accustomed to horses, and from the age of eight he herded cattle. From the age of thirteen, children participated in harvesting, mowing hay, and from the age of fifteen, boys went hunting with their father. Girls were taught to do housework from an early age. At the age of thirteen they knew how to bake bread, and at seventeen they sewed fur coats, dresses, and shoes on their own.
One of the comparative parameters that most clearly reflects the value orientations of cultures is their attitude to time. Both Russian and Khakass culture are characterized by adherence to traditions and an appeal to the past as the basis for the present.
Thus, we can note such common value positions of the Khakass culture and the culture of Russian immigrants as collectivism, mutual assistance, hard work, hospitality, respect for nature, reverence for elders, and adherence to traditions. All of the listed prevailing orientations characterize typically Eastern values.
In the cultural tradition of the Chaldons of the Khakass-Minusinsk region, a certain degree of foreign ethnic influences is evident. They are especially clearly manifested in the spiritual sphere of old-timer culture, namely, in folklore, folk beliefs, and medicine. In addition, many elements of the traditional culture of the old residents of this region were significantly influenced by the cultural traditions of the indigenous population. Thus, processes of intercultural communications and mutual influence of cultures took place.
In the process of interaction with the Russians, the Khakass learned European agriculture, adopted technology and systems, and sowed new crops. Thus, already in the 17th century, winter and spring rye, barley, oats, wheat, peas, buckwheat, millet, and hemp appeared in the fields. Vegetable crops grown in the gardens included carrots, cabbage, turnips, onions, garlic, and cucumbers. The ratio of sowing of various agricultural crops as a percentage in the 80-90s of the 18th century was as follows: spring rye - 33.7%, winter rye - 26.8, wheat - 17.0, oats - 13.6, barley - 6 ,3, flax, hemp and peas - 2.6%. As land is developed specific gravity spring production has been steadily increasing.
Under the influence of the Russians, the Khakass moved from primitive forms of farming to higher and more intensive ones. To cultivate the land, they used a plow with iron coulters. A wooden harrow was used for harrowing. Other equipment they constantly used were sickles, pink salmon scythes, and axes. The condition for the existence of a peasant household was the presence of draft animals. U local population Russians bought horses.
Until the half of the 19th century, the most common type of Khakass dwelling was a non-lattice portable yurt, and later - a lattice, birch bark, felt one. People lived in felt yurts “kiis ib” in winter, and in birch bark “tos ib” in summer. The portable yurt was the dwelling of cattle breeders and had much in common with the yurts of the Kalmyks, Tuvans, Altaians, and Buryats.
During the 19th century, portable yurts were gradually replaced by permanent housing - the Russian log hut and the log polygonal yurt "Agas Ib", in which people lived in the summer. In the middle of the yurt there was a fireplace on the earthen floor. The furniture included beds, shelves, forged chests, and carved cabinets. The yurt was decorated with felt carpets, colorful embroidery, and appliqués on leather. Ethnic characteristics are also manifested in the fact that these log houses were traditionally divided into two halves from the beginning - male and female. On the male (left, southern) half there were household items: saddles, lassos, bridles, leather, etc. The other half (right, northern) was considered female; the shelves contained dishes, utensils, women's and children's accessories. The dominant type of winter dwelling became the log hut - “tura”, which indicated the strengthening of the settled way of life of the Khakass population. Log cabins log houses were of two types: one-room and five-walled with glazed windows. The Khakass themselves made household utensils from wood, birch bark and clay. Later, purchased glass, porcelain and metal utensils and household items that were made by Russians. In the Minusinsk Museum named after N.M. Martyanov you can see a Khakass yurt, in which there is a variety of colored glassware (red, blue), representing the products of the Znamensky plant, located near the city of Minusinsk.
The interior furnishings of the yurt, the quantity and quality of household items differed sharply between wealthy and ordinary Khakassians. The rich man's yurt was furnished with good furniture. Among the household items there were many things made in Russia. So, various dishes and boxes were placed on the shelves. Chests decorated with iron plates took up a lot of space. The space between the shelves with boxes and chests on the left and right front sides of the yurt was covered with carpets, and the table was covered with a tablecloth.
The winter home of the poor Khakass was a half-earth hut with windows (chir ib). The walls were made of two rows of birch fence, the gap between which was filled with earth. The inside of the fence was lined with boards. The floor was earthen and the roof was flat. In the right rear corner of the door, on a raised platform, there was a fireplace with an adobe pipe called a chuval (sool). Subsequently, in the process of interaction with Russian settlers, significant changes occurred in the design of this type of housing. The walls, inside and out, were thickly coated with clay and whitewashed. Did gable roof and wooden floor. Instead of the chuval, a Russian stove appeared. So this dwelling took the form of a Russian hut. Instead of “chir ib” they began to call it “chir tura” (earth house).
Another winter dwelling was a quadrangular, single-chamber hut with windows, called a sool among the Khakass. The corners were cut into a castle or strengthened in pillars. The floor was earthen, the flat roof was covered with earth. The window was covered with peritoneum (kharyn). Two stoves were placed in the right rear corner of the door. One of them with open hearth, with a straight chimney, served for warmth and light. The other was for cooking, it was adjacent to the first. Both ovens are called sool, hence the name of the dwelling - sool.
Ethnocultural interaction between the Khakass and Russian old-timers of the Khakass-Minusinsk region also took place in the sphere traditional medicine. Both among the Khakassians and among the Russian old-timers of the Khakass-Minusinsk region, traditional medicine had widespread until the beginning of the 20th century. This was facilitated by a number of different reasons. First of all, it was influenced by the lack of a sufficient number of medical institutions and qualified medical workers in the region. The large number and variety of diseases was due to the hard work of the cattle breeder and farmer, as well as living conditions.
The basis of folk medical knowledge, ideas about diseases and methods of treating them is not only folk experience, but also religious beliefs. Thus, the basis of the traditional worldview of the Khakass is shamanism. Accordingly, shamanic mystical treatment among the Khakass was the main one, supplemented by elements of traditional medicine and partly scientific medicine with its medications.
It can be summarized that in an indirect way - the traditional medicine of Russian old-timers - the rich, centuries-old heritage of the indigenous peoples of the Khakass-Minusinsk region, whose roots go back to ancient times, was perceived.
In general, Russian old-timers, on the one hand, preserved the traditional ethnic basis of folk medical knowledge, which was determined by the characteristic religious worldview and social conditions of life, on the other hand, they significantly expanded and enriched it through the various components of Khakass folk medicine, and indirectly through the latter - due to the medical knowledge of the peoples of Sayan-Altai and the East.
In the sphere of linguistic relationships, processes of assimilation took place. The Khakass language belongs to Turkic group Altai language family It is divided into four dialects: Sagai, Kachin, Kyzyl and Shor. Based on Kachin and Sagai, it was formed literary language and writing appeared. In the late Middle Ages, literacy was taught in Mongolia, Dzungaria, and, possibly, in China. IN Russian archives Khakass messages of the 17th-18th centuries, written both in Mongolian and “...in their own Tatar scripts,” are stored.
In the 30s of the 20th century, Khakass writing was created based on Latin script. Modern Khakass writing was created in 1939 on the basis of Russian graphics.
If initially communication between Russians and Khakass was difficult, then gradually the Khakass, as economic and everyday ties strengthened, began to master the Russian language. In the 30s years XIX century in the Minusinsk district, only up to 50 Khakass spoke Russian.
In the field folk art interaction processes also took place. The archaic nature of the Khakass language is preserved in the rich Khakass folklore, the genres of which are diverse: fairy tales, legends, heroic tales, legends, proverbs, sayings. The most widespread genre of Khakass folklore is the heroic epic of the alypt nymakhs. This ancient layer of folk art is a unique monument that reflects the history of the Khakass people, the peculiarities of their worldview and aesthetic ideas.
To a great extent development musical culture contributed to the love for the music of the Khakass themselves. Academician V.V. Radlov, who came to Siberia and led a large Russian academic expedition in 1891 to discover and study runic inscriptions in Khakassia and Tuva, stated that “a penchant for epic poetry was already characteristic of the ancient Khakassians.
Heroic tales are a kind of chronicle of the centuries-old history of the Khakass people, their struggle against numerous enemies and oppressors. They enjoyed the greatest popularity, and we find confirmation of this popularity from another collector of works of oral folk art, V. Verbitsky: “In the ulus, young people are packed to capacity in the hut of the old storyteller to listen to the legend to the soothing accompaniment of the chatkhan. But adults also love to listen to fairy tales. The storytellers-singers, these button accordions and homers, own more than one epic from past life these peoples."
Most Khakass heroic tales are truly folk works in their content. In them we find the struggle between good and evil, stories about the lives and exploits of heroes. There are a number of legends about heroes, among which the most popular are: “Albynzhi”, “Altyn Aryg”, “Khara Khuskhun riding a black horse”, “Khan Kichigei” and others.
In the traditional culture of the Khakass, synthesizing into a monolithic whole folk art is haiji. The haiji were the keepers and disseminators of heroic tales. They awakened cheerfulness and optimism in their listeners, instilling strength and energy to fight for justice.
Khakass culture adopted many elements of the material and spiritual culture of the Russians: agriculture and gardening began to actively develop, the types of housing and clothing changed. The adoption of Christianity had a great influence on Khakass culture. However, the influence of Russian culture as a whole did not change the traditional ways of adapting the Khakass to their natural environment. On the contrary, the Russians in Khakassia tried to adopt them and adapt them for their roots here. An example of this can be the significant expansion and enrichment of folk medical knowledge due to the various components of Khakass folk medicine; borrowing some elements of clothing, methods of harvesting and consuming wild herbs and berries.