Parsing a sentence is detailed analysis sentences divided into several components. Thanks to this method Students will test their knowledge of the syntax of the Russian language. In educational institutions, parsing is the last chapter in the syntax section, since it provides an opportunity to comprehensively use previously acquired knowledge.
How to parse a proposal
Syntactic analysis is a logical and step-by-step process. They use it at school two types of parsing: oral and written. Their difference lies in the fact that in written language the parts of speech are marked schematically, while in oral language they are spoken out.
Step by step analysis:
- Determine what purpose carries a proposal. If the author is trying to tell something - narrative, ask - interrogative, induce to some action - incentive.
- Emotional color in writing is expressed by the presence of an exclamation mark. If you see an exclamation mark at the end, then the sentence is exclamatory. If it is not there, it is non-exclamatory.
- Count the number grammatical basics. One grammatical basis is simple, several are complex.
- Describe The connection between the parts of the sentence is union or non-union.
- Determine how the parts communicate with each other: conjunctions (subordinating or coordinating) or intonation (punctuation marks).
- Depending on the alliances describe the type: compound, complex or non-union.
- Analyze each part for the following parameters: the presence of major and minor members, the search for complicating factors ( homogeneous members, introductory structures, interjections, addresses).
- Make a diagram sentences, graphically highlighting the components.
Pay attention! Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence differs from a simple one only in the number of grammatical bases. Because of this, some steps (step 7) are repeated.
The best services for online analysis
Lexis Res
Lexis Res website is one of best services for member-by-member parsing on English. Main advantage – detailed description all meanings of a single word, which will help users learning English.
The interface consists of two buttons. Team " Analyze" starts the process. The results are available at the bottom of the page. Function " Random sentences» will allow you to get acquainted with the work of the site using the example of a random offer.
Pros:
- Detailed parsing.
- No annoying advertising.
- Wide functionality of the service.
- Minimalist interface.
- Extensive base of words.
Cons:
- The resource is adapted for English expressions only.
- Lack of graphic symbols.
- Without proper knowledge foreign language read detailed explanations it will be difficult.
Delph-in
The Delph-in service is another English-language resource dedicated to parsing. Uniqueness is that it uses the Linguistic Knowledge Builder programming language, which is used in foreign universities.
Using the Linguistic Knowledge Builder Method provides benefits in terms of detail and its components. The English Resource Grammar technology, which is also used in foreign education, is responsible for visualization. 
Advantages:
- Great for exploring highly focused offerings.
- A huge number of tools for parsing parts of speech.
- There is no limit on the number of characters.
Flaws:
- People with a good command of English will be able to fully work with the service.
- A cumbersome interface that will take time to master.
MorphologyOnline
The MorphologyOnline website is a Russian-language resource dedicated to syntax. The site interface fits into one button. From user required enter necessary word, and the program will analyze it.
For the convenience of users, the service provides step-by-step check. In most cases, the verification process is carried out in three stages: identification of the part of speech, morphological features and probable syntactic role. 
Pros:
- Detailed analysis.
- Operational operation of the site.
- No advertising.
Cons:
- Parsing is carried out within one word.
- The main emphasis of the resource is on morphology.
- Narrow specialization.
Gramota.ru
Gramota.ru is a Russian-language site that parses the requested word. Submitted by the service is carried out checking the selected word not only for syntactic and morphological characteristics, but runs the selected word through all popular dictionaries, including the dictionary of specialized terms. 
Advantages:
- Detailed analysis of a word, including searching for meaning in dictionaries.
- Nice user interface.
- Possibility to choose criteria.
Flaws:
- The program parses one word at a time.
- The site is more focused on morphological analysis.
Goldlit
Goldlit website is one of the best parsing portals. Key Advantage Russian-speaking competitors have the opportunity to analyze entire proposals.
The algorithm of actions is extremely simple: the user enters a phrase or word. The portal processes the information and parses each word separately. Near every member the initial forms of the word, the part of speech to which it belongs, are written, and then grammatical analysis and declension by case are performed. 
Pros:
- Detailed syntactic and grammatical analysis.
- There are no restrictions on the topic and number of characters.
- Friendly interface.
- The site is easy to use.
- Additional information on the literature.
Cons:
- Lack of grammar reference books.
- The service is more focused on literature.
Syntactic parsing of a sentence is the parsing of a sentence into members and parts of speech. You can parse a complex sentence according to the proposed plan. The sample will help you correctly format a written analysis of a sentence, and the example will reveal the secrets of oral syntactic analysis.
Sentence parsing plan
1. Simple, simple, complicated by homogeneous members, or complex
2. According to the purpose of the statement: narrative, interrogative or motivating.
3. By intonation: exclamatory or non-exclamatory.
4. Common or not common.
5. Determine the SUBJECT. Ask questions WHO? or WHAT? Underline the subject and determine which part of speech it is expressed in.
6. Define the PREDIC. Ask questions WHAT DOES? etc. Underline the predicate and determine which part of speech it is expressed in.
7. From the subject, ask questions to the secondary members of the sentence. Underline them and determine which parts of speech they are expressed in. Write down phrases with questions.
8. From the predicate, ask questions to the secondary members. Underline them and determine which parts of speech they are expressed in. Write down phrases with questions.
Sample sentence parsing
The sky was already breathing autumn, and the sun was shining less and less often.
This sentence is complicated first part:
(what?) sky - subject, expressed by a singular noun. h., Wed. R., Nar., Inanimate., 2 sk., i. p.
(what did?) breathed - predicate, expressed by the verb nes. view., 2 pages, in units. h., last vr., wed. r.
breathed (what?) in the fall - addition, expressed by a noun in singular. h., w. r., narit., inanimate., 3rd class., etc.
breathed (when?) already - a circumstance of time, expressed by an adverb
second part:
(what?) sunshine - subject, expressed as a singular noun. h., Wed. R., Nar., Inanimate., 2 sk., i. p.
(what did it do?) shone - predicate, expressed by the verb nes. view, 1 book, unit. h., last vr., wed. r.
shone (how?) less often - a circumstance of the manner of action, expressed by an adverb
shone (when?) already - a circumstance of time, expressed by the adverb
Example of parsing a sentence
They either flew obliquely in the wind, or lay vertically on the damp grass.
This proposal is simple.
(what?) they are the subject, expressed by a plural pronoun. h., 3 l., i. p.
(what did they do?) flew - homogeneous predicate, expressed by the verb non.view, 1 sp., plural. h.. last vr..flying
(what did they do?) lay down - homogeneous predicate, expressed by the verb non.view, 1 sp., plural. h.. last vr..
flew (how?) obliquely - a circumstance of the course of action, expressed by an adverb.
flew (how?) in the wind - circumstance of the course of action, expressed by the adverb
lay down (how?) vertically - a circumstance of a course of action, expressed by an adverb
lay down (where?) on the grass - an adverbial circumstance of place, expressed by a common noun, inanimate, in singular. h., w. r., 1 fold, in v.p. with a pretext
grass (what kind?) raw - definition, expressed by an adjective in singular. h., w.r., v.p.
Syntactic analysis of a simple sentence has become firmly established in the practice of elementary and high school. This is the most difficult and voluminous type grammar parsing. It includes the characteristics and outline of the sentence, analysis by members indicating parts of speech.
The structure and meaning of a simple sentence is studied starting from the 5th grade. The full set of features of a simple sentence is indicated in the 8th grade, and in the 9th grade the focus is on complex sentences.
In this type of analysis, the levels of morphology and syntax are correlated: the student must be able to identify parts of speech, recognize their forms, find conjunctions, understand how words are connected in a phrase, know the signs of the main and minor members of a sentence.
Let's start with the simplest thing: we will help the children prepare for parsing in 5th grade. In elementary school, the student remembers the sequence of parsing and performs it at an elementary level, indicating the grammatical basis, syntactic connections between words, the type of sentence according to the composition and purpose of the statement, learns to draw up diagrams and find homogeneous members.
In elementary schools, different Russian language programs are used, so the level of requirements and student preparation are different. In the fifth grade, I took in children who studied in elementary school according to programs educational system"School 2100", "School of Russia" and "Primary School of the 21st Century". There are big differences. Teachers primary school They do a tremendous amount of work to compensate for the shortcomings of their textbooks, and they themselves “create” continuity between primary and secondary schools.
In grade 5, the material on sentence analysis is generalized, expanded and built into a more complete form; in grades 6-7 it is improved taking into account newly studied morphological units (verb forms: participle and gerund; adverb and state category; function words: prepositions, conjunctions and particles ).
Let us show with examples the differences between the level of requirements in the parsing format.
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In 4th grade |
In 5th grade |
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In a simple sentence, the grammatical basis is highlighted, familiar parts of speech are indicated above the words, homogeneous members are emphasized, phrases are written out, or syntactic connections between words are drawn. Scheme: [O -, O]. Declarative, non-exclamatory, simple, common, with homogeneous predicates. Noun (main word) + adj., Ch. (main word) + noun. Ch. (main word) + place. Adverb + verb (main word) |
Syntactic connections are not drawn, phrases are not written out, the scheme and basic notations are the same, but the characteristics are different: narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, common, complicated by homogeneous predicates. Analysis is constantly practiced in lessons and participates in grammatical tasks in control dictations. |
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IN complex sentence grammatical basics are emphasized, parts are numbered, familiar parts of speech are signed above the words, the type is indicated according to the purpose of the statement and emotional coloring, according to the composition and presence of minor members. Parsing scheme: [O and O] 1, 2, and 3. Narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, widespread. |
The scheme remains the same, but the characteristics are different: narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, consists of 3 parts that are connected by a non-union and allied communications, in part 1 there are homogeneous members, all parts are two-part and widespread. Analysis of a complex sentence in grade 5 is for educational purposes and is not a means of control. |
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Sentence patterns with direct speech: A: “P!” or "P," - a. The concept of quotation is introduced, which coincides in design with direct speech. |
The diagrams are supplemented by a break in direct speech with the words of the author: “P, - a. - P.” and "P, - a, - p". The concept of dialogue and ways of its design are introduced. Schemes are drawn up, but sentences with direct speech are not characterized. |
Plan for parsing a simple sentence
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2. Find out the type of sentence by emotional coloring (non-exclamatory or exclamatory).
3. Find the grammatical basis of the sentence, underline it and indicate the methods of expression, indicate that the sentence is simple.
4. Determine the composition of the main members of the proposal (two-part or one-part).
5. Determine the presence of minor members (common or non-common).
6. Emphasize minor members sentences, indicate the ways of their expression (parts of speech): from the composition of the subject and the composition of the predicate.
7. Determine the presence of missing members of the sentence (complete or incomplete).
8. Determine the presence of a complication (complicated or not complicated).
9. Write down the characteristics of the proposal.
10. Create an outline of the proposal.
For analysis, we used sentences from Sergei Kozlov’s wonderful fairy tales about the Hedgehog and the Little Bear.
1) It was an extraordinary autumn day!
2) Everyone’s duty is to work.
3) Thirty mosquitoes ran out into the clearing and began to play their squeaky violins.
4) He has neither a father, nor a mother, nor a Hedgehog, nor a Bear.
5) And Belka took some nuts and a cup and hurried after.
6) And they put things in a basket: mushrooms, honey, a teapot, cups - and went to the river.
7) And pine needles, and fir cones, and even cobwebs - everyone straightened up, smiled and began to sing with all their might the last autumn song of the grass.
8) The Hedgehog lay, covered up to his nose with a blanket, and looked at the Little Bear with quiet eyes.
9) The hedgehog sat on a hill under a pine tree and looked at the moonlit valley, flooded with fog.
10) Across the river, the forest was dark, blazing with aspens.
11) So until the evening they ran, jumped, jumped off the cliff and screamed at the top of their lungs, setting off the stillness and silence of the autumn forest.
12) And he jumped like a real kangaroo.
13) Water, where are you running?
14) Maybe he's gone crazy?
15) It seems to me that he imagined himself... as the wind.
Examples of parsing simple sentences
- First, the main members of the sentence are noted. Namely, the predicate and the subject.
- Then we move on to the minor ones. They can be definitions, adjuncts and circumstances.
- We indicate the type of sentence (two- or one-part).
- Determine completeness (complete or not).
- Let's find out if it is widespread?
- Is it complicated?
In addition to the grammatical basis (subject and predicate, or only the predicate, or only the subject), a sentence may also contain secondary members of the sentence.
The secondary members of the sentence include
additions,
circumstances,
definitions.
A sentence in which at least one minor member is present is called widespread. If there are no such sentence members, then it will be an unextended sentence.
Also, sentences can be complicated. They may contain homogeneous members, as well as words and various designs, which are grammatically unrelated to the rest of the sentence. These include, for example, requests introductory words and sentences, interjections.
Complicated sentences can be participial and participial phrases, plug-in structures.
When parsing a sentence by sentence members, you need to graphically underline all words depending on their syntactic role in the sentence. For example, the subject is emphasized by one line,
predicate - two features,
addition - dotted,
circumstance - a dash with a dot,
definition - a wavy line.
Analysis of the proposal by composition is carried out in the following order.
Roma took beautiful book. Two-part sentence, common, uncomplicated, complete
By composition, only the word can be parsed, and the sentence is parsed by members (i.e., syntactic parsing is performed)
To parse a proposal, you need to stick to a specific plan.
Now let's look at a few examples of parsing sentences to make it clearer.
If difficulties arise at any stage of parsing a proposal, it is necessary to learn the basic theoretical material on this topic. Below I will provide the main provisions and information that is required when analyzing proposals.
The composition of the proposal is not clear. The only way to parse a sentence is through syntactic parsing. That is, we find the main sentence, the predicate and the remaining members of the sentence (additions, circumstances, adverbs, etc.). You can also determine the type of subordination, if any.
I believe that you did not mean parsing a sentence by composition, but syntactic parsing of a sentence, or otherwise parsing by members of a sentence. First, you need to characterize the sentence according to the purpose of the statement: narrative, interrogative or motivating. Then indicate the emotional coloring of the sentence (exclamatory or non-exclamatory). Highlight the grammatical basics and characterize the sentence (simple or complex). Next:
1) If the sentence is simple:
Describe the proposal based on the presence of basics (two-part or one-part)
Write whether the sentence is widespread or not widespread by secondary members
Write a complicated or uncomplicated sentence using phrases, appeal, introductory words
Underline the parts of the sentence and make a diagram.
2) if the sentence is complex:
write which connection in the sentence is union or non-union
Indicate a means of communication (subordinating conjunction, coordinating conjunction or intonation)
Conclude which sentence (complex, complex or non-union)
Complete the steps for a simple sentence for each part of the sentence.
Make a diagram.
As a rule, in the Russian language, any sentence consists of two main members, the subject and the predicate, which form its basis. A sentence can also have either one subject or predicate, and depending on this feature they are divided into one-component (one main member in a sentence) and two-part (the sentence has both a subject and a predicate). When analyzing a sentence, it is imperative to find its basis, that is, to identify the subject and predicate, after which we determine the secondary members of the sentence, if there are any, of course. It is also necessary to identify the completeness of the sentence, indicate its type and type (one-part or two-part)
The sentence can be parsed by syntactic parsing. In this case, in the sentence you need to find and define the members of the sentence (subject, predicate, definition, complement and circumstance). A sentence can contain all members of the sentence, or only a subject with a predicate.
A sentence can be divided into subject and predicate. From the main words of the sentence we ask questions to other words. We identify the following parts of the sentence. See the analysis in the table.
Functional parts of speech, for example, prepositions, are considered a part of the sentence along with the noun to which they refer. And particles that refer to all words in a sentence are not members of the sentence. Conjunctions are not a part of a sentence if they are a connecting link in a complex sentence. And if they refer to individual words, then they are defined as a member of a sentence with that word.
To analyze a sentence by composition, it is first necessary to identify its main members, namely its grammatical basis, which includes both the subject and the predicate.
It should immediately be noted that a proposal can include all the main members or consist of just one.
You can determine the type of sentence by the composition of the grammatical basis. Sentences can be two-part or one-part. In a two-part sentence, we see the composition of the subject (subject + attribute) and the composition of the predicate (predicate, object and circumstance).
Yellow dandelions reach for the sun. What? dandelions - subject. Dandelions. what are they doing? stretch -- predicate. Dandelions are reaching - the grammatical basis of a two-part sentence. Are they reaching where? to the sun - circumstance. What are dandelions? yellow definition.
IN one-part sentence there is only one main member. If this is a predicate, then there are definitely personal, indefinitely personal and impersonal sentences. If the main member of a sentence is expressed by a noun, then it is a noun sentence. Example: Night. Cold dugout. Shootout. Silence.
In definite personal sentences, the predicate is expressed by a present or future tense verb in the 1st or 2nd person form or by an imperative verb, which always has the 2nd person singular or plural form.
Don't break the silver strings. Let's go for a walk in the park. Seek and you will find a life partner.
In indefinite-personal sentences, the predicate is expressed by a 3rd person verb of the present and future tense or a past tense verb plural, and also a conditional verb.
I was awarded. Passengers were invited to board the plane. They're calling.
In impersonal sentences, the predicate is, first of all, expressed by an impersonal verb (It’s getting dark. It’s getting dark. I’m not feeling well.), an infinitive (You can’t catch up with a crazy three.), a predicative adverb (It’s stuffy in captivity in the carriage.), a short passive participle of the neuter gender (Sent for doctor.), impersonal verb + infinitive (I had to wait for the train), predicative adverb + infinitive (It’s bad to live without work).
In tasks in the Russian language, words are analyzed by composition, but what they do with a sentence is syntactic analysis.
At the first stage of syntactic analysis, the main members of the sentence are found - the subject and the predicate. Then they determine the role of the remaining words that are minor members of the sentence - additions, definitions, circumstances.
Parsing a sentence into members, or syntactically parsing a sentence, is a mandatory part of the Russian language curriculum. Anyone who cannot cope with this task should not even dream of excellent grades on the report card and/or certificate. Moreover, unlike many newfangled techniques that have recently appeared in textbooks and methodological manuals, our grandparents were engaged in syntactic analysis of sentences and phrases - both in class and as homework. Yes and tests in linguistics they cannot do without this task.
Surely you are familiar with him firsthand. But it never hurts even the smartest students to consolidate and/or deepen their knowledge. Therefore, regardless of your performance at school, we suggest that you discuss in detail and remember how to parse a sentence into members correctly and without errors.
Syntactic composition of the sentence. Members of the sentence
Let's start by checking the terminology. Syntactic parsing and parsing a sentence into members are equivalent names for the same process, which consists of analyzing the composition of a sentence and determining whether each word belongs to one or another part of speech. The difference between them lies only in the amount of work: syntactic parsing involves a more in-depth analysis of the parameters of the sentence, and parsing by members is, as a rule, only part of the overall syntactic analysis. However, it is the analysis of a sentence by members that causes the main difficulties for most schoolchildren. A possible reason: the variability of the role of words in a sentence. The fact is that even words belonging to the same part of speech can play different roles in a sentence. Moreover, they will differ both within one and within several different sentences. Figuratively speaking, one could call each member of the sentence a certain position in which the word “works.” By moving to another place of work, that is, to another offer, he can change his position and, accordingly, perform other functions. Moreover: not only one word, but also a phrase can be a member of a sentence.
That is why many schoolchildren and even higher education students educational institutions sometimes they get confused and incorrectly identify the members of a sentence. You can help them regain their understanding by clarifying the basic concepts of the syntactic structure of a sentence. You can start with simple exercises, gradually complicating the tasks and introducing new elements into them that are confusing and train syntactic parsing skills. For example, to begin with, you should remember that all members of a sentence, even the shortest, are divided into:
- The main members of the proposal. There are only two of them: subject and predicate. Together they form the so-called grammatical basis of the sentence. Not every sentence contains both main members at the same time, but one of them is always necessary.
- Secondary members of the sentence. There are three of them: definition, addition and circumstance. They can be present in a sentence in any combinations and quantities, all together or one at a time.
- Subject denotes (names) the subject, object or phenomenon that is discussed in the sentence. Accordingly, it logically becomes the answer to the questions “Who?” and/or “What?” In most cases, the subject is a noun or pronoun, as well as a numeral in combination with a noun (for example, “many options”).
- Predicate talks about what does or happens to the subject. To find the predicate in a sentence, ask the question: “What does it do?” (did/will do) object. Not surprisingly, the predicate is usually a verb. In some cases, a noun or other parts of speech can act as a predicate.
- Definition describes an object and communicates its characteristics, therefore answering the questions “Which one?” (which/which/which ones), “Whose?” etc. As a rule, adjectives and participles are adjectives.
- Addition reveals the content of the sentence in connection with the subject (subject). It can answer any question in oblique cases (that is, all except the nominative): “Who?” (“What?”), “To whom?”, (“To what?”), “By whom?”, (“With what?”), “Where from?” etc. Supplements include both gerunds and other parts of speech along with prepositions.
- Circumstance reveals the details of the action and indicates its place, time, method and other characteristics. In a sentence, a circumstance is the member that answers the questions “Why?”, “Why?”, “When?”, “Where?”, “Where from?”, “Where?” and “How?” Circumstances are often nouns, adverbs, and less often other parts of speech.
- Uncommon sentences - that is, having no words other than the subject and/or predicate (grammatical basis).
- Common sentences - that is, including, in addition to the grammatical basis, also minor members. Their number is not important: if they exist, then the offer is automatically considered widespread.
How to parse a proposal by member
Now let's practical work Let's consolidate theoretical knowledge on how to parse a sentence into members. For this we need a system symbols, with the help of which different members of the sentence are marked. The traditional way is to underline words in a sentence with curly lines depending on their syntactic role. These designations are generally recognized both in writing and in printed text, so remember them once so that you can always use them in the future when parsing a sentence by member:
- Subject underline with one line.
- Predicate underlined with two lines.
- Definition emphasized with a wavy line or horizontal zigzag.
- Addition underlined with a dotted line.
- Circumstance underlined with a dotted line with a dot.
In the evening the full moon lit up the sky.
If it is difficult for you to immediately parse the sentence by member yourself, do it using step-by-step instructions:
- Read the sentence thoughtfully, paying attention not only to its content, but also to the form: sometimes it is in it that tricky moments and difficulties of analysis are hidden.
- Find the subject: in this proposal to the question “What?” The word “moon” answers. Underline it with one straight line.
- Find the predicate, starting from the subject: “What did the moon do?” The moon lit up (the sky). This means that the predicate in that sentence is “illuminated.” Underline this verb with two parallel straight lines.
- Find the definition (sign of the subject): “What is the moon?” The moon is full. The word "full" is a definition, underline it with a wavy line.
- Find the addition: “What did the moon illuminate?” The moon lit up the sky. “Sky” is the addition in this sentence; underline this word with a dotted line.
- Find the circumstance: “When did the moon illuminate the sky?” The moon lit up the sky in the evening. Accordingly, “in the evening” is a definition that should be underlined with a dotted line with a dot.
- While completing the task, write down questions that connect words into a single system of meaning. Write them directly above the sentence, accompanied by arrows from one word to the next. For example: The arrow from the word “moon” to the word “full” should be signed with the question “Which one?” The arrow from the word “illuminated” to the word “sky” should be signed with the question “what?” This allows the teacher, when checking the assignment, to see how you completed it and in what sequence the analysis of the sentence developed.
