Key stage of construction wooden log house— connection of timber and logs into a common spatial structure.

Without knowing what docking methods need to be used, you shouldn’t even take on this work.

We will look at the main types of existing connections, and also evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each of them. This will help the novice craftsman feel more confident when assembling crowns wooden building.

Obviously, joining timber during construction is necessary in two cases:

• For securely tying the corners of the house
• For building up logs or beams

These operations can be performed in dozens of different ways, invented by Russian architects over hundreds of years. If we begin to consider all existing connection nodes at once, we will quickly get confused in the complex terminology and nuances of cutting. Therefore, for your information, we will tell you in detail only about the most common types of docking.

Types of corner joints

In modern wood construction Two types of corner joints are used:

• With the rest. The remainder is the end of a log or beam that protrudes outward from the corner of the frame. The advantage of this type of corner connection is best protection seams from blowing;
• Without a trace. The crowns of the log house do not protrude beyond the corners of the house.

Corner joints of logs are performed in almost the same way as joining beams. In this case, the landing nest in the lower log is most often made not flat, but semicircular, resembling a cup. That's why this method docking was named cuttings "into the bowl".

The rectangular shape of the timber does not require a complex cup-shaped joint.

Joining the beams at the corners of the house is done in two ways:

• Single-sided (wood floor)
• Double-sided (in red)

One-sided timber joint is easy to perform, since it is enough to make only one vertical groove here.

Half a tree this type connections are called because the depth of the cut or notch is ½ of the height of the beam or log.

Listing the main ways to connect timber in the corners of a house, you need to say a few words about the two-sided method felling "to the point". It is more complicated than one-sided joining of crowns, since vertical cuts have to be made not only on the top, but also on the bottom side of the beams.

After this, the wood between the cuts is cut out, leaving smooth horizontal landing areas. By laying the beams on top of each other, we get a strong joint with two flat seams.

Reliable joining of logs can also be done using the “snap” method.. However, most often specialists use a “bowl” connection, which is optimally suited for the round shape of the log.

The double-sided “bowl” connection and the semicircular “bowl” require highly qualified carpenters. Here you need to work accurately and carefully. Any mistake with the depth of cut or cutting out the groove can lead to a violation of the geometry and a decrease in the strength of the joint.

To protect the corner from blowing, wooden house building professionals use joining the timber “in the fat tail”. In essence, this is a modified double-sided “bucket” connection, in which a longitudinal protrusion is cut out on the seating surface. It not only covers the joint from blowing, but also increases the strength of the contact area.

Considering the types of connections between logs and beams, we note the very popular chopping method "in the paw". It is quite simple to implement and at the same time allows you to obtain a fairly strong and airtight joint.

Butt connection

For beginners the most simple option is the connection of profiled timber using the butt method. The ends of the beams are cut evenly and fixed at the corners using steel brackets or plates with spikes.

However, this method The joining of timber cannot be called very durable and airtight. Therefore, it is better to use it for non-residential outbuildings.

To strengthen corners assembled end-to-end, dowels are often used - vertical rods made of hard wood (oak, birch, hornbeam).

The optimal joining option is the “warm corner” method, also called a tenon joint. At the end of the beam, an internal protrusion-spike is cut out, which protects the seam from blowing and increases the strength of the corner.

A common corner connection method is " dovetail» . It differs from the root tenon in its trapezoidal shape, which makes the contact area of ​​the beams denser and more rigid.

Longitudinal connection of timber and logs

In addition to reliable tying of the corners of a wooden building, it is very important to ensure high-quality longitudinal joining timber or logs that make up the crowns. For timber, extensions are most often used using a direct or overlay lock. To further strengthen the overhead joint, vertical dowels or dowels are used.

In addition, it is convenient to make the longitudinal connection of the crowns “half a tree”, cutting off part of the end of the beams being connected. To increase the rigidity of the joint in the contact area, you need to install two dowel pins.

Connection with a root tenon It is also quite acceptable for longitudinal extension of beams.

Good resistance to longitudinal tensile forces arising during drying wooden crowns, a combined half-tree joint with a dovetail on the upper protrusion.

If such cutting seems too complicated to you, then make a longitudinal connection of the crowns with an ordinary dovetail, which reliably fixes the timber being built up and the log.

T-shaped types of connections between timber and logs

This type of joining is used in places where internal timber and log partitions adjoin external wall. Here one of three options can be implemented:

1. Key groove on the main tenon

2. Straight groove on the main tenon

3. The already familiar “dovetail”

Useful video

Connecting timber is not the most difficult and difficult task. But you should prepare. To do this you will need:

A measuring tool (tape measure, carpenter's corner, level) and a pencil, with their help the marking of the forming surfaces of the fastening is carried out.

Saw, possibly a hand saw

or chain with electric drive,

but it is better to use a mechanism with a gasoline engine;

Hammer, drill and screwdriver.

Methods of corner connection of timber

Now that everything is ready, we determine in what cases it is necessary to resort to connecting the timber. There are two such moments:

1. when arranging corners in the future log house;
2. if the length of the purchased timber is insufficient.

And the methods of such fastening are very diverse. The choice of one or another fastening method depends specific situation and the master's decisions. Joining timber differs in many ways from joining log structures. Our time modern technologies Old-fashioned methods of fastening lumber are constantly being improved. The most popular are two methods of fixation: with a residue and without.

Let's consider both options.

Connecting a corner with the remainder “into the boulder” or “into the bowl”

This method involves using key grooves. They can be one-, two-, or four-sided.

Four-sided groove

A one-sided groove is obtained as a result of a perpendicular notch on the upper side of the beam. The width, which should correspond to the cross section of the beam.

Double-sided groove

The technique of cutting a double-sided groove involves cutting the timber from two opposite sides, top and bottom. The depth of the cut is equal to the fourth part of the side of the perpendicular section. This method provides a high-quality connection, but requires highly qualified performers.

Four-sided groove

The name of the four-sided groove speaks for itself. In this case, cuts are made from all sides. This method gives reliable fixation, log houses made in this way are incredibly durable. The presence of grooves simplifies the installation of the crowns; they are assembled like a Lego set. Only professionals can perform fastening using this method.

Connections without residue

Butt-butt

The most elementary in complexity is the method of fixing the timber end-to-end. It consists in joining the timber to each other and fastening it with studded metal plates further fixation using self-tapping screws. \In this case, the strength and density of such a connection depends on the flawlessness of the surfaces of the timber, and they are rarely perfectly smooth, and on the qualifications of the performer. Careful adjustment of the compatible ends is so labor-intensive that even professionals cannot do it. Therefore, the use of this method is unlikely to be appropriate when building a residential building, but it will be useful during construction utility rooms, where the tightness of the corners is not important.

For residential buildings, it is better to use other, more reliable methods of fastening timber.

Corner joints using dowels

Keyed connection

1. The strength of such fastening is achieved by using a special wedge made of hard wood, called dowels.
2. Installing such a part into the groove of the beam eliminates shifts in the joints.
3. Please note that the strength of the connection is ensured by a type of wedge, which can be longitudinal, transverse or oblique. The oblique wedge is difficult to manufacture, but to its credit, it guarantees maximum strength and thermal conductivity of the corner.

Lock "in the root tenon"

This connection is considered the most effective in terms of heat conservation. There is a popular definition of it as a “warm corner.” Therefore, it is considered the most popular in the construction of houses made of timber.

1. The technological process consists of making a groove in one of the mating beams and a tenon in the other, of similar dimensions, and then combining them.
2. When making a house, laying insulation, which can be linen or jute fabric and felt, is mandatory.
3. In this case, the main condition for minimal heat loss is the tight alignment of the connection elements.
4. Additionally, to increase the strength of the house structure, it is necessary to alternate tenons with grooves in the corner crowns and fasten them with round wooden dowels.
5. When using dowels, undercuts and fat tails in fastenings, it is necessary to leave vertical gaps between the elements of the lock; they will serve as a compensator for shrinkage of the house.

Half-tree fastening

This is a fairly simple way to cut corners. It is carried out by transversely cutting half the thickness of the timber, which is what gave the name to the method. Before assembly begins, a hole is drilled at points near the corner joints to install a dowel or key. The dowel must cover several crowns of the log house at once.

Fastening "in the paw"

Similar to the “half-tree” fastening, but the cut is made at an angle, which helps retain heat.

Dovetail connection

The most reliable, durable and practically free of heat loss is the T-shaped “Dovetail” notch. In fact, this is a root tenon, just not rectangular, trapezoidal in shape. Grooves are made in the same way. This is a rather labor-intensive and expensive method of fastening timber.

In addition to the traditional dovetail, there are a number of other T-shaped beam connections:

• locking groove on an insert tenon;
• symmetrical trapezoidal spike, or “frying pan”;
• rectangular spike, or “half-frying pan”;
• asymmetrical trapezoidal tenon, or “blind frying pan”;
• straight groove on the main tenon.

Longitudinal connection methods

In construction, sometimes you need longer timber standard size, which is equal to 6 meters. Therefore, there is a need for longitudinal splicing of the timber. In these cases, the already familiar “half-tree”, “tenon” and “dowel” methods are used. However, the most durable and reliable method of longitudinal connection is considered to be an oblique lock. It is more labor-intensive and difficult to make, but it's worth it.

Metal fasteners for timber

Fasteners for timber are special elements made of alloy alloys, used to connect wooden structures. They can be either domestic or foreign made. Among the many fasteners, one can distinguish complex parts: supports, angles, couplings and washers, and simple elements: anchors, screws, nails and staples.

Complex fasteners

Support – a perforated fastener made of steel profile from 2 mm thick and subjected to application of an anti-corrosion layer of zinc. It is an angle-shaped structure and is used to fasten floor beams to the wall of the house. Based on the type of structure, the support can be divided into open and closed type. It is connected to the timber with screws, self-tapping screws or nails. Supports are available for all sizes of timber.

The coupling with washers consists of an M20 nut with a stud welded to a metal plate. The main purpose is to compensate for timber shrinkage.

Connecting angles are made from rolled sheets with a thickness of 2 mm and are galvanized. Corner fasteners are available in a perforated version with a length from 120 to 175 mm. The choice of products is carried out depending on the weight of the structure.

Simple fastening

Pins can be metal or wood. Reinforcement is used as a material for production. They are used to fasten crowns of timber to each other. Metal dowels have high strength and are able to prevent any deformation of the timber. However, due to the corrugated surface, which can disrupt the structure of solid wood, and the incompatibility of metal and wood, it is more advisable to use wooden dowels.

They are usually made from birch or other hardwoods. Strength wooden elements almost as reliable metal products, while being ideal for a house made of timber, preventing its deformation. Dowels are made from round and square wood.

Spring unit “Strength”

The product is a bolt with a spring and wood carving, made of high-strength anti-corrosion alloy. Fastening the beam with such an element as the “Force” Knot ensures the strength and stability of the connection, and the absence of deformation and torsion. In addition, the product additionally loads the rims themselves, which prevents the formation of cracks and gaps during the shrinkage process. The recommended installation of fastening units per beam is at least 4 pieces.

Nails, metal staples

Nails, as well as metal staples, are good fasteners, but not for timber. Using them to connect timber is a mistake. Nails corrode and become unusable, thereby damaging the wood. Based on these disadvantages, the use of nails and metal staples should be abandoned.

Since any structure is firmly held together with nails, it is better to use them to connect parts rather than knock together walls.

Wooden type - has properties such as absorbing and releasing moisture, so the connection of the timber must be movable.

You can also watch the video Fastening logs with dowels

Selected for you:

The most important stage of construction wooden house is the construction of a log house. Before you start construction work You should study the rules for connecting timber to each other. required in situations such as forming a log house corner or lengthening logs and beams if their length is not enough. Depending on the situation, various methods are used.

The timber connection can be made in different ways depending on the angle, wood, and length of the beams.

Types of Corner Joints

The types of beam joints during the construction of wooden houses differ from the joining of logs. IN modern construction 2 types of compounds are used: both with and without remainder. Corner mount logs are also performed using two methods: “into the bowl” and “into the paw”. Fastening to the bowl is carried out using a system of grooves, which can be one-sided, two-sided or four-sided. To do this, each element is cut on one side, most often from the top. The notch should be made parallel to the cross-section of the beam. This connection scheme is used when building houses from laminated veneer lumber, because it requires the least amount of effort.

Connections of timber into a “wood floor” and “into a paw”.

The double-sided groove system implies the presence of cutting on both sides of the beam. A perpendicular cut should have a depth equal to a quarter of the height of the board. Good mount requires careful and painstaking work by a carpenter, because the wood should not have cracks or other defects. When making a four-sided groove system, cuts are made on all sides. This is the most durable option joining beams, simplifying the construction of a wooden house. The joint of the corners of the log house in this way is strong and durable.

The simplest and in a fast way fastening 2 beams is butt fastening. The beams are connected to each other and secured using special steel strips, which are secured with nails or construction staples. The stability and tightness of the joint depends on the skill of the carpenter. A perfect fit of the ends of the parts being joined is required. Unfortunately, the corner often turns out to be insufficiently sealed. Too much heat is lost through this connection.

When connecting beams with dowels, a wedge made of hard wood is used. Installing a dowel allows you to make the joints strong and immovable. Strength is also determined by the type of key: longitudinal, transverse or oblique. Oblique gives good results, but creating one can be difficult. The most popular and heat-intensive method of fastening timber is the root tenon. It is done like this: a tenon is cut out in one of the beams, and a groove of suitable size is cut out in the other. Before joining the parts, a felt or jute fiber seal is placed in the groove. The joint between the protrusion and the groove must be tight enough to prevent heat loss.

When using dowels, joints and tails when connecting parts, it is necessary to ensure that small gaps remain between the notch and the tenon.

A – simple padlock
B- cut-off castle
B- overhead lock with a spike
G- overhead lock with angle
D - tension lock
E- frying pan lock.

This will help reduce shrinkage wooden structure. Another popular way to form a corner is to mount it “in half a tree”. This name came from cutting the board half its width. As with other methods, assembling the corner begins with making holes for the keys.

The timber connection, called dovetail, is the most reliable and durable. It is almost similar to the root tenon, but the protrusion here will have the shape of a trapezoid. The groove in will then also have a trapezoidal shape.

There is another subtype of “dovetail”: “dovetail in paw”, when trapezoid-shaped recesses are cut out in one of the beams, which must correspond to each other. Due to the difficulty of performing this process, this method is rarely used in construction.

Types of corner joints of beams.

T-shaped types of joining lumber to form log house walls and rafters are made in the following ways: key groove, symmetrical trapezoidal tenon, straight tenon, simple groove on the main tenon, blind symmetrical trapezoidal tenon.

To connect the beams together, you will need the following tools and materials:

• wooden beams;
• dowels;
• saw;
• jigsaw

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Making longitudinal connections

Connection of the timber with the lower crown.

When constructing houses with walls longer than 6 m, it becomes necessary to make longitudinal connections of the beams. In this case, the following types of fastening are recommended: longitudinal tenon on dowels, oblique locking system, main longitudinal tenon, “half-tree”. Docking with dowels is strong and durable. To perform this, it is necessary to make appropriate grooves at the ends of the parts. The sawn beams are installed end-to-end, and a wood dowel is inserted into the groove, holding both beams together.

The “half-tree” fastening is done in the same way as gusset“half a tree”: the ends of the beams are cut to 1/2 of their thickness. Reliability increases when fastened with dowels, nails or staples. This is a simple fastening method, but not the most durable. It is not advisable to use it for the main walls of houses. When attaching a “root tenon”, a tenon is cut on one side of the beam, and a groove is cut on the other. The parts are attached in the same way when forming an angle on the main tenon. For reliability, the tenon and notch should be trapezoidal in shape. Increasing the length of the beams using an oblique lock is considered a difficult method, but it is much more reliable and stronger than all other methods.

Mankind, using wood, has long invented many ways to build from it. Therefore, a modern builder, when choosing, for example, how to join timber along the length, is guided by the size of the house, the quality and grade of the material, its functional significance, etc.

The choice of one method or another largely determines the thermal conductivity properties and how comfortable and cozy it will be in the house.

Advantages of timber houses and the regulatory framework for their construction

Traditionally, wooden houses, that is, houses built from timber, are always popular among private developers. Such buildings have beautiful view, while it is very easy to give each a special personality.

They are also the most environmentally friendly look home, and for suburban construction- this is perhaps one of the most optimal options, as they fit organically into the surrounding landscape. In addition, wooden cottages allow you to create a complete architectural ensemble, consisting directly of a house and other economic and household outbuildings.

Attention!
The construction of houses made of timber does not require strict compliance with all standards, as well as GOST 30974-2002 (adopted 03/01/03).
However, structures built in accordance with all the rules are easier to formalize in the future and obtain various permits.
Compliance with standards is also important when certifying products and structures made of timber.

How to choose a method for joining timber during building construction

Choosing how to properly join the timber is necessary for two operations:

• for joining or cutting corners;
• for increasing in length (this situation arises if some side of the house or all of them have a length of more than 6 meters, the standard size of the timber).

Before you start building a house with your own hands, or even by hiring a team of experienced builders, you need to familiarize yourself, and in the first case, thoroughly study how to join beams at the corners.

Docking with the remainder

Docking with the remainder, i.e. with protruding ends, is usually performed in several ways, including:

• in oblo, in the version of corner connections it has the following varieties:
• in the fat tail;
• oval ridge;
• half a tree;
• to the clap;
• in a huff.

Joining without residue (no protruding ends)

1. "in the paw";
2. “Oblo” type key groove;
3. T-joints have several variations:
   
   • straight groove;
   • key groove - “bowl” or “cup”;
   • trapezoidal tenon: rectangular or symmetrical;
4. Butt connections are made:
   
   • root thorn;
   • dowels.

Joint with remainder

Structurally, a house built using this method is more stable compared to a house built “without residue”.

The oblo method and its variations

1. Very often the “bowl” method is chosen for docking; sometimes it is also called “bowl”- by external similarity, since a round recess is cut out in the upper part, reminiscent of a bowl or oblo - as it was called in ancient times, that is, “round”. The next log is placed across this “bowl”, in which a “bowl” is prepared for the next one.
2. Half a tree. The oblo or bowl also has its own varieties, the simplest timber joints of which are made “half a tree”. Additionally, for a tighter connection, a longitudinal groove is made in the bowl - it is necessary for installing the beam of the next crown, after installing the longitudinal one.
   Another name for this groove is laying. To ensure greater stability of the structure, the top log is made with a rectangular or round section or dowel.
3. Joint with ridge. If an oval ridge-shaped residue is left at the bottom of the bowl, the structure of the house will become even more stable. In this case, it is important that the shape of the ridge follows the shape of the groove of the upper beam, but you should pay attention that the groove in this case will be at the bottom.
4. Kurdyuk. One of the most technically complicated ways laying the timber - “in the fat tail”, but if the corresponding instructions are followed, it is even possible to master and complete it yourself. A special protrusion is also added to the ridge in the bowl, strictly across the bowl and along the log, and in the lower part of the next beam across the groove, a notch is made, specifically for the fat tail.
5. Okhlop and okhryap. There are other ways to cut corners of a wooden house, but all of them are, to one degree or another, a type of cutting. For example, “in a big way” or in other words “the Siberian bowl” is the same thing, only in reverse. The upper beam with the bowl is placed on the corner, slamming it down.
6. The “ohryap” method can be considered intermediate and is similar to the okhlop method, only it additionally has recesses about a quarter of the diameter in depth. This method is used for the transition between an angle with and without a remainder.

Methods of docking without residue: “in the paw” and “dovetail”

The connection without any residue is often performed “in the paw”, representing a joint, only without the end part. The simplest option is a paw with a notch, that is, with spikes and sockets at the ends of the beam, for greater stability.

Such a joint has a big drawback - it is very blown out. Therefore, it is recommended to use a “dovetail” connection, in which the spikes fit tightly together, as if wedging the entire structure, giving it reliability and improving thermal conductivity qualities.

A variation of the previous method is the “dovetail”, which is trapezoidal cuts on both parts, taking into account their tight fit. Such a joint is very strong and has sufficient joint rigidity, but does not have good thermal conductivity.

Important: joining timber during construction, especially for connections using dowels or those made using the fat-tailed method, tongue-and-groove, or with a notch, requires vertical gaps that will help compensate for the shrinkage of the structure.

How to make a longitudinal connection

In the process of building a house with dimensions exceeding 6x6 meters, extensions are always required to obtain the length required for a given structure.

The most common methods are to use connections (listed in order of increasing execution method):

• half a tree;
• longitudinal tenon on dowels;
• longitudinal root spine;
• oblique lock.

Connections with tenons and dowels

A joint-to-joint timber connection in half a tree is quite simple to make, but it is not sufficiently reliable and does not provide the necessary stability, and therefore requires the use of nails, dowels, and staples for strengthening. The joint itself consists of recesses half the diameter of the beam at the ends of both.

Experienced builders, in extreme cases, use this method for load-bearing external walls, which, even with additional reinforcement, do not have sufficient strength.

The tenon-dowel connection is more durable and can be made in two versions. Main feature– connecting grooves at the ends on both parts and a joint is made butt to joint. To ensure the rigidity of the connection, a wooden dowel is inserted into the groove.

This type of connection practically eliminates the mobility of the connected parts in the horizontal direction. The formation of a connection on the main tenon occurs in a similar way, but with a slight difference: in this case, a tenon must be made at one end and a groove at the other.

Lock connections

If the choice is made on an oblique lock, then it is worth involving professionals, as this is very difficult option. The price the master charges for the work is justified by the increased strength and reliability of the building’s structure. The main difficulty of this connection is the exact observance of proportions for all elements of the oblique lock, since this is what affects the quality and efficiency of the connection.