Language norms(norms literary language, literary norms) are the rules for the use of linguistic means in a certain period of development of the literary language, i.e. rules of pronunciation, spelling, word usage, grammar. A norm is a pattern of uniform, generally accepted use of language elements (words, phrases, sentences).

A linguistic phenomenon is considered normative if it is characterized by such features as:

Compliance with the structure of the language;

Massive and regular reproducibility in the process of speech activity of the majority of speaking people

Public approval and recognition.

Linguistic norms were not invented by philologists; they reflect a certain stage in the development of the literary language of the entire people. Language norms cannot be introduced or abolished by decree; they cannot be reformed administratively. The activity of linguists who study language norms is different - they identify, describe and codify language norms, as well as explain and promote them.

The main sources of language norms include:

Works of classical writers;

Works by contemporary writers who continue classical traditions;

Media publications mass media;

Generally accepted modern usage;

Data from linguistic research.

The characteristic features of language norms are:

relative stability;

prevalence;

common use;

universal obligatory;

correspondence to the use, custom and capabilities of the language system.

Norms help the literary language maintain its integrity and general intelligibility. They protect the literary language from the flow of dialect speech, social and professional jargon, and vernacular. This allows the literary language to perform one of the most important functions - cultural.

A speech norm is a set of the most stable traditional implementations of the language system, selected and consolidated in

process of public communication.

The normalization of speech is its compliance with the literary and linguistic ideal.

In literary language, the following types of norms are distinguished:

norms of written and oral forms of speech;

norms writing;

norms oral speech.

The norms common to oral and written speech include:

Lexical norms;

Grammar rules;

Stylistic norms.

Special norms of written speech are:

Spelling standards;

Punctuation standards.

Applicable only to oral speech:

Pronunciation standards;

Stress norms;

Intonation norms.

7. Mandatory norms and variant ones

Language norms, especially the norms of such a developed literary language as Russian language, is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, reflecting both social and aesthetic views on the word, and internal, independent of the taste and desire of the speakers, laws of the language system in its continuous development and improvement.

At the same time, the culture of speech presupposes compliance with these norms with varying degrees of obligatoryness and severity; fluctuations in norms are noted, which is reflected in the assessment of speech, which occurs on a scale correct/acceptable/wrong. In this regard, it is customary to distinguish between two types of norms: imperative (mandatory) and dispositive (complementary). Violations of imperative and dispositive norms can be conceptualized as rude and non-rude.

Imperative norms in language– these are mandatory rules for implementation, reflecting the patterns of language functioning. An example of imperative norms are the rules of conjugation, declension, agreement, etc. Such norms do not allow variations (non-variant norms), and any other implementations are regarded as incorrect and unacceptable. For example: alphabet ( Not alphabet), accepted (did not accept), chicken ( Not chicken), thanks what ( Not thanks to which).

Linguists note that varying the norm is an objective and inevitable consequence of linguistic evolution. The presence of variation, i.e. the stage of coexistence of old and new quality, from their point of view, is even useful and expedient: options allow you to get used to the new form, make a change in the norm less noticeable and painful (for example , waves - waves, sparkling - sparkling, herbal - herbal). These options cover different levels of the language: there are variants of the orthoepic norm ( everyday and everyday), morphological and word-formation ( spasm husband. family and spasm wives genus, play a prank And play pranks), variants of grammatical forms ( tea And tea, caplet And drips), syntactic options ( filled with something And full of something, I'm waiting for a letter And I'm waiting for a letter).

Varying the shape– this is not a constant property of specific linguistic units. The oscillation continues for a more or less long period, after which the options diverge in meaning, acquiring the status of independent words. For example, in the past of an uneducated person ( ignoramus) could be called ignorant.(In I. A. Krylov: The ignorant judge exactly this way. If they don’t understand the point, it’s all a trifle.) In another case, a productive option completely displaces its competitor (this happened, for example, with options turner and normative in the 18th–19th centuries. turner).

Topic No. 3. The concept of language norm. Basic types of norms.

Reasons for mass speech errors

The causes of negative phenomena in speech practice include:

· people's trust in the printed word (the habit of considering everything printed and said on television as an example of the norm);

· reducing editorial demands on journalists regarding compliance with language standards;

· reduction in the quality of proofreading work;

· the gap between the complicated requirements of the new school curriculum in the Russian language and the real capabilities of today's Russian school;

· decreased interest among schoolchildren in classical literature;

· problems in replenishing library collections;

· the transformation of the 1956 “Rules of Spelling and Punctuation” into a bibliographic rarity and the absence of a new edition;

· disrespect for humanities;

· disrespect for the addressees of the speech;

· disregard for the native language.

In this regard, in modern school In the lessons of the humanities cycle, it is necessary to pay great attention to the problems of modern language, not to ignore existing linguistic facts, but to interpret them and shape the attitude of schoolchildren to the development of their native language.

Topic No. 3. The concept of language norm. Basic types of norms.

1.What is a language norm and what are its features?

Language norm (literary norm)- these are the rules for the use of linguistic means, the uniform, exemplary, generally accepted use of elements of a literary language in a certain period of its development.

Features of the language norm:

Stability and stability, ensuring the balance of the language system over a long period of time;

The widespread and generally binding nature of compliance with regulatory rules;

Cultural and aesthetic perception (evaluation) of language and its facts; normally, all the best that has been created in speech behavior humanity;

Dynamic nature (changeability), due to the development of the entire language system, realized in living speech;

The possibility of linguistic “pluralism” (the coexistence of several options that are recognized as normative).

Codification is a linguistically reliable description of fixing the norms of a literary language in sources specially designed for this purpose (grammar textbooks, dictionaries, reference books, manuals).

2. How is the inconsistency of the norm manifested?

Language norm– a complex and rather contradictory phenomenon: it dialectically combines a number of opposing features.

1. Relative sustainability and stability language norms are necessary conditions ensuring the balance of the language system over a long period of time. At the same time, the norm is a historical phenomenon, which is explained by the social nature of language, which is constantly developing together with the creator and speaker of the language - society itself.

The historical nature of the norm is due to its dynamism, variability. What was the norm in the last century and even 10-15 years ago may become a deviation from it today. If you turn to dictionaries and literary sources from 100 years ago, you can see how the norms of stress, pronunciation, grammatical forms of words, their (words) meaning and use have changed. For example, in the 19th century they said: shkap (instead of closet), zhyra (instead of heat), strict (instead of strict), quiet (instead of quiet), Alexandrinsky Theater (instead of Alexandrinsky), returned (instead of having returned); at the ball, weather, trains, this beautiful paleto(t) (coat); certainly (instead of necessarily), necessary (instead of necessary), etc.

2. On the one hand, the norm is characterized by widespread and universally binding compliance with certain rules, without which it would be impossible to “control” the element of speech. On the other hand, we can talk about "linguistic pluralism"– the simultaneous existence of several options (doublets) that are recognized as normative. This is a consequence of the interaction of traditions and innovations, stability and variability, subjective (author of speech) and objective (language).

3. Basic sources of language norms- these are primarily works of classical literature, exemplary speech of highly educated native speakers, generally accepted, widespread modern usage, as well as scientific research. However, recognizing the importance of literary tradition and the authority of sources, you should also remember author's individuality, capable of violating norms, which is certainly justified in certain communication situations.
Changes in language norms are preceded by the appearance of their variants (doublets), which actually already exist in speech and are used by native speakers. Variants of norms are reflected in special dictionaries, such as the “Spelling Dictionary”, “Dictionary of Difficulties of the Russian Language”, “Dictionary of Word Compatibility”, etc.
Currently, the process of changing language norms has become especially active and noticeable against the backdrop of events of historical and political significance, economic reforms, changes in social sphere, science, technology. It should be remembered that a language norm is not a dogma: depending on the conditions, goals and objectives of communication, and on the characteristics of a particular style, deviations from the norm are possible. However, these deviations should reflect the variants of norms that exist in the literary language.

3.What are the trends in the development of language norms?

Certain trends are observed in the development of language norms:

1) a tendency to save. This tendency manifests itself at all levels of language (from nomination to syntax) and is expressed in the contraction of words and elements, for example nauchka (scientific library), You threw me (out of balance); loss of suffixes and endings: rails - rail, grams - grams, wet - wet.

2) the tendency towards unification - the alignment of private grammatical knowledge with general shape: director, professor

3) expansion of colloquialism into book speech and neutralization of colloquial elements in literary speech.

4.What differences exist in the degree of normativity?

According to the degree of normativity, it is customary to distinguish the following types of norms:

1. Strict(mandatory) norm (1st degree norm) – in this type of norm there is only one correct option. Pr: document.

2. Neutral norm (2nd degree norm) – there are two equal options. Ex: cottage cheese - cottage cheese.

3. Movable norm (norm of the 3rd degree) - has two options, these options are not equal: the 1st option is the main one, the 2nd option is not literary.

The 1st degree norm is called imperative, norms 2 and 3 degrees – dispositive norms.

5.What types of norms can be distinguished in accordance with the main levels of language and areas of use of linguistic means?

In accordance with the main levels of language and areas of use of linguistic means, the following are distinguished: types of norms.

1. Orthoepic norms(Greek correct speech) – norms for stress and pronunciation. Spelling errors make it difficult to perceive the speaker’s speech. Social role correct pronunciation is very great, since knowledge of spelling norms greatly facilitates the communication process.

In order not to make mistakes in speech, you need to use special dictionaries, such as “Dictionary of Stresses of the Russian Language”, “Spelling Dictionary”, “Dictionary of Difficulties in Oral Speech”, etc.

Options that are outside the literary norm are accompanied by prohibitive notes: “ not rec."(not recommended) "wrong."(wrong), "rude."(rough), "bran."(expletive language), etc.

2. Lexical norms or norms of word usage, is: a) the use of a word in the meanings that it has in modern language; b) knowledge of its lexical and grammatical compatibility; c) the correct choice of a word from a synonymous series; d) the appropriateness of its use in a particular speech situation.

3. Morphological norms regulate the formation and use of grammatical forms of words. Note that morphological norms include, first of all: norms for determining the grammatical gender of some nouns, norms of formation plural nouns, norms of formation and use of case forms of nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns; norms of comparative and superlatives adjectives and adverbs; norms for the formation and use of verb forms, etc.

4. Syntactic norms are associated with the rules of construction and use of phrases and various models offers. When constructing a phrase, you must first of all remember about management; When constructing a sentence, you should take into account the role of word order and follow the rules of use participial phrases, laws of construction complex sentence etc.

Morphological and syntactic norms are often combined under common name – grammatical norms.

5. Spelling norms (spelling norms) And punctuation norms do not allow distortion of the visual image of a word, sentence or text. To write correctly, you need to know the generally accepted rules of spelling (the spelling of a word or its grammatical form) and punctuation (the placement of punctuation marks).

6.Where is the language norm fixed? Give examples.

The language norm is fixed in normative dictionaries and grammars. A significant role in the dissemination and preservation of norms belongs to fiction, theater, school education and media.

Some names and titles (for example, titles geographical objects) can exist in a language in various forms(options), however, usually only one of them is normalized form, that is, in a form that is mandatory for use in scientific, reference and educational publications, as well as in periodicals. For example: St. Petersburg (Peter).

A literary norm is the rules of pronunciation, formation and use of linguistic units in speech. Otherwise, a norm is defined as objectively established rules for the implementation of a language system. The norms are divided depending on the regulated tier of the language into the following types:

1) orthoepic (norms for pronunciation of words and their forms),

2) accentological (stress norms, a special case of orthoepic ones),

3) lexical (norms for the use of words, depending on their meaning),

4) phraseological (norms for the use of phraseological units),

5) word-formation (rules for creating new words according to models known in the language),

6) morphological (instilled formation and changes in parts of speech),

7) syntactic (rules for combining word forms into phrases and sentences). The last two norms are often combined under the general name “grammatical norms”, since morphology and syntax are closely interrelated.

Depending on the regulated form of speech, norms are divided into:

Those that are characteristic only of oral speech (these are orthoepic and accentological;

Characteristic only for written speech (spelling, punctuation);

Regulating both oral and written speech (all other types).

A literary norm is characterized by its obligatory nature for all native speakers and its use in all spheres. public life, relative stability, prevalence across all tiers of the language system.

The main function of the norm is protective; its purpose is to preserve the richness of the literary language.

Variants of literary language norms

Language norms are a historical phenomenon. Changes in literary norms are due to the constant development of language. What was the norm in the twentieth century and even two years ago may become a deviation from it today. For example, in the 30-40s of the 20th century the words were used graduate student And graduate to express the same concept: “A student completing a thesis.” Word graduate student was a colloquial version of the word graduate. In the literary norm of the 50-60s. 20th century there was a distinction in the use of these words: the former colloquial graduate student now denotes a student, a student during the protection period thesis, obtaining a diploma. In a word graduate began to name mainly the winners of competitions, prize-winners of shows, competitions awarded with a diploma (for example, Diploma winner of the All-Union Piano Competition, Diploma winner of the International Vocal Competition).

The sources of changes in the norms of the literary language are different: living, colloquial speech, local dialects, vernacular, professional jargon, other languages.

Changes in norms are preceded by the appearance of their variants, which actually exist in the language at a certain stage its development are actively used by its carriers. Variants of norms are reflected in dictionaries of modern literary language.

The historical change in the norms of literary language is a natural, objective phenomenon. It does not depend on the will and desire of individual language speakers. The development of society, changes in the social way of life, the emergence of new traditions, and the functioning of literature lead to the constant updating of the literary language and its norms.

The process of changing language norms has become especially intensified in recent decades, so modern dictionaries record many options, for example:

Pronunciation options: in the word " poor student» sound combination is pronounced [chn], but pronunciation is allowed [shn];

Stress options: the word " cemetery" has an obsolete accent variant "cemetery";

Grammatical variations: gerunds "torment" has a conversational option “tormenting.” Rosenthal R.E., Telenkova M.A. Dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language. M., 1984.

Already in the examples it is clear that the options, as a rule, differ stylistically (in the area of ​​use or color), in addition, one of the options is often noted as preferable, and the other as less used.

If a norm allows for dual pronunciation, spelling, and use, then it is called dispositive. A norm that does not allow variations is called imperative.

And accentological norms. Lexical and phraseological norms

Plan

1. The concept of a language norm, its characteristics.

2. Standard options.

3. Degrees of normativity of linguistic units.

4. Types of norms.

5. Norms of oral speech.

5.1. Orthoepic norms.

5.2. Accentological norms.

6. Norms of oral and written speech.

6.1. Lexical norms.

6.2. Phraseological norms.

Speech culture, as mentioned earlier, is a multifaceted concept. It is based on the idea that exists in the human mind of a “speech ideal”, a model in accordance with which correct, competent speech should be constructed.

Norm is the dominant concept of speech culture. In the Big Explanatory Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language D.N. Ushakova meaning of the word norm is defined as: “legalized establishment, usual mandatory order, state.” Thus, the norm reflects, first of all, customs and traditions, streamlines communication and is the result of the socio-historical selection of one option from several possible ones.

Language norms- these are the rules for the use of linguistic means in a certain period of development of the literary language (rules of pronunciation, word usage, use morphological forms different parts speech, syntactic constructions, etc.). This is a historically established uniform, exemplary, generally accepted use of language elements, recorded in grammars and standard dictionaries.

Language norms are characterized by a number of features:

1) relative stability;

2) common use;

3) universally binding;

4) compliance with the use, tradition and capabilities of the language system.

Norms reflect natural processes and phenomena occurring in language and are supported by language practice.

The sources of norms are the speech of educated people, the works of writers, as well as the most authoritative media.

Functions of the norm:

1) ensures that speakers of a given language can correctly understand each other;

2) inhibits the penetration of dialectal, colloquial, colloquial, slang elements into the literary language;

3) develops linguistic taste.

Language norms are a historical phenomenon. They change over time, reflecting changes in the use of language. The sources of changes in norms are:

Colloquial speech (cf., for example, colloquial options such as Ringing- along with lit. callsIt; cottage cheese- along with lit. cottage cheese; [de]kan along with lit [d'e]kan);

Colloquial speech (for example, in some dictionaries they are recorded as acceptable colloquial stress options agreement, phenomenon, which until recently were colloquial, non-normative variants);

Dialects (for example, in the Russian literary language there are a number of words that are dialectal in origin: spider, snowstorm, taiga, life);

Professional jargons (cf. variants of stress actively penetrating into modern everyday speech whooping cough, syringes, adopted in the speech of health workers).

Changes in norms are preceded by the appearance of their variants, which exist in a language at a certain stage of its development and are actively used by native speakers. Language options- these are two or more ways of pronunciation, stress, formation of grammatical forms, etc. The emergence of variants is explained by the development of language: some linguistic phenomena become obsolete and fall out of use, while others appear.

In this case, the options may be equal – normative, acceptable in literary speech ( bakery And bulo [sh]aya; barge And barge; Mordvin And Mordvin ov ).

More often, only one of the options is recognized as normative, the others are assessed as unacceptable, incorrect, violating the literary norm ( drivers and wrong. driverA; catholOg and wrong. catalog).

Unequal options. As a rule, variants of the norm specialize in one way or another. Very often the options are stylistic specialization: neutral – high; literary - colloquial ( stylistic options ). Wed. stylistically neutral pronunciation of the reduced vowel in words like s[a]net, p[a]et, m[a]dern and the pronunciation of the sound [o] in the same words, characteristic of a high, specifically bookish style: s[o]no, p[o]et, m[o]dern; neutral (soft) pronunciation of sounds [g], [k], [x] in words like jump up, jump up, jump up and the bookish, firm pronunciation of these sounds characteristic of the Old Moscow noma: flutter, flutter, jump up. Wed. also lit. contract, locksmith And and decomposition contract, locksmith I.

Often options are specialized in terms of their degree of modernity(chronological options ). For example: modern creamy and outdated plum[sh]ny.

In addition, the options may have differences in meaning ( semantic options ): moves(move, move) and drives(set in motion, encourage, force to act).

Based on the relationship between the norm and the variant, three degrees of normativity of linguistic units are distinguished.

Standard I degree. A strict, rigid norm that does not allow options. In such cases, the options in the dictionaries are accompanied by prohibitive notes: choice s – wrong. choice A; shi[n’e]l – wrong. shi[ne]l; motionSolicitation – wrong. petition; pampered – not rec. spoiled. In relation to linguistic facts that are outside the literary norm, it is more correct to speak not about variants, but about speech errors.

Standard II degree. The norm is neutral, allowing equal options. For example: loop And loop; pool And ba[sse]yn; stack And stack. In dictionaries, similar options are connected by the conjunction And.

Standard III degree. A flexible norm that allows the use of colloquial, outdated forms. Variants of the norm in such cases are accompanied by marks add.(acceptable), add. outdated(acceptable obsolete). For example: Augustovsky – add. Augustovskiy; budo[chn]ik and additional mouth budo[sh]ik.

Variants of norms in the modern Russian literary language are represented very widely. In order to choose the right option, you need to refer to special dictionaries: spelling dictionaries, stress dictionaries, difficulty dictionaries, explanatory dictionaries etc.

Language norms are mandatory for both oral and written speech. The typology of norms covers all levels of the language system: pronunciation, stress, word formation, morphology, syntax, spelling, and punctuation are subject to norms.

In accordance with the main levels of the language system and the areas of use of linguistic means, the following types of norms are distinguished.

Types of norms

Norms of oral speech	Standards of writing	Norms of oral and written speech
- accentological(norms for stress setting); - orthoepic(pronunciation standards)	- spelling(spelling standards); - punctuation(punctuation norms)	- lexical(norms of word usage); - phraseological(norms for the use of phraseological units); - word-formative(norms for word formation); - morphological(norms for the formation of forms of words of various parts of speech); - syntactic(norms for constructing syntactic constructions)

Oral speech is spoken speech. It uses a system of phonetic means of expression, which include: speech sounds, word stress, phrasal stress, intonation.

Specific to oral speech are pronunciation norms (orthoepic) and stress norms (accentological).

The norms of oral speech are reflected in special dictionaries (see, for example: Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / edited by R.I. Avanesov. - M., 2001; Ageenko F.L., Zarva M.V. Dictionary of accents for radio and television workers. - M., 2000).

5.1. Orthoepic norms- these are the norms of literary pronunciation.

Orthoepia (from Greek. orthos – straight, correct and epic – speech) is a set of rules of oral speech that ensure the unity of its sound design in accordance with the norms historically established in the literary language.

The following groups of orthoepic norms are distinguished:

Pronunciation of vowel sounds: forest - in l[i]su; horn – r[a]ga;

Pronunciation of consonants: teeth – tooth[n], o[t]take – o[d]give;

Pronunciation of individual consonant combinations: in [zh’zh’]i, [sh’sh’]astye; kone[sh]o;

Pronunciation of consonants in individual grammatical forms (in adjective forms: elastic[gy] – elastic[g’y]; in verb forms: took [sa] – took [s’a], stay [s] – stay [s’];

Pronunciation of words of foreign origin: pyu[re], [t’e]terror, b[o]a.

Let us dwell on individual, difficult cases of pronunciation, when the speaker needs to choose the correct option from a number of existing ones.

The Russian literary language is characterized by the pronunciation of [g] plosive. The pronunciation of the [γ] fricative is dialectal and non-normative. However, in a number of words the norm requires the pronunciation of the sound [γ], which, when deafened, turns into [x]: [ γ ]Lord, Bo[γ]a – Bo[x].

In Russian literary pronunciation there used to be a fairly significant range of everyday words in which instead of letter combinations CHN was pronounced ShN. Now, under the influence of spelling, there are quite a few such words left. Yes, pronunciation ShN preserved as obligatory in words kone[sh]o, naro[sh]o and in patronymics: Ilin[sh]a, Savvi[sh]na, Nikiti[sh]a(cf. the spelling of these words: Ilyinichna, Savvichna, Nikitichna).

A number of words allow variations in pronunciation CHN And ShN: decent And orderly, brown And bun[sh]aya, milk[chn]itsa And milk [sh]itsa. In some words, the pronunciation of ShN is perceived as outdated: lavo[sh]ik, grain[sh]evy, apple[sh]ny.

In scientific and technical terminology, and also in words of a bookish nature is never pronounced ShN. Wed: flowing, heart (attack), milky (path), celibate.

Consonant group Thu in words what to nothing pronounced like PC: [pcs]o, [pcs]oby, not [pcs]o. In other cases - like Thu: not [that] about, according to [reading] and, according to [reading] a, [that] y, [reading].

For pronunciation foreign words The following trends are characteristic of the modern Russian literary language.

Foreign words are subject to the phonetic patterns in force in the language, so the majority of foreign words in pronunciation do not differ from Russian ones. However, some words retain their pronunciation features. This concerns

1) pronunciation of unstressed ABOUT;

2) pronunciation of the consonant before E.

1. In some groups of borrowed words that have limited use, (unstable) unstressed sound is maintained ABOUT. These include:

Foreign proper names: Voltaire, Zola, Jaurès, Chopin;

Norm- this is a uniform, exemplary, generally accepted use of language elements (words, phrases, sentences); rules for the use of speech means in a certain period of development of the literary language.

Characteristic peculiarities norms of literary language:

· relative stability;

· prevalence;

· common use;

universal obligatory;

· compliance with the use, custom and capabilities of the language system.

Language norms are not invented by scientists. They reflect natural processes and phenomena occurring in language and are supported by speech practice.

To the main sources of language norm formation include

· works of classical and contemporary writers;

· analysis of media language;

· generally accepted modern usage;

· data from live and questionnaire surveys;

· scientific research by linguists.

The norm does not divide language means into good and bad, but indicates their communicative expediency.

The official recognition of a literary norm and its description in grammars, dictionaries and reference books that have authority in the opinion of society is called codification of literary norm .

A codified norm is stronger than an uncodified norm, especially if the codification is known to a wide circle of the population. Codification opens up the opportunity to ensure greater stability of the norm and prevent its semi-spontaneous changes. These possibilities of codification can be judged by the following example: colloquial speech persistently imposes stress on speakers of a literary language it's ringing, it's ringing. This emphasis is supported by the law of analogy: we pronounce: you walk, you walk; but "sish, but" sits; about "sish, about" sit. These verbs: walk, wear, ask have with verb call similar structure, so why personal forms call"sh, call"t, call"m etc. should it be pronounced differently? But this is the prescription of the codified norm and, despite the presence in the language of a basis for stress transfer, the pronunciation must be recognized as correct calling"t, calling"t with emphasis on the ending.

Language norms are a historical phenomenon. Changes in literary norms are due to the constant development of language. What was the norm in the last century may be perceived as a deviation from it today. For example, in the 30-40s of the 20th century, in a word applicant They also named school graduates and those entering universities. But already in the post-war years, the word was assigned to those graduating from school graduate, and those who take entrance exams at a university or technical school have the word applicant. Or, as an example, you can consider the word coffee. Just ten years ago, this word could only be used as a masculine noun, and deviation from this norm was considered a gross violation of it. Today in the "Orthoepic Dictionary" along with the masculine form ( strong coffee) is noted as permissible in colloquial speech neuter form ( strong coffee).

The historical change in the norms of a literary language is a natural, objective phenomenon. It does not depend on the will and desire of individual language speakers. The development of society, changes in the social way of life, the emergence of new traditions, the development of literature and art lead to the constant updating of the literary language and its norms.

According to scientists, the process of changing language norms has become especially intensified in recent decades.

There are mandatory (imperative) and optional (dispositive) norms.

Mandatory norm- a norm that establishes only one option of use as the only correct one.

For example: shop, but not shop; catalog, but not catalog; quarter, none quarter.

Variant norm- this is a norm that provides for the possibility of free choice of options, both of which are recognized as acceptable in modern language.

For example: waving, waving– permissible and waving, waving. Or lobster – lobster, cuff – cuff.

Options- these are formal modifications of the same unit, found at different levels of language (phonetic, lexical, morphological, syntactic).

Options can be equal or unequal.

Equal options can replace each other in all communication situations, regardless of the style of speech, time of use, etc.

For example: rust "to rust - to rust"(phonetic variants),

l linguistics - linguistics(lexical variants),

bunker A"- boo'nker s (morphological variants),

walk in the evenings - walk in the evenings(syntactic options).

Unequal options cannot replace each other in all communication situations, since

· may vary in meaning. These options are called semantic.

For example: and "rice - iri"s(phonetic variants),

f fake - artificial(lexical variants),

teacher And– teacher I (morphological variants),

By completion(temporary value) – By room(meaning of place) (syntactic variants);

· may refer to different language styles. These options are called stylistic.

For example: compass(literary version) – compa"s(professionalism) (phonetic options),

coffee(m.r. – literary version) – coffee(s.r. – colloquial version) (morphological variants);

· may manifest themselves in the time of their use - modern and outdated options. These options are called normative-chronological.

For example: ra" course(modern version) – raku "rs(obsolete version) (phonetic variants),

rail(m.r. – modern version) – rail(zh.r. – outdated version) (morphological variants), etc.