The rafter system is the roof frame, which is the basis for laying roofing coverings.

The rafter system is designed to withstand the load of the roof, taking into account natural loads: winds, snow, rain.

The roof option is approved at the design stage.

The purpose of the roof includes several functions: warmth in the house, protection of the room from natural phenomena, That's why the rafter system must be given Special attention.

You can read how to calculate the rafter system.

It is customary to classify rafter systems so that the task of choosing a future roofing option is solved easier:

• Single-pitch. The simplest ones. More suitable for utility rooms, bathhouses, small private houses, gazebos. Provides an inclined position of the structure under small angle(no more than 25°);
• Gable. Used for Not big houses And country houses . They have the form of a triangle, in which the rafter boards are connected by a beam and are at a certain angle;
• Gable broken lines. They have two slopes with a fracture, thanks to which there is an opportunity to increase the attic area;
• Three-slope (half-hip). They have two trapezoid-shaped slopes, which are connected by one end triangular slope (hip);
• Four-slope (hip). Used for residential buildings, require significant labor costs. They have two end triangular slopes and two trapezoidal ones;
• Tent. Used for square-shaped buildings. They consist of four triangular slopes, the upper corner of which is connected in the center of the roof;
• Multi-pincer. Consist of trapezoidal or other slopes of various shapes, connected to each other.

The most suitable designs for - and broken gables. There are others, but they are less common and not as practical as the above.

Rafter structures are also classified into:

• Hanging. With this type of roof frame due to the lack of load-bearing walls in the room;
• Layered. Rafter installation option, providing support on a load-bearing internal wall or support in a building.

When designing a building, the material for the roof frame is calculated based on the intended configuration and load. It’s not difficult to make rafters for yourself, it’s important to approach the matter wisely.

Rafter systems of layered and hanging type

Calculation of the load on the rafters

For correct calculation load on the rafters, it is necessary to take into account many factors that can affect the weight of the structure.

Important indicators things to consider:

• Constant load: includes the mass of the roofing pie and covering material;
• The load is temporary: constant and maximum amount of snow, rain, intensity of wind gusts, and in areas with high seismic activity - the effect of storm winds, tornadoes, hurricanes.

In addition, you should keep in mind the mass and strength of the rafter legs, and also pay attention to the fastening of the rafters gable roof and installation option.

Scheme of rafter systems

The distance between the rafters of a gable roof and the thickness of the rafters

Rafter pitch gable roof- this is the empty space between the rafters. The functionality of the roof depends on the correct calculation of the pitch. As a rule, the step is about a meter.

To more accurately calculate the distance between rafter boards, there is a specific calculation scheme:

1. Determine the length of the slope.
2. The length of the slope is divided by the distance between the rafters.
3. To determine the number of rafters, one is added to the resulting value and rounded up. This is how they determine how many boards are needed for the slope.
4. The length of the slope is divided by the number of boards to obtain the distance between the rafters.

This calculation is not always final.

Additionally, you should take into account the load of the roofing (its weight), the thickness of the rafters, as well as the dimensions of the rafters for a gable roof.

The thickness of the rafter board largely depends on the covering material:

• . Boards are used with a cross-section of 5x20 cm at a pitch of 60 to 90 cm with a sheathing section of 4x5 cm;
• . Rafter boards - 5x15 cm, pitch - from 60 cm to 95 cm;
• . The section of the board is 6x18 cm or 5x15 cm, the distance between the bars is from 80 cm to 130 cm;
• . Rafter cross-section - 5x15 cm, 5x10 cm with pitches from 60 cm to 90 cm;
• . The cross-section of the beam is the same as for corrugated sheeting at a pitch of 60-80 cm.

All indicators should be taken into account and the thickness of the rafters should be accurately calculated so that there is no excessive load on the foundation.

Incorrect calculation of the length of the gable roof rafters, as well as incorrect calculation of the pitch indicators, can lead to sagging of the roof.

Installing the rafters of a gable roof with your own hands requires taking into account the weight of the rafter board and all additional fastenings of the structure.

What does the rafter system consist of?

Rafter structure - a complex system and installing a gable roof rafter system is not an easy task. Rafter system consists not only of rafter boards, but also of other additional elements:

• Mauerlat. An element that distributes the entire load evenly across the supports;
• Run. Boards holding the legs of the rafters together: at the top - a ridge, at the side - a side girder;
• Puffs. A connecting beam that prevents the rafter legs from diverging;
• Struts, racks. The bars, which fix the stability of the rafters, resting on the bed;
• . A lattice made of bars, which is applied perpendicular to the rafters. Transfers the load of the covering material to the rafter frame;
• . A connecting beam that serves as a connection between the roof slopes;
• Fillies. If the length of the rafter legs is insufficient, they are mounted to form an overhang;
• Roof overhang. Extends beyond the bottom line of the slope to prevent precipitation from entering the walls.

The rafter system involves rafters, braces, braces and racks located in the same plane. They are located in such a way that the main load roofing structure falls vertically on the outside load-bearing walls. Therefore, the manufacture of gable roof rafters is a very important process.

What does it consist of? rafter system gable roof

Installation of a rafter system with layered rafters

A layered rafter system is used when the span length does not exceed 6.5 meters.

If there are load-bearing structures inside the building, it is possible to install additional racks.

The main support of the rafter legs is the mauerlat.

Mauerlat installation

Before installing the Mauerlat, it is necessary to install an armored belt. It consists of formwork, into which reinforcement is laid and filled with concrete. At the base, when the concrete has not yet hardened, studs are installed, to which the Mauerlat is then attached.

Mauerlat is a beam that is laid on a support (load-bearing wall) and is the base of the rafter frame. A layer of waterproofing material is pre-laid. If the length of the beam is not enough to cover the length of the wall, then it is increased.

• Check the equality of the diagonals. A discrepancy of a few centimeters can lead to refurbishment of the frame;
• Secure the corners of the Mauerlat;
• Attach the Mauerlat using pins or wire. The studs are tightened in two steps, having previously drilled holes for them.

The stability of the roof structure depends on how firmly the Mauerlat is installed.

Therefore, it is necessary to take seriously the attachment of the Mauerlat to the supporting support.

Mauerlat installation

Sill

After the Mauerlat has dried (after 5 days), mark the installation of the plank on the Mauerlat timber: its axis should be equally spaced on each side of the mauerlat beam. The bed is attached to a two-layer waterproofing layer anchor bolts. The bench should be secured to the wall from the inside with twisted wire or staples. Next, markings are made for installing the rafters.

Installation of a gable roof rafter system

The supporting points of layered rafters are the walls and racks inside the frame. The rafters are mounted with hinged fastening units. When using sliders for fastening, a slight lowering of the roof frame is ensured in the first years of the roof's service.

This installation method is necessary to prevent distortions, since in the first years the building settles a little.

The rafter beams should be secured either by installing them in prepared grooves and strengthening them with fasteners, or by attaching board overlays.

Installation of rafters

Ridge knot

The rafters are connected end-to-end by cutting the edge of the beam so that the angle when connecting the opposite beams corresponds to the angle of the slope. They hammer the rafters under the ridge with nails. An option is possible in which the beams are connected with bolts, nails or pins, that is, with an overlap.

If necessary (if provided for by the project), a cut is made in the rafter beams to attach the ridge beam (purlin).

Ridge knot

Racks

The racks are attached with a short span length - in the center, on the sides and center - with more broad base roofs. The fastening is carried out vertically from the ridge to the inner wall.

Run

Purlin - a connecting beam for securing rafter legs. Attaches with bolts or brackets to the rack.

Filly installation

The final stage of installation of the roofing system is the installation of fillets with a short length of rafter legs for the overhang. To install the canopy, it is necessary to install additional small rafter boards.

Installation of a rafter system with layered rafters

DIY gable roof rafter system: installation with hanging rafters

Rafter system, equipped hanging rafters,is a triangular structure, where the sides are rafters, and the base is a tie connected to the lower heels of the rafters.

Installation of a hanging type rafter frame can be done without installing a Mauerlat: a board that is fixed to a two-layer waterproofing can replace it.

If the structure has a large span, then struts, headstocks, and crossbars are attached to it.

There are no racks in the hanging system.

Puffs

The tie is the longest beam of the roof frame. To prevent it from sagging, it is necessary to attach headstocks - boards that are attached to the top of the structure on one side, and to the tie on the other. Fastened with bolts or wooden plates. Using threaded clamps, you can adjust the sagging tightening.

Construction of the rafter system

Installation of strut beams

The headstock can be complemented by strutted beams, forming a rhombus, where two struts are the lower sides, and the rafters are the upper ones, the upper corner is the ridge. Thus, the struts rest against the headstock, distributing the load.

Strut beams

Rafters

The rafters of a hanging structure are mounted similarly to a layered one. When installing attics, the tie is installed closer to the ridge, ensuring more space under the ceiling. In this case, the tightening is secured by cutting and bolting.

ATTENTION!

When installing a hanging system prerequisite installation is the accuracy of calculations and the strength of the rafters and tightening.

The presence of errors leads to displacement of the axes of system elements, which ensures distortion of the structure.

This photo will tell you how to install rafters for a gable roof:

Installation of rafters

Hanging rafters

How to strengthen the rafters of a gable roof

It is necessary to strengthen the rafters of a gable roof when the load calculation is incorrect or frame defects are detected.

Strengthening can be done using:

• Beams, which are installed to transfer the load to them;
• Installation of struts with an inclined mount with an emphasis on the bed;
• Application of double-sided slats;
• Increasing the cross-section of rafter beams in the place of supports on the strut by applying sheathing from boards with nails or bolts;
• Wall made of boards, which are attached to the rafters in places where snow accumulation is expected to increase the load-bearing capacity of the rafters.

You can resort to strengthening the mauerlat beam and the base of the rafter beam. Due to high humidity and reduced ventilation, these parts of the frame are more susceptible to rotting, therefore, when arranging the roof special attention needs to be paid

21.02.2017 1 Comment

The rafter system of a gable roof is a simple design that can be installed with your own hands even by a novice developer. You just need to make preliminary calculations, familiarize yourself with the details and stages of roof construction, and calculate the materials needed for installation. When making calculations, it should be taken into account that the load-bearing capacity of a gable roof depends on the influence of loads from wind, snow, and the weight of materials on it.

To make the process of building a gable roof truss system as easy as possible for you, detailed information is presented below. step-by-step instruction for installing a rafter system with your own hands.

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Requirements for building materials

For the installation of a rafter system the best option will use lumber from coniferous species wood - pine, spruce or larch, grades I - III.

The material for the rafters is taken at least grade II, the mauerlat is made from boards or timber of grade II, material of grade II is taken for racks and purlins, the sheathing is made from lumber of grades II-III, it depends on the roof. Crossbars and tie-downs are made of Grade I material. Grade III material can be used on linings and linings.

Note! The lumber must be dry with a moisture content of no more than 20%. Before installation, it should be treated with fire retardants and antiseptics against fungal diseases.

Lumber should be stored under a canopy, providing protection from the sun and moisture. Level the storage area and cover the lumber with pads for ventilation.

For installation you will need fastening elements: ties, plates, studs, bolts with washers and nuts, self-tapping screws with EPDM gaskets, 2.8 mm thick, mounting tape, galvanized brackets.

Brackets are used when attaching the Mauerlat; they are secured with nails or self-tapping screws.

KR corners serve to attach the rafters to the mauerlat and prevent the rafters from moving.

All fastening material must be made of high quality material and be protected against corrosion.

Tools for constructing a rafter system

To install a gable roof rafter system, you will need the following set of tools:

• tape measures of different lengths 5, 10, 20 meters;
• markers, pencils;
• cord for tensioning;
• hammers, for various purposes, nail puller;
• scissors, for cutting;
• roofing knife;
• putty knife;
• scotch;
• hacksaws, electric saw, electric drill with various drills and attachments;
• screwdriver with attachments;
• markings, horizontal and vertical levels;
• slats, rulers;
• polyurethane foam;
• safety belt and rope - for safe work.

Keep all tools on the roof in a tool bag for safety reasons.

Types of rafter systems for a gable roof

Sent rafters

They rest on the mauerlat and racks installed on the internal wall, with a pitch equal to the rafters. To provide rigidity for spans of 6 m, additional struts are installed.

Scheme of layered rafters of a gable roof

Hanging rafters

If the building is small in width, you can arrange a rafter system where the rafters rest on the mauerlat or walls, without intermediate supports. The maximum span is 9 meters. Such roofs can sometimes be installed without a Mauerlat. The rafters are installed on the wall using spacers; in this embodiment, a bending moment acts on the rafters.

To unload, wooden or metal plates are installed. They securely strengthen the corner. For hanging rafters longer span The headstock and struts are installed. For hanging systems, the rafters are made with a larger cross-section, and lumber is chosen at least grade I II.

Scheme of hanging rafters of a gable roof

Calculation of the rafter system

You can determine the cross-section of a gable roof beam required in a rafter system by collecting all the loads acting on it: the weight of the covering, sheathing, snow, wind pressure, precipitation.

Constant loads can be determined by the weight of 1 m 2 of roofing and sheathing. It is important that the weight per 1 m 2 of roofing be in the range of 40-45 kg.

Variable loads from snow and wind are calculated using tabular values ​​of SNiP normative documents, depending on the height of the building and temperature zone. The load from snow is equal to its weight multiplied by a coefficient depending on the slope of the slope. All these calculations are performed during the project.

What if there is no project and the roof is being erected on a small building? You need to look at the construction of a house in the neighborhood, which is being carried out according to a design whose roof area is the same as your building. The gable roof rafter system will serve as a model.

Dimensions of timber for rafters

At the top point a ridge is laid that connects the rafters. The height of the ridge depends on the slope of the roof. The slope is affected by the choice of coating material. The minimum sizes are:

• for tiled roofs, slate 22 gr.;
• for metal tiles - 14 g;
• ondulin - 6 g;
• corrugated sheeting - 12 gr.

The optimal angle is 35-45 degrees. tilt, ensures rapid discharge of water and snow. In regions with strong winds, the roofs are made flat and then the angle of inclination is within 20-45 degrees.

The height can be determined using the formula: H=1/2Lpr*tgA. Where A is the angle of inclination, L is the width of the building.

The task is simplified when using a ready-made table. The coefficient depends on the width of the building and the angle of inclination. Multiply the coefficient by 1⁄2 the width of the building.

The rafters are made from pine or spruce bars, with a section of 50x100 mm, 50x150 mm.

The size of the rafters depends on the pitch. The pitch of the rafters is smaller, a larger number is installed, and the cross-section will decrease. The distance between the rafters on a gable roof ranges from 600 mm to 1800 mm, it all depends on the design of the roof and the materials used for its construction.

Table of rafter sizes, depending on the step of their installation

Length rafters, mm	Distance between rafters, mm	Rafter beam cross-section size, mm
up to 3000	1200	80×100
up to 3000	1800	90×100
up to 4000	1000	80×160
up to 4000	1400	80×180
up to 4000	1800	90×180
up to 6000	1000	80×200
up to 6000	1400	100×200

The roof does not end at the level of the walls; it is extended outward by 500 mm. The rafter leg can protrude, or a board or block can be built up. In this case, moisture does not get on the wall and the foundation is not poured.

Step-by-step installation of a gable roof truss system

The rafter system of a gable roof consists of the following elements:

1. Mauerlat.
2. Lay down.
3. Racks.
4. Rafters.
5. Struts.
6. Puffs.
7. Lathing.

Mauerlat installation

Fastening the Mauerlat to a monolithic reinforced concrete belt

Mauerlat evenly distributes the load on the walls of the building; its installation can be done in several ways:

• attached to the wall through reinforced reinforced concrete belt with studs;
• studs are inserted into the masonry;
• a simple and common method for simple roofs, fastening with wire rod.

For it, take timber with a cross section of 100×100 mm, 150×150 mm or 200×200 mm. Which section to choose depends on the size of the roof and its covering. The Mauerlat is joined along its length; to do this, make 100 mm cuts, 500 mm long, fold the bars and fasten them with pins.

In the corners, the mauerlat is tied with notches into the floor of the timber, fastened with staples or bolts. U wooden buildings, Mauerlat is the last crown. On brick walls, make a monolithic reinforced concrete belt with a cross-section of 400×300 mm. Along the belt, place threaded pins 12 mm in diameter, every 120 mm, for fastening.

Drill holes with a diameter of 12 mm in the Mauerlat, lay them so that the pins go into the holes. Tighten the top with nuts. First, we lay two layers of roofing felt or roofing felt under the block. On the outside of the wall, lay the mauerlat with bricks. Lay the Mauerlat on a horizontally and vertically level base. You need to check with a level that the surface is horizontal. Check diagonals. If necessary, level with pads.

Installation instructions for beds, racks, rafters, struts and tie rods

The installation of a gable roof rafter system with your own hands is carried out in the following order:

1. Install the beam with the rafters in place.
2. Mark the installation step of the rafter legs.
3. Prepare according to the size of the rack.
4. Install them if there is a need to secure them with spacers.
5. Lay the purlin. Check geometry. Install fasteners.
6. Try on the first rafter leg and mark the cutting areas.
7. Mark the points and install the rafters at the beginning and end of the roof, stretch the cord between them in order to align the remaining elements along it.
8. Having installed the rafter leg, we first attach it to the mauerlat, then to the ridge purlin, to each other.
9. Screw each second leg to the mauerlat with wire.

The rafters are fastened to the mauerlat using notches, stop corners and a hemmed support bar. Secure with nails or staples.

Methods for attaching rafters to the Mauerlat

Install the support posts on the beds or pads and overlays. A log is a beam 50×100 mm or 50×150 mm, laid on the middle wall along a layer of roofing felt. Place brick pillars under the linings, 2 bricks high.

The rafter legs are connected to each other at the ridge. Let's consider the common connection nodes of the rafter system:

1. They make cuts at one leg and cut down at the other. Insert one leg into the cut of the other and fasten with a bolt.
2. Install overlays, wooden or metal.
3. Using notches in the purlin, they are secured with nails or bolts.

Methods for connecting rafters on a ridge

To ensure the roof's resistance to wind loads, tie-rods, struts and purlins are installed. The tightening is a 100×150 mm block, purlins and struts are made from a 50×150 mm or 100×150 mm block.

With the installation of contractions, the reliability of the rafter structure increases. The sections of the timber are the same as the rafters. They are attached to the legs with bolts or nails. The device of struts adds rigidity to the structure. They are installed tightly to the surface of the rafters

The lumber has a standard length of 6 m. The rafters can be longer. Then you need to dock them. There are several connection methods:

1. Fasten by placing bars on both sides at the junction, connecting them with nails in a checkerboard pattern.
2. Connect with an overlap, one part of the rafters to another, at a distance of 1 meter, fasten with nails in an alternating order.
3. Make a cut obliquely, cut out part of the rafter legs, connect them, strengthening them with bolts.

Sheathing device

Lathing is installed along the roof rafters. It serves to distribute the load from roofing material, snow on the rafters. Acting air gap between the roof and the rafter system.

The design of the sheathing depends on the roofing material used:

• under soft tiles make the sheathing continuous, lay an anti-condensation film on the rafters, press it on top with a counter batten, nail the sheathing onto it, then OSB boards and underlayment carpet, lay tiles on top.
• Under the roof made of corrugated sheets, the sheathing should be sparse. The pitch of the sheathing depends on the brand of corrugated sheeting, its thickness and the angle of inclination of the roof.
• The lathing for standard slate should be made in increments of 500 mm from a bar of 75×75 mm or 50×50, as well as boards from 30×100 mm. The design features of the roof should be taken into account when making the final choice of the appropriate option.

The lumber from which the sheathing is made is first or second grade pine. It is advisable to take the width no more than 14 cm. With a wider width, the boards may warp and damage the roofing. The length of the nails should be three times the thickness of the sheathing. Lay the boards along the ridge. Install the first board of greater thickness to the height of the roofing.

Install continuous sheathing along the roof slope.

The first layer is to place a board along the ridge from it at a distance of 500-1000 mm to the next one and so on. Lay the second layer of sheathing along the rafters. Place the joint between the boards only on the rafters at intervals. Sink the nail, head and all, into the flesh of the wood.

Cornice overhangs

They are installed to protect from precipitation and play an aesthetic role. Eaves overhangs are arranged tightly without gaps. The final stage on roofing.

Device diagram eaves overhang gable roof

Gable

The gable roof has two gables. They have the shape of a triangle, with the apex at the ridge and the sides coincide with the slopes of the roof. Gables support rafters and enclose attic space. They protect from wind and precipitation and provide stability to the roof.

IN wooden buildings the pediment is made frame. IN brick buildings, frame or brick. Gables made of brick or gas block are erected before the roofing is installed. They require very precise execution.

Frame pediments fit into the finished opening when the rafter system is already assembled.

The frame is made of bars or boards. The frame elements are connected on tenons or in the wood floor, all fastened with nails. They are sheathed by nailing boards, lining or siding, maintaining the color scheme in the decoration of the building facade. To construct a window opening, an additional frame is made under it according to the size of the window. If the attic is insulated, then the gable also needs to be insulated. The insulation is placed in the middle of the frame. Mineral wool insulation with reduced flammability is used. On the outside, the frame is covered with a hydro-windproof film or windproof membrane, on the inside, under finishing material nail a vapor-proof film or a vapor-proof membrane.

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The roof has great importance for the integrity of the entire house. Therefore, many are interested in how to properly assemble a rafter system so that it is reliable and does not have to be repaired in the near future. There are many types of roofs, some of them can be seen in the photo, but the most popular are single-pitched and double-pitched structures. Let's figure out how to make a rafter system correctly.

Types of roofs

Before moving on to how to make a rafter system, you need to understand what the common types of roofs are.

A pitched roof is the simplest; even a person who does not have one can cope with its creation. great experience in construction. However, this type of roofing is used mainly in the construction of commercial buildings. For residential buildings, gable or mansard (sloping) roofs are usually made. These structures are more complex, but you can easily handle them on your own if you know how to make gable roof rafters and follow all the recommendations of specialists (read: "").

The most reliable roofs are hip roofs; they can withstand even enormous loads. They are recommended to be done in regions where there is a lot of snow and strong winds often blow. But their design is very complex, so it is better to entrust their construction to professionals.

A hipped (hipped) roof is used in the construction of square buildings; in its design, it is a type of hip roof.

The most complex roof is a cross roof. During its construction, complex structural elements– valleys (grooves). These diagonal auxiliary rafters are installed as additional elements. During construction such complex roof rush is unacceptable. The bulk of the snow accumulates in the area of ​​the valleys, and the reliability of the roof depends on how to make rafters in these places.

Each type of roof consists of rafters and roofing. The rafters are the load-bearing part of the roof, and the roof surface is the enclosing part.

Types of rafters

Before you lay the rafters, you need to know about them design features and decide on the installation option.

There are two types of rafters: layered and hanging .

Hanging rafters - these are inclined beams mounted on supports with different heights. The support can be the external walls of the house (in case pitched roof) or simultaneously internal and external walls (with a gable roof). The rafter legs do not have to be laid in the same plane opposite to the slopes. They can be mounted alternately on ridge run. Alternate laying of rafters in the ridge area makes it possible to create a roof truss. For this purpose, all parts are connected together into a single rigid structure.

Materials for rafters

As for rafters made from boards, they are not heavy and are easy to install. You can easily work with this material yourself, without resorting to outside help. Many experts do not advise making connections with nails - it is better to use self-tapping screws. If the work will be carried out using nails, do not forget about linings and liners.

As for how to build a rafter system, it is better to use notches to connect the racks to the purlin or beam.

Installation of the rafter system with your own hands, details in the video:

Options for connecting the rafter system

The rafter system can be connected in three ways:

• struts;
• stands;
• simultaneously struts and racks.

How to properly make rafters depends on the span between the outer walls. A 10x10 centimeter beam is used to create a ridge girder. The bench and mauerlat can be made from logs by cutting them into two edges, or by taking a 10x10 centimeter beam.

Upon registration ridge knot it is necessary to nail special clamps made of steel strip to the mauerlat and the girder with large nails, taking into account. You don’t have to use steel clamps, but then you need twists made of thick wire with a diameter of 6 millimeters.

Regarding how to make a brick or stone house, you need to lay a mauerlat on the masonry. To secure it securely, it is recommended to place a piece of log or timber about 50 centimeters under each rafter leg. Then they are attached using clamps to metal hooks, which were previously installed 30 centimeters below the Mauerlat.

Many people have a question about how to make rafters for the roof wooden houses. Rafters in wooden buildings are laid on the upper crown of the wall. A plank roof truss can be created using a crossbar or with spans (6-8 centimeters). Its structural elements are arranged as follows. They make a single tightening using boards, the thickness of which is equal to the thickness of the rafters. For double tightening, thinner boards (from 40 millimeters thick) are used. For the crossbar and linings, 30 mm parts are used.

How to determine the cross-section of rafters

Before laying the rafters correctly, you need to decide on their cross-section.

This parameter depends on:

• span dimensions;
• expected load (wind force, weight of snow cover and roofing material);
• pitch and installation angle of the rafters (roof slope).

There is a dependence of the cross-section of the rafters on the length of the rafter leg.

It is expressed as follows:

• with a step of 300 centimeters, beams with a section of 10x12 centimeters or boards with a section of 6x14, 8x14 or 4x18 centimeters are used;
• with a step of 400 centimeters, beams with a section of 10x16 centimeters or boards with a section of 6x20, 8x20 centimeters are used;
• with a step of 500 centimeters, beams with a section of 10x20 centimeters or boards with a section of 8x22 centimeters are used.

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The roof covering must be selected taking into account the roof slope. Also, the choice of roofing material depends on financial capabilities. The greater the roof slope, the more funds will be required to create the roof - this is due to the increased consumption of materials. However, steep roofs provide better drainage rainwater and snow, so they are more reliable and will not require repairs longer. But considering huge selection roofing materials on the market, there will be no difficulties with this.

Creating a rafter system for a bathhouse

As for how to make rafters for a bathhouse, it is better to choose a gable roof - then the building will have an attic space that can be used to store brooms and other bath accessories (read: " "). Thus, it is advisable to create a rafter system for a gable roof, it is simpler and more practical.

A roof with two slopes is the most common option for completing the box of a private house. When making it, it is important to choose the sections correctly load-bearing elements, securely fasten the nodes and choose the right type of structure. The rafter system of a gable roof is not very complicated and can easily be made with your own hands.

Classification of rafter systems according to the method of support

The design can be classified according to two criteria. The first of them is the method of supporting load-bearing elements. The gable roof truss system of the house in this case includes the following types:

• with layered rafters;
• with hanging rafters.

The construction of a roof using layered rafters involves supporting them at two points. The design in this case avoids the occurrence of serious expansion. To do the installation yourself, you will need the following basic elements:

• rafter legs;
• Mauerlat;
• crossbar;
• intermediate posts and struts for large spans of load-bearing beams;
• sheathing and counter-lattice;
• lining thrust bars.

At the top point, installation involves resting on the crossbar. The installation also provides support at the lowest point - the Mauerlat. You can assemble such a structure for your home with your own hands only in two cases:

1. A layered system is possible if the distance between the gables is not large. That is, such installation is suitable for a small house with your own hands. The greatest length of the structure, which allows the installation of a wooden crossbar without additional reinforcements, is 6 m. For large spans, it will be necessary to install metal beams as a crossbar. Using wooden beam It will be necessary to provide intermediate racks, which are located on average every 2 meters. This can only be avoided by using laminated veneer lumber of a sufficiently large cross-section as a crossbar. In this case, a free layout of the space becomes impossible - the racks in the middle of the room cannot be removed.
2. The second option, when it is possible to install a layered gable roof system with your own hands, is to have a wall in the middle of the house. The device in this case provides that the beam on which the rafters will rest at the top point will transfer the load to the inner wall. In this case Basic structure should not be confused with the septum. The partition rests on the floors, and installing the wall of the house with your own hands involves resting it directly on the foundations. This device is suitable for buildings with sufficient width, where it makes sense to install a wall fence in the middle.

The second option is hanging rafters. They are more complex to calculate, but allow installation in the under-roof space of a free-plan house. The design assumes the absence of a supporting wooden or metal beam in the upper part. Installation involves supporting the rafters only at the lowest point. At the top, the supporting beams are securely connected to each other. Installing such a system resembles a farm. The structure works under tension, so it is important to prevent excessive horizontal load on the walls of the house. This can be accomplished by performing the following activities:

• installation of a monolithic belt along the edge of the walls;
• it is necessary to securely fasten the gable roof mauerlat to the wall of the house with your own hands;
• To eliminate the thrust, a contraction is established.

The screed or screed becomes one of the significant elements of the gable roof of a house. It prevents the walls from expanding under the influence of thrust. The following types of fights can be distinguished:

• located in the attic floor level;
• located at the attic ceiling level.

It is worth noting that the second option provides less reliability, since the higher the element is mounted, the stronger the impact the rafters have on it. If the contraction turns out to be too long, you need to strengthen it with your own hands. To do this, additional elements of the gable roof of the house are installed - pendants. They connect the ridge to the middle of the puff, which prevents it from sagging.

The rafter system of a gable roof with hanging rafters allows installation with pre-assembly of trusses on the ground, after which they are lifted onto the roof and secured.

Such option will do only if you have lifting equipment, since the finished gable roofs of the house will become too bulky and heavy to lift with your own hands.

Classification by type of stingray

The second division can be made depending on how the ramp line is designed. The views here suggest two options:

1. With straight slopes. The easiest way to do it. Allows you to get the job done without major difficulties. The disadvantage of this do-it-yourself roofing option is the reduction in attic space.
2. With broken slopes. These types of roofing are more difficult to implement. It is assumed that there is a line along which the angle of inclination changes. The angle of inclination of the lower part of the slope must be made larger than that of the upper one. This way you can raise the attic ceiling and increase the free space. The roof is installed with the installation of an additional crossbar at the fracture site.

These types require a choice between them depending on the wishes of the future owner of the building.

Basic roof elements

The rafter system of the gable final part of the building consists of many elements. Installation should begin with a detailed study of each of them and the selection of their sections.

Mauerlat

When installing elements under metal tiles or other coverings, it means using timber with a cross-section of 150x150 or 200x200 mm. It is this size that allows for the most optimal distribution of the load. Next, you will need to choose a fastening method; it depends on the material of the walls. There are several options:

1. Frame, timber or log walls do not require installation of a Mauerlat. When frame building serves as a support for the rafter legs top harness walls When building fences from timber or logs, the upper crown becomes the Mauerlat. It is important to properly secure these elements in the wall structure.
2. When using lightweight concrete for construction, additional reinforcement will be required. TO lightweight concrete include materials such as foam concrete, slag concrete, expanded clay concrete. They can collapse if the roof is not placed centrally on them. To distribute the load evenly, a monolithic reinforced concrete belt is poured along the edge of the walls. During work, special wire, pins or bolts are placed in it, onto which the Mauerlat will be attached.
3. For brick structures, a reinforced concrete belt may not be required.. In this case, to connect to the strapping beam, a wire is inserted into the masonry, which is then wrapped around the mauerlat and twisted. The second option is one row before the walls are cut into masonry with outside turn on wooden blocks, impregnated with antiseptic. Such plugs and Mauerlat are fastened with staples. It is also possible to use studs and bolts, the fastening of which will require pouring a monolithic belt.

An important point is waterproofing.

When installing, it is important to provide roofing felt, linochrome or waterproofing at the junction of concrete or brick with wood. This is required to prevent wood from rotting upon contact with material of a different moisture content.

Rafters

After securing the Mauerlat, the rafter legs are installed. Their cross-section is selected depending on the pitch of the load-bearing beams, their span, snow load and type of coating. When installing a frame under metal tiles at a pitch of 60 cm, it is recommended to follow the following recommendations depending on the span:

• 3 m – 4x15 cm;
• 4 m – 5=15 cm;
• 5 m – 5x17.5 cm;
• 6 m – 5x20 cm.

Table of average values ​​of rafter legs

These are average values; to perform a more accurate calculation, it is better to contact a specialist or study additional literature.

There are two ways to attach the rafter legs to the mauerlat:

• with a notch;
• without her.

Attaching rafter legs to the mauerlat with and without a notch

In the first case, wash down strapping beam, in the second, a special board is nailed to the rafters, which becomes a thrust block. Further, for both methods, the work is performed in the same way. Using metal corners, the inclined beam is fixed so that it does not move relative to the design position along the mauerlat. Additionally, nails are driven in at an angle.

Scheme of fastening rafters using wire and staples

In addition, you will need to fasten the rafter to the wall. The implementation of this activity is provided for in regulatory documents. You can do this in two ways:

• on brackets (suitable for wooden buildings);
• using twisted wire (a more labor-intensive option, but the only one possible for stone houses).

You can perform fastening according to the norms through one leg. This is necessary to more securely attach the roof to the frame of the house.

If the work is done correctly, you won’t have to worry about its condition even in the strongest winds.

Racks, ties, struts

Such elements are most often made from boards. Optimal thickness is in the range of 32-50 mm. The exception is racks. Here you can use boards with a thickness of 50-100mm. Fastening is carried out on studs or using support bars.

A gable roof is the most common design used in the construction of residential buildings, since erecting a gable roof with your own hands is quite simple and quick. Mass use of this type roof is explained by its reliable, proven excellent characteristics: it does an excellent job of protecting the house from wind and precipitation, in winter it can easily withstand significant loads from snow, and its construction does not require special construction skills. It is widely used not only in the construction of a residential building, but also for adjacent buildings: bathhouses, garages, cellars, gazebos.

Do-it-yourself gable roof - advantages

First, let's try to figure out why a gable roof is so popular today, what are its advantages, for example, over a hip roof, and which one is most suitable for it.

• A large number of types of roofing material are suitable;
• The simplicity of the design allows you to make this roof yourself;
• Possibility to place a second (attic, attic) floor;
• Ease of roofing installation this design.

Preparatory stage

First you need to decide on the size of the roof and its angle of inclination. To do this, you need to take into account: the amount of precipitation, the snow and wind load of your region, as well as the type of roofing material that will be used.

On a note! The smaller the angle of inclination of the roof, the better design will withstand these loads. However, too small an angle of inclination will not allow full use attic room, so it is necessary to find a middle ground.

Before you start building a roof, you need to familiarize yourself with what it is and what it consists of. In accordance with the draft house plan, the future structure and shape of the roof is developed.

A gable roof consists of two inclined planes (slopes), located at an angle to each other, connected at the ridge. Triangular gables are formed at the ends of the roof.

Elements included in the roof frame

Mauerlat as it is often called (roof foundation) - a support beam for rafters installed on top part walls of the house, evenly distributing the load on the building. In a house made of wood, the last row of the frame acts as the mauerlat.

Installation of the Mauerlat on brick or block walls is carried out using powerful anchors. Mauerlat is made from dried wood, treated with a protective fire-fighting and antifungal agent, with a cross-section of 100x100mm. up to 150x150 mm.

Rafter legs— installed in pairs, on both sides of the roof and secured to the ridge, thereby forming a rafter system (roof contour).

Their installation pitch is usually in the range of 0.6-1.2 m, and depends on the type of roofing material used. The heavier the roof, the smaller the pitch used. The rafters are made from edged dry coniferous boards, with a thickness of 50 mm. For the safety and durability of the structure, it is also necessary to use special impregnations for wood.

Roof ridge- horizontal, upper line of connection of the rafter legs with each other. Its height at the beginning and at the end in relation to the top points of the walls should not differ. This can be measured using a hydraulic level.

1. Racks– vertically installed supports for the rafter system. Depending on the width, the racks can be installed either just under the ridge beam or additionally in the space from the ridge to the roof eaves. The supports are made from edged boards or timber.
2. fillies— these elements of the rafter system are required to extend the rafter legs when they are too short and it is not possible to make the overhang of the required length. They are attached to the bottom of the rafters by overlapping boards of a smaller section and fastening them together with a nail.
3. Runs- a horizontal beam that fastens the legs of the rafters. It is attached on the inside at the base of the ridge, or in the center of the rafter legs.
4. Puff- a beam fixed from below that connects the rafter legs, preventing them from diverging.
5. Sill- a support beam lying horizontally on the load-bearing wall inside the log house, on which racks are installed that support the rafter system. Material – timber with a cross section of 100x100mm. up to 150x150 mm..
6. Struts and racks– additional supports for the rafter legs, which give the structure additional stability, are attached to the tie or beam.
7. Lathing– the structure of bars or boards required for laying the roof is attached perpendicularly rafter legs, the pitch depends on the type of roof. Under flexible tiles use plywood sheets, laid on the rafters as a continuous carpet.

Do-it-yourself gable roof - elements of the rafter system

• The presence of the above components in the roof structure depends on its type and size. There are two options for installing a rafter system on a gable roof: layered And hanging. In the first version, the rafters are attached: at the bottom to the mauerlat, at the top to the ridge beam. The ridge must be supported either by an internal wall or vertical posts.

Hanging rafters rest on each other at the top, and at the bottom on the tie or floor beams. In houses built of wood, the fastening of the rafters to the mauerlat is made sliding, this will avoid damage to the roof frame when the house shrinks.

What is a roof truss

Rafter truss- This is a flat structure, which includes: rafters, racks, braces and braces. the main task given design, arrange all the elements so that interior walls at home, did not experience any load, and all the vertical load went to external, strong walls. The wider the span, the more posts and braces will be required.

Do-it-yourself gable roof - gable roof truss

Layered rafter system

Suitable for roof types with a span of 10 to 16 m. Rafters can be installed at any angle, and load-bearing walls or columns are required in the house. At the top point, the rafters rest on a ridge girder supported by an internal wall or racks, and at the bottom on a mauerlat.

The loads in this design are vertical, so there is no need to install tie rods. To strengthen the rafter legs, install crossbars And struts.

Step-by-step installation instructions

On the walls of the house along the entire perimeter, as well as on the inside, a mauerlat and a frame are attached to anchor bolts, additionally fastening it from the inside with a strong metal plate.

It is necessary to place under the Mauerlat waterproofing material, roofing felt is most often used. The material of the mauerlat and the bed is timber with a cross-section from 100 to 150 mm.

Do-it-yourself gable roof - mounting the Mauerlat

Floor beams are placed on the mauerlat and the beam, opposite the rafter legs. They are made from edged boards 50x150 mm. For further safe movement, you can lay a subfloor on them, securing it with a self-tapping screw or nail.

Under the ridge girder, racks are placed on the beam, fastening them to the beam with powerful metal corners, plates or nails, the installation step is no more than 2 meters. Racks (supports), using a level, are leveled vertically, and temporarily secure them with any in a suitable way. Then a purlin (ridge beam) is placed on vertically installed supports and fastened in a similar way.

DIY gable roof - installation vertical racks under the ridge

Rafter legs are made from edged boards. First, a template of one leg is made, where the cutting angle of the attachment to the ridge beam and the mauerlat is measured. The resulting template must be tried on both sides of the roof at the rafter attachment points.

If the cut is done correctly, then the remaining rafters are made according to the template. In the case when the Mauerlat and ridge beam are installed strictly horizontally, the template does not need to be tried on in all places.

do-it-yourself gable roof - diagram of fastening the main components

If the board is of sufficient length, then the overhang from the roof is left at least 30 cm, otherwise there will be a need to lengthen the rafters by attaching an additional board (filly) to it.

In the ridge, the rafters are fastened to each other using metal plates and nails. To fasten the rafters to the mauerlat, metal brackets are used, one end of which is driven into the board, the other is driven into the mauerlat; in addition, corners and nails can be used.

If the roof width is large, the rafters are strengthened with struts, which are attached at an angle to the support post standing on the floor and the rafter itself. After all the rafters are installed, their length is measured again and if there is no need to adjust it, then a wind strip is nailed to the ends of the board.

Important! Layered rafters can withstand greater loads than a system with hanging rafters, so this design is chosen when building large houses with an attic floor and an insulated roof.

Hanging rafter system

This rafter system is ideal for the construction of gable roofs, where the span does not exceed 6 meters, and there are no internal load-bearing walls. Support lower parts The rafters are a mauerlat, at the top they rest on each other, they are their own supports.

A special feature of this design is the need to use a tightening that prevents the rafter legs from diverging, thus, there is no bursting load on the walls of the house and only vertical force acts. An additional tie (bolt) can also be installed under the ridge. All construction works are produced by analogy with the installation system of layered rafters.

Features of hanging type structures

1. It is mandatory to have a tie that performs the main function of fastening the rafter legs.
2. When using this system, you can completely discard the Mauerlat; it can be replaced by a regular edged board laid on roofing felt.
3. Possibility of installing ready-made bonded triangles (rafter trusses) on the walls.

Do-it-yourself gable roof - examples of hanging rafter systems (diagram)

The advantages of the hanging system include the absence of support posts in the center, which makes attic floor more spacious and allows you to plan this space more rationally.

This design is easier to implement and requires less building material, which automatically significantly reduces its cost. It is recommended to be used in the construction of houses small size. The reliability of this design is quite high.

As you can see for yourself, a do-it-yourself gable roof is a completely doable task for everyone. You just need to have basic knowledge and construction skills in order to do everything right.