The fate of Anna Akhmatova was not easy. She survived two World Wars and repressions against her family and friends. short biography Anna Andreevna Akhmatova is life in verse, which preserved aristocratic restraint and simplicity of form. This is precisely what manifested itself Magic force her creations. Komsomolskaya Pravda has collected the most Interesting Facts from the life of the greatest poetess.
Anna Akhmatova and Olga Berggolts. Leningrad, 1947 The Gumilevs' manor house in Slepnev
Gorenko family. I.E. Gorenko, A.A. Gorenko, Rika (in arms), Inna, Anna, Andrey. Around 1894
The great Russian poetess Anna Andreevna Akhmatova was born in Odessa, in the family of a marine engineer. Her biography began on June 11, 1889. The poetess took the pseudonym Akhmatova much later, choosing her great-grandmother’s surname, since her father forbade her to sign Gorenko with the family surname. Many years later, after a divorce from her second husband, the poet Shileiko, the poetess's pseudonym became her official surname.Bright and talented, Anna Akhmatova began writing poetry early. However, she owes her debut publication to her first husband, N.S. Gumilev.The biography of Anna Akhmatova is a lot of travel that influenced not only her life, but also left an imprint on her work. INIn 1911 she spent the spring in Paris, and already in 1912 Anna went on a trip to Northern Italy.
Anna Gorenko is a high school student. 1904 Tsarskoye Selo.
After the revolution, Akhmatova got a job in a library, where she studied Pushkin’s works. Akhmatova's biography was tragic. It was as if she was haunted by an evil fate: her husbands and son turned out to be victims of Stalinist repressions. Poems by the poetess herself for a long time(since 1935 and almost twenty years) have not been published. Akhmatova’s third husband, art critic Punin, died in the camp. She tried with all her might to save her son, and even wrote the “Glory to the World” cycle to please the authorities, but all her attempts were unsuccessful. The son, Lev Gumilyov, was released in 1943, but was rehabilitated only in 1956, however, he accused his mother of inaction. And therefore their relationship was more than strained. Akhmatova’s creativity as the largest cultural phenomenon of the 20th century. received worldwide recognition.Akhmatova's poems have been translated into many languages. Although until the 60s. she was not allowed to travel abroad.In 1964 she became a laureate of the international prize of Etna-Taormina, in 1965 she received an honorary degree of Doctor of Literature Oxford University. Akhmatova’s biography ended on March 5, 1966, in a sanatorium in Domodedovo.
Fact 1
Anna composed her first poem at the age of 11. After re-reading it “with a fresh mind,” the girl realized that she needed to improve her art of versification. Which is what I began to actively do.
However, Anna's father did not appreciate her efforts and considered it a waste of time. That is why he forbade using his real last name - Gorenok. Anna decided to choose her great-grandmother’s maiden name, Akhmatova, as her pseudonym.
Fact 2
Anna met her future husband while still a student at the Tsarskoye Selo girls' gymnasium. Their meeting took place at one of the evenings at the gymnasium. Seeing Anna, Gumilyov was fascinated and since then the gentle and graceful girl with dark hair became his constant muse in his work. They got married in 1910.
Anna Akhmatova with her husband N. Gumilev and son Lev
Anna didn't feed reciprocal feelings to her future husband Nikolai Gumilyov, but the young man was then sure that the young girl would forever become his muse, for whom he would write poetry.Disappointed with unrequited love, Gumilyov leaves for Paris, but then Anya realizes that she is madly in love with Nikolai. The girl sends a letter, after which Gumilev returns on the wings of love and proposes marriage. But Akhmatova gives consent only after much persuasion and Gumilyov’s stories about his suicide attempts.The groom's relatives did not come to the wedding ceremony of Akhmatova and Gumilyov, as they considered this marriage a passing hobby.Soon after the wedding, Gumilyov starts a love affair on the side. Akhmatova was very worried about this, so she decided to save the situation by having a child.
But this did not prevent him from having affairs on the side.However, Akhmatova’s own behavior was also not impeccable, since after her husband’s departure she began an affair with the poet Anrep. But their relationship came to an end after Anrep emigrated to England.After Gumilyov’s return, Anna informs him of their divorce and explains this by the fact that she fell in love with someone else.But, despite all these facts, the great poetess remained devoted to Gumilyov. After his execution, she kept all the poems, took care of their publication and dedicated her new works to him.
Fact 3
Akhmatova’s first collection, “Evening,” was published in 1912. That same year Anna gave birth to a son. The collection “Rosary Beads” brings her real fame; it collects the most best reviews critics, and from that moment on Anna began to be considered the youngest poetess. In 1914, the family of Akhmatova and Gumilev broke up, but they divorced only after 4 years. Afterwards the poetess marries art critic Nikolai Punin
Fact 4
With the outbreak of World War I, Akhmatova sharply limited her public life. At this time she suffered from tuberculosis, a disease that did not let her go for a long time.
Fact 5
When Akhmatova's son, Lev Gumilyov, was arrested, she and other mothers went to the Kresty prison. One of the women asked if she could describe THIS. After this, Akhmatova began writing "Requiem".
By the way, Punin will be arrested almost at the same time as Akhmatova’s son. But Punin will soon be released, but Lev remains in prison.
A. A. Akhmatova. 1925
of your breath,
I am your reflection
faces.
Fact 6
Throughout her life, Anna kept a diary. However, it became known only 7 years after the death of the poetess.
Fact 7
According to historians, Stalin spoke positively about Akhmatova. However, this did not stop him from punishing the poetess after her meeting with the English philosopher and poet Berlin. Akhmatova was expelled from the Writers' Union, thereby effectively dooming her to vegetating in poverty. The talented poetess was forced to translate for many years.
A.A. Akhmatova. 1922
Fact 8
Anna felt death approaching. When she went to the sanatorium in 1966, where she died, she wrote: “It’s a pity that there is no Bible there.”
Fact 9
The writer is remembered even after death. In 1987, during Perestroika, her Requiem cycle, written in 1935-1943 (added 1957-1961), was published.
Streets in Kaliningrad, Odessa and Kyiv are named after the poetess. In addition, on June 25 of each year in the village of Komarovo, Akhmatova meeting evenings, memorial evenings dedicated to Anna Andreevna’s birthday, are held.
Portrait of Akhmatova by O. Kardovskaya tyts
There is a cherished quality in the closeness of people
There is a cherished quality in the closeness of people,
She cannot be overcome by love and passion,--
Let the lips merge in eerie silence,
And the heart is torn to pieces by love.
And friendship is powerless here, and the years
High and fiery happiness,
When the soul is free and alien
The slow languor of voluptuousness.
Those who strive for her are mad, and her
Those who have achieved it are struck with melancholy...
Now you understand why my
The heart does not beat under your hand.
Anna Akhmatova in a drawing by Modigliani (1911; Akhmatova’s favorite portrait, always in her room) thousand
Everything's messed up forever
And I can't make it out
Now, who is the beast, who is the man,
And how long will it take to wait for execution?
In general, Akhmatova’s poetry is characterized by classic style characterized by clarity and simplicity. Anna Akhmatova's lyrics are real life, from which the poetess drew the motives of true earthly love.Her poetry is distinguished by contrast, which manifests itself in the alternation of melancholic, tragic and light notes. Akhmatova’s lyrics were nourished by earthly, everyday feelings, and were not taken beyond the boundaries of “worldly vanity.” Akhmatova’s poetry was close to the life that went alongside her. No nebulae, ethereal heights, elusive visions, sleepy haze.
Anna Akhmatova and Olga Berggolts. Leningrad, 1947
Akhmatova sought - and found - new poetic values in life itself, which surrounds us on all sides with various events, colorful heaps of everyday life, and a multitude of everyday circumstances. Perhaps it was precisely this reality that A. Akhmatova shocked her reader, who was not deceived by the sublime, unearthly, inaccessible poetry. He was captivated by the wonderful description of the earthly world, where the reader found himself, recognized his feelings. After all, just as in the era of A. Akhmatova, people loved, adored, parted, returned, the same thing happens now.Love in the poems of A. Akhmatova is a living and genuine feeling, deep and humane, although for personal reasons it is touched by the sadness of ennobling suffering. In Akhmatova's love lyrics there is no romantic cult of love with its ups, longings, dreams of the impossible. It is rather love - pity, love - longing...
Autograph of A. Akhmatova tyts
Aphorisms of Akhmatova
To live like this in freedom,
Dying is like home.
...The air of exile is bitter -
Like poisoned wine.
You can't confuse real tenderness
With nothing, and she is quiet.
Stronger than anything in the world
Rays of calm eyes.
And there are no more tearless people in the world,
More arrogant and simpler than us.
Serebryakova Zinaida Evgenievna.
Anna Akhmatova, 1922
Everyone you truly loved
They will remain alive for you.
tyts
My soul is closed from everyone
And only poetry opens the door.
And there is no rest for the searching heart...
Not everyone is given the opportunity to see its light.
My soul is closed from the winds,
From thunderclaps and discharges,
From frivolous judgments or views,
But he will not refuse tender, warm words.
My soul is not a hostel for those
Who is used to entering the house without taking off his shoes,
Who, reveling in his genius,
Torments my soul...for fun.
My soul will trust that
Who touches with a cautious glance,
Sensitive grip, reliable,
With a bold chord... awakening the string...
P.S. Anna Akhmatova’s archive contains an autograph of a poem that belongs to Nikolai Gumilyov.
Wait for me. I will not be back
It's beyond my strength.
If you couldn't before
that means he didn’t love.
But tell me why then,
what year has it been?
I ask the Almighty
to take care of you.
Are you waiting for me? I will not be back,
I can not. Sorry,
that there was only sadness
on my way.
May be
among the white rocks
and holy graves
I will find
Who was I looking for, who loved me?
Wait for me. I will not be back!
N. Gumilyov
Anna Akhmatova with her son Lev Gumilev http://kstolica.ru/publ/zhzl/anna_akhmatova_severnaja_zvezda/20-1-0-287
Akhmatova Anna Andreevna (1889-1966)
Russian poetess. Born near Odessa, in the family of a marine mechanical engineer. Her real name is Gorenko, Akhmatova is her literary pseudonym. She spent her childhood years in Tsarskoye Selo.
In 1907 she graduated from high school in Kyiv. She studied at Raev's higher historical and literary courses in St. Petersburg, the city where she spent almost her entire life. In 1910-1912 traveled through Germany, France, Italy. She began publishing in 1907, joining the Acmeist group.
Already her first collections of poems brought her all-Russian fame. Thanks to her deep sense of patriotism, Akhmatova remained in her homeland after the October Revolution and went through a long creative path here.
In her chamber, mostly love, lyrical miniatures she reflected in her own way the alarming atmosphere of the pre-revolutionary decade; subsequently the range of its themes and motifs became wider and more complex.
Akhmatova's style combines the traditions of classics and latest experience Russian poetry. During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. the poetess, who saw with her own eyes the siege of Leningrad, creates a cycle of poems full of love for her homeland.
Her poetry takes on a high civic resonance. IN last years Akhmatova’s life completed “Poem without a Hero” and “Requiem”. She worked on translations (ancient Korean poetry, Serbian epic). She wrote a series of sketches about Pushkin.
Akhmatova’s lifetime collections of poetry: “Evening”, “Rosary”, “White Flock”, “Plantain”, “From Six Books”, “The Running of Time”.
It is difficult to imagine the period of the Silver Age in Russian poetry without such a big name as Anna Akhmatova. The biography of this outstanding man is not at all easy. Akhmatova's personality is shrouded in an aura of mystery. In her personal life there was glory, love, but also great sorrow. This will be discussed in the article.
Biography of Akhmatova: complete
Anna Akhmatova (Gorenko) was born on June 23, new style, 1889 into a noble family. Her biography began in Odessa. Her father worked as a mechanical engineer, her mother belonged to the creative intelligentsia.
A year later, the Gorenko family moved to St. Petersburg, where his father received a higher position. All Anna's childhood memories were connected with this wonderful city on the Neva. The girl's upbringing and education was, of course, top level. She and her nanny often walked in Tsarskoye Selo Park and enjoyed the beautiful creations of talented sculpture masters.
She began to be taught lessons in social etiquette early on. In addition to Anya, the family had five more children. She listened to the governess teach French older children, and independently learned this language in this way. The girl also learned to read and write on her own by reading Leo Tolstoy’s books.
When Anna was ten years old, she was sent to the Mariinsky Women's Gymnasium. She studied reluctantly. But I loved summer holidays which the family spent near Sevastopol. There, according to her own recollections, the girl shocked the local young ladies by walking without a hat, barefoot, sunbathing to such an extent that her skin began to peel off. From that time on, Anna fell in love with the sea, once and for all.
Perhaps this love for the beauty of nature gave rise to poetic inspiration in her. Anna wrote her first poem at the age of eleven. The poetry of Pushkin, Lermontov, Derzhavin, Nekrasov served as role models for her.
After Anna's parents divorced, she moved with her mother and other children to Evpatoria, and then to Kyiv. I had to finish my last year at the gymnasium there. Then she entered the Higher Women's Courses at the Faculty of Law. But, as it turned out, jurisprudence is not her calling. Therefore, Anna chose Women's literary and historical courses in St. Petersburg.
The beginning of a creative journey
No one in the Gorenko family ever wrote poetry. The father forbade the young poetess to sign the name Gorenko, so as not to disgrace their family. He considered her passion for poetry to be something unacceptable and frivolous. Anna had to come up with a pseudonym.
It turned out that in their family there was once upon a time the Horde Khan Akhmat. The aspiring poetess began to be called after him.
When Anna was still studying at the gymnasium, a young man named Nikolai Gumilyov met her. He also wrote poetry, even published his own magazine, Sirius. The young people began to meet, and after Anna moved they corresponded. Nikolai highly appreciated the girl’s poetic talent. He was the first to publish her poems in his magazine under the signature of Anna G. This was in 1907.
In 1910-1912, Anna Akhmatova traveled through European countries. She was in Paris, Italy. There there was a meeting with the Italian impressionist artist Amadeo Modigliani. This acquaintance, which turned into a whirlwind romance, left a noticeable mark on her creative biography.
But, unfortunately, the lovers could not be together. They separated in 1911 and never met again. Soon the young artist died of tuberculosis. Love for him and worry about his untimely death were reflected in the work of the young poetess.
Akhmatova's first poems are lyrical. They reflect the poetess’s personal life, her love, her experiences. They are passionate and tender, full of feelings, a little naive, as if written in an album. The poetess herself called the poems of that time “the poor poems of an empty girl.” They are a little similar to the early work of another outstanding poetess of that time - Marina Tsvetaeva.
In 1911, Anna Akhmatova, for the first time in her creative biography, decided to independently send her poems to the judgment of professionals in the then popular Moscow monthly magazine “Russian Thought”.
She asked if she should have continued writing poetry. The answer was positive. Her poems were published.
Then the poetess was published in other famous magazines: Apollo, General Journal and others.
Popular recognition of the poetess' talent
Soon Akhmatova becomes famous in literary circles. Many famous writers and the poets of that time noticed and appreciated her talent. Everyone is also amazed by the extraordinary beauty of the poetess. Her oriental nose with a pronounced hump, half-closed eyes with large clouds, which sometimes had the ability to change color. Some said her eyes gray, others claimed that they were green, and still others remembered that they were sky blue.
Also, her sedateness and royal bearing spoke for themselves. Despite the fact that Anna was quite tall, she never hunched over and always stood very straight. Her manners were refined. Mystery and uniqueness reigned throughout the appearance.
They say that in her youth Anna was very flexible. Even ballerinas were jealous of her extraordinary plasticity. Her thin hands, aquiline nose, and misty, cloudy eyes were sung by many poets, including, of course, Nikolai Gumilyov.
In 1912, Anna Akhmatova’s first book, entitled “Evening,” was published. These poems were exclusively lyrical, touching and melodious. The collection immediately found its admirers. It was a burst of fame in the life of the young poetess. She is invited to perform her poems, many artists paint her portraits, poets dedicate poems to her, composers write musical works to her.
In bohemian circles, Anna met the poet Alexander Blok. He was delighted with her talent and beauty. And of course, he dedicated his poems to her. Many have already talked about the secret romance of these outstanding people. But no one knows whether this was true. She was also friends with the composer Lurie and the critic N. Nedobrovo. She also had affairs with them, according to rumors at the time.
Two years later, the poetess’s second book, called “The Rosary,” was published. This was already poetry of the highest professional level, compared to her first book. The established “Akhmatovian” style can already be felt here.
In the same year, Anna Akhmatova wrote her first poem, “Near the Sea.” In it, the poetess reflected her impressions of her youth, memories of the sea, and love for it.
At the beginning of the First World War, Akhmatova reduced her public performance. Then she fell ill from terrible disease– tuberculosis.
But there was no break in her personal poetic life. She continued to write her poetry. But then the poetess was more fascinated by her love of reading classics. And this affected her work of that period.
Came out in '17 A new book poetess "White Flock". The book was published in a huge circulation - 2 thousand copies. Her name became louder than the name of Nikolai Gumilev. By that time, Akhmatova’s own style was clearly visible in her poems, free, individual, integral. Another famous poet Mayakovsky called it “a monolith that cannot be broken by any blows.” And this was the true truth.
More and more philosophy appears in her poems, less and less naive youthful expressions. Before us is a wise, mature woman. Her life experience, deep intelligence and at the same time simplicity are clearly visible in the lines. The theme of faith in God and Orthodoxy is also an integral part of her work. The words: “prayer”, “God”, “faith” can often be found in her poems. The poetess is not shy about her faith, but speaks openly about it.
Terrible years
After the October revolution in the country, terrible times began not only for Russia, but also for Akhmatova herself. She did not even imagine what torment and suffering she would have to endure. Although in his youth, during a visit to the elder’s cell, he predicted a martyr’s crown for her and called her “Christ’s Bride,” promising a Heavenly crown for her patience with suffering. Akhmatova wrote about this visit in her poem.
Of course, the new government could not like Akhmatova’s poems, which were immediately called “anti-proletarian”, “bourgeois”, etc. In the 20s, the poetess was under constant supervision of the NKVD. She writes her poems “on the table” and is forced to give up public speaking.
In 1921, Nikolai Gumilev was arrested for “anti-Soviet propaganda” and sentenced to death. Akhmatova is having a hard time with his death.
Anna Akhmatova and Nikolai Gumilyov
In 1921, Alexander Blok died. She is divorcing her second husband. This whole series of tragic events did not break this woman, strong in spirit. She resumes work in literary societies, publishes again and speaks before the public. A new book of her poems, “Plantain,” is being published.
Then, six months later, Akhmatova’s fifth book, AnnoDomini MCMXXI, was published. This name is translated from Latin - in the summer of the Lord 1921. After that, it was not published for several years. Many of her poems from that time were lost during travel.
At the height of the repressions in 1935, two people close to her were arrested: her husband (Nikolai Punin) and son. She wrote to the government about their release. A week later they were released.
But the troubles didn't end there. Three years later, Lev Gumilyov's son was arrested again and sentenced to five years of hard labor at hard labor. The unfortunate mother often visited her son in prison and gave him parcels. All these events and bitter experiences were reflected in her poem “Requiem”.
In 1939, Akhmatova was admitted to the Union of Soviet Writers. In 1940, “Requiem” was written. Then the collection “From Six Books” was published.
At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War Akhmatova lived in Leningrad. Her health condition deteriorated sharply. On the advice of doctors, she left for Tashkent. A new collection of her poems was published there. In 1944, the poetess decided to return to Leningrad.
After the war in 1946, her work was heavily criticized along with the work of M. Zoshchenko in the magazines “Zvezda” and “Leningrad”. They were expelled in disgrace from the Writers' Union.
In 1949, Akhmatova’s son was arrested again. She asked for her son, wrote to the government, but she was refused. Then the poetess decides to take a desperate step. She wrote an ode to Stalin. The cycle of poems was called “Glory to the World!”
In 1951, Fadeev proposed reinstating the poetess in the Writers' Union, which was carried out. In 1954, she took part in the second congress of the Writers' Union.
In 1956, her son was released. He was angry with his mother because, as it seemed to him, she did not seek his release.
In 1958, her new collection of poems was published. In 1964 she received the Italian Etna-Taormina Prize. On next year In England, the poetess was awarded a doctorate from Oxford University. In 1966, the last collection of her poems was published. On March 5 of the same year, while in a sanatorium, she died.
On March 10, Akhmatova’s funeral service was held in Leningrad. Orthodox church. She was buried in a cemetery in Komarovo, Leningrad region.
Personal life of Akhmatova
The personal life of Anna Akhmatova interests many. She was officially married twice.
The first husband was Nikolai Gumilyov. They met and corresponded for a long time. Nikolai had been in love with Anna for a long time, and proposed marriage to her many times. But she refused. Then Anya was in love with her classmate. But he didn't pay any attention to her. Anna, in despair, tried to commit suicide.
Anna's mother, seeing Gumilyov's persistent courtship and endless marriage proposals, called him a saint. Finally, Anna broke down. She agreed to the marriage. The young people got married in 1910. They went on their honeymoon to Paris.
But, since Anna could not reciprocate her husband in any way and agreed to the marriage solely out of pity, very soon the young artist Amadeo Modigliani took a place in her heart. She met the ardent Italian in Paris. Then Anna came to him again.
He painted her portraits, she wrote poems for him. The stormy, beautiful romance was forced to end in the midst of it, since it would not have led to anything good.
Soon Anna and Gumilyov broke up. Anna Akhmatova's personal life changed in 1818: she married the scientist Vladimir Shileiko for the second time. But she divorced him three years later.
Changes in Anna Akhmatova’s personal life occurred in ’22. She became the common-law wife of N. Punin. I broke up with him in 1938. Then she had an intimate relationship with Garshin.
Anna Andreevna Akhmatova (pseudonym; real name Gorenko, married to Gumilev) was born June 11 (23), 1889 at the station Big Fountain, near Odessa.
His father is a naval mechanical engineer, his mother is from an old noble family. Akhmatova spent her childhood in Tsarskoye Selo and graduated from high school in Kyiv. in 1907, there she studied at the law department of the Higher Women's Courses ( 1908-1910 ). In 1910-1918 married to N. Gumilev. IN 1910 and 1911 I was in Paris (where I became closely acquainted with the artist A. Modigliani), in 1912- in Italy. In 1912 Akhmatova gave birth to a son, L.N. Gumilev. In 1918-1921 married to Assyriologist and poet V.K. Shileiko.
I have been writing poetry since childhood; in the surviving early experiments one can feel the influence of new Russian (especially A. Blok, V. Bryusov) and French (from C. Baudelaire to J. Laforgue) poetry. First publication in Sirius magazine ( 1907 ), published by N.S. Gumilev in Paris. Since 1910 was part of V.I.’s circle Ivanova, since 1911 published in Apollo magazine. She was the secretary of the “Workshop of Poets” from its inception until its dissolution. Participated in a group of acmeists. Poetry 1910-1911 compiled the book “Evening” ( 1912 ). The image of a modern woman that emerged in these poems was received by readers and critics with deep interest. At the same time, the poetic originality of her lyrics was highly appreciated: the combination of subtle psychologism with a song harmony, diary-like, freely turning into philosophical reflections, transfer of techniques into poetry classical prose 19th century, impeccable mastery of all the possibilities of Russian verse.
Second book of poems, "Rosary" ( 1913 ), gave rise to talk about the transformation of the image of the lyrical heroine, endowed with extraordinary strength of spirit, a willingness to overcome all the trials that befall her, and a sense of the special historical destiny of her country. In the next three books of poems (“White Flock”, 1917 ; "Plantain", 1921 ; "Anno Domini MCMXXI" (Latin: "In the Lord's Summer 1921"), 1921 ) the historicism of artistic thinking, an organic connection with the traditions of Russian poetry, especially the Pushkin era, is affirmed. The open citizenship of Akhmatova’s poetry, as well as the deliberate mystery of many poems, in which contemporaries saw opposition to the horrors of modernity, led the poetess to clashes with the authorities. For 1925-1939 her poems were not published; she wrote little, focusing mainly on studying Pushkin’s works.
Akhmatova’s literary studies, while maintaining complete scientific correctness, were associated with reflections on the tragedy of poetry of the 20th century. Arrests of the third ( since 1922) husband, art critic N.N. Punina, and L. Gumilyova became the impetus for the creation of the cycle of poems “Requiem”, which Akhmatova was afraid for a long time to entrust to paper ( 1935-1940 ; published abroad in 1963 , in Russia in 1987 ). Approximately since 1936 a new upsurge in Akhmatova’s work began: the unfinished book of poems “Reed” is being compiled, in 1940 the first version of “Poem without a Hero” was created, recreating the atmosphere Silver Age(work on the poem continued until Akhmatova’s death). In 1940-1946 Poems are often published, and the collection “From Six Books” is published ( 1940 ), patriotic poems from the period of the Great Patriotic War evoke an approving reaction from modern critics. However, the resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks “On the magazines “Zvezda” and “Leningrad”” ( 1946 ) was the beginning of the persecution of Akhmatova. She was expelled from the Writers' Union, she was under surveillance, and only a few friends dared to support Akhmatova. After my son's arrest in 1949, trying to save his life, was forced to write and publish official glorifications of I.V. Stalin and Bolshevism. At the same time, Akhmatova wrote tragic poems, published in her homeland only after her death. Akhmatova’s return to literature became possible only in the late 1950s In 1958 and 1961 two collections of selected poems are published, in 1965 – book of poems “The Running of Time.” Akhmatova's autobiographical prose, which remained largely unfinished, was published (like her memoirs about Blok, Modigliani, etc.) only posthumously. In 1964 Akhmatova received Italian literary prize"Etna-Taormina" in 1965 Elected honorary doctor of the University of Oxford. In the last years of her life, she was surrounded by the attention of younger poets (among whom I especially singled out I. Brodsky) and researchers.
Intense lyrical experience, inscribed in the broad epic picture of not only Russia in the 19th and 20th centuries, but throughout human history, is inextricably linked in the late Akhmatova with the awareness of her own poetry as an integral part of world culture. At the same time, her poetry carries within itself the naturalness of human feeling, not overshadowed by the tragedy of life in which it is immersed.
Anna Akhmatova died March 5, 1966 in Domodedovo, near Moscow; buried in the village Komarovo, Leningrad region.
Anna Andreevna Akhmatova (real name Gorenko) (June 23, 1889 – March 5, 1966) was a great Russian poetess of the 20th century, whose work combined elements of classical and modernist styles. She was called “the nymph Egeria of the Acmeists,” “the queen of the Neva,” “the soul silver age».
Anna Akhmatova. Life and art. Lecture
Akhmatova created extremely diverse works - from small lyrical poems to complex cycles, like the famous "Requiem" (1935-40), a tragic masterpiece about the era Stalin's terror. Her style, characterized by brevity and emotional restraint, is strikingly original and sets her apart from all her contemporaries. The strong and clear voice of the poetess sounded like a new chord of Russian poetry.
Portrait of Anna Akhmatova. Artist K. Petrov-Vodkin.
Akhmatova's success was precisely because of the personal and autobiographical nature of her poems: they are openly sensual, and these feelings are expressed not in symbolic or mystical terms, but in simple and intelligible human language. Their main theme is love. Her poems are realistic, vividly concrete; they are easy to imagine visually. They always have a specific place of action - St. Petersburg, Tsarskoe Selo, a village in the Tver province. Many can be characterized as lyrical dramas. Main feature her short poems (they are rarely longer than twelve lines, and never exceed twenty) are of the greatest conciseness.
You can't confuse real tenderness
With nothing, and she is quiet.
You are in vain carefully wrapping
My shoulders and chest are covered in fur.
And in vain are the words submissive
You're talking about first love.
How do I know these stubborn
Your unsatisfied glances.
This poem is written in her first style, which made her famous and which dominates the collection Beads and, for the most part, in White pack. But in this last book it already appears a new style. It begins with poignant and prophetic verses under the meaningful title July 1914. This is a stricter, more severe style, and its material is tragic - the difficult trials that began for her homeland with the beginning of the war. The light and graceful metric of the early poems is replaced by a stern and solemn heroic stanza and other similar dimensions of the new rhythm. Sometimes her voice reaches a rough and dark grandeur that makes one think of Dante. Without ceasing to be feminine in feeling, he becomes “masculine” and “masculine.” This new style gradually replaced her earlier style, and in the collection Anno Domini even mastered her love lyrics and became the dominant feature of her work. Her “civil” poetry cannot be called political. She is suprapartisan; rather it is religious and prophetic. In her voice one can hear the authority of one who has the right to judge, and a heart that feels with unusual strength. Here are typical verses from 1916:
Why is this century worse than the previous ones? Isn't it
To those who are in a state of sadness and anxiety
He touched the blackest ulcer,
But he could not heal her.
The earth's sun is still shining in the west
And the roofs of cities shine in its rays,
And here it is white house marks with crosses
And the ravens call, and the ravens fly.
Everything she wrote can be roughly divided into two periods: early (1912-25) and later (from approximately 1936 until her death). Between them lies a decade in which she created very little. During the Stalinist period, Anna Akhmatova's poetry was subject to condemnation and censorship attacks - right up to special resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in 1946. Many of her works were published only more than twenty years after her death. However, Anna Andreevna deliberately refused to emigrate in order to remain in Russia as a close witness to the great and terrible events of that time. Akhmatova addressed the eternal themes of the passage of time, the undying memory of the past. She vividly expressed the hardship of living and writing in the shadow of brutal communism.
Information about Akhmatova's life is relatively scarce, since wars, revolution and Soviet totalitarianism destroyed many written sources. Anna Andreevna was subject to official disfavor for a long time, many of her relatives died after the Bolshevik coup. Akhmatova's first husband, poet Nikolai Gumilyov, was executed security officers in 1921. Her son Lev Gumilev and her third husband Nikolai Punin spent many years in Gulag. Punin died there, and Lev survived only by a miracle.
