Woodworking is one of the rapidly developing areas in Russian industry. Modern woodworking production makes it possible to produce lumber, log houses, furniture and many other products through wood processing.

How to improve efficiency?

Sawmilling is a traditional craft for our country. But, compared to the past, modern equipment allows you to cut, dry and process wood not only better, but also faster. Wood processing industry today is aimed at increasing the efficiency of sawmilling through the introduction of new processing technologies and innovative equipment. As a result, many processes are becoming mechanized, old machines are being replaced with new models, lines for automatic wood processing with its rejection and sorting are being introduced.

Sawing features

Wood products are made from wood and processed different ways depending on what exactly the woodworking industry is engaged in: logging, creating furniture and wood pulp, manufacturing paper, cardboard and products made from them, and so on. In general, the stages can be described as follows:

1. It is carried out on a specially selected area for logging.
2. Sawing wood and sawing downed trees into logs.
3. Rejection to sort large and small logs different diameters.
4. Already at the sawmill, the processing of logs into lumber using circular or band saws. Here it must be said that the production of woodworking equipment today is carried out at an active pace, therefore woodworking occurs faster and better.

Let's consider the above technological stages a little more detail.

Cutting and drying

These two processes are closely related, and they can follow in different sequences in an enterprise. Most often, the wood is dried directly in boards, and the lumber is cut into blanks already dry. As experts note, if drying is carried out in boards, then the output is 2-3% more lumber. In addition, cutting already dried boards allows you to promptly notice defects and flaws in the wood and reject unsuitable elements.

The technology of woodworking production involves drying in several ways, but most often - either atmospheric or using special chambers. Atmospheric drying is a long process that involves storing wood at outdoors. The use of drying equipment allows you to speed up the logging process. It is worth remembering that the quality of the final construction depends on the degree of drying of the lumber.

What technologies?

Modern woodworking production involves processing harvested wood in different ways. Note that any mechanical processes woodworking is complex cutting. But, depending on the technological goals, the woodworking process can be reduced to three actions:

1. Wood and wood materials undergo division.
2. All elements undergo surface treatment, during which technological allowances are removed.
3. Materials undergo deep processing, during which finishing blanks are transformed into finished product parts.

Wood division can occur with or without the formation of waste chips. During surface processing, work is carried out on milling, grinding and turning; during deep processing, work is performed on drilling, in-depth milling and chiselling. Each of these processes has its own characteristics. Sawing, milling, peeling, grinding, turning, drilling - all these are technologies on the basis of which any woodworking industry operates. By the way, this is the first product that schoolchildren create during a technology lesson in the fourth grade. It is at this age that children become familiar with the woodworking process.

Protective measures

Wood is a material that is not resistant to external natural factors. That is why any enterprise that works with wood must take protective measures. Their task is to prevent the destruction of wood and protect it from fire, fungus, and mold. As part of these activities, not only thorough drying of the material is carried out, but also chemical treatment using antiseptics. In most cases, sawmills and woodworking industries use oil-based antiseptics and varnishes that do not dissolve in water for these purposes. Treatment is carried out with wood tar, creosote oil, carboleum.

What is being produced?

Modern wood processing enterprises strive to optimize their technologies in order to obtain a larger volume of final products using less wood. Woodworking production allows you to obtain a wide variety of end products:

• MDF boards. D For their production, industrial waste is used, which is ground and treated with steam under high pressure- the mass is wiped, then dried and glued together.
• Slatted timber. This semi-finished product is obtained by gluing slats from already dried wood.
• Chipboards. They are panels with a uniform thickness, which are based on shavings mixed with binder materials.
• Plywood. It consists of sheets of wood of different thicknesses, which are glued together with special adhesives.

What machines?

Woodworking machines for production are presented in a huge variety and can perform the most various works related to material processing. Popular equipment includes:

• Combined machines- This is a multi-purpose equipment capable of sawing, planing, drilling, cutting tenons and so on. These machines are used for complex processing of workpieces from natural wood or its waste.
• Lathes The workpiece is processed by cutting and turning, threads are cut, the ends are machined, and holes are drilled.
• Band saws make it possible to perform straight or figured sawing of materials. The blade in such equipment is a continuous metal strip with teeth.
• Milling machines carry out work along guide lines, while the material is supplied manually. The use of such equipment is advisable in profile, planar and shaped processing of wood blanks.
• Drilling machine allows you to process holes by removing chips;
• Slitting machines allow slab materials to be cut individually or serially.
• Circular saws are tools that have hard teeth capable of processing wood.

This is only a small part of the machines that are used in woodworking. With their help, you can create lumber, blanks, semi-finished products, which are further used in construction, furniture and other fields.

conclusions

It should be noted that every year both the technologies and equipment used for wood processing become more and more advanced. And this, in turn, makes it possible to create a wide variety of products from this natural material. Let us note that even in school, especially in elementary school, woodworking production is studied. The product “Ladder-support for plants” is the first thing a child can create already in the fourth grade. This allows even childhood teach children to carefully handle wood and nature in general and draw attention to logging and woodworking as one of the actively developing areas in Russia.

Arch for climbing plants

Pergolas, which are pillars with a lattice instead of a roof, are widely used as supports for flowers. It is often used in conjunction with arched design. Any greenery can be placed on the roof and pillars of the structure. An arch for climbing plants creates a festive atmosphere on the site. It is widely used as a stand for roses, honeysuckle, and grapes. The arch can be placed above the gate, use several support pillars in a row and create a beautiful gallery for walking. You will get a pleasant picturesque corner if you combine it with a gazebo and benches.

Ladder - support for plants

There are many designs to support flowers. Ladders are the simplest supports for garden plants. They are distinguished by good functionality - they help support heavy peduncles and fix the plant in the most comfortable position. Ladders are the most popular support and for indoor plants, easily stick into pots. Narrow and tall structures are suitable for climbing vines. Short and wide will provide stable support for squat plants with dense foliage and lush flower stalks.

Ladders come in different sizes and heights; they can be placed in the ground near a single bush or installed the entire height of the wall country house. In the second case, they are made massive, like independent supports that can be leaned against any plane. Often, ladders are combined with ground plant boxes, creating a single structure with them.

Round plant support

The support for weaving plants, which has the shape of circles on legs, deserves special attention. Its installation must be done in advance so that flower stalks and leaves can grow inside the cylinder. The round shape of the support is convenient for spreading bush-shaped plants; it supports the branches well in a compact state and directs their growth upward. Entwined with vines, the round support forms a beautiful column.

Plant support - trellis

The choice of structure must be approached responsibly - it must match the style of the house and suit the flower. Wooden gratings are made from spruce, pine, fir slats, which are interconnected and form a pattern of large cells in the form of diamonds or squares. They can be attached directly to the wall, and are often an addition to arches and gazebos.

Which plants need support:

• climbing rose- it cannot be attached to the grill itself; it must be tied up;
• Hydrangea– clings to the support with the help of roots;
• Climbing vines: sea ​​anemone, lemongrass, wood pliers, hops - they weave themselves;
• Wild grapes and- cling to bars using antennae;
• Clematis and princes- fastened with leaves.

Plant support – mesh

Metal or plastic mesh to support plants - a comfortable, light and flexible support. It looks elegant, ventilates well, and is easily attached to any structure. The net, fixed in a strong frame or stretched between two posts, can be installed anywhere in the garden and is used as a screen of climbing plants. Like a screen, it can zone an area and with its help it is easy to create cozy, isolated green corners. The fine texture of the mesh is almost invisible and gives the impression that the plants are blooming in the air.

The flexibility of the material allows you to implement bold design ideas - form columns, figures in the form of balls, cubes, obelisks. Grids are actively used in the construction of arches, pergolas, and trellises. They are easy to trim, and with their help it is easy to direct plant growth in the desired direction. Grids and gratings can be installed not only vertically. If they are placed horizontally at a height of 50 cm above a flower bed with gladioli and delphiniums, then the plants will “stick” their “heads” into them after they grow up, and there will be no need to tie a peg to each bush.

Supports for climbing plants - options

For landscaping there is big choice supports for climbing plants. They are made of metal, plastic, wood, and vary in size and shape. Decorative supports for climbing plants can have intricate contours. Supports in the form of spirals, animals, and hearts are suitable for hanging flowers with small leaves. Racks-ladders are relevant for vines. Flower beds in the form of baskets, carriages, and long flowerpots with vertical screens are popular. An openwork arch will help to beautifully organize the transition between parts of the garden, and a lattice will help to disguise unsightly places.

Metal plant supports

Metal supports have a long service life and are highly resistant to moisture damage. They will not deteriorate even in severe frost. Metal cones and pyramids look inconspicuous, are mounted on three or four legs, and are designed for small plants. In addition, the largest and tallest structures are made of metal - arches, pergolas for climbing plants, with the help of which openwork corridors are designed.

For creating metal products fittings are used, water pipes, iron rods, wire, mesh. The pillars are thoroughly reinforced into the ground using concrete, which gives the structure stability. The structure is painted in suitable color- white, black or green, which blends with the branches and forms a beautiful decorative element in the garden.

Plastic plant support

Plastic supports are considered practical. They are lightweight, not afraid of moisture, and are made in different colors. Plastic supports for climbing plants are made in the form of ladders, trellises, trellises, and arches. Such products do not rust and do not require painting. They can get hurt on the street from cold temperature and become fragile. But plastic products lightweight, easy to disassemble and can be put away in a warm room for the winter.

Convenient trellis for climbing plants. It is usually used on small area where it is not possible to install high structures. The trellis is a combination of several interconnected plastic trellises; with its help you can easily create a pleasant shade in the heat. If you cover it, you will get a cozy gazebo.

Fiberglass plant supports

By using modern technologies fiberglass supports are being created for garden climbing plants, the service life of which is 80 years. Due to their high strength and wear resistance, they are gaining popularity among florists and gardeners. Rods and garden pegs are made from the material; decorative supports for plants made of fiberglass can be purchased in any size; they are relevant for the construction of high supporting walls and frames for gazebos. The rods look neat, are produced in any color, have smooth surface and do not damage plants.

Such material can simply be stuck into the soil - it is not afraid of any corrosion, the supports can be easily disassembled, and special conditions are not required for their storage. The strength of the fiberglass elements is enough to build a structure for any plants, even the heaviest and longest vines. They are widely used for the construction of frames for greenhouses and greenhouses, and for fixing grapevines.

Bamboo plant supports

Bamboo plant supports are a material widely used in garden design. They are used for fixing both large plants and short flowers. Ladders and arches are made from bamboo; strong trunks of different diameters are widely used as pillars. The material attracts with its environmental friendliness and durability. The parts are coated with varnish, which protects them from moisture.

Bamboo supports coated with plastic are more durable and are designed for the heaviest and largest flowers. You can build a structure of any geometry from trunks and sticks, using ropes to attach jumpers. Bamboo poles and arches are necessary in the garden because they help to a quick fix build an obelisk for clematis, support a rose, guide a “lost” shoot of a vine. They fit any plant and look natural among the foliage.

Wooden supports for climbing plants

Wooden supports are the most popular among florists. They are produced in the form of ladders or grids with cells different sizes in the form of squares, rhombuses, rectangles. A pergola, trellis or arch for plants made of wood requires appropriate treatment. The wood is treated with solutions that protect against mold and rot.

Bearing supports made of wood are inserted into iron glasses to avoid their contact with the ground. Then the structure will stand for a long time, and will only need periodic touch-ups. Wooden varnished supports for climbing plants look natural in the garden design, and snow-white arches and trellises create a beautiful festive decor.

Climbing vines can enhance any corner. Under natural conditions, nature itself takes care of their support and nutrition. And in gardens, houses and on window sills, support for climbing plants - necessary condition their proper development and the opportunity to maximize decorative qualities.

A bunch of various options can be purchased in stores, but making flower supports with your own hands is much more interesting and cheaper.

The material from which the support for climbing plants will be constructed depends on the type of vine and the installation location.

Supports can be constructed from both synthetic and natural materials. Products made from bamboo, dry processed branches, willow twigs. But they are short-lived when installed outdoors. In a rainy summer, bacteria and mold will quickly develop, which can destroy not only the support, but also the plants themselves.

It is widely believed that bamboo is a very durable material that can last up to 8 years. But the bitter experience of many flower growers has proven the opposite. Therefore, it is better to install bamboo support in the house or in a covered gazebo.

Structures made of wire, processed wood, plastic, metal, stone will last for a long time. But if everyone can do wooden and wire products, then to work with other materials you will need skill and a special tool.

Regardless of the material chosen, the support for climbing plants must be stable and durable. Otherwise, it will collapse along with the vegetation.

There are many ideas on how to make flower supports. Below are a few ways to implement them for indoor and outdoor plants.

Cone

The simplest structure is a support in the form of a cone or “wigwam”.

It is made as follows:

• markings are made on the ground in the form of a square;
• 4 long, relatively even sticks are pressed into the corners at an angle and tied together above the center of the square;
• Small twigs or branches are attached crosswise to the resulting frame; you can tie a mesh of soft wire or twine.

This design without plants looks a little rough, but entwined it is very beautiful. Annual vines grow quickly, so the support will be transformed in two weeks.

Using the same scheme, you can make a more durable support from wooden slats, fastening them with nails.

This design is suitable for, sweet pea, morning glory and other plants with not too much weight. It is best to focus on two main contrasting colors.

Cone support large diameter, which cucumbers will happily “climb” on, is not only a decoration for the garden, saving space, but also clean fruits.

Column

It is appropriate to place such structures on both sides of the porch of the house or garden bench. The manufacturing technology can be extremely simple: stick long, even poles or rods into the ground in a circle and tie them with wire.

And you will have to work hard to create a tall and durable column:

• 4 metal rods are fixed in the cement-filled foundation;
• Several rings of wire are welded to them parallel to each other. Or one long rigid wire in a spiral, fixed at the points of contact with the supports.

Mesh, trellis

Another simple one a budget option DIY supports for climbing plants are a mesh stretched between two posts. Indispensable if there is a need to decorate an unsightly fence or wall. Or maybe just create beautiful background next to a gazebo, bench or shade area.

A trellis (or screen) is essentially the same type of support as a mesh, but more durable and decorative. It can be oriented towards the wall, or it can serve as a kind of territory delimiter.

On the picture simplest option trellises: wire stretched over a frame of poles.

A wooden screen is made quite easily: slats are placed on the frame in the form of a lattice.

The trellis-shaped screen looks interesting.

Arch

Arched supports, entwined blooming vines, always look festive and elegant. Despite the complexity of the design, this support for climbing plants can also be made with your own hands. As suitable material metal, wood, plastic, brick or stone.

The easiest and fastest way to assemble from plastic pipes, which are buried at their ends into the ground, and fastened with wire on the sides and center. But cold winter such an arch will not survive, so it must be dismantled and sent for storage in a barn or garage.

More complex, but more durable and decorative, is a metal arch.

To make it you will need:

• steel rod with a cross section of 10*10 mm;
• pipe with a diameter of 31-33 mm;
• welding machine.

4 support pillars are cut from the pipe, and arcs from the rod are welded to them. For convenience everything welding work are carried out on the ground. Then the structure is raised, leveled, and the support posts are concreted into the ground. All that remains is to paint.

You can fasten the halves of the arch not in parallel, but crosswise. Then it will be more durable and unusual.

Arches made of logs or beams are less common, but they look original.

Pergola

Perhaps the pergola is the most exotic and freshest trend in the world. garden plots. The word itself is of Italian origin and means “canopy” or “stand”. Since ancient times, these structures have served as support for vines, without any decoration purposes.

It is best to make such a support for climbing plants from wood.

It is quite possible to reproduce a version of a simple design with your own hands. You will need 8-10 wooden beams measuring 50x100 mm, 4 beams for pillars 100x100 mm and concrete mortar.

Sequencing:

• a square area with a side of 2000 mm is marked;
• holes about 60 cm deep are dug in the corners;
• support beams are installed in the holes, leveled and filled with concrete;
• grooves 35 mm wide and 50 mm deep are cut into the beams;
• the beams at the edges are cut at an angle of 45 degrees for decoration;
• After the concrete hardens, two beams are attached to the supports, and the rest are laid on them.

The result is a design like in photo 11.

Bush holders

When designing a site, do not forget about such plant supports as bush holders. They not only give a neat appearance to ornamental and fruit bushes, but also save them from root rot and fungal development by providing ventilation. Such structures can be bent from wire and installed on one or both sides.

Phlox and peonies also feel comfortable in such a frame, and you can learn about growing them from seeds. And if you deepen the frames further, you can raise the nasturtiums and petunias growing on the ground.

DIY flower supports will undoubtedly fill the house and area with warmth and comfort, regardless of the complexity of the design, but only if they are appearance harmonizes with the general background.

Technology. 4th grade. Lesson plans.

M.: 2016. - 288 p.

The manual presents lesson developments for the course “Technology” for the 4th grade of general education institutions for the educational systems of the educational systems “Perspective”, “School of Russia” and “Harmony”, as well as thematic planning for the current textbooks of the system “ Primary School XXI century", meeting the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard for Primary general education. The publication is addressed to primary school teachers of general education institutions, teachers of extended day groups, students of pedagogical universities and colleges, and students of the IPK.

Format: pdf

Size: 5.2 MB

Watch, download: drive.google

CONTENT
From the author 3
LESSON DEVELOPMENTS ON THE EDUCATIONAL COMPLEX "PERSPECTIVE" AND "SCHOOL OF RUSSIA"
Thematic planning 6
Introducing Tutorial 7
Lesson 1. How to work with textbook 8
Man and earth 13
Lessons 2, 3. Carriage factory. Products « Chassis(trolley)", "Car body", "Passenger car" 14
Lesson 4. Minerals. Product "Drilling rig" 24
Lesson 5. Minerals. Product “Malachite box” 31
Lessons 6, 7. Automobile plant. Product "KAMAZ" 36
Lesson 8. Mint. Project "Medal". Product “Sides of a Coin” 44
Lesson 9. Mint. Project "Medal". Product “Medal” 50
Lessons 10, 11. Earthenware factory. Products “Base for a vase”, “Vase” 53
Lesson 12. Sewing factory. Product "Tack" 61
Lesson 13. Sewing factory. Products « New Year's toy", "Bird" 68
Lessons 14, 15. Shoe factory. Product “Model of children's summer shoes” 73
Lessons 16, 1 7. Woodworking production. Product “Ladder-support for plants” 83
Lessons 18, 19. Confectionery factory. Products “Potato cake”, “Chocolate cookies” 93
Lesson 20. Appliances. Product “Table lamp” 101
Lesson 21. Household appliances. Product "Lampshade". Assembly table lamp 108
Lesson 2 2. Greenhouse farming. Product “Flowers for a school flowerbed” 114
Man and water 119
Lesson 23. Vodokanal. Products “Filter for water purification”, “Streamer” 120
Lesson 24. Port. Product " Rope ladder» 125
Lesson 25. Knot weaving. Product “Bracelet” 131
Man and air 136
Lesson 2 6. Aircraft construction. Rocket science. Product "Airplane" 138
Lesson 2 7. Launch vehicle. Product "Boost rocket" 144
Lesson 28 Aircraft. Product " Kite» 148
Man and information 152
Lessons 2 9, 3 0. Publishing. Products « Title page", "Table" 154
Lesson 31. Creating book content. Practical work “Content” 162
Lessons 3 2, 3 3. Bookbinding. Product “Traveller's Diary” 166
Lesson 34. Summing up the year. Presentation of completed works 168
LESSON-LESSON DEVELOPMENTS ON MC "HARMONY"
Thematic planning 171
From time immemorial - to the present day 172
Lesson 1. Introduction. Ceramics in the culture of the peoples of the world 173
Lesson 2. Vessel with a magical ornament (tear-off applique, painting) 177
Lessons 3, 4. Architectural ceramics. Tile. Decorative tiles. Collective panel (modeling, painting) 181
Lessons 5, 6. Weaving from strips of birch bark, wood chips, bast or paper. Wicker box 185
Lessons 7, 8. Jewelry in the culture of the peoples of the world. Making jewelry based on traditional canons of rhythm and symmetry 192
Traditions of craftsmen in products for the holiday 198
Lesson 9. Paper plastic. Making molds using corrugation 199
Lesson 10. Paper plastic. Folding card 202
Lesson 11. Gift packaging 206
Lesson 12. Packaging design New Year's gift 210
Lesson 13. Traditions New Year's holidays and carnivals. Carnival hats (origami) 213
Lesson 14. Traditional folk holidays. Christmas gingerbread according to traditional canons (modeled from salt dough) 217
Lessons 15, 16. Bas-relief in a decorative product. Design and sculpting of a decorative frame 223
Masters and apprentices. Winter crafts 227
Lesson 17. Knitting as a type of needlework. Simple crochet techniques 227
Lessons 18, 19. The simplest crochet techniques. Knitting panels 232
Lesson 20. Loop stitch: techniques 235
Lessons 21, 2 2. Loop stitch and its use in finishing products. Decorative pockets 239
Lessons 2 3, 2 4. Cardboard edging 242
Lessons 2 5, 2 6. Hardcover 246
Every business has its own secrets 250
Lesson 27 Techniques and technologies for applique from straw 250
Lessons 2 8, 2 9. We give people our skills. Toys made of straw and thread 254
Lessons 3 0, 31. Metal in the hands of a master. Foil stamping 257
Lesson 32. Secrets of the paper sheet. The ancient art of origami. Kusudama 261
Lesson 33. Secrets of the paper sheet. The ancient art of origami. Sanbo box 265
Lesson 34. Summing up the year. Exhibition creative works students 269
APPLICATIONS
Thematic planning according to teaching materials “Primary school of the XXI century” 271
Safety rules for technology lessons 276
Physical education minutes 278
References 283