Spiritual values briefly. Material and spiritual values. Religious values and freedom of conscience

PLAN:

Soul, spirit, spirituality.
Worldview spiritual values.
Moral values.
Aesthetic values.

Soul, spirit, spirituality

Soul And spirit– religious and philosophical concepts meaning immaterial principles, as opposed to material or material. According to religious ideas, a person is a kind of trinity of bodily principle, soul and spirit. The body or flesh is a material shell. Soul – the inner sensory-emotional world of a person. Spirit - This top quality and feelings (love, compassion, kindness, etc.), conscience, intuition. All these principles are closely connected with each other. Thus, it is said that the body is the house and mirror of the soul, and the soul is the house and mirror of the spirit. A soul without the gift of the spirit is incapable of intuition, remorse, true love and compassion. Bodily death occurs from a severance of the connection between soul and flesh, “spiritual death” - from a severance of the connection between soul and spirit. A person can be alive (have a soul with various feelings and experiences), but spiritually dead.

“Spirit is Fire, the Light of the soul,” says popular wisdom. If this light manifests itself, burns and shines, we can talk about the manifestation of spirituality. Thus, spirituality - this is a holistic unity of mind, will and feelings aimed at the good and a better future, this is a manifestation of the highest human feelings: love, compassion, kindness, honor, dignity, desire for the sublime, beautiful and perfect.

The idea of “spirit” as a world of the supersensible, mystical, incorporeal was already among primitive man. This was manifested in the belief of primitive man in the presence of spirit, soul in humans, animals, plants and objects.

The development of the concept of spirituality is associated primarily with the emergence of Christianity. It affirmed the advantage of spiritual life, the sinfulness of the flesh and the cult of martyrdom asceticism in the name of spiritual salvation. God was considered the source of spirituality.

The Renaissance and Modern times established the principle of humanism, where the idea of spirituality was associated with the affirmation of the greatness of the will and mind of man himself. A man-doer, a man-creator is capable of the greatest achievements - scientific discoveries, masterpieces of art, inventions, to the indomitable desire for freedom. A reasonable person is a cognizer, penetrating with an inquisitive mind into the secrets of the universe, opening a new facet of spirituality.

The modern concept of spirituality connects intelligence, faith And will. Intelligence , aimed at comprehending the essential and universal, appears as wisdom, as the enrichment of the mind life experience, intense search for meaning. Faith fills with positive meaning the existence of an individual in a world of chaos and recklessness. Will lifts a person above petty vanity, fills life with the concentration of spiritual quests. Horizon spirituality can be imagined based on two long-known triads: truth - goodness - beauty And Faith Hope Love .

The theoretical analysis of the problem of spirituality begins with the opposition of spirituality to the material, utilitarian principle. The relationship between material and spiritual needs is complex and ambiguous. Material needs cannot simply be ignored, the benefits of well-being and comfort cannot be neglected in the name of intrinsic spirituality. Durable material, economic, social support, solving everyday problems, can facilitate the path of a person and society to the development of spiritual needs. But focus on material goods, possession, consumption can, in turn, absorb all forces, displace spirituality, set those value guidelines that completely close the circle human life on the desire for luxury and wealth.

So, spirituality– a complex formation, a phenomenon of the cultural life of man and society. Theoretical analysis of the phenomenon of spirituality is associated with the identification of main types spiritual values.

Worldview spiritual values

We can conditionally distinguish three main types of spiritual values - these are values philosophical and worldview, moral And aesthetic.

Worldview values – these are values that express principles, ideals, basic life guidelines that relate a person to the world.

Key worldview concepts – Life , Death , Immortality . Human life as a value, the desire for immortality, the willingness to accept death as deliverance from painful and aimless wanderings - in works of philosophy, literature and art we will find many shades and twists of these issues. The ideological confrontation between life and death is revealed as a confrontation wars (destruction, aggression) and peace (peace, joy and happiness). Life and death are related to the relationship between man and time. Eternity And Time , past, the present, future, story And fate, memory– these are also unique ideological values.

Worldview values are Space , Universe , Earth , Nature , ideas about which changed from era to era. Earth, Water, Air, Fire, Sky, Stars, Wind, Storm– these values were also experienced by man, interpreted and reflected in mythology, philosophy, and art.

Space, Time , Movement – characteristics of the material world and at the same time significant for human consciousness categories. Space a person fills it with objects created by him, structures, designs, cultivates and decorates. At the same time, he is delighted by the landscape outside the window, he admires the endless expanse of the ocean - this is also the space of his life. Time - not just a report of seconds, minutes and hours. This is the age of a person, entire value worlds childhood, Youth, Maturity, Old age. Time is a stream of life filled with memories and emotions, a kaleidoscope of impressions. Movement – an ideological universal that characterizes the constant variability of the world, energy capabilities, and human creative activity.

And, finally, ideological values determine the attitude towards a person, the idea of his place in the world. This range of values includes Humanism , Individuality , Creation , Liberty . These values lie on the border with the following type - moral values.

Moral values

regulate relations between people from the position of confrontation between what is and what should be. These values are the subject of study of a special philosophical discipline - ethics (the science of the relationship between morality and ethics).

Basic categories of morality - Good And Evil . Like light and darkness, they constantly fight in the world of people and in the human soul. Ideas about good and evil determine the interpretation of such moral values as humanity , mercy , justice , dignity , honesty , decency , goodwill . This is, as it were, a global level of morality, at which a person feels himself a part of all humanity. « Golden Rule morality" , which has a number of formulations, boils down to the following: “Do (not act) towards others as you would like them to act (not act) towards you”.

Morality also regulates relations between groups of people, such as social strata, classes, nations, classes, organizations, and groups. Here we are talking about such moral values as loyalty , honor , responsibility , duty , patriotism , collectivism , hard work , good faith .

Relationships between family and close people are associated with such values as Friendship , Love , Motherhood , Politeness , Tact .

Morality as a phenomenon of spirituality is not a frozen monolith. The real moral life of man and society is replete with zigzags and paradoxes. Readiness for moral choice and the development of value guidelines as a path to the development of spirituality, conscience as a kind of moral indicator of spirituality is acquired by a person in a difficult struggle. The path to high morality is a path of conscious education and self-education, requiring effort and work.

Aesthetic values

Aesthetic values – these are spiritual values associated with identifying, experiencing, and creating harmony. Aesthetic values are associated with a person’s ability to have deep, strong, vivid emotional experiences, the ability to perceive many shades of moods and feelings. The term “aesthetics” itself comes from the Greek word “aesthesis”, meaning sensory perception. Aesthetics, as a special philosophical science, examines in detail the essence and specificity of aesthetic values.

beauty And Harmony – basic aesthetic values. They are expressed in a person’s need to identify, maintain harmony, and achieve universal harmonization of a person’s relationship with the world, with other people and with himself. Such harmonization of relationships causes a feeling of psychological comfort, pleasure, pleasure. Harmony is experienced reverently and with inspiration, giving birth to beauty.

Basic aesthetic values also include beautiful , sublime , tragic And comic . Beautiful It is particularly expressive; harmony is most fully revealed in beauty. Beauty is inherently human, i.e. is closely related to humanistic values such as life, freedom, goodness, love. It is no coincidence that in ancient mythology Beauty and Love were combined in the image of the same goddess - Aphrodite (Venus). Beauty is attractive and valuable in itself; in beauty, a person is open to the world, he is ready to accept beauty and trust it.

Sublime takes a person beyond the boundaries of the existing, beyond the limits of the mastered and achievable, beckons into infinity, directs him to the highest, mysterious, eternal. It lifts a person above the world of everyday life, everyday life, vain little things, dullness and boredom. The abyss of the ocean and the bottomless sky, majestic mountain peaks and starry expanses, heroic deeds and manifestations of human genius - all these are the faces of the sublime.

Tragic– a category that records a violation of harmony, crisis, death, hostility, conflict. Human history is full of tragic events - wars and revolutions, irreparable losses and dashed hopes. The tragic occurs when a person collides with uncontrollable forces and elements of nature such as storm, fire, flood and much more. The struggle between knowledge and faith, feeling and duty, good and evil unfolds tragically in the soul and consciousness of a person. Tragic discord can manifest itself as the antagonism of the beautiful and the ugly in culture, life, and art. Human life is essentially tragic because it inevitably ends in death. The perception of tragedy is associated with the effect catharsis. Catharsis – purification through suffering, a strong emotional shock that strengthens a person, instills in him courage and perseverance. This is like turning negative emotions into positive ones. When we perceive something tragic, we experience pain, sorrow, anguish. But a miracle of soul cleansing occurs. Compassion, empathy, overcoming one's own egoism leads to insight and enlightenment. Without this effect, the emotional world of the individual is damaged. The harsh school of the tragic is a school of revaluation of values, measurement of human relationships and actions.

However, revaluation of values can also be carried out in the form comic . The nature of the comic is to reveal the true essence of the insignificant, pitiful, empty, hiding behind the mask of importance and greatness. A frequent companion of the comic is laughter. A person gets tired of excessive seriousness and peace. The comic options are varied: irony, humor, sarcasm; satire, parody, joke, etc. Ridicule, ridicule, comic rethinking helps to free oneself from the inert, outdated, hindering movement forward. The ability to treat yourself with humor is the first step in overcoming shortcomings.

It is necessary to mention the existence of two more types of spiritual values. It is they who carry out the synthesis and combination of worldview, moral, and aesthetic values. These are values religious and values artistic , which are the basis of art. Philosophy of religion studies religious values. Theoretical analysis of art and artistic values is carried out by such a discipline as cultural studies.

Thus, the content of the concept of “spirituality” is revealed in the understanding of ideological, moral and aesthetic spiritual values. In reality, in the life of a person and humanity, these values form an indissoluble unity, intertwine and interact with each other.

MAIN CONCLUSIONS

Spirituality- this is a holistic unity of mind, will and feelings aimed at the good and a better future, this is a manifestation of the highest human feelings: love, compassion, kindness, honor, dignity, desire for the sublime, beautiful and perfect. The content of the concept of “spirituality” is revealed in the understanding of ideological, moral and aesthetic spiritual values.

Worldview values– these are values that express principles, ideals, basic life guidelines that relate a person to the world (Life, Death, Immortality, Universe, Earth, Space, Time, Movement, Humanity, Creativity, Individuality, Creativity and others).

Moral (moral) values regulate relations between people from the position of confrontation between what is and what should be (Love, Good and Evil, Duty, Loyalty, Friendship, Humanity, Compassion, Responsibility, Honor, Dignity and others).

Aesthetic values – these are spiritual values associated with identifying, experiencing, creating harmony (Harmony, Beauty, Beautiful, Sublime, Tragic, Comic).

In reality, in the life of a person and humanity, these values form an indissoluble unity, intertwine and interact with each other.

Questions and tasks for self-control on topic 4

Here we will talk about spiritual values in a person’s life, what they are and why they are so important.

Every person grows up with their own set of values. The most interesting thing is that they do not always serve a person, but on the contrary, they can even harm him.

Values are passed on to us from birth by our parents, teachers, educators, and friends.

We cannot always immediately understand which values harm us and which ones benefit us. Let's take a closer look at this!

What are values

Values are internal principles, beliefs that a person believes in and holds on to; he considers his values important and, if necessary, is ready to defend them.

Values can be both positive and negative.

Naturally, negative values harm a person. We can give examples of many values. For example, cigarettes, and even drugs, can become valuable for a person who will even look for advantages in them and protect them.

Those who drink alcohol believe that it is good for the body, sterilizes it from various types of infections and that drinking alcohol from time to time is necessary. Vodka sterilizes, wine dilates blood vessels, alcohol helps you relax and get away from problems. Although this is of course nonsense, alcohol is poison for the body.

Cigarettes are the best remedy for calming and against nerves, stress, but at what cost.

It is important to see things in the real light, and not in an illusory one. In this article, I propose to discuss spiritual values, not religious ones.

Spiritual values

Spiritual values imply the presence of the Spirit in them. Development and strengthening of your inner Spirit, spiritual body.

The awareness that you discover these values within yourself, primarily for yourself and your own good, and not for the eyes of others. You choose to be this way for yourself.

The following spiritual values can be cited as an example:

honesty;
awareness;
responsibility;
love first of all for yourself, and then for others;
Believe in yourself;
sympathy;
sincerity;
love for your parents;
respect for any form of life;
peacefulness;
resistance to stress;
Adoption;
fidelity (meaning to his wife);
love for family.

This could go on for a long time. The main thing is that every value makes you stronger. By practicing these values within yourself, sticking to them simply because you choose to do so, you become a spiritually strong or spiritual person. It is unknown why this is so. It just is.

Naturally, in order to be honest with the people around you, you must first be honest with yourself; in order to be sincere with others, you need to learn not to lie to yourself. To love people, you must first love yourself.

It all starts with you, with your attitude towards yourself. If you hate yourself and don’t accept yourself, you don’t like yourself, then don’t think that the attitude of others towards you will be different or that you will suddenly burst into flames with passionate love for others. It's an illusion.

All these values, if you practice them, make you stronger.

Current society

Now in society, lying is normal, promiscuity is also normal, being insincere and two-faced, hating yourself and others, wearing masks, disrespecting parents, smoking and drinking are all normal, but not natural.

It doesn't grow the human spirit, it destroys it. A person feels internally defective, unable to change anything in his life.

Chasing external ideals or putting money and fame first is also not normal.

To be wealthy and have money, to live in luxury is a good desire, but when this is the only thing that matters to you, when you strive for this in order to prove to everyone what you are, that being superior in the eyes of others is no longer normal.

The inner always creates the outer. The outer world is only a reflection of the inner. What is the point of chasing a reflection when it is easiest to influence it by working with the inner world. This is precisely why you need internal spiritual values, to feel the inner core, to have the ability to create your life the way you choose.

I'm not asking you to believe it, you can just check it. Practice and you will learn everything, but this should not be the upbringing of parents, using and being guided by spiritual values is conscious choice everyone, not driven in V programs from parents and others.

Thank you for attention!!!

Until next time!

Yes, you can also leave a positive comment under this article.

Always yours: Zaur Mamedov

Notes on philosophy

TO spiritual values include social ideals, attitudes and assessments, norms and prohibitions, goals and projects, benchmarks and standards, principles of action expressed in the form of normative ideas about good, good and evil, beautiful and ugly, fair and unfair, legal and illegal, the meaning of history and the purpose of man, etc. If objective values act as objects of human needs and interests, then the values of consciousness perform a dual function: they are an independent sphere of values and the basis, criterion for assessing objective values.

The ideal form of existence of values is realized either in the form of conscious ideas about perfection, about what is proper and necessary, or in the form of unconscious inclinations, preferences, desires, and aspirations. Ideas about perfection can be realized either in the concrete, sensual, visual form of a certain standard, standard, ideal (for example, in aesthetic activity), or embodied by means of language.

Spiritual values are heterogeneous in content, functions and the nature of the requirements for their implementation. There is a whole class of regulations that strictly program goals and methods of activity. These are standards, rules, canons, standards. More flexible, representing sufficient freedom in the realization of values - norms, tastes, ideals, serving as an algorithm of culture. A norm is an idea of the optimality and expediency of activity, dictated by uniform and stable conditions. Standards include: form of uniformity of actions (invariant); prohibition on other behavior options; the optimal variant of action in given social conditions (model); behavior assessment individuals(sometimes in the form of certain sanctions), warning against possible deviations from the norm. Normative regulation permeates the entire system of human activity and relationships. The condition for the implementation of social norms is a system of their reinforcement, which presupposes public approval or condemnation of an act, certain sanctions to the person who must comply with the norm in his activities. Thus, along with awareness of needs (which, as we have already noted, can be adequate or inadequate), there is awareness of their connection with social norms. Although norms arise as a means of consolidating methods of activity tested by social practice, verified by life, they can lag behind it, be carriers of prohibitions and regulations that are already outdated and interfere with the free self-realization of the individual, inhibit social progress. For example, communal land use, traditional for Russia, which was economically and socially justified in the early stages of the history of our country, has lost its economic feasibility and is an obstacle to the development of agrarian relations in the region. modern stage. Nevertheless, it is preserved in the consciousness of a certain part of our society (for example, the Cossacks) as some unshakable value.

Ideal- the idea of the highest standard of perfection, the spiritual expression of a person’s need for ordering, improvement, harmonization of relations between man and nature, man and man, individual and society. The ideal performs a regulatory function; it serves as a vector that allows one to determine strategic goals to the implementation of which a person is ready to devote his life. Is it really possible to achieve the ideal? Many thinkers answered this question negatively: the ideal as an image of perfection and completeness has no analogue in empirically observed reality; it appears in consciousness as a symbol of the transcendental, the otherworldly. Nevertheless, the ideal is a concentrated expression of spiritual values. The spiritual constitutes the sphere of highest values associated with the meaning of life and human purpose.

Human spirituality includes three basic principles: cognitive, moral and aesthetic. They correspond to three types of spiritual creators: the sage (knowing, cognizant), the righteous (saint) and the artist. The core of these principles is morality. If knowledge gives us the truth and shows the way, then the moral principle presupposes the ability and need of a person to go beyond the limits of his egoistic “I” and actively affirm goodness.

Feature spiritual values is that they have a non-utilitarian and non-instrumental character: they do not serve for anything else; on the contrary, everything else is subordinated and acquires meaning only in the context of higher values, in connection with their affirmation. A feature of the highest values is also the fact that they form the core of the culture of a certain people, the fundamental relationships and needs of people: universal (peace, the life of mankind), communication values (friendship, love, trust, family), social values (ideas of social justice, freedom, human rights, etc.), lifestyle values, personal self-affirmation. The highest values are realized in an infinite variety of situations of choice.

Thus, the concept of values is inseparable from the spiritual world of the individual. If reason, rationality, knowledge constitute the most important components of consciousness, without which purposeful human activity is impossible, then spirituality, being formed on this basis, refers to those values that are associated with the meaning of a person’s life, one way or another deciding the question of choosing one’s life. life path, goals and meaning of their activities and means of achieving them.

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Introduction

1. The concept of spiritual values

2. Structure of spiritual values. Classification of spiritual values

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The most important philosophical issues concerning the relationship between the World and Man include the inner spiritual life of a person, those basic values that underlie his existence. A person not only cognizes the world as an existing thing, trying to reveal its objective logic, but also evaluates reality, trying to understand the meaning of his own existence, experiencing the world as due and undue, good and harmful, beautiful and ugly, fair and unfair, etc.

Universal human values act as criteria for the degree of both spiritual development and social progress of humanity. The values that ensure human life include health, a certain level of material security, social relations that ensure the realization of the individual and freedom of choice, family, law, etc.

Values traditionally classified as spiritual are aesthetic, moral, religious, legal and general cultural.

In the spiritual sphere, the most important difference between man and other living beings—spirituality—is born and realized. Spiritual activity is carried out for the sake of satisfying spiritual needs, that is, the need of people to create and master spiritual values. The most important among them are the need for moral improvement, satisfaction of the sense of beauty, and essential knowledge of the world around us. Spiritual values appear in the form of ideas of good and evil, justice and injustice, beauty and ugliness, etc. Forms of spiritual development of the surrounding world include philosophical, aesthetic, religious, and moral consciousness. Science is also considered a form of social consciousness. The system of spiritual values is integral element spiritual culture.

Spiritual needs are the internal motivations of a person for spiritual creativity, for the creation of new spiritual values and for their consumption, for spiritual communication.

A person is designed in such a way that, as his personality develops, he gradually changes his tastes, preferences, needs, and value orientations. This normal process people development. Among the wide variety of different values that exist in the psyche of any person, two main categories stand out: material and spiritual values. Here we will pay more attention to the second type.

So, if everything is more or less clear with the material (this includes the desire to own all sorts of things, such as good clothes, housing, all kinds of devices, cars, electronic equipment, household items and things, and the like), then spiritual values are completely different quality. As we know, the soul of a person means something living, moral, animated, personal, important, meaningful (in terms of life), having a higher degree of existence. Consequently, values of a spiritual nature are qualitatively different in comparison with ordinary material ones.

Spiritual values, in fact, favorably distinguish any other living forms of existence from a person, who clearly differs in the conditioning of his special behavior and life activity. Such values include the following qualities: the value of life itself, activity, consciousness, strength, foresight, willpower, determination, wisdom, justice, self-control, courage, truthfulness and sincerity, love for one’s neighbor, loyalty and devotion, faith and trust, kindness and compassion, humility and modesty, the value of treating others well and the like.

In general, the area of spiritual values represents the sphere of human existence, life, existence. It exists both inside a person and outside his physical body. It is worth considering that spiritual values highlight their main qualities, among which is the value of human life itself. For people, self-worth is already a great value, unlike regular price(value) is something absolute, a concept that means the same thing as a shrine.

1. The concept of spiritual value

It is noted that spiritual values form the foundation of culture. The existence of cultural values characterizes precisely the human way of being and the level of separation of man from nature. Value can be defined as the social significance of ideas and their dependence on the needs and interests of a person. For a mature person, values function as life goals and motives for her activities. By implementing them, a person makes his contribution to universal human culture.

Values as part of the worldview are determined by the existence of social requirements. Thanks to these requirements, a person could be guided in his life by the image of the proper, necessary relationship of things. Thanks to this, values formed a special world of spiritual existence, which raised a person above reality.

Value is a social phenomenon, therefore the criterion of truth or falsity cannot be unambiguously applied to it. Value systems are formed and changed in the process of development of the history of human society. Therefore, the criteria for value choice are always relative, they are determined by the current moment, historical circumstances, they translate the problems of truth into a moral plane.

Values have many classifications. According to traditionally established ideas about the spheres of social life, values are divided into “material and spiritual values, production and consumer (utilitarian), socio-political, cognitive, moral, aesthetic, religious values.”1 We are interested in spiritual values, which are the center of a person’s spiritual life and society.

There are spiritual values that we find on different stages development of humanity, in different social formations. Such basic, universal values include the values of good (good), freedom, truth, creativity, beauty, faith.

As for Buddhism, the problem of spiritual values occupies the main place in its philosophy, since the essence and purpose of existence, according to Buddhism, is the process of spiritual search, improvement of the individual and society as a whole.

Spiritual values from the point of view of philosophy include wisdom, concepts of true life, understanding of the goals of society, understanding of happiness, mercy, tolerance, self-awareness. At the present stage of development of Buddhist philosophy, its schools are placing new emphasis on concepts of spiritual values. The most important spiritual values are mutual understanding between nations, the willingness to compromise in order to achieve universal goals, that is, the main spiritual value is love in the broadest sense of the word, love for the whole world, for all humanity without dividing it into nations and nationalities. These values flow organically from the basic values of Buddhist philosophy. Spiritual values motivate people's behavior and ensure stable relationships between people in society. Therefore, when we talk about spiritual values, we cannot avoid the question of the social nature of values. In Buddhism, spiritual values directly control a person’s entire life and subordinate all his activities. Spiritual values in the philosophy of Buddhism are conventionally divided into two groups: values related to the external world and values related to the inner world. The values of the external world are closely related to social consciousness, concepts of ethics, morality, creativity, art, and an understanding of the goals of the development of science and technology. The values of the inner world include the development of self-awareness, personal improvement, spiritual education, etc.

Buddhist spiritual values serve to solve the problems of real, material life by influencing inner world person.

The world of values is the world of practical activity. A person’s attitude to the phenomena of life and their assessment are carried out in practical activity, when the individual determines what significance an object has for him, what its value is. Therefore, naturally, the spiritual values of Buddhist philosophy had practical significance in the formation of the traditional culture of China: they contributed to the development of the aesthetic foundations of Chinese literature, art, in particular landscape painting and poetry. Chinese artists pay main attention to the internal content, the spiritual mood of what they depict, in contrast to European ones, who primarily strive for external similarity. In the process of creativity, the artist feels inner freedom and reflects his emotions in the picture, thus, the spiritual values of Buddhism have a great influence on the development of the art of Chinese calligraphy and Qigong, wushu, medicine, etc.

Although almost all philosophical systems, in one way or another, touch on the issue of spiritual values in human life, it is Buddhism that deals with them directly, since the main problems that Buddhist teaching is designed to solve are the problems of spiritual, internal improvement of man.

Spiritual values. The concept covers social ideals, attitudes and assessments, as well as norms and prohibitions, goals and projects, benchmarks and standards, principles of action expressed in the form of normative ideas about good, good and evil, beautiful and ugly, fair and unfair, legal and illegal, about the meaning of history and the purpose of man, etc.

The concepts of “spiritual values” and “spiritual world of the individual” are inextricably linked. If reason, rationality, knowledge constitute the most important components of consciousness, without which purposeful human activity is impossible, then spirituality, being formed on this basis, refers to the values associated with the meaning of a person’s life, one way or another deciding the question of choosing his life path, the meaning of his activity , its goals and means of achieving them.

Spiritual life, the life of human thought, usually includes knowledge, faith, feelings, needs, abilities, aspirations, and goals of people. The spiritual life of an individual is also impossible without experiences: joy, optimism or despondency, faith or disappointment. It is human nature to strive for self-knowledge and self-improvement. The more developed a person is, the higher his culture, the richer his spiritual life.

The condition for the normal functioning of a person and society is the mastery of the knowledge, skills, and values accumulated over the course of history, since each person is a necessary link in the relay of generations, a living connection between the past and the future of humanity. Feels free and at ease in modern culture one who, from an early age, learns to navigate it, to choose for himself values that correspond to personal abilities and inclinations and do not contradict the rules of human society. Each person has enormous potential for the perception of cultural values and the development of their own abilities. The ability for self-development and self-improvement -- fundamental difference man from all other living beings.

The spiritual world of man is not limited to knowledge. Important place it is occupied by emotions - subjective experiences about situations and phenomena of reality. A person, having received this or that information, experiences emotional feelings of grief and joy, love and hatred, fear or fearlessness. Emotions, as it were, paint acquired knowledge or information in one or another “color” and express a person’s attitude towards them. The spiritual world of a person cannot exist without emotions, a person is not an impassive robot processing information, but a personality capable of not only having “calm” feelings, but in which passions can rage - feelings of exceptional strength, persistence, duration, expressed in the direction of thoughts and strength to achieve a specific goal. Passions sometimes lead a person to greatest feats in the name of people's happiness, and sometimes for crimes. A person must be able to manage his feelings. To control both these aspects of spiritual life and all human activities in the course of his development, will is developed. Will is a person’s conscious determination to perform certain actions to achieve a set goal.

The worldview idea of the value of an ordinary person, his life, forces today in culture, traditionally understood as the repository of universal human values, to highlight moral values as the most important, determining in the modern situation the very possibility of his existence on Earth. And in this direction, the planetary mind is taking the first, but quite tangible steps from the idea of the moral responsibility of science to the idea of combining politics and morality.

2. Structure of spiritual values

Since the spiritual life of mankind occurs and is based on material life, its structure is largely similar: spiritual need, spiritual interest, spiritual activity, spiritual benefits (values) created by this activity, satisfaction of spiritual needs, etc.

In addition, the presence of spiritual activity and its products necessarily gives rise to a special kind of public relations- aesthetic, religious, moral, etc.

However, the external similarity in the organization of the material and spiritual aspects of human life should not obscure the existing differences between them. fundamental differences. For example, our spiritual needs, unlike material ones, are not given biologically, they are not given (at least fundamentally) to a person from birth. This does not at all deprive them of objectivity, only this objectivity is of a different kind - purely social. The individual’s need to master the sign-symbolic world of culture has for him the character of an objective necessity - otherwise you will not become a person. Only “by itself” naturally this need does not arise. It must be formed and developed by the social environment of the individual in the long process of his upbringing and education.

It is worth noting that at first, society directly forms in a person only the most basic spiritual needs that ensure his socialization. Spiritual needs are more high order- in mastering as much of the wealth of world culture as possible, participating in their creation - society can only be formed indirectly, through a system of spiritual values that serve as guidelines in the spiritual self-development of individuals.

As for the spiritual values themselves, around which people’s relationships in the spiritual sphere develop, this term usually indicates the socio-cultural significance of various spiritual formations (ideas, norms, images, dogmas, etc.). Moreover, in people’s value perceptions there is certainly a certain prescriptive-evaluative element.

Spiritual values (scientific, aesthetic, religious) express the social nature of man himself, as well as the conditions of his existence. This is a kind of reflection public consciousness objective needs and trends in the development of society. In the concepts of the beautiful and the ugly, good and evil, justice, truth, etc., humanity expresses its attitude to existing reality and contrasts it with a certain ideal condition society that is to be established. Any ideal is always, as it were, “raised” above reality, containing a goal, desire, hope, in general - something that should be, and not something that exists. This is what gives it the appearance of an ideal entity, seemingly completely independent of anything. On the surface, only its prescriptive and evaluative character is visible. The earthly origins, the roots of these idealizations, as a rule, are hidden, lost, distorted. This would not be a big problem if the natural historical process of the development of society and its ideal reflection coincided. But this is not always the case. Often, ideal norms born of one historical era are opposed to the reality of another era, in which their meaning is irretrievably lost. This indicates the coming of a time of acute spiritual confrontation, ideological battles and mental turmoil.

Therefore, it is necessary to propose a classification of values that corresponds to the different environmental domains that an individual faces. This classification was proposed, in particular, by N. Rescher; he distinguishes economic, political, intellectual and other values. In our opinion, this approach suffers from some lack of system, although in general the proposed classification can be accepted and used. However, we propose to use as a criterion for constructing an external classification the life spheres with which an individual deals in the course of his existence, then all values can be divided into the following groups:

1. Health values - show what place health and everything connected with it occupies in the value hierarchy, what prohibitions are more or less strong in relation to health.

2. Personal life - describe a set of values responsible for sexuality, love and other manifestations of intergender interaction.

3. Family - show the attitude towards family, parents and children.

4. Professional activity- describe the attitudes and demands of work and finances for a given individual.

5. Intellectual sphere - show what place thinking and intellectual development occupy in a person’s life.

6. Death and spiritual development - values responsible for attitudes towards death, spiritual development, religion and church.

7. Society - values responsible for a person’s attitude to the state, society, political system and so on.

8. Hobbies - values that describe what an individual’s interests, hobbies and free time should be.

Thus, the proposed classification, in my opinion, reflects all types of life spheres that a person may encounter

3. Max Scheler's teaching on values

Max Scheler (German Max Scheler; August 22, 1874, Munich - May 19, 1928, Frankfurt am Main) - German philosopher and sociologist; professor in Cologne (1919-1928), in Frankfurt (1928); student of Eichen; contrasted Kant's ethics with the doctrine of value; the founder of axiology (theory of values), sociology of knowledge and philosophical anthropology - the synthesis of disparate natural science knowledge about human nature with philosophical comprehension of the various manifestations of his existence; he saw the essence of man not in thinking or volition, but in love; love, according to Scheler, is an act of spiritual unity, accompanied by an instant insight into the highest value of the object.

The main areas of his research are descriptive psychology, in particular the psychology of feeling, and the sociology of knowledge, in which he distinguished a number of types of religious, metaphysical, scientific thinking (depending on their attitude towards God, the world, values, reality) and tried to put them in connection with certain forms of social, practical state and economic life. The contemplating and cognizing person, according to Scheler, is confronted by objective, objective worlds not created by man, each of which has its own essence accessible to contemplation and its own laws (essential laws); the latter are above the empirical laws of existence and manifestation of the corresponding objective worlds, in which these entities, thanks to perception, become data. In this sense, Scheler considers philosophy to be the highest, most extensive science of essence. At the end of his spiritual evolution, Scheler left the soil of the Catholic religion of revelation and developed a pantheistic-personalist metaphysics, within the framework of which he wanted to include all sciences, including anthropology. Nevertheless, he never completely moved away from his phenomenological-ontological point of view, but the problems of philosophical anthropology, of which he was the founder, and the problem of theogony now moved to the center of his philosophy.

Scheler's theory of value

At the center of Scheler's thought is his theory of value. According to Scheler, the value of an object's existence precedes perception. The axiological reality of values preceded knowledge. Values and their corresponding disvalues exist in objectively ordered ranks:

the values of the holy versus the non-values of the vicious;

the values of reason (truth, beauty, justice) versus the non-values of lies, ugliness, injustice;

the values of life and honor versus the non-values of dishonor;

pleasure values versus displeasure non-values;

values of usefulness versus non-values of useless.

“Disorder of the heart” occurs whenever a person prefers a value of a lower rank to a value of a higher rank, or non-value to a value.

4. The crisis of spiritual values and ways to solve it

spiritual value sheler crisis

We can say that the crisis of modern society is a consequence of the destruction of outdated spiritual values developed back in the Renaissance. In order for society to gain its moral and ethical principles, with the help of which one can find its place in this world without destroying itself, a change in previous traditions is required. Speaking about the spiritual values of the Renaissance, it is worth noting that their existence for more than six centuries determined the spirituality of European society and had a significant impact on the materialization of ideas. Anthropocentrism, as the leading idea of the Renaissance, made it possible to develop many teachings about man and society. Putting people first highest value, the system of his spiritual world was subordinated to this idea. Despite the fact that many virtues developed in the Middle Ages were preserved (love for everyone, work, etc.), they were all directed towards man as the most important being. Virtues such as kindness and humility fade into the background. It becomes important for a person to acquire the comfort of life through the accumulation of material wealth, which led humanity to the age of industry.

IN modern world, where most countries are industrial, the values of the Renaissance have exhausted themselves. Humanity, satisfying its material needs, did not pay attention to environment, did not calculate the consequences of its large-scale influences on it. Consumer civilization is focused on obtaining maximum profit when using natural resources. What cannot be sold has not only no price, but also no value.

According to consumer ideology, restricting consumption can have a negative impact on economic growth. However, the connection between environmental challenges and consumer orientation is becoming increasingly clear. The modern economic paradigm is based on a liberal value system, the main criterion of which is freedom. Freedom in modern society it is the absence of obstacles to the satisfaction of human desires. Nature is seen as a reservoir of resources to satisfy man's endless desires. The result was various ecological problems(the problem of ozone holes and the greenhouse effect, the depletion of natural landscapes, the increasing number of rare species of animals and plants, etc.), which show how cruel man has become towards nature, expose the crisis of anthropocentric absolutes. A person, having built a comfortable material sphere and spiritual values for himself, drowns in them. In this regard, there was a need to develop new system spiritual values that could become common to many peoples of the world. Even the Russian scientist Berdyaev, speaking about sustainable noospheric development, developed the idea of acquiring universal spiritual values. They are the ones who are called upon to determine the further development of humanity in the future.

In modern society, the number of crimes is constantly increasing, violence and hostility are familiar to us. According to the authors, all these phenomena are the result of objectification of a person’s spiritual world, that is, the objectification of his inner being, alienation and loneliness. Therefore, violence, crime, hatred are an expression of the soul. It’s worth thinking about what fills our souls and inner world today modern people. For most it is anger, hatred, fear. The question arises: where should we look for the source of everything negative? According to the authors, the source is located within the objectified society itself. The values that the West has long dictated to us cannot satisfy the standards of all humanity. Today we can conclude that a crisis of values has arrived.

What role do values play in a person's life? What values are true and necessary, primary? The authors tried to answer these questions using the example of Russia as a unique, multi-ethnic, multi-confessional state.

Russia also has its own specifics; it has a special geopolitical position, intermediate between Europe and Asia. In our opinion, Russia must finally take its position, independent of either the West or the East. In this case, we are not at all talking about the isolation of the state; we only want to say that Russia should have its own path of development, taking into account all its specific features.

For many centuries, peoples of different faiths have lived on the territory of Russia. It has been noted that certain virtues, values and norms - faith, hope, love, wisdom, courage, justice, abstinence, conciliarity - coincide in many religions. Faith in God, in yourself. Hope for a better future, which has always helped people cope with cruel reality and overcome their despair. Love, expressed in sincere patriotism (love for the Motherland), honor and respect for elders (love for your neighbors). Wisdom that includes the experience of our ancestors. Abstinence, which is one of the most important principles of spiritual self-education, the development of willpower; during Orthodox fasting, it helps a person get closer to God and partially cleanse himself of earthly sins. In Russian culture there has always been a desire for conciliarity, the unity of everyone: man with God and the world around him as God’s creation. Conciliarity also carries social character: Russian people throughout the history of Rus', Russian Empire to protect his Motherland, his state, he always showed conciliarity: during the Great Troubles of 1598-1613, during the Patriotic War of 1812, during the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945

Let's see what the current situation is in Russia. Many Russian people remain unbelievers: they do not believe in God, goodness, or other people. Many lose love and hope, becoming embittered and cruel, allowing hatred into their hearts and souls. Today in Russian society primacy belongs to Western material values: material wealth, power, money; people go over their heads, achieving their goals, our souls become callous, we forget about spirituality and morality. In our opinion, representatives of humanities. The authors of this work are students of the specialty social anthropology. We believe that a new system of spiritual values should become the basis for Russia's sustainable development. Based on the analysis, it is necessary to identify those common values in each religion and develop a system that is important to introduce into the sphere of education and culture. It is on the spiritual basis that the entire material sphere of society’s life should be built. When each of us realizes that human life is also valuable, when virtue becomes the norm of behavior for every person, when we finally overcome the disunity that is present in society today, then we will be able to live in harmony with the world around us, nature, people. For Russian society Today it is necessary to realize the importance of reassessing the values of one’s development and developing a new system of values.

If in the process of development its spiritual and cultural component is diminished or ignored, then this inevitably leads to the decline of society. IN modern times In order to avoid political, social and interethnic conflicts, an open dialogue between world religions and cultures is necessary. The basis for the development of countries should be spiritual, cultural and religious forces.

Conclusion

Values are spiritual and material phenomena that have a personal meaning and are the motive for activity. Values are the goal and basis of education. Value guidelines determine the characteristics and nature of a person’s relationship with the surrounding reality and, thus, to a certain extent determine his behavior.

The system of social values is developed culturally and historically, over thousands of years, and becomes the bearer of social, cultural inheritance, cultural-ethnic or cultural-national inheritance. Thus, differences in the value worldview are differences in the value orientations of the cultures of the peoples of the world.

The problem of the value of the phenomena of the world around us, human life, its goals and ideals has always been an integral part of philosophy. In the 19th century, this problem became the subject of numerous social research, called axiological. IN late XIX- at the beginning of the 20th century, the problem of values occupies one of the leading places in the works of Russian idealistic philosophers N. Berdyaev, S. Frank and others.

Today, when humanity is developing a new planetary thinking, when different societies and cultures are turning to common universal values, the problem of their philosophical study is a practical and theoretical necessity due to the inclusion of our country in the pan-European and pan-planetary value system. Currently, society is undergoing painful processes of the withering away of the values of totalitarian regimes, the revival of values associated with Christian ideas, and the inclusion of the values of democratic states already accepted by the peoples of the West. The laboratory for the philosophical study of these processes and the formation of new values is the means mass media, the development of which in the current century has put them on a par with such generally accepted communicative factors of culture that directly synthesize social values, such as religion, literature, and art.

Mass media have become one of the components of the psycho-social environment of humanity; they claim, and not without reason, to be a very powerful factor in shaping the worldview of an individual and the value orientation of society. They hold leadership in the field of ideological influence on society and the individual. They have become translators of cultural achievements and, undoubtedly, actively influence the acceptance or rejection by society of certain cultural values.

List of used literature

1. Alekseev P.V. Philosophy: Textbook / P.V. Alekseev., A.V. Panin-M.: Prospekt, 1996.

3. James W. The will to believe / W. James.-M.: Republic, 1997.

4. Berezhnoy N.M. Man and his needs. Edited by V.D. Didenko. Moscow State University Service. 2000.

5. Genkin B.M. Structure of human needs. Elitarium. 2006.

6. Spirituality, artistic creativity, morality (materials " round table") // Questions of Philosophy. 1996. No. 2.

Reflections on... // Philosophical almanac. Issue 6. - M.: MAKS Press, 2003.

7. Uledov A.K. Spiritual life of society. M., 1980.

8. Philosophical encyclopedic Dictionary. M. 1983.

9. Rubinshtein S.L. Fundamentals of general psychology. In 2 vols. M., 1989.

10. Pustorolev P.P. Analysis of the concept of crime. M.: 2005.

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Concept and examples of material assets

Our society is currently structured in such a way that a person cannot exist without a set of certain things, objects that make his life easier and more comfortable. Thus, the origins material assets lie in the need for people to satisfy their needs.

Material assets are a collection of objects Money, property, the significance of which for a person is very great. Examples of such valuables are real estate, cars, gold jewelry, furs, furniture, appliances and equipment.

Some are more, some are less, dependent on material wealth. Some people cannot imagine their existence without expensive things, others limit themselves to only the essentials. However, one way or another, material values occupy a significant place in people's lives.

Basic spiritual values of a person

Spiritual values are a set of moral, religious, and beliefs of a person that are significant to him. They are formed from birth, change and improve over time. Formulate the main differences between spiritual values and material ones in order to understand how important they are in our lives.

Spiritual values include love, friendship, sympathy, respect, self-realization, creativity, freedom, faith in oneself and in God. All this helps us find harmony with ourselves and the people around us. These values are of particular importance, give meaning to life and make us human.

What to answer if they ask: “Formulate the main differences between spiritual values and material ones”?

Based on the concepts and examples of spiritual and material values, we can conclude that their similarity lies in their significance and importance for humans. Both of them make our existence without them flawed and meaningless.

So, you were asked: “Formulate the main differences between spiritual values and material ones.” What will you answer? The answer comes down to the fact that the first of them cannot be seen or touched. However, this is not the most important difference.

First of all, like any benefits, they are limited. Contrary to people's wishes, they cannot be available to each of us. Spiritual values are universal. Their number is infinite and does not depend on the number of people who have them. Spiritual values can become the property of every person, regardless of his financial situation and other factors that are an obstacle to obtaining material values.

What values are more important for a person?

Someone will say that under no circumstances should one elevate material wealth above relationships with loved ones and one’s own conscience. For other people there are no prohibitions or boundaries on the path to wealth and fame. Which of them is right and what is more important for a person?

The material and spiritual values of culture are closely interconnected. People will not feel comfortable having only one of these. For example, many businessmen who have earned a huge fortune often feel unhappy because they have not been able to find harmony with their soul. At the same time, a person with a rich inner world will not feel good if he loses his home or livelihood.

Thus, if someone asks you: “Formulate the main differences between spiritual values and material ones and explain which of them is more important for a person,” say that this cannot be answered unambiguously. Everyone sets their own priorities.

The mistake of some people is the desire to take possession of as much wealth as possible at any cost. At the same time, in pursuit of money, they neglect friendship, honesty, and warm relationships with their loved ones. It is also a wrong approach when people, living in poverty, do not make any efforts to improve their lives. They believe that the main thing for them is a rich inner world, and everything else is completely unimportant. Ideally, you should try to find the right balance between spiritual and material values.