How to understand living as life itself. Alive as life. You can and should almost always say simply

In it(in Russian) all tones and shades, all transitions of sounds from the hardest to the most gentle and soft; it is limitless and, living as life, can be enriched every minute.

Anatoly Fedorovich Koni, honorary academician, famous lawyer, was, as you know, a man of great kindness. He willingly forgave those around him for all sorts of mistakes and weaknesses. But woe to those who, while talking with him, distorted or mutilated the Russian language. Kony attacked him with passionate hatred. His passion delighted me. And yet, in his struggle for the purity of language, he often went overboard.

For example, he demanded that the word Necessarily only meant kindly, obligingly.

But this meaning of the word has already died. Now both in living speech and in literature the word Necessarily came to mean certainly. This is what outraged Academician Koni.

Imagine,” he said, clutching his heart, “I’m walking along Spasskaya today and hear: “He Necessarily will punch you in the face!” How do you like it? A person tells another that someone kindly beat him up!

But the word Necessarily no longer means kindly, - I tried to object, but Anatoly Fedorovich stood his ground.

Meanwhile, today in the entire Soviet Union you will no longer find a person for whom Necessarily would mean kindly.

Today, not everyone will understand what Aksakov meant when he spoke about one provincial doctor:

“In relation to us he acted Necessarily" [S.T. Aksakov, Memoirs (1855). Collection cit., vol. II. M., 1955, p. 52.]

But no one seems strange anymore, for example, Isakovsky’s couplet:

And where do you want

Necessarily you'll get there.

Much can be explained by the fact that Koni was old at that time. He acted like most old people: he defended the norms of Russian speech that existed during his childhood and youth. Old people almost always imagined (and still imagine) that their children and grandchildren (especially grandchildren) were deforming correct Russian speech.

I can easily imagine that gray-haired old man who, in 1803 or 1805, angrily pounded his fist on the table when his grandchildren began to talk among themselves about the development of mind and character.

Where did you get this obnoxious thing? development of the mind? Need to talk vegetation"[Works of Y.K. Grota, vol. II. Philological research (1852-1892). St. Petersburg. 1899, pp. 69, 82.].

It was worth, for example, young man say in conversation that now he needs to go, well, at least to the shoemaker, and the old men angrily shouted to him:

Not necessary, A necessary! Why are you distorting the Russian language? [In the Dictionary of the Russian Academy (St. Petersburg, 1806-1822) there is only what is necessary.]

Has arrived new era. The former youths became fathers and grandfathers. And it was their turn to be indignant at these words that the youth introduced into everyday use: gifted, distinct, voting, humane, public, whip[Neither in the Dictionary of the Russian Academy, nor in the Dictionary of the Pushkin Language (M., 1956-1959) the words gifted No. It appears only in the Dictionary of Church Slavonic and Russian, compiled by the second department of the Imperial Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg, 1847). Words distinct not in the Dictionary of the Russian Academy. Words vote not in any dictionary until Dahl, 1882. Word asshole created by Ivan Panaev (along with the word hanger-on) V mid-19th century. See also Works of Y.K. Grota, vol. II, pp. 14, 69, 83. ].

Now it seems to us that these words have existed in Rus' since time immemorial and that we could never do without them, and yet in the 30s and 40s of the last century they were new words, with which the then zealots of the purity of language could not come to terms for a long time .

Now it’s even hard to believe what words seemed base and street-smart at that time, for example, to Prince Vyazemsky. These words: mediocrity And talented.“Mediocrity, talented,” Prince Vyazemsky was indignant, “new areal expressions in our literary language. Dmitriev said the truth that “our new writers learn the language from the labazniks” [ P. Vyazemsky, Old notebook. L., 1929, p. 264.]

If the youth of that time happened to use in conversation such words unknown to previous generations as: fact, result, nonsense, solidarity[Not a word fact, not a word result, not a word solidarity not in the Dictionary of the Russian Academy.] representatives of these past generations stated that Russian speech suffers considerable damage from such an influx of vulgar words.

“Where did this come from? fact? - Thaddeus Bulgarin, for example, was indignant in 1847. - What is this word? Distorted” [“Northern Bee”, 1847, No. 93 dated April 26. Magazine stuff.].

Yakov Grot already at the end of the 60s declared the newly appeared word ugly inspire[Works of Y.K. Grota, vol. II, p. 14.]

Even a word like scientific, and that had to overcome great resistance from the Old Testament purists before entering our speech as a full-fledged word. Let us remember how Gogol was struck by this word in 1851. Until then, he had never heard of him ["Gogol in the memoirs of his contemporaries." M. p. 511.].

The old people demanded that instead scientific they only talked scientist: scientist book, scientist treatise. Word scientific seemed to them unacceptable vulgarity. However, there was a time when even the word vulgar they were ready to consider it illegal. Pushkin, not foreseeing that it would become Russified, preserved its foreign form in Onegin. Let's remember famous poems about Tatyana:

No one could make her beautiful

Name; but from head to toe

No one could find it in it

That autocratic fashion

Now it seems strange to everyone that Nekrasov, having written in one of his stories nonsense, should have explained in a note: “The lackey word, equivalent to the word - rubbish" [Cm. “Petersburg corners” in Nekrasov’s almanac “Physiology of Petersburg”, part 1. St. Petersburg, 1845, p. 290, and in the Complete Works of N.A. Nekrasova, vol. VI. M, 1950, p. 120.], and the “Literary Newspaper” of those years, talking about someone’s virtuoso soul, felt compelled to immediately add that masterly-“newfangled word” [“Literary Newspaper”, 1841, p. 94: “The soul is visible in the game and in the techniques virtuoso to show off a newfangled word.”].

"Alive as life"

You marvel at the jewels of our language:

every sound is a gift;

everything is grainy, coarse like the pearl itself

N.V.Gogol

The language of the people is the best, never fading and ever again blossoming flower of their entire spiritual life, the language of brotherhood and justice, friendship and peace, sounds proudly and boldly in different parts of the Earth.

Russian language refers to Slavic group languages related to it are the living East Slavic languages - Ukrainian and Belarusian; Western Slavic - Polish, Koshubian, Czech, Slovak, Lusatian, South Slavic - Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian; dead - Old Church Slavonic (South Slavic), Palabian and Pomeranian (West Slavic). Long before our era, in the territory between the Dnieper and the Vistula, tribes of Slavs became isolated and developed a common Slavic language. TOV- VIcenturies among the Slavs, by that time three groups had separated: southern, western and eastern. The isolation of groups of Slavic tribes was accompanied by the collapse of the common Slavic language into independent languages.

From VII to IX centuries. took shape, and from the 9th to the beginning of the 12th centuries there was an East Slavic (Old Russian) state - Kievan Rus. Population Kievan Rus spoke closely related dialects of the East Slavic (Old Russian) language.

In the 12th-13th centuries, Kievan Rus was divided into separate East Slavic (Old Russian) principalities, the language gave rise to three languages - Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian.

On the northeastern outskirts of Kievan Rus XIVV. The state of Muscovite Rus' began to be created, the population of which spoke the emerging Russian language. During the era of the Moscow State and in subsequent eras, the Russian language was the language of only one of the three East Slavic nationalities.

Original Russian words are divided into 1) common Slavic, 2) East Slavic (Old Russian words) and 3) Russian proper

The Russian language inherited common Slavic (beard, eyebrow, thigh, lip, etc.) and East Slavic (Old Russian) words (hook, blackberry, rope, etc.) from the Common Slavic and East Slavic languages.

Since the 14th century. Russian words proper began to appear in the Russian language (gazebo, stoker, etc.). Russian words themselves were created on the basis of common Slavic, East Slavic (Old Russian) words and borrowed words.

Scientists, determining the origin of native Russian words, compare in all Slavic languages the meaning and pronunciation of words denoting the same objects, phenomena, signs, actions. Common Slavic words will be those that appear in all or most Slavic languages, and among these languages there must necessarily be, if not all, then at least a part of each of all three groups of Slavic languages (Eastern, Southern and Western). If it turns out that words exist, for example, only in Bulgarian, then these are South Slavic words; if in Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian, then these are East Slavic words. if words are found in only one of the languages, then they are already the own formations of one or another Slavic language, for example, Russian.

In K.I. Chukovsky’s book “Alive as Life,” the Russian language is described as a living organism that successfully grows and develops from year to year. New words are created and old ones disappear. because life moves forward. Some objects and concepts are born, others die. Some words remain in the language, although the concepts they denoted have long disappeared from life. they continue to live, maintaining a figurative meaning.

According to the testimony of contemporaries, Pushkin, shortly before his death, heard from the famous collector of Russian words Vladimir Dahl that the skin that a snake sheds annually is popularly called “crawl.” He fell in love with this figurative word: after all, the snake really seems to be crawling out of an old skin. They remember that soon the poet came to Dahl in a new frock coat. “What a crawl,” he said…. Well, I won’t crawl out of this crawl anytime soon. In this crawl space I will write this...” But fate decreed otherwise. A few days later, wearing this frock coat, Pushkin was mortally wounded. Just before his death, having given Dahl his ring, which he considered a talisman, he managed to say: “Take the creeper for yourself too.” This coat with a bullet hole in the right field was kept by Dahl for a long time.

A.S. Pushkin not only made a huge, invaluable contribution to the development of Russian literature. He is rightly called the founder of modern Russian literary language. “There is no doubt,” wrote Turgenev, “that he created our poetic, our literary language and that we and our descendants can only follow the path paved by his genius.” Lomonosov prepared the ground for the creation of a unified literary language, while Pushkin, according to Belinsky, “made a miracle out of the Russian language.” He managed to throw off the stylistic shackles of previous literary schools and movements and freed himself from conventional genre canons. It was he who brought the poetic “language of the gods” closer to living Russian speech.

Pushkin was named long ago national poet. And not only because from the wilderness of the village the poet greedily absorbed folk words, listened to and wrote down fairy tales, proverbs and sayings. This element was close to his heart. “Something familiar is heard in the coachman’s long songs...” Pushkin called folk speech “a living and boiling source.” His advice is known: “Fellow writers, read folk tales.”

Pushkin's language is unusually rich. According to the number of consumed different words he surpasses such geniuses of world literature as Shakespeare and Cervantes.

But language changes constantly, and we will not find some words known to us in Pushkin. Pushkin did the most important thing: he united different stylistic layers of the Russian language, crossed book and folk speech into artistic creations unsurpassed in their perfection and originality.

I believe that language is the greatest value of a people. Language reflects our thinking, mental development and is an indicator of our culture.

Alive as life

Alive as life
From the essay “What, finally, is the essence of Russian poetry” (1846) by N. V. Gogol (1809-1952). The writer speaks in it about the merits of the Russian language itself: “Our extraordinary language is still a secret. It contains all the tones and shades, all the transitions of sounds from the hardest to the most gentle and soft; it is limitless and can, alive as life, be enriched every minute, drawing, on the one hand, lofty words from the language of the church and biblical, and on the other hand, choosing apt names from its countless dialects...”

Encyclopedic dictionary of popular words and expressions. - M.: “Locked-Press”. Vadim Serov. 2003.

See what “Alive as life” is in other dictionaries:

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Books

, K.I. Chukovsky. People are beginning to get acquainted with the work of Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky (1882-1969). early childhood so that throughout your life you can discover new facets of a writer’s talent. Get to know…
Collected works. In 15 volumes. Volume 4. Alive as life. About the Russian language. Chekhov. Repin. Appendix, Chukovsky Korney Ivanovich. People begin to get acquainted with the work of Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky (1882-1969) in early childhood, so that throughout their lives they can discover new facets of the writer’s talent. Get to know…

On our planet today there are about six thousand languages, some of them have no written language, some are spoken by a very small percentage of the population. But, nevertheless, they all exist and, of course, are developing. Language is a living organism just like a person. Language development is the enrichment of vocabulary, the transition from one part of speech to another, the obsolescence of words, the expansion of the meaning of a word, and so on. It's sad when a language stops developing. This happens for various reasons.

First of all, because this language is spoken

several hundred people, the old generation is leaving, and the younger generation does not want to use the language of their ancestors. As a result, an entire heritage, a unique vision of the world, has been lost. Today, experts are concerned: languages are disappearing at a tremendous rate, so that of the six thousand languages and dialects of the whole world, in a hundred years only half will remain.

Also, languages are dying out in those countries (USA, Australia) where speakers of the original native speech are forced into isolated areas. In order to participate in the general life of the country, they must switch to its main language, thereby losing their own.

Some dead languages are still used in our lives, but we do not use them either in writing or in communication. oral speech. For example, the language of the church, Latin, which is used in some Catholic rites, Tibetan is used in the Lamaist church among the Mongolian peoples. Interesting story in Hebrew. It is a modern modification of the Hebrew language. Here the dead language of the church was transformed into a spoken language, that is, the dead language seemed to come to life and began its second life.

It’s very bad when a language dies, so every nation should take care of the development of its language, know and respect it, and especially not litter it with foreign “words” and slang expressions.