In this article we will talk about the types of predicates, dwell in detail on the compound nominal and its connectives, and give examples.
As you know, the predicate and subject are the main members. The predicate usually agrees in person, gender and number with the subject. It expresses the grammatical meaning of the indicative, imperative or conditional mood.
Main types of predicates:
1) simple verb;
2) compound verb;
3) compound nominal predicate (see examples below).
Two principles for identifying types of predicates
They are divided according to two principles. The types of predicates are classified as follows:
1) by composition;
2) by their morphological nature.
In the first case, types such as simple and compound are distinguished. The latter includes compound nominal and verbal predicates. Based on the second principle, nominal and verbal are distinguished. Nominal part compound predicate can be expressed as an adjective, noun and adverb. These divisions intersect. So, it can be compound or simple verbal predicate, and the nominal is always compound.
Simple verb predicate
The definition of which, as you will see, has some nuances, expresses the verb in conjugated form, that is, used in the form of the mood (indicative, conditional or imperative). It also includes those options that do not have a formal indicator of tense, mood and subordination to the subject. These are truncated ones (grab, push, bam, etc.), as well as the infinitive used in the indicative mood. In addition, a simple verbal predicate can also be represented by the conjugated form of the verb + (come on, yes, let, let, as if, it was, as if, exactly, as if, just, etc.)
Compound nominal predicate
As already mentioned, the nominal type is always compound, including those cases when it is represented by only one word form. Despite the fact that there is only one word expressing it, such sentences contain a compound nominal predicate. We give the following examples: “He is young. He is worried about his work and worries.”
Such predicates always have two components. The first is a copula that expresses predicative categories of time and modality. The second is the connecting part, it indicates the real main content of this type of predicate.
Copula in a compound nominal predicate
The doctrine of the copula in the Russian science of syntax has been developed in detail. The peculiarity of the traditional approach is that this term is understood broadly. Firstly, the copula is the word “to be”, the only meaning of which is an indication of tense and modality. Secondly, it refers to verbs with a modified and weakened meaning to one degree or another, which express not only predicative categories, but also put material content into such a predicate.
Compare examples: he was sad - he seemed (became) sad - he came back sad.
In the first sentence, the connective “to be” is abstract, it is a function word, a formant, which has grammatical forms of tense and mood, which is characteristic of a verb. However, it is not a verb, since it does not have a procedural action or attribute, as well as the category of aspect that any of them possesses.
Notable and semi-nominal connectives
Other examples present connectives of a different type - denominative and semi-nominal. The latter introduce the meaning of the emergence of a sign (to become/become), its preservation (to remain/to remain), external detection (to appear/to appear), to the inclusion of an external carrier (to be known/to be known, to be called, to be considered) into a compound nominal predicate.
The following examples can be given: he became smart - he remained smart - he seemed smart - he was known as smart.
Denominative connectives are verbs with a definite, specific meaning (mostly denoting movement or being in a particular state). They are able to attach to themselves either a noun in the etc. with meaning qualitative characteristics, or an adjective in the form T.p. or I.p.
Sentences with a compound nominal predicate with significant connectives can be given as examples:
1. He came hungry (hungry).
2. The boys remained tomboys.
Connection "to be"
The connective “to be,” being abstract, does not have a present tense form in the indicative mood, therefore its expression in this mood is the very absence of the connective. Such sentences, oddly enough, also have a compound nominal predicate. Examples:
1. It's in vain.
2. The evening is wonderful.
3. The road is good.
The verb “to be”, which has two meanings, should be distinguished from the copula:
1. To be present (We were in the theater. There were many performances at that time).
2. Have (my sister had a doll).
Connections "essence" and "is"
The words "essence" and "is", which go back to the third person present tense forms of the verb "to be", in modern language are considered service words, namely particles.
The absence of a connective is called its zero form. This definition was formulated by A. M. Peshkovsky; it was the first attempt to study syntactic phenomena in a paradigmatic aspect. The introduction of this concept means that a syntactic construction (that is, the predicative basis of a certain nominal is studied not as such separately, but in a certain series. This is illustrated by the following examples:
1. The street will (was) crowded.
2. The street would be crowded.
3. The street is crowded.
Compound verb predicate
We looked at such types of predicates as simple verb and compound nominal. Let us now dwell in more detail on the compound verbal predicate. It includes two components - the infinitive and the conjugated verb form. The latter, with its grammatical form and lexical meaning, expresses the temporal, modal and aspectual characteristics of some action, which is indicated by the infinitive. The infinitive can be attached to verbs belonging to several semantic groups (wanted to work, started working, came to work, forced to work).
Rules for determining a compound verbal predicate
A compound predicate, according to grammatical tradition, is not any compound with the infinitive of the conjugated form. In order to be able to talk about it, two requirements must be met:
1. The infinitive in such a predicate does not denote any action, but only a certain substance, the same as the conjugated verbal form, that is, some object called the subject.
The following examples can be given. On the one hand, he wanted to work, he started working, he can work, he knows how to work. On the other hand, his parents forced him to work, everyone asked the girl to sing, the boss ordered him to complete the task. In the first case, in which compound verbal predicates are presented, the infinitive is usually called subjective, since it denotes the action of some substance, the same as the conjugated verbal form. In the second case, there is an objective infinitive, which is traditionally not included in the compound predicate, but is spoken of as a secondary member.
2. When determining the boundaries of a compound predicate, one should take into account the nature of the semantic relationship between the infinitive and the conjugated verbal form. The infinitive with the meaning of purpose is not included in it. It has this meaning with various verbs of motion: I came to work, I came to chat, I came running to find out, I was sent to find out. The infinitive of the goal (which can be, as is clear from the examples, both objective and subjective) is minor member. Only compounds of the infinitive with verbs that are the most abstract in meaning (with modal and phase verbs) should be considered compound predicates.
The compound verbal predicate is thus understood as a designation of an action, some procedural feature, which is characterized in aspectual (started to work) or modal (wanted to work) terms, or simultaneously in both of them (wanted to start working).
We examined the main types of predicates, dwelling in detail on the compound nominal and the various connectives that are present in it. It's just brief overview this topic, more detailed information can be found in any grammar textbook in the section on syntax.
Predicate, consisting of a nominal part and a linking verb is called a compound nominal predicate.
The linking verb to be is the most commonly used. The connective in the sentence may be omitted.
Compound nominal predicate, which is abbreviated as SIS, consists of two parts:
a) auxiliary part - the copula expresses grammatical meaning;
b) main part – nominal part expresses lexical meaning.
When parsing, the predicate is indicated by two horizontal lines.
The nominal part of a compound predicate is expressed:
adjective name.
Let's give an example: the road was bad;
noun.
Let's give an example: a dog is a faithful friend;
Comparative degree of an adjective.
Let's give an example: her hair is longer than her shoulders;
A short turn of the passive participle.
Let's give an example: food is eaten;
A short adjective.
Let's give an example: the morning is fresh;
Adverb.
Let's give an example: the error was obvious;
Numeral name.
Let's give an example: five five - twenty five;
Pronoun.
Let's give an example: this book is yours;
Syntactically integral phrase.
Let's give an example: she fell face down into the mud;
Type of connective by meaning:
Grammatical connective – expresses only grammatical meaning (tense, mood), has no lexical meaning.
Typical verbs:
Verbs to be, to appear. In the present tense, the copula be is usually in the zero form (“zero copula”): the absence of the copula indicates the present tense of the indicative mood.
Here are some examples:
She was a teacher.
She will be a teacher.
She's a teacher.
She was a waitress.
She will be a waitress.
She's a waitress.
She is a waitress.
Lyrics are the highest manifestation of art.
Type of connective by meaning:
The semi-nominal copula not only expresses the grammatical meaning, but also introduces additional shades into the lexical meaning of the predicate, but cannot be an independent predicate (in that meaning).
Typical verbs:
a) the emergence or development of a sign: to become, to become, to be done, to become;
b) preservation of the sign: stay;
c) manifestation, detection of a sign: to happen, to appear;
d) assessment of a sign from the point of view of reality: to appear, to seem, to introduce oneself, to be considered, to be reputed;
e) name of the attribute: to be called, to be called, to be revered.
Here are some examples:
He became sick.
He remained ill.
He was sick every autumn.
He turned out to be sick.
He was considered sick.
He seemed sick.
He is sick.
He was considered sick.
They were called sick.
Type of connective by meaning:
The nominative connective is a verb with a full lexical meaning (one can act as a predicate).
Typical verbs:
a) Verbs of position in space: sit, lie, stand;
b) verbs of motion: go, come, return, wander;
c) verbs of state: live, work, be born, die.
Here are some examples:
She sat tired.
He left angry.
He returned upset.
He lived as a hermit.
He was born happy.
He died a hero.
Predicate along with the subject, it is an element of the grammatical basis of the sentence. The predicate denotes the action that the subject performs, as well as its state or attribute, therefore, the predicate answers questions what to do? what to do? what happens to the item? what is the subject? what is he? Who is he? As a rule, the predicate is expressed by a verb, but there are other ways of expressing it - noun, adjective, pronoun, participle, etc.
The predicate of the Russian language is represented by three types - simple verbal predicate, compound verb and compound nominal. In order to quickly and correctly determine the type of predicate in a particular case, it is necessary, firstly, to present a diagram of the composition of the predicate, and secondly, to be able to apply the theoretical scheme to specific linguistic material. Let's look at the types of predicates, briefly describe each of them and follow the implementation with an example.
1. Simple verb predicate.
This is the simplest type of predicate - it is expressed by a verb in some mood. For example, he plays; would have come earlier etc. Most often, this type is remembered using the formula: one word in the predicate, which means the predicate is a simple verb. It is not difficult to guess that this formula is erroneous: this type include predicates that contain 2, 3 and even more words. For example:
He will for a long time recall about the past(future complex).
Let stars forever illuminate your long, long winter journey(imperative).
He lost his temper (phraseologism).
They waited, waited And didn't wait (repetition of one verb in different forms).
Spring waited, waited nature(repetition of the same verb forms).
Don't be offended, but it will still be in my opinion(repetition of one verb with the particle not).
I'll go for a walk (a combination of different verbs in the same form).
2. Compound verb predicate.
This predicate is built according to the scheme: auxiliary verb + infinitive. All these elements must be present in the predicate so that we can call it a compound verb! Again, you should not think that this predicate consists of 2 components - there may be more.
He wants to enroll to the institute.
I'm long couldn't with them meet.
You must study.
He was looking to have fun.
I was unable to think about this.
Note that phase verbs (those that denote the phase of action) most often act as auxiliary elements - start, continue, become, quit) or modal words ( must, must, wants).
3. Compound nominal predicate.
Such a predicate consists of a linking verb and a nominal part. The most common linking verb be, but you can also find other connections. The nominal part is expressed as an adjective. Noun, adverb, participle, pronoun, etc.
Weather was good.
The book is true Friend.
He has character harder steel.
Grass beveled.
Evening quiet.
Error was obvious.
Twice two - four.
This notebook my.
As you can see, determining the type of predicate is not a difficult task; you just need to confidently and completely know the material and, most importantly, be able to navigate it.
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In a compound nominal predicate, just as in a compound verb, two constructive components are always distinguished: 1) bunch, the main purpose of which is to express purely grammatical, predicative categories of modality and tense; 2) personal (binding) Part, which contains the material content of the predicate. For example: These plants were faithful friends kids(K. Paustovsky); Dawn was blue, cold ... (B. Pilnyak); Shura Shlesinger was tall thin woman with the right features a little masculine faces (B. Pasternak). It is important to understand that the auxiliary component of a compound nominal predicate may not have a verbal expression at all, i.e. the copula is represented by the zero form, but the predicate always remains two-component, i.e. compound: I - disobedient And free (A. Blok).
The connective function primarily uses the word be. Abstract (or ideal) copula be not only expresses the grammatical meaning of modality and tense, but also connects the predicate with the subject.
Abstract connectives also include to represent, to appear, to appear, to appear, to be considered, to remain, to look, to appear, to become, to return, to become etc.
Sometimes they are classified as a group of improper connectives1. They are characterized by a weakened and modified lexical meaning and introduce different semantic shades into the real meaning of the predicate. Wed: He was kind; He became kind; He seemed kind; He back kind.
If the abstract connective be is a purely function word, then connectives of the second type are divided into semi-significant And significant.
Semi-nominal connectives introduce a number of their own meanings into the compound nominal predicate: 1) the appearance of the attribute: make– become, become – become;2) preservation of the characteristic: stay – stay;
3) external detection of a sign: turn out– get out, get out - get out, turn out - turn out to be; 4) attribution of a sign to its bearer from the outside, naming: reputed - to be known, to appear, to be considered, to be called, to be named, to be called;5) evaluation of a characteristic as supposed, apparent, imaginary: seem - appear, appear, be reputed: For example: The man suddenly turned purple, and through the tan his face became brick
(A. Serafimovich); Spectacle it was getting scary
(A. Kuprin); Blacksmith reputed to be a man Very reasonable
(N. Leskov); Measurement of ravines turned out to be difficult
(K. Paustovsky).
Significant connectives are verbs with a specific lexical meaning (usually movement And stay in some state of activity). They enter into a syntactic relationship either with an adjective in the form of the nominative or instrumental case, or with a noun in the instrumental case. These are the words go, return, sit, be born, live, work, toil, work hard etc.2 He walked happy (K. Fedin); Sadykov arrived cloudy, business,tired And effective ... (B. Pilnyak); Spring turned out to be different for ordinary Russian winters(K. Paustovsky); Levka sat down first on the only stool at the wooden table(A. Tolstoy); What, Akulina, you live like a beggar ? (M. Gorky); People in Yeni-Kala lived a stingy And poor ... (K. Paustovsky). The creative predicative in an intensifying meaning can be combined with the nominative case of the same name: ... At home you live like a pig, you don't accept anyone... (A. Pushkin). The same way of expressing the real part of a compound nominal predicate is also possible with an abstract connective: And she a cloud of clouds (N. Leskov); She's in front of you freak is a freak (A. Pushkin).
Particles: this is, like, exactly, as if, like, like, akin etc. do not replace the verb connective be, but only combined with it in various forms, including in zero, only emphasizing the functions of the ligament be. For example: You - exactly sentence to exile For malnutrition, lack of sleep, lack of food, for lack of food and pain in the back of the head(B. Pasternak); Punctuation marks – This like musical notes(K. Paustovsky); Chinar – This tree weaver weaving itself(N. Zabolotsky).
The binding part of a compound nominal predicate denotes a passive predicative feature of the subject. Most often, the role of the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate is played by the so-called predicative forms of nominal parts of speech. These include:
1. Indeclinable short adjectives and passive participles. In a sentence they function exclusively as nominal parts of a compound predicate1. For example: You deaf ! – Levi growled... (M. Bulgakov); Grandma's face solemnly And wearily (V. Astafiev); The security guard was furious (K. Paustovsky); Eucalyptus leaves are always rotated ribs to the sun...(K. Paustovsky). Their use in another function is stylistically determined: The mermaid swam along the blue river, illuminated by the full moon(M. Lermontov).
2. Declinable nouns, full adjectives and participles, numerals, pronouns in the nominative or instrumental forms. Both of these case forms have the same meaning and can, due to functional equivalence, replace each other: The person in other people is soul person(B. Pasternak); Lara was the purest creature in the world(B. Pasternak); A minute later she came back outwardly calm (B. Pasternak); The field seemed to be running endless (B. Pasternak); This house is my (M. Gorky).
The role of the nominal part with the corresponding abstract connective can be a noun in the form of the accusative case without a preposition: Soon the house represented sleepy kingdom (B. Pasternak); The voice represents fight verb with unattended tense(I. Brodsky). In the position of the nominal part it is possible accusative case animate nouns with preposition for: For the headman there will be Ivanova; For the commander junior sergeant remains.
The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate can be represented by a phrase in the form of the nominative or instrumental case. For example: Which crazy thing waltz! (B. Pasternak); But old carpet became favorite thing boy(A. Kuprin).
Conditionally non-predicative (not typical) for this function are all other forms of indirect cases of the noun and other substantivized parts of speech, including the instrumental case of comparison: lips in a bow, ring mustache etc.: I have sponges with a bow; Then, as you can imagine, I was in difficult condition (K. Paustovsky); There was shooting on an invisible target (A. Tvardovsky); Now Tatyana Petrovna looked least like for adults (K. Paustovsky); All six letters were from Dasha (A. Tolstoy); The whole city was on my feet (K. Paustovsky); I am today with money (K. Paustovsky); Briefcase - made of leather; Textile - in a box; She - from across the Dnieper etc.
The real meaning as part of a nominal predicate can be conveyed by parts of speech that do not have inflectional forms. Because of this, it is, of course, not actually nominal. It would be more correct to call it non-verbal. In a compound nonverbal predicate, the anchoring component is primarily adverbs, a relatively small group of them. These are the words tipsy, hastily, at the ready, wide open, by the way, on the alert, on guard, protruding etc. For example: Since then, when I met Fedya, I was on guard (K. Paustovsky); The windows were wide open (K. Paustovsky). In the same function it is used invariable comparative form qualitative adjectives (comparative): And my future still appears to me more hopeless (L. Tolstoy); Strawberries are here larger (A. Griboyedov); And the laughter more (A. Griboyedov).
Participles like swollen, swollen, drunk, wet, chilled etc. are used mainly in common parlance: My Vasyatka’s ear is always swollen from this yat(A. Chekhov); The watchman came having drunk.
The infinitive as a linking part of a compound nominal predicate is used only with connectives to be means to mean. Moreover, it is often parallel to the subject infinitive. For example: Smoking is good for health harm. The subject position is usually occupied by nouns in nominative case with abstract semantics duty, matter, work, task, idea, duty, substantivized adjectives and combinations most important, most important etc. The infinitive can have any lexical meaning. For example: Task - collect harvest; Our goal is carry out experiment; The most important thing is get treatment .
Entire phrases can also be in the position of the nominal part if the noun in their composition does not have sufficient semantic completeness: The church was new construction (B. Pasternak); The ebony wardrobe was huge size (B. Pasternak).
As part of the nominal predicate, a special variety of it is isolated - the so-called double predicate. It consists of two full-valued words, the verbs in them have the meaning primarily of movement in space, activity or state and, as a rule, adjectives and participles used in interchangeable forms of Im.p. and TV. cases. For example: We are back from fishing happy (satisfied ). The subject and predicate are connected by gravity, which determines the possibility of literary use of the nominal part of the predicate in two forms - instrumental and nominative case.
A compound nominal (non-verbal) predicate, like a compound verb, can have complicated forms. Complication occurs due to that part of the compound predicate that does not express its real meaning. It can be modified by one or even two phase verbs, characteristic of a compound verbal predicate: in the end the dream is to reach the front line started seem unrealistic to them(K. Simonov); Little by little conversation started to become almost serious(F. Dostoevsky). Modal verbs can complicate things: Life and should be admirable(I. Bunin); After that everyone can hope be my son-in-law(L. Tolstoy).
4. Question about a complex (mixed) predicate
According to N.S. Valgina, a verbal predicate consisting of three or more quantitative components is complex. According to its qualitative composition, it can be mixed, those. combine the features of a compound verb and a compound nominal predicate. IN mixed polynomials predicates combine components of both: wanted to become a diplomat...1. Here, from the verbal predicate, the modal verb wanted from nominal – semi-nominal copula and nominal part become a diplomat. As I.P. Raspopov writes, this qualification of this type of predicate “seems to be the most accurate, since in these cases there is a peculiar contamination of the forms of the compound verbal and compound nominal predicate”2. For example: this night it was impossible to sleep (B. Pilnyak); Nobody can't like this all the time want to be loved ... (M. Lermontov); …I ready to be an item from the past(I. Brodsky).
However, according to P.A. Lekant, the form of a polynomial predicate, the real meaning of which is expressed by an infinitive or a name, is - complicated the form of a compound verbal or nominal predicate, regardless of the quantity and quality of components in the auxiliary part3. Only the auxiliary part can be polynomial and mixed, but the predicate always remains two-component. Wed: He continued/work. - He wanted to continue/work; He was ready to continue /work; He expressed a desire to continue /work. She was kind. She remained/ kind. - She wanted to stay/ kind. - She was ready to stay/ kind. - She expressed her dream of staying/ kind.
Thus, a mixed polynomial predicate is complicated compound verbal or compound nominal predicate: Respecting subordination, Boris had to / report for the colonel...(Yu. Bondarev); His steps are already stopped being/heard (L. Tolstoy).
Compound nominal predicate is a predicate that consists of two parts:
A) Main part - nominal part, which expresses lexical meaning;
b) Auxiliary part- a linking verb in conjugated form that expresses grammatical feature predicate: time and mood.
She was a singer. She became a singer.
Ways of expressing the main part of a compound nominal predicate.
Main part of a compound nominal predicate can be expressed by the following forms and parts of speech:
There are sounds of explosions here seemed louder. You the kindest in the world.
3. A pronoun or phrase with a main word expressed by a pronoun:
It was something interesting. All happiness - yours.
Her sister Married for my friend. They were on guard.
Note.
1) Participles and short forms of adjectives in a sentence are always part of a compound nominal predicate;
2) Even in cases where the predicate consists of one word - an adverb or a significant part of speech, then we still have before us a compound nominal predicate with a zero connective;
3) The nominative and instrumental cases are the most common forms of the main part of the compound nominal predicate.
