Representatives of the genera are common among lichens Cladonia, Hypogymnia, Parmelia , and among the mosses - Dicranum, Mnium etc. Lichen diseases are found everywhere on all berry bushes and trees.

The description of these diseases of apple trees should begin with the fact that they develop when plantings are dense, poor ventilation, poor lighting of the bushes, and conditions of high humidity are created. Such conditions are very favorable for the development of lichens and mosses, pathogenic microorganisms that cause bark necrosis, stem and root rot. Any plant covered with lichens has a sparse crown and weak growth of shoots; lichens from one tree or shrub quickly spread to neighboring ones.

The thalli of lichens retain moisture on the surface of the bark, which can cause the formation of frost holes in severe winters, and many insect pests constantly overwinter under the thalli. The spread of lichens and mosses indicates, first of all, the weakening of plants.

Seeing a description of the apple tree disease with photographs, you can arm yourself with knowledge about the potential danger and begin to fight it as recommended below.

Control measures. Constantly cleaning and removing thalli from trunks and skeletal branches and spraying plants in the fall with a solution of ferrous sulfate (300 g/10 l of water).

Look at the lichen diseases of apple trees in the photographs, which show the most typical symptoms:

The main diseases of the bark and trunk of apple trees are caused by fungi and are combined into a group called cancer. Further in the material, these apple tree bark diseases and their treatment are discussed with a description of the characteristic symptoms.

Common or European apple tree cancer.

The causative agent is a fungus Neonectria galligena (Bres.) Rossman & Samuels (syn. Nectria galligena Bres.). Elongated spots appear on the bark brown spots which dry out and crack. Beneath them, ulcers with raised edges of callus tissue are exposed. Over the years, the ulcers increase in size and depth, and the wood gradually dies. When young plants are damaged, death occurs after 2-3 years.

On the trunks an open form of cancer is detected in the form of deep ulcers, on the branches there is often a closed form, in which the nodules grow together and a gap remains. When the disease manifests itself on a massive scale, deep ulcers also form on the skeletal branches. In the affected wood, sporulation develops along the edges of the canker in the form of whitish-cream pads that dry out and darken over time. The spores recharge neighboring branches and leaves.

Affected leaves become chlorotic, necrotic brown spots without borders appear on them, the leaves gradually dry out and fall off prematurely. Brown spots appear on the fruit on the stem side, which lead to rapid rotting. The infection persists in the affected wood and plant debris.

The disease is widespread on almost all fruit and berry crops, ornamental and deciduous tree species. With dense plantings, constant re-infection of plants is possible. The disease most often manifests itself on weakened planting material and in places of frost damage and mechanical damage to the bark of trunks and branches.

Control measures. Using healthy planting material without any necrosis of the bark and ulcers on the shoots. Compliance with all agrotechnical requirements for growing this crop. Timely pruning of affected branches with cankers and burning them. Individual ulcers in the forks of skeletal branches are disinfected with a 1% solution copper sulfate and cover up oil paint on natural drying oil. Annual preventive spraying of plant bark before leaves bloom with Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes (HOM, Abiga-Peak).

Black apple tree cancer.

The causative agent is a fungus Sphaeropsis malorum Berck . Black cancer often begins to develop in the forks of skeletal branches of trees. First, reddish-brown depressed spots form, then they darken, and numerous black fruiting bodies - pycnidia - appear on the bark. The affected bark turns black, becomes lumpy and resembles goose skin; over time it cracks, dries out and peels off from the wood in entire layers.

Dark brown spots appear on the leaves and fruits, similar to black rot. When the trunks are affected, the disease causes the trees to dry out within 1-2 years from the moment the first symptoms appear. With dense plantings of trees, the disease quickly spreads from tree to tree, from apple trees to pears.

Only the damage to the bark looks a little different: the cracks along the edge are deeper, the dead bark does not turn black, but is covered with numerous cracks and crumbles easily. When the disease spreads on mature trees, it is necessary to cut out dried skeletal branches every year, which is why the tree crowns take on an ugly appearance. The infection persists in the affected bark and in affected plant debris.

Control measures. Compliance with all requirements of agricultural cultivation technology fruit crops, use of healthy planting material. Preventive annual spraying of trees, especially trunks and skeletal branches, with 1% Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes (HOM, Abiga-Peak). Timely pruning of dried branches, removal of dried trees, stripping of affected bark, disinfection of wounds, cuts, cuts with 1% copper sulfate and coating with oil paint on natural drying oil.

Cytosporosis, or infectious drying of the apple tree bark.

The causative agents of this apple tree disease are fungi Cytospora schulzeri Sacc. et Syd. (syn. C. capitata Sacc. et Schulz.) and C. carphosperma Fr. - on an apple tree, C. microspora Roberh. - on apple and pear trees. The disease is manifested by browning and death of the bark of branches, skeletal branches and trunks. Numerous convex stromas in the form of gray-brown tubercles are formed on the affected tissue.

At first they are submerged, then erupting, bluntly cone-shaped. The affected bark dries out, acquiring a finely lumpy appearance from the sporulation of the fungus, but does not peel off, but becomes wet. The fungus enters the plant through mechanical damage and spreads from the bark into the cambium and wood, causing premature drying of the branches. Fruit trees in nurseries are severely affected by dense planting and frequent pruning of the crown during the formation process. The spread of infection is facilitated by weakening of plants from exposure to low temperatures, sunburn, mechanical damage to the cortex. The infection persists in the affected branches and trunk bark and spreads when low-quality planting material is used.

Protection measures for apple tree disease are the same as the treatment methods against black cancer.

Look at the manifestations of this apple tree disease in the photo, where all the typical symptoms of bark damage are clearly visible:

Spring diseases of apple trees actually develop during the winter, but their obvious signs begin to appear after the snow cover melts and above-zero temperatures. The following are diseases of apple tree branches that are more common than others: their symptoms are shown and control measures are described.

Study these apple tree diseases and the fight against them using photos that richly illustrate each type of lesion:

Tubercularosis, or drying out of apple tree branches.

The causative agent is a fungus Tubercularia vulgaris Tode . Conidial stage of the fungus - Nectria cinnabarina (Tode) Fr. The disease occurs on many shrubs and deciduous trees and causes necrosis (death) of the bark. During the growing season, the leaves and shoots quickly turn brown and dry out. Numerous brick-red sporulation pads with a diameter of up to 2 mm are formed on the surface of the affected bark; over time they darken and dry out. The development of the fungus causes the death of the bark and phloem of individual branches and shoots. Often, infection of plants in gardens begins with red currant bushes, for which tubercular necrosis is the main disease. The infection persists in the bark of the affected shoots.

Control measures the same as against ordinary cancer.

Comber.

The causative agent is a fungus Schyzophyllum commune Fr. The comb plant settles on the branches and trunks of weakened, often frozen trees and causes the development of trunk rot. Affects many fruit trees and shrubs and hardwoods trees. On the affected bark, fruiting bodies are formed in the form of leathery thin caps of a grayish-white color with pronounced zonal stripes. The caps are numerous, attached sideways to the trunk or skeletal branches. As a result of the rapid spread of stem rot, the affected trees gradually dry out. The infection persists in the fruiting bodies of the fungus and in the affected wood.

Control measures. Pruning and burning of fruiting bodies, stripping wood, removing dried branches and individual trees. Disinfection of wounds and cuts with 1% copper sulfate and coating with oil paint on drying oil. Annual mandatory preventive spraying of trees before the leaves bloom, so that the drug solution wets the bark with 1% Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes (HOM, Abiga-Peak).

The most common apple tree trunk disease is root rot, it is rivaled in prevalence only by scab. We invite you to learn about apple tree trunk diseases and their treatment. necessary information so that this defeat does not take you by surprise.

Root rot, or honey fungus, of apple trees.

The causative agent is a fungus Armillaria mellea (Vahl.) P. Kumm. (syn.Armillariella mellea (Vahl.) P. Karst.), causes peripheral wood rot. Honey fungus grows on the roots of living trees and shrubs, as well as on stumps.

Under the affected bark of roots, butts, bases of trunks and shoots, the fungus forms a network of black flat cords - a rhizomorph, with the help of which it actively spreads. Numerous fruiting bodies are formed on the mycelium in the form of yellow-brown caps with a stalk and a membranous ring under the cap. The fungus persists in wood, in the soil in affected plant debris, penetrates the root system of trees and shrubs, causes the death of wood roots and trunks, which is why honey fungus damage is called peripheral rot. The main signs of this disease of apple trees are visible to the naked eye: various annular spots along the entire trunk, covered with a brownish coating.

Control measures. Preventive spraying of trunks and branches with 1% Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes (HOM, Abiga-Peak). Removing and burning affected dead trees along with their roots. At the first signs of infection, the soil under the trees is spilled with a solution of a copper-containing preparation. At industrial cultivation in the nursery roots and butt part woody plants treated with a tank mixture: foundationol (0.2%) + HOM (0.4%).

Apple scab.

The causative agent is a fungus Venturia inaegualis Wint . with conidial stage of Fusicladium dendriticura (Wallr.) Fuck. Dark green velvety spots appear on the upper side of the leaves, gradually turning brown, the leaves turn yellow and fall off prematurely. When infected in spring and early summer, the spots are large, later, with repeated reinfections, they are small and hardly noticeable. The spores re-infect the ovaries, less often young shoots, the fruits become stained and become unfit for consumption. With the widespread spread of scab, the marketability of fruits, decorativeness and winter hardiness of trees are reduced. The development of the disease is favored by wet, cold spring and abundant rainfall in summer. The pathogen has a narrow specialization, that is, the fungus affects only the apple tree and does not spread to other trees. The infection persists in the affected plant debris.

Control measures. Collection and removal (possibly composting) of fallen affected leaves. Spraying trees, starting from the green cone phase and, if necessary, summer time, taking into account the waiting period, one of the drugs: 1% Bordeaux mixture, HOM, Abiga-Pik, speed, rayok. It’s easier to navigate by phases: before flowering and immediately after flowering.

Look at these apple tree trunk diseases in the photo, which shows typical symptoms of fungal infection:

Apple tree disease in which leaves curl

Powdery mildew is a disease of the apple tree in which the leaves curl and quickly dry out, and the shoots stop growing.

Look at this apple tree disease with a photo and description, it also talks about possible measures to combat fungal infection in a personal plot:

The causative agent is a fungus Podosphaera leucotricha Salm . As early as May, spots of grayish-white plaque may appear on young inflorescences and leaves, the spores of which re-infect the growing leaves and shoots. Affected leaves curl and dry out, shoots become deformed and stop growing. Affected buds do not produce fruit, and with later infection, a rusty mesh of cork tissue appears on the fruit. Powdery mildew appears more often in dense gardens or due to their low light and ventilation of the plantings. The disease is common on apple trees, but also occurs on pears, only in weak degree. The infection persists in the fruiting bodies in the affected leaves and bark and the mycelium in the buds of the shoots, from which the primary infection of young leaves begins.

Control measures. Compliance with all requirements of agricultural technology for growing fruit crops, timely removal of heavily affected shoots from young trees, collection of fallen leaves and their composting. Preventive spraying of trees when the first symptoms of powdery mildew appear.

Apple tree rust.

The causative agent is a fungus Gymnosporangium tremelloides Hartig. (syn. G. juniperinum Mart.) , affects mainly leaves, less often shoots and fruits. Orange-red round cushion-shaped spots with small black dots appear on the leaves on the upper side, and orange cone-shaped aecia are formed on the lower side, which turn brown over time. The apple tree is an intermediate host. The fungus overwinters and develops on Cossack juniper. In spring, brown growths with brown mucus appear in cracks in the bark, and the spores re-infect the leaves of the apple tree. When the disease spreads massively, the leaves turn yellow and fall off prematurely. The infection persists in juniper plantings.

Control measures. Spraying trees before flowering or immediately after it with 1% Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes (HOM, Abiga-Peak).

Brown spotting of apple leaves.

Pathogens - fungi Phyllosticta mali Prill, et Del. and Ph. Briardi Sacc . When the first fungus infects the leaves, large angular dark yellow spots with a lighter center and a thin brown rim appear. When infected by a second pathogen, the spots on the leaves are round or angular, light-colored yellow, without border, with a diameter of up to 6 mm. Over time, small dotted black fruiting bodies of the overwintering stage are formed in the necrotic tissue. The leaves turn yellow and fall off prematurely, which affects the ripening of the wood of the shoots and their frost resistance. The infection persists in the affected fallen leaves.

Control measures. Spraying trees in the spring before flowering and immediately after flowering with 1% Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes (HOM, Abiga-Peak), collecting and removing fallen leaves.

The causative agent is a fungus Ascochyta piricola Sacc ., affects both apple and pear trees. The spots on the leaves are round, grayish, merging with each other, and have no border. Over time, black scattered fruiting bodies of the overwintering stage are formed in the necrotic tissue. Affected leaves turn yellow prematurely and fall off. The infection persists in the affected plant debris.

Control measures the same as against brown leaf spot.

Uniform yellowing of leaves between the veins is associated with a large deficiency in the supply of nutrients to young growing leaves. The reason for this may be frost damage and death of the bark or the spread of root and stem rot, as well as necrosis. With severe manifestation of chlorosis, browning and drying of leaves, dying of branches and trunks are subsequently observed.

Control measures. Timely identification of the causes of chlorosis. Preventive spraying of trees in the spring, before leaves bloom, with 1% Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes (HOM, Abiga-Peak). In case of mechanical damage and frost damage, pruning, removal of fruiting bodies of tinder fungi, all cuts and cracks are disinfected with 1% copper sulfate and covered with oil paint.

Look at these diseases on the leaves of an apple tree in the photo, where all the characteristic signs of damage are visible:

Moniliosis is called a disease of apple tree seedlings, since it mainly affects young trees in the first and second years after planting. On adult plants, fresh branches not protected by bark are affected.

Pathogens - fungi Monilia cinerea Bon. f. mali Worm, and M. fructigena Pers. . The first pathogen causes a burn, in which flowers, ovaries, fruit branches and leaves turn brown and dry out, but do not fall off for a long time. The second pathogen causes fruit rot.

Rot appears in places of damage codling moth. Over time, numerous gray sporulation pads in the form of concentric circles form on rotting tissue. Spores are spread by wind, rain, insects and re-infect neighboring fruits. Infected fruits mummify (dry out) and turn black. Remaining hanging on the branches, they are a source of constant infection.

Look at this apple tree disease in pictures that illustrate its gradual development with symptoms typical for each stage:

Control measures. Collecting carrion, removing mummified fruits, pruning dried branches. Spraying trees in the spring, before flowering and immediately after flowering, with 1% Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes (HOM, Abiga-Peak). In case of severe spread of monilial burn and fruit rot, a third spraying with the same preparations is carried out 10-12 days after the second spraying.

There are diseases of apple trees with curled leaves that need to be recognized as soon as possible, as they pose a danger to others garden crops. Familiarize yourself with such diseases of apple tree leaves in the descriptions further on the page: this will allow you to quickly recognize the signs of their occurrence.

Pestalocia spot of apple tree.

The causative agent is a fungus Pestalotia malorum Elenk. et OM . The spots on the leaves are grayish-brown, round, merging. Over time, numerous black sporulation pads form on the necrotic tissue. Affected leaves turn brown and dry out prematurely. The infection persists in the affected fallen leaves.

Control measures. Spraying trees in the spring, before flowering and immediately after it, with 1% Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes (HOM, Abiga Peak), collecting and burning fallen leaves.

Tobacco necrosis virus on apple trees.

Tobacco necrosis virus Tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) manifests itself as a systemic necrotic reaction. Necrotic spots appear on the leaves irregular shape, which concentrates, becomes necrotic, the veins darken, and the leaves die prematurely. Leaf deformation, plant dwarfism, and lack of flowering may occur. The virus affects vegetable, industrial, fruit and berry, flower and ornamental crops. The range of host plants includes representatives of more than 40 families. Transmitted by plant sap and zoospores of Olphidium brassicae.

Control measures. Use of healthy planting material, compliance with all requirements of agricultural technology for growing crops. Timely pruning of leaves and branches with symptoms viral infection, removal and burning of severely affected young trees. Disinfection of garden tools (knives, secateurs) in alcohol, cologne, 1% solution of potassium permanganate after working with affected plants.

Look at these diseases of apple tree leaves in the photo, which shows all the signs at different stages of damage:

Diseases of young apple trees most often have a mixed nature. They are caused by several pathogens at once. The most dangerous diseases are the bark of young apple trees, which can develop after an unsuccessful wintering. If apple tree bark disease in adulthood usually proceeds slowly and the gardener has time to treat it effective treatment. But for young seedlings everything is different. Trees can die in a matter of days.

Bacterial cancer, or bacterial necrosis, of apple bark.

The causative agent is a bacterium Pseudomonas syringae van Hall. (syn. Ps. cerasi Griffin) . Causes bacterial necrosis on both stone and pome crops. The disease resembles a burn. Since spring, browning of the buds and bark of branches, blackening and drying of young shoots and leaves have been observed. Black spots appear on the leaves, cracking along the edges of the leaf blades. The affected bark swells, swellings appear in the form of soft blisters, and depressed spots with a violet-cherry border often form.

The wood of the branches and trunks rots, a sharp sour smell of fermented sap appears, and the trees die. Bacteriosis usually begins with linear necrosis of the cortex and progresses into wide stripes. In the chronic form of cancer, ulcers form on the branches and trunks, which gradually increase in size. Gum is released abundantly from the ulcers. The affected wood turns brown and dies, and the cankers dry out. When cut, cavities filled with mucus and gum formations are visible in the wood. The infection persists in the affected branches, and the bacteria are spread by the wind, insects, pruning tools and mainly with infected planting material.

Look at the manifestations of this apple tree bark disease in the photo showing the characteristic signs of the lesion:

Control measures. Use of healthy planting material, compliance with all agrotechnical requirements for growing crops, timely removal and burning of affected branches and dried trees.

Disinfection of saw cuts, small ulcers and necrosis of bark on trunks with a solution of 1% copper sulfate and coating with oil paint. Preventive annual spraying of trees in the spring, before leaves bloom, with Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes (HOM, Abiga-Peak).

Witches' brooms, or proliferation

These are diseases of apple fruits that damage the ovaries at the budding stage.

Pathogen - phytoplasma Apple proliferation, Apple witch's broom . Symptoms of the disease appear in July-August. On the affected shoots of the apple tree, dormant buds wake up en masse and thin, erect side shoots with short internodes grow. The leaves are small, with short petioles and large stipules, the edges of which have sharp, atypically large teeth.

The fruits on infected branches develop small, on long stalks, flattened and tasteless. Sick trees bloom later than others, they have greening and deformity of flowers, leaf buds open in late dates and the leaves turn yellow and fall off ahead of schedule. Often around the trunk develops abundant root growth. Affected seedlings have a compact appearance due to decreased growth and bushiness of the tree. The disease is spread by grafting, budding, planting material and possibly seeds. In addition to the apple tree, quince is also affected. The infection persists in the affected shoots.

Recommended control measures will tell you how to treat this disease in apple trees., among which the most important thing is the use of healthy planting material and compliance with all requirements of agricultural technology for growing crops. Timely pruning of branches with witches' brooms, removal and burning of heavily affected young trees. Disinfection of garden tools - knives, secateurs in alcohol, cologne, 1% solution of potassium permanganate after working with affected plants.

Corerification of apple fruit skins is a non-infectious disease of fruits. Slightly depressed brownish spots of suberized tissue appear on the fruits, and they are often slightly deformed. Late spring frosts during the flowering of gardens negatively affect the development of flowers, ovaries and young leaves. Frozen flowers and ovaries turn brown and crumble, leaves become deformed and dry out, and partially damaged fruits grow, but their skin becomes corky.

How this apple tree disease manifests itself is shown in the video, which demonstrates the most striking signs:

Control measures. If the temperature is expected to drop during the flowering of gardens, it is recommended to light fires and create a smoke screen. Young trees and shrubs can be covered with spandbond or lutrasil.

Damage to apple trees by low temperatures.

In winters with low temperatures, frequent thaws and insufficient snow, the bark, cambium, and trunk wood of fruit trees are damaged, and frost cracks appear on the trunk and skeletal branches. Solar-frost burns are observed during sharp daily temperature fluctuations, when the sun-heated bark thaws during the day and freezes again at night. Light spots of irregular shape appear on the southern and southwestern sides of the trunk. In spring, slow bud opening is observed, and in summer, weak growth and drying of shoots are observed. At the end of summer, the bark cracks and falls off, the wood of the affected skeletal branches and trunks dies. On weakened trees, fungal and bacterial infection. Very often, the root system of trees freezes completely, and the affected trees dry out at the very beginning of summer.

In most cases, branches and shoots break off under the weight of the first wet snow or heavy snow cover. In some years, branches break under the weight of fruits or strong winds. This also often happens during transportation or when planting trees, especially large ones. Therefore, in the fall, it is better to tie young plants with twine or rope and periodically shake off the snow from them. The first time after planting or transplanting, plants should be tied to a support; this will protect against bending and fractures of the trunks. Any mechanical damage and cuts of trunks and branches should be disinfected with a 1% solution of copper sulfate and covered with paint using natural drying oil. It is in the places where the wood is cut that it cracks and dies, and the trees gradually dry out.

Watch apple tree diseases and their treatment in the video, which shows the basic principles of agricultural technology and tree care at different times of the year:

Many gardeners like to plant apple trees on their property due to their relative unpretentiousness to growing conditions. In addition, the fruits, leaves and flowers of this tree have a large number of uses in everyday life. However, as happens with other plants, sometimes apple trees begin to get sick, and the diseases have different prerequisites and are also expressed differently. In our article we will talk about why brown spots may appear on an apple tree, what means and how to deal with this problem.

Brown spots on leaves - manifestation process

Those who first encounter the appearance of brown or other colored spots on the foliage and fruit of an apple tree are confused and try to understand why this happened.

It is worth remembering that the causes of stains are always associated either with an attack by pests or with the consequences of an advanced disease. If brown spots appear, you can definitely say that the tree has been affected by apple tree rust. The symptoms of this disease are quite easy to calculate. First of all, in the summer, round spots begin to appear on the upper part of the foliage, very similar in color to rust. These rusty spots gradually begin to increase in size until mid-summer arrives, when growths begin to appear on the leaves in addition to the spots, growing more and more over time. This is exactly what rust looks like on apple tree leaves. And it is worth getting rid of it as quickly as possible so that the disease does not have time to cause a decrease in the tree’s immunity.

Rust on apple tree leaves is the cause of the disease

The main and main cause of rust on an apple tree is a fungus.

Most often, this happens when a tree grows near a juniper. Rust can appear along with juniper spores, this allows it to form tissue growths and star-shaped growths on the foliage of this plant. New spores with rust are formed on these outgrowths, and they are transferred in the spring by the wind to the leaves of the fruit tree. After this, leaves, shoots and even fruits begin to be affected.

This disease mainly affects plants grown in the South, South-West and South-East of Ukraine, as well as in the Crimea.

Rust on apple tree leaves - how to treat it

The first and most obvious way to prevent rust spots is to plant the apple tree as far away from the juniper as possible. It is recommended to fence the trees with other green spaces.

You should try not to plant fruit trees next to conifers at all.

If your tree has already been affected by the disease, use the following control measures:

1. The first step is to remove the infected tree members as quickly as possible, be they foliage, shoots, branches or fruit. You need to trim even those parts that have a small speck or growth of brown or yellow color. The branches are cut 5-10 cm below the infected area.
2. Next you need to treat the trees with chemicals. Suitable for this

• Bordeaux mixture - one percent mixture;
• "Topaz";
• cuproxate;
• cineba – solution 0.4%;
• "Vectra".

It is worth treating the tree with these substances once every five to seven days.

1. In the first month of spring, when the buds have not yet appeared, it is worth cleaning the places that were previously affected until the new wood. After stripping, treatment with 5% copper sulfate and coating with garden putty is necessary.
2. During the period when the leaves bloom, you need to spray the trees with fungicides, that is, solutions against microbes. This procedure must be carried out three times every 14 days.

Now you know how to treat a tree if brown spots appear on the leaves of the apple tree. You also know how to prevent apple tree rust. Try to follow these tips to achieve the most prolific harvest possible. If the symptoms on your trees differ from those of rust, then you should carefully read the next point.

Spots on apple tree leaves - other causes

Rust on an apple tree is not the only reason why brown or similar stains may appear on an apple tree. Sometimes it happens that the apple tree simply lacks some useful substances. Depending on what specific substances are missing, spotting has different color. For example, brown around the edges indicates a lack of copper. Based on similar symptoms, it is easy to determine whether darkening and other problems began to appear on the apple trees in your garden as a result of a deficiency or excess.

• Nitrogen.

Flaw of this substance in the soil leads to the fact that the leaves of the apple tree turn sharply yellow and stop growing. At the same time, the shoots of the tree begin to acquire a brown color, also do not grow to normal size and fall off very early.

• Phosphorus.

Phosphorus deficiency also leads to changes in the color of tree foliage. In this case, they begin to take on a bluish tint with purple or purple spots. As in the previous case, foliage growth stops. The edges begin to curl down a little. The leaves quickly age, dry out and fall off. If the tree is not treated in time, flowering and ripening will be greatly delayed and may not occur at all.

• Potassium.

A symptom of potassium deficiency is the color of the leaves turning brown, after which slow drying begins. Individual branches on the trunk also dry out. Leaves may not grow to the desired size.

• Magnesium.

With a deficiency of this substance, as with nitrogen deficiency, the leaves turn yellow, but purple spots begin to appear. This also affects the fruits, which become smaller and lose their taste. The leaves fall off in large numbers until, eventually, it is the turn of the young foliage.

Boron starvation has the greatest effect on the apple tree. The growing point of the stem dies, the peel of the fruit becomes thicker and tougher, the taste changes to bitter, and brown dots appear. The fruits themselves stop falling and dry out.

• Manganese.

Old leaves covered in dark yellow plaque if there is a lack of manganese, the veins should remain green. If you do not notice the plaque that has appeared for a long time and do not treat the tree, the shoots will begin to die.

• Copper.

As we said above, copper deficiency causes brown spots on the edges of apple tree leaves. In addition, cracks and swellings begin to form on the bark of the tree trunk, and the tops of the shoots will gradually begin to dry out.

• Iron

With a lack of iron, healthy leaves of the apple tree begin to take on yellow-orange shades, the shoots die, and the tops suffer from dryness.

What kind of symptoms appear on the leaves, fruits and trunk of your trees determines what treatment they need. The disease quickly goes away if the lack of certain nutrients is recognized in time and the plants have access to them in time.

But you should be careful, because an excess of microelements also leads to unpleasant and harmful consequences, so you must carefully identify the most obvious signs.

If you quickly respond to such symptoms and maintain soil fertility, then you will not have problems with how fruitful the harvest will be.

Spots appearing on apple tree leaves - signal for the gardener. This is how fungal and infectious diseases manifest themselves.

One of the most common is rust.

Having noticed the red marks, novice gardeners often ignore the first symptoms of damage. But once you discover rust on the leaves of an apple tree, you need to look for a solution on how to deal with it.

If you do not prevent the development of the disease, you cannot count on a healthy harvest. The apples will grow small, tasteless, and often rotten.

To regularly collect large, juicy fruits, you should recognize the disease by initial stage, apply correct method treatment and follow preventive measures, and not at the last moment wonder what to do when you discover that the leaves of an apple tree are rusting?

Signs of rust damage

Signs of rust.

Symptoms of rust become noticeable when the leaves bloom. This happens in late spring - early summer. First, small yellow-green dots of varying sizes appear.

In severe cases, the damage spreads to the shoots and bark.

As soon as rust appears on the apple tree, treatment should begin immediately, at the first sign of infection.

Apple orchard processing scheme

Important! If the apple tree suffered from rust in the previous season, you should start treating the tree in early spring, even before the growing season begins.

Spraying.

Treatment scheme:

1. First treatment falls in early spring, when the buds have just begun to bloom;
2. The second one is carried out before flowering, during budding or after flowering, when fruits have appeared but have not yet begun to fill;
3. Third treatment carried out 10-14 days after the second.

To defeat the disease, in addition to spraying with antimicrobial agents, it is necessary to create conditions that prevent the appearance of fungus.

Rusty leaves on an apple tree - what to do? Methods of treatment and prevention

To get rid of from the disease, a system of treatments and preventive measures is necessary. By eliminating sources of infection, you can forever rid your apple orchard of rust.

Work to combat infection should be carried out in several directions:

Improvement of the orchard

Fungal infections first of all they are damaged weakened trees. In order for the apple tree’s immune system to be strong, it is necessary:

• Rare fruit trees;
• Correct ;
• Timely and competent feeding;
• and culture of sanitization;
• Healthy planting material.

High planting density stimulates rapid spread of the disease.

Creates optimal conditions for fungal development high humidity, so don’t be overzealous with watering. If there are prolonged rains, the risk of infection of apple trees increases.

A daily inspection for rust on the apple tree is necessary in order to make a decision on how to fight it in time.

The tree must receive the nutrients it needs at each stage of development.

If rusty spots are found on the leaves of an apple tree, the application of nitrogen to the soil should be reduced, and the dose of phosphorus and potassium should be increased.

In early spring and autumn, after harvesting, apple trees need to be sanitized.

Shoots and areas of bark damaged by rust are cut out and the sections are cleaned.

Affected areas treated with a solution of copper or iron sulfate (4-5%), covered with garden putty.

The trunks of apple trees must be exposed in spring and autumn. In case of rust, copper-containing preparations and an adhesive (for example, Green soap) are added to garden whitewash.

New apple and juniper seedlings should be carefully inspected.

The latter are often brought from abroad already infected.

Destruction of fungal colonies

Rust on juniper.

The emphasis on decorating summer cottages with evergreen shrubs contributed to the widespread spread of the fungus.

Rust pathogens settle on coniferous trees and bushes. For an apple tree, proximity to common juniper is dangerous. Plants should not be planted nearby.

Colonies form in the skeletal branches of juniper. The shoots thicken and become deformed along their entire length. With prolonged exposure to infection, they dry out and die.

Myceliums do not live on apple trees, the main disputes cause damage carried by insects or wind.

When rust fungi appear, it is necessary to carefully examine junipers planted in close proximity to.

Discovering colonies pathogen, coniferous shrubs should be treated with a fungicide, damaged branches should be cut out and burned. In case of severe damage to the needles, it is better to destroy the junipers, dig up the ground underneath them, and treat them with boiling water and antimicrobial agents.

Important!: Regular care of junipers will prevent infection of fruit trees.

In the literature on gardening, there is often a recommendation to remove all coniferous shrubs from the site in order to protect the orchard.

The wind can carry rust spores over a distance of up to 50 km, so the complete absence of junipers on the site is unlikely to protect against the disease.

If the decision to get rid of conifers is made, barrier plantings should be created around the perimeter of the site. Tall trees with a dense crown are used for this purpose.

Destruction of spores and consequences of infection

To avoid the development or recurrence of rust infection on the apple tree, proceed to complete destruction of spores.

Apple trees must be sprayed with antifungal drugs.

The area must be clean from weeds. Many of them are capable of becoming intermediate hosts of rust fungi, for example, sedge, anemone, and spurge.

But presence of wormwood near sources of infection and spread of the disease affects the development of rust negatively.

Plant residues allow the pathogen to survive on the site for up to 8 years. Affected apple tree leaves juniper needles and trimmed branches must be removed and burned.

Dig the trunk circles deeply, spill with urea (5-7%), ammonium nitrate (5-7%) and copper sulfate (4-5%). Drugs should be alternated.

Treatments for rust on apple leaves

To fight against rust, preparations based on sulfur, copper and systemic fungicides are used.

Copper-containing drugs

Anti-rust is sprayed with Bordeaux mixture. Use a 1% solution. Start off spring treatments possible only after before the temperature reaches positive values.

Do not use the solution for treatment in hot weather or at high temperatures.

If these conditions are not met, apple trees may get burned.

• Blue Bordeaux- analogue Bordeaux mixture, in the form of granules. Easily dissolves in water. A contact agent that causes damage to colonies and spores on infected plants. Suitable for processing in bad weather.
• Abiga – Peak– a copper-containing preparation related to contact fungicides. Contains an adhesive, is applied superficially and does not penetrate into wood tissue. Treatments can only be carried out in dry weather. To prepare the solution, 50 grams of the drug are dissolved in a bucket of water.
• Cuproxat– a product based on copper acetate containing nitrogen. A 0.25% solution effectively destroys fungal spores. Suitable for root watering. Has fungicide properties and mineral fertilizing simultaneously.
• Champion More often it is used not for treatment, but for the prevention of disease. The drug forms a protective film on the plant and prevents infection. On diseased trees, Champion stops the development of infection, but does not have a destructive effect. 60 g is calculated for a bucket of water. Not applicable at temperatures above 25 degrees.

Sulfur-based products

Removes rust quickly and effectively colloidal sulfur solution.

To prepare it, use 40 g of powder per 5 liters of water.

The product works when it comes into contact with an infection. Apple trees cannot be processed during flowering.

Colloidal sulfur.

The drug has the same effect Cumulus – colloidal sulfur in a convenient form. The product does not generate dust and easily dissolves in water.

Fungicides are the main answer to the question: “How to treat rust on an apple tree?”

Good results in the fight against rust give contact and systemic-contact fungicides, such as:

• "Strobe"
• "Topaz"
• Polisher
• Zineba
• Vectra

The actions of the drugs are similar, but the active ingredients are different. This allows you to alternate their use, avoid addiction dispute to one means.

Amount of substance per bucket of water:

• Strobi – 2 – 3 g.
• Topaz – 2 ml.
• Polisher - 1.5 - 2.5 g.
• Tsineba – 40 g.
• Vectra – 2 – 3 g.

Now you have learned what to do if the leaves of an apple tree rust.

Important!: If at the time of rust damage the apple trees were treated for other fungal infections (for example, scab), separate spraying is not required.

Useful videos

Watch a video about rust on fruit trees and shrubs:

Watch the video for information about rust on fruit trees:

Look useful information about diseases of fruit trees:

Watch the video on how to properly use copper sulfate and select dosages:

A competent approach to agricultural technology, careful monitoring of the garden and timely treatment of trees will help get rid of many apple tree diseases. Rust on apple tree leaves will also bypass you, and you won’t have to decide how to deal with it.

Lattice rust on apple trees is widespread in the southern agricultural zone, and in conditions of abnormally hot summers it occurs in middle lane and much further north.

Causes of infection, development and consequences

Diseases of apple trees are caused by rust fungi - Gimnosporangium juniperinum or G. tremelloides, which are characterized by a narrow phylogenetic typification, expressed in the adaptation of the phytopathogen to plants of a certain genus or family.

The spores infect the epidermis of the leaves, and as a result, the plant slows down the assimilation of carbon dioxide, which leads to malfunctions of the photosynthesis mechanism, inhibition or cessation of ovary growth and weakening of the entire tree in general.

This is the main reason why the leaves of an apple tree turn yellow. In addition, the plant’s resistance to low temperatures decreases, and in fact all vital processes of the plant are inhibited, and if treatment is not started in a timely manner, the likelihood of getting a harvest will be zero.

Initially, brown spots (spermogonia) appear on the leaves of the apple tree, surrounded by an orange area. They are located on the outside of the leaf, and can be seen when the leaf blades are fully formed.

At the first stage, the spermogony looks like a small spot with black dots, under which spore carriers (aecidia) germinate, observed as red spots on the leaves of the apple tree and very clearly visible against the green background. As the spores mature, the spore carriers begin to turn red, and soon the upper cuticle of the formation bursts, and the spores enter the atmosphere.

Often, apple trees infected with rust are affected by scab, and reduced immunity helps reduce the tree's resistance to frost, and if the fight against the disease is not successful, the plant may die in the winter.

Affected trees form small fruits, which sometimes do not ripen and fall off before they become removable. It often happens that after infection with gymnosporangiums, apple trees do not bear fruit in the subsequent season. Therefore, it is important to know how to diagnose the disease, how to deal with it and what drugs to use.

Fungicides against Gimnosporangium juniperinum/ tremelloides

The application schemes for contact fungicides against rust are almost similar. The first treatment of plants is carried out in the green cone phase (unopened buds), the second - during the formation of a flower bud, the third - immediately after flowering, and the fourth, when the fruit has reached a diameter of 2-4 cm.

To combat rust infections of apple trees, synthesized organic preparations and products of inorganic origin can be used. In practice, contact pesticides are widely used - Poliram DF, Bordeaux mixture and Cumulus.

Bordeaux mixture, prepared on the basis of Bordeaux mixture, is effective against rust. Treatment with this fungicide is carried out in early spring, when the tree is in the dormant phase and the main purpose of using the liquid is to destroy the “overwintered” rust spores.

The entire plant is pollinated: from the stem to the top. The destructive properties of the drug last for 30-40 days, which eliminates damage to leaf blades at an early stage.

The method for preparing the solution is simple. In two different containers, slaked lime and copper sulfate are dissolved in two to three liters of water. Then the volume of the solutions is brought to 5 liters, after which an aqueous mixture of copper sulfate is poured into the container with dissolved lime. The resulting 10-liter volume is used to irrigate trees. The consumption rate is from 2 to 5 liters per plant, which is due to the size of the crown of the apple tree.

Application Bordeaux liquid at subsequent stages - after flowering and in the phase of fruit formation - it requires a reduction in the concentration of active substances by 3-4 times.

Such requirements are caused by the ability of copper sulfate to cause burns to leaf tissue and stimulate the formation of a vascular pattern on the fruit. Plants are treated with a 1% solution of Bordeaux mixture. Treatment is carried out twice with an interval of up to 30 days.

Poliram DF is a fungicide of organic origin, which is used throughout the growing season, according to the scheme - from dormant buds to the stage of fruit formation. The release form is granules that dissolve in water.

To treat one tree, it is enough to dissolve 15 g of the compound in 10 liters of water. The frequency of garden treatment is 4-6 sprayings per season. The drug can also be used to prevent scab and other fungal infections.

The drug Culumus is used to prevent rust infection. The first treatment is carried out at the beginning of the flowering stage of the apple tree, and since the protective effect of the fungicide lasts no more than a week, the trees are treated every 7-10 days.

During the growing season, it is allowed to use Cumulus no more than 6 times. It is recommended to apply the pesticide immediately when signs of infection are detected, for example, when more than one curled leaf is found on a tree. To cultivate one hundred square meters of garden you will need to create aqueous solution means: dissolve 80 g of the drug in 100 liters of water.

When caring for apple trees, it is important to regularly inspect the trees, which will help you quickly respond to any infection that appears. And also do not neglect the fungicidal treatment of the plant after harvesting.

Such autumn work will be advisable if traces of the vital activity of gymnosporangiums in summer period. Exterminatory spraying of a tree after leaf fall is guaranteed to reduce overwintering colonies of telytospores from juniper.

One of the reasons why an apple tree develops symptoms of a rust infection is the common juniper, often cultivated by gardeners in one area for decorative and applied purposes - to obtain medicinal raw materials.

What to do? You can remove the plant, but if its value is great, then you need to treat the plant with fungicides: Skor, Ridomil Gold MC, Bayleton or Tilt. The consumption of the amount of the drug on diseased juniper is doubled, despite the recommendations in the instructions, and the frequency of use of pesticides is observed every 15-20 days.

And it is necessary to change the preparations during the growing season, since the telytospores and mycelium that form on the plant develop an “accustomment” to fungicides.

The development of lattice rust on apple tree leaves can be stopped at the stage when black spots on the leaves have just formed and active spore generation has not yet begun. It is possible to slow down the development of infection by promptly detecting the beginning of yellowing of leaf blades and promptly carrying out extermination measures to combat the infection.

This should be done not in July, but in early spring, when the buds are at rest.

The viability of the apple tree will be maintained by spraying the tree before the flowering period and after the formation of the ovaries, and not when the leaves are already drying. Actually, it is better not to treat trees, but to carry out advanced fungicidal treatments.

When leaf curling in apple trees has become widespread, this is not yet a reason to stop protecting the plant from disease. At almost any stage of the disease, rust manifestations can be defeated: during the period when spore-bearing plants appear or leaves begin to dry out and fall off.

It is possible that the harvest will be uncharacteristic - in terms of quantitative and qualitative indicators - for the cultivated variety and climate. But protective measures taken this season will help the tree “survive” the winter, and next year the protected plant will again bear fruit with full efficiency.

The appearance of spots on the leaves of an apple tree is associated with an attack of the tree by pests or damage as a result of disease. Defects in the green part of the tree crown can lead to further death of the plant and a reduction in the amount of harvest. Having discovered stains, you should understand the cause of their occurrence and carry out a set of actions to save the fruit plantings. Below are effective recommendations to save an apple tree.

Fighting spots on apple leaves: scab, rust, gall aphids, lack of nutrients

Most dangerous disease The fruit tree in question is scabby. The first signs of scab disease can be seen on the leaf surface in the form of gray spots with a greenish coating. As the disease progresses, the spots increase in size and become black. After this, the leaf dries out, then the fungal spores spread along the shoots of the tree, forming cracks. This disease also affects fruits - they become unfit for consumption.

Scab on apple leaves

Fighting apple scab consists of preventive actions, including spraying the garden with a solution copper sulfate or solution nutrofen.

• Such treatments are carried out before the buds open.
• If this moment is missed, then spraying must be carried out Bordeaux mixture 1%.
• After the apple tree blooms, a second treatment against scab is carried out using the following preparations: Captan, Tsineba, Cuprozan.
• The third treatment against scab is carried out after two or three weeks, using copper oxychloride or Bordeaux mixture. These substances can cause burns to the plant, so the solution is tested on individual branches.
• Autumn scab prevention measures include collecting and destroying leaves and loosening the tree trunk area.

Rust

Rust on leaves

The appearance of rusty spots on the surface of an apple tree leaf associated with a disease such as rust.

• This disease manifests itself in mid-summer on the leaf of an apple tree in the form of outgrowths that turn into a star-shaped shape and grow.
• Rust causes leaves to quickly fall off, so the plant is poorly prepared for winter.
• The cause of this disease may be juniper, which grows in the garden next to the apple tree.

Fighting rust on apple leaves:

• Spray the apple tree with Bordeaux mixture or sulfur-containing solutions at the same time as when fighting scab. .

Gall aphid

Gall aphid on an apple tree

Red spots on apple leaves may appear as a result of an attack gall aphid.

• This pest is destroyed using a solution nitrophen.
• Gall aphids can overwinter in the bark of a tree, so old pieces of bark need to be removed and the strain whitened.

Lack (deficiency) of nutrients

1. Normal sheet.
2. With a lack of nitrogen.
3. With a lack of potassium.
4. With a lack of magnesium.

Another reason for the appearance spots on apple leaves is lack of nutrients, for example, potassium and trace elements (zinc, manganese, magnesium). A deficiency of nutrients can be noticed by the appearance of light green, gray or red spots in the central part of the leaf. Both a deficiency and an excess of nutrients are harmful, that is, their balance in the soil is required.

The considered reasons for the appearance of spots can be eliminated by feeding the apple tree with complex fertilizer.

Yes, when nitrogen deficiency in the soil , even slightly, plant growth slows down, they have a pale green color. With a large nitrogen deficiency, the leaves turn yellow, not reaching normal size, and their petioles move away from the shoot at an acute angle. Yellowing spreads from bottom to top of the plant, starting from the top of the leaf. The shoots acquire a reddish color, the fruits do not reach normal size, ripen early and fall off.

Excess nitrogen sharply increases the growth of vegetative organs to the detriment of reproductive organs; vegetables do not have time to ripen before the onset of cold weather.

With a lack of phosphorus the plants acquire a dark green, even bluish color, with red-purple, crimson or bronze hues, and their growth noticeably slows down. The leaves are crushed, arranged at a sharper angle, their edges curl down, old leaves become spotted, turn black when they dry out and fall off prematurely. Flowering and ripening are delayed.

For potassium deficiency The edges of the leaves turn brown and dry out. This is usually noted in mid-summer on the leaves of the middle part of the shoots, then spreading up and down. With severe potassium starvation, the entire leaf turns yellow. Young leaves do not reach normal size, the fruits become smaller. Individual branches dry out.

Plants also react painfully tolack of microelements. As a rule, on well-cultivated soils that are systematically fertilized with manure, their application is not required; they play a positive role in plant nutrition only when there is enough nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil. If there is a deficiency of microelements, plants produce low and poor quality yields and become ill, showing characteristic symptoms.

For magnesium deficiency The leaf tissue between the veins turns yellow, while the veins themselves remain green. Later, brown necrotic spots appear. Diseased leaves fall off, the fruits are small, poorly colored, and tasteless. Magnesium starvation appears first on lower leaves, then to younger ones.

Boron deficiency causes the death of the growth point of the stem and root in plants, sometimes the formation of a rosette of small thickened leaves, bushy shoots, and dry tops. The fruit tissue becomes corky, the flesh has a bitter taste, there are bronze-colored spots on the fruits, they dry out and remain hanging on the plant.

Manganese deficiency causes yellowing first of the edges of the leaves, then of the entire leaf, the veins remain green. The lesion most often affects old leaves, but young ones are also affected. Plant shoots may die.

During zinc starvation Small, narrow, hard leaves are formed, collected at the top of the shoot into rosettes. The leaves have small chlorotic spots, the fruits are small and ugly.

Calcium deficiency slows down the growth of roots, they become short, resemble stumps and die off, starting from the tips. Above the dead area, a mass of branched roots forms. The growth of the aboveground part slows down, the edges of the leaves curl downwards.

Copper deficiency causes deformation of the leaves at the tops of the shoots, they turn brown at the edges, fall off, cracks and swellings form on the bark, and the tops of the shoots dry out.

Iron deficiency causes premature yellowing of leaves, death of shoots, and dryness.

All of the above signs of disease quickly disappear if you correctly recognize what the plant needs and add the necessary nutrients to the soil. Thus, you will constantly maintain soil fertility and receive a high and high-quality harvest.

Our articles from the section “Diseases and pests of the garden and vegetable garden”