Recently construction country house very often it is not limited to one floor. In order to expand the space, a second one is built or insulated and made suitable for comfortable stay state attic room. This means that you can’t do without a staircase in the interior of the first floor.

A do-it-yourself staircase to the second floor can easily be assembled from a ready-made kit, which can be purchased from companies specialized in the development and manufacture of this interior functional element. In the catalogs offered, you can choose a staircase that will ideally fit into the decor of both floors, and will be comfortable and safe for all family members to ascend and descend.

You can try to build a staircase yourself, but in this case it is necessary to do so, since if the design is not well thought out, a familiar element of the house may well become a traumatic “simulator”.

In addition, you need to decide what role the staircase will play in the interior. It may be completely invisible and not be decorative decoration room, or can become the center of the composition around which the entire design of the room will be built.

Therefore, to choose a suitable instance, it is better though would schematically draw the staircase you wanted would see in your home, or you can find a ready-made option and adapt it for a specific room.

Before choosing a staircase model, you need to know how it is designed and how to calculate its correct parameters.

The main components of the stairs

The design of a staircase has many components, some of them are mandatory, while others may not be included in the design of some types of this structure.

So, a staircase cannot do without steps and the supports that support them - these are the main elements of the simplest designs of interfloor stairs.

• The step itself consists of two parts - vertical and horizontal. The first of them is called riser, and the second is called gait. The riser is a support for the step, but sometimes they do without it.
• Supports can be of two types:

— the bowstring is a beam that supports the steps from their ends;

- stringer - a beam supporting the steps from below.

• Railings are also important element stairs, although it is not present in all types. But if there are children or elderly people in the house, then there is no way to do without them.
• Balusters are vertically installed supports for railings, which most often become not only a functional part of the staircase, but also its decorative decoration. This element can be made from different materials and have different forms.

Since there are different types of stairs, each of them may have parts that are necessary specifically for a particular design.

• Stand - this element is used to construct a spiral staircase. Steps of a special shape are attached to the rack with a certain pitch, which form a spiral rising from the first to the second floor.

• Bolts are special bolts, which are also elements supporting the steps; they are attached to the wall and directly to the steps themselves. They are not used for everyone, but only for certain types of stairs.

Types of stairs

Having found out what elements the stairs consist of, you need to understand in more detail what each type of these structures looks like, installed between floors.

Marching staircase

This type of staircase is popular for any type of private home. It consists of one or more straight flights, equipped with evenly spaced steps. It is convenient to go down and up, but the disadvantage of this model is that it requires a lot of space in the room.

The most common are flight stairs

If the staircase consists of several flights, then each of them must have at least 3 ÷ 4 and no more than 15 steps. Failure to comply with this standard may make climbing stairs uncomfortable. Typically, the number of steps in each flight is 8 ÷ 11 pieces, and special platforms are installed between flights. Their sizes are multiples of the average step length.

• Marching stairs can be closed or open. The first of them have risers in the design of the steps, and the second are installed without them. Open option convenient in cases where the steps are not wide enough.
• Marching stairs can have steps attached to stringers or bowstrings. For these parts, boards with a thickness of at least 45 ÷ 50, and better even 60 ÷ 70 mm, are selected.
• If a straight staircase without turns has more than 8-9 steps, then for strength it is also recommended to divide it with a platform.
• In the case when the staircase is built with a slight turn, it is called a turning one, and sometimes in this area, instead of a landing, steps are installed, which are called winders.

Winder steps quarter reversible staircase

• In addition to the above types, flight stairs can be:

— quarter turn– the angle of which when turning is 90 degrees, and they are located mainly at the junction of two walls;

- half-turn - their rotation has an angle of 180 degrees;

- circular models - marches successively form a 360-degree turn.

Design of staircases on rails

The name of these bolt ladders comes from the German word “bolzen”, which means bolt. So it's a bolted ladder. In fact, it is a fastener in the form of a pin with threads at its ends. With their help, steps and fences are fastened together and mounted in the wall. Thanks to these devices, the design looks light and airy. The absence of risers also contributes to this.

In addition, such a model can be stretched over a certain section of the wall, or it can look quite compact. Despite its apparent lightness, the design is reliable and durable, it can withstand hundreds of kilograms, which is why ladders on bolts are becoming increasingly popular.

Despite the “airy” appearance, the ladder on the rails is very reliable

Naturally, such a structure cannot be located in the middle of the room, since it must be attached to the wall; the main condition for installation is the strength of the material from which it is built.

It is quite difficult to calculate a staircase with rails on your own, but you can purchase it as a kit or order it from professionals to make it, depending on the specific conditions of the house.

Video: installation of a wooden staircase on rails

The installation of this structure is quite complicated, and it is better to entrust it to qualified craftsmen who can assess the possibility of its installation. Therefore, before purchasing a kit, it is best to first consult with specialists.

Spiral interfloor staircase

This design is more difficult to install, but has the advantage that it occupies the smallest area of ​​all. existing options, therefore ideal for rooms with small area. In addition, such a staircase can be installed in any convenient place in the room and, if desired, made it the center of the interior composition, since the design has a fairly aesthetic appearance.

Spiral staircase - saves space, but is not always convenient for carrying large objects

There may be different types, but for two-story house A model consisting of a stand and wedge-shaped steps is best suited. For rack choose metal pipe or wooden support.

• The rack itself is fixed to the floor of the first floor and in the interfloor or attic ceiling.
• The steps are attached to it with the narrow side and rotated so that the overall structure resembles a spiral.
• Balusters are installed on the wide side of the steps, upper part which are fixed in the handrail, repeating the spiral direction of the entire structure.

Video: installation of a spiral staircase

What is inconvenient about such a model is the fact that it will be difficult to lift or lower down some massive piece of furniture. In addition, when choosing such a model for installation, you need to know that the smaller the opening in the interfloor ceiling for it, the steeper and more inconvenient the staircase will be.

Calculate screw design not difficult. To do this, determine the area in the room where it will be installed, and calculate its center - this will be the location where the rack will be installed. Next, the distance from the post to the border is measured - this will be the span width, i.e. length of steps.

For comfortable walking on such stairs, the size of the middle step should be at least 200 mm, and the widest part should be no more than 400 ÷ 420 mm.

It is quite possible to make and assemble such a structure yourself, if you have skills in working with wood and the ability to calculate the loads on the selected material. However, if you do not have confidence in your abilities, then it is better to entrust the work to a specialist, since an incorrectly constructed structure is very dangerous.

Requirements for the design of stairs

Before you begin, you need to know the requirements for the staircase design.

Safety is perhaps the most important thing important condition. In order for it to be fully implemented, it is very important to accurately calculate all the parameters:

— the angle of inclination, the width and height of the steps, the method of fastening the first and last of them are calculated;

- if the staircase is not located between two walls, a fence must be installed, and its height must be at least 800 ÷ 850 mm;

- if there are small children in the house, the balusters supporting the handrail of the fence should not be located further from each other than 100 ÷ 120 mm;

— the width of the steps should be 200 ÷ 300 mm;

- the ladder must withstand quite heavy loads - for residential buildings they are 300 ÷ 350 kg/m²;

- the steps must not be slippery - their texture must be thought out outer covering;

— the entire structure must be securely and rigidly fixed between floors;

— it is undesirable to install the structure at an elevation angle of more than 45 degrees;

— the width of the spans cannot be made less than 850 mm, but the optimal option is 1000 ÷ 1200 mm;

- the staircase will be less dangerous if it is divided into two or three parts by platforms;

— fastenings for structural elements must be made of quality material, so you can’t save on them;

- If wooden parts are processed independently, then you need to bring them to perfect evenness and compliance with the dimensions established by the drawing or patterns.

Video: mistakes in the design and construction of stairs

Calculation of staircase parameters and production of parts

Since for self-made and installation, a marching design with steps laid on a stringer is the most affordable, as well as convenient and safe to use, so it is worth considering.

The first thing to do is to calculate the location, number and size of steps, as well as the width of the staircase span.

Calculation of staircase parameters

The calculation of the design of the flight of stairs is carried out as follows:

• The height of the room and the length of all or part of the wall - the space allocated for installing the stairs - are taken as a basis. Having reduced these values ​​to scale, draw a right triangle, in which the staircase itself will be the hypotenuse, and the legs will be the height of the rise and the floor.

An angle of 45 degrees is considered ideal for installing a staircase, but it can be changed depending on the wishes of the home owner and the area of ​​the room.

• A comfortable tread width should be at least 200 mm, so the leg of the floor, based on its natural length, is divided by this value. The resulting number of steps is marked on the drawing.
• The height of the risers, convenient for movement, should not exceed 100 ÷ 120 mm. To calculate them, you need to divide the height of the total rise by the selected height of the risers and also transfer it to the drawing.
• Thus, you can calculate the dimensions of the stringer for laying the steps.
• The width of the stairs will depend on the preferences of the residents and the size of the room.

Video: example of calculating a mid-flight staircase

Manufacturing of staircase parts

In order to correctly manufacture parts, you need to accurately transfer the dimensions from the drawing made to the material and select high-quality, well-dried wood.

• The most difficult thing is to cut the stringers perfectly evenly, since the reliability and strength, as well as the aesthetics of the structure, will depend on this. For these load-bearing elements choose a solid board without cracks and numerous large knots, with a thickness of at least 45 ÷ 50 mm.
• The width of the treads can be 1.5-2 cm greater than the space provided for them on the stringers, plus the thickness of the risers. The steps should be perfectly smooth with neat rounded edges, and this is also very important to take into account. For them, a board with a thickness of 30 ÷ 35 mm is selected.
• If it was planned to make the staircase closed, with risers, then they must also be done carefully. For these elements, you do not need to take a board of great thickness, since basically the entire load will fall on the stringers, and the risers will play a role supporting the structure. A thickness of 15 ÷ 20 mm is sufficient.

• It would be better to purchase balusters and handrails from finished form along with fastenings. If there are children in the house, then, for safety reasons, it is worth installing two balusters on each step. In the case when the children have already grown up, then one element supporting the handrail is enough.

Prices for various types of staircase elements

Elements of stairs

Installation of stairs

Installation of the stairs is the most crucial moment after the manufacture of all structural elements, and it must be approached with the utmost responsibility.

• The stringers are installed first according to pre-established marks. On the floor they are fixed to a support beam fixed in the right place, and in the upper part they are installed in the cut-out gaps in the floor beam. Sometimes, to secure the upper part of the stringers, metal supports are used, mounted on a beam covering the ceiling. The fastenings for these load-bearing elements are anchor bolts.

To ensure that the parts are installed perfectly evenly, during the installation process they are constantly aligned with a plumb line and the building level.

• If risers are provided, then they are screwed in before laying down the tread surface.
• Then the tread panels are secured on top of the stringers and risers with self-tapping screws.

The fastening of risers and steps occurs in a complex, and proceeds from bottom to top.

• Then, when the steps are ready, you can proceed to installing the balusters.

On both sides, that is, on the floor of the first floor and at the top of the stairs, support posts are installed, which will become the border for general design handrail (railing). They will also play both a supporting and decorative role.

Balusters can be different sizes, and are made from various materials, so they can be attached in different ways. Some of them are simply installed in drilled holes in steps and handrails, others are screwed with self-tapping screws, and the mounting points are closed with decorative plugs.

• , they are covered on top with handrails, which are fixed to the supporting outer posts. If necessary, another support post can be installed in the middle of the stairs.
• If three or even four racks are installed, then instead of balusters, two or three even boards (planks) fixed parallel to the course of the stairs can serve as a reliable fence.
• When the entire structure is assembled, you can proceed to surface treatment using a grinder and sandpaper. Preparation is carried out before applying protective and decorative paint coatings.
• The first layer that is applied to the wood is antiseptic compounds. They will protect the wood from rotting, mold or mildew, and from domestic insects. After this, the structure is allowed to dry completely.

• Next, the staircase can be varnished in several layers (preferably on water based) hot wax or paint.
• If it is necessary to darken the wood, it is first coated with stain or other tinting compounds, and then, after drying, a varnish coating is applied on top of them.

After drying paint coating, the staircase will be ready for use.

Photo instructions for creating a wooden staircase

Step 1 - drawing of the future design

Video: another interesting option for installing stairs to the second floor

If you need to install it in your house, you need to carefully calculate every step of your work and approach it with all responsibility and accuracy.

In any building with a height greater than a floor, a staircase is installed. This design requires a detailed calculation of all its components, the ability to work with plumbing and carpentry tools, and some design skills. After studying this manual, you will learn how to design and manufacture wooden staircase with your own hands.

A wooden staircase for a private house most often consists of one or several flights (flights), which are located between floors or intermediate platforms.

Design flight of stairs is a combination of various components with different functional purposes:

• Kosour. It is a load-bearing beam made of wood with a sawn comb. Risers with steps are fixed to it, so the part must be durable.
• Bowstring. In some cases, it becomes an alternative to a stringer, performing load-bearing functions (especially if one side of the structure is adjacent to the wall). Before installation, the string must be marked in detail so that the steps are located at a horizontal level.

• Step. The main element of any staircase, which is attached to one of the supporting beams. In addition to the usual ones, there are winder and radius steps. The winder elements have a non-standard shape and are mounted at the starting point of the march. Radius steps have a curved leading edge and can be semi-circular, wavy or with rounded corners.
• Riser. The part is optional, but it provides the staircase with high strength by supporting the step in the center. A spacer bushing is used to secure the riser. A radius type is installed under semicircular steps, and a curved version is mounted under the corresponding steps or under the landing between flights of stairs.
• Pillars for support. They are placed at the starting and ending points of the stairs, as well as along the edges of the inter-flight platforms. The elements increase the strength of the fence and serve as support for the handrails.
• Balusters. These are supporting posts for handrails, from which side railings are formed, and can have different configurations.
• Handrails. They are a required part. They rest on balusters and support posts. The main requirement for the element is a smooth surface.
• Distance sleeve. Such a stand is required for any structure with several flights (even when using stringers).

When choosing staircase design The main factor is the size of the area required for its construction. In second place is the convenience and comfort of ascent and descent. Here you need to take into account the frequency of use, the presence of children and elderly people in the house.

Aesthetics is also an important criterion. The staircase should be combined with the interior of the room. In addition, it is necessary to take into account material possibilities: the production of wooden stairs with a complex configuration requires more time and financial costs than options that are simpler in form and execution.

Marching

Are the most popular. They got their name thanks to marches (flights) - a group of united steps. The staircase may have one or more flights.

There are straight structures (single-flight and double-flight, with a rest area). They can be free-standing or placed near the wall. But straight models require a lot of space, so in order to save useful space, two-flight options are provided with a rotation at an angle from 90 to 180 degrees.

The flight has a curved shape with an optimal angle of elevation, then rotary steps are used, which are also available in structures with two and three flights without platforms.

The most popular types of wooden stairs for a country residential building are:

1. Ordinary one-march ones. Have simple design with a span in the center of the room or near the wall - the most durable with reliable support.
   
2. Curvilinear single-flight. Installed in large rooms to emphasize spaciousness. They are distinguished by smooth rotation and extended outside steps.
   
3. Marching with lower turning steps. Sometimes this option is provided for by the layout of the room and can support the chosen architectural style.
   
4. A simple 2-flight system. A staircase with two flights and an interfloor turning platform can be mounted above the door and save space.
   
5. 2-flight L-shaped design. It is located in a rectangular opening along perpendicular walls and saves space.
   
6. 2-flight U-shaped staircase with an upper platform and turning steps. The design is installed in luxury mansions with a large hall.
   
7. 3-flight system with two platforms. This type of staircase saves space, but requires a significant ceiling height.
   

To select a specific configuration, you must correctly calculate and measure the free area for installation and draw up a drawing. Detailed Guide How to do this will be described below.

Screw

Screw-type structures are used less frequently, as a rule, when limited area or for aesthetic reasons of the owner of a private house. They are not as convenient as marching ones, and it is difficult to transport furniture on them. To install the ladder, you will need to perform complex calculations, since with a small error it may lose its functionality.

Spiral staircases sometimes serve simply a decorative function, especially with a fence made of artistic forging. The installation of such options is possible in almost any room, because they occupy less space than designs with a turn. The following types are distinguished:

• with cantilever pinching of steps on the internal pillar;
• with steps supported on the internal pillar and perimeter walls;
• with cantilever support of steps on the casing pipe;
• with support on the fence and bent bowstrings.

Spiral staircases save space

Types of structures

Before making a wooden staircase, you should select best option designs for your premises.

The following popular types of structures exist:

The simplest is a straight staircase, which ensures linear movement along the flight.

Making a wooden staircase with your own hands with a visual step by step instructions Let's look at it in more detail. The process includes two main stages: design and installation.

Calculations of staircase dimensions

Before you start designing, you need to make accurate calculations, draw a diagram and put all the data on it. If you are not sure of the correctness of the calculations, then it is better to entrust the work to professionals who will make a competent drawing, which will allow you to carry out the installation step by step without errors.

Total height of the stairs

The height can be determined by measuring the distance from the floor of the first to the second floor, taking into account the thickness of the ceiling. For example, if on the 1st floor the ceiling height is 2700 mm, and the thickness of the interfloor ceilings is 300 mm. As a result, the total height will be equal to 3000 mm.

If there is no finished floor, then its dimensions need to be approximate.

Number of steps

If the height of the stairs and risers are known, the number of steps in the structure can be determined. To do this, you need to divide one indicator by the second. For example, with a total staircase height of 3000 mm and a riser height of 175 mm, the calculation will be as follows: 3000: 175 = 171 mm.

After this, you need to round the value, the result will be 170 mm. The table shows an example of a calculation:

Dependence of the height of the steps on their number at a given floor height

Riser height

On the recommendation of experts optimal height the riser should be 150–180 mm, which is actually the size of a human step. This height can be 150–200 mm. Usually the average value according to the standard is 160-170 mm.

The optimal slope range of the stairs is highlighted green

Step width

To avoid injuries as a result of incorrectly selected width of steps, you need to calculate it correctly. Based on many years of practice, the width of the part should be in the range of 220 – 400 mm.

To determine a more accurate value, you can use a certain formula. You need to take the average width of a human step (600 - 640 mm) and subtract from it the height of the riser, multiplied by 2, i.e. 640 – 2x175 = 290 mm. This indicator will be optimal for moving.

March width

According to safety rules, for convenient movement of people, the span should be at least 80 cm wide, but it is better to take at least 90 cm. For convenient transportation of furniture, this figure for a private residential building should be 100 - 120 cm.

Plan length of the staircase

To calculate this parameter, you need to multiply the number of steps and the width of the tread. In our example, it will be 29x17 = 493 cm. That is, the staircase is quite long and when constructing one flight, a room of at least 6 meters will be required. In a small log house or village house you will need to do 2 marches with a 90 or 180 degree turn.

A platform is installed between the flights or turning steps are installed. If you can’t perform the calculation yourself, you can use the special program presented below, which will clearly reflect the localization of the staircase parts.

Ceiling opening size

When building a staircase from solid wood, you need to remember to calculate the ceiling opening so that you don’t have to bend over when going up. This indicator will depend on the slope, which affects the ease of movement and is selected individually.

A slope of 23-36 degrees is considered optimal, but often it is not possible to maintain the required angle due to the small area of ​​the room (the steeper the slope, the less area he will borrow).

The size of the opening in the ceiling area will depend on the angle of the flight of stairs. So, for a folding structure, a small opening will be required, and for a larger slope, a more significant one will be required (up to 2 m).

The size of the opening in the ceiling is determined based on the minimum permissible value for human passage

Stringer length

To determine the length of the stringer, the Pythagorean formula is used: (length of the staircase in plan)²+ (height of the staircase)²= (length of the stringer)².

That is, with a length of 493 cm and a height of 300 cm, we get the following: L = √ (4932 + 3002) = 577 cm (the indicator is taken with a margin of 580 cm).

Online calculator for calculation

For your convenience, you can use the convenient and visual one.

Material selection

After all the calculations have been completed, you need to purchase materials. This will require boards of different lengths and densities: for steps the thickness is 3-4 cm; for risers – 2-2.5 cm; for a bowstring or stringer, the thickness is 5 cm and the height is 150-250 mm. It is better to buy ready-made handrails and balusters, since their production will require lathe and a beam measuring 10x10, 15x15 cm. To fix the components, you will need screws and nails, as well as metal corners for reinforcement.

Manufacturing of parts and installation of stairs

The installation technology includes the manufacture and installation of all elements of the staircase structure in accordance with the drawing.

Assembling bowstrings or stringers

On the prepared boards you need to mark the length and saw off the excess. On the block, using a square, mark the height of the riser and the width of the tread with a decrease of 2-4 cm.

Marking a solid stringer

Assembling a bowstring with stiffeners

The notches for the steps are cut out with a jigsaw or saw. Next, place the workpiece at the installation site so that the lower edge rests against the floor, and the upper edge against the ceiling. The cuts under the steps should be horizontal, without “blockages”. After this, it is recommended to sand the surface of the block and perform milling, rounding the outer edges.

For optimal rigidity, sometimes 2, 3 or 4 stringers may be required, the number of which is selected depending on the width of the stairs. Sometimes it's easier to order ready-made load-bearing frame, which will include all elements with cutouts, designated by numbers for joining in accordance with the diagram.

Installation of steps and risers

The risers are mounted in the prepared cuts of the stringer, leveled and sanded. Fastening is done using self-tapping screws, which can then be puttied or closed. finishing material.

Options for attaching steps to the string

After fixing the risers, pre-milled steps are installed, the length of which should exceed the distance between the pair of outer stringers by 1-2 cm. The width of the elements should be 2-3 cm larger than the comb protrusion. The steps are fastened to the risers and stringers using self-tapping screws, the heads of which must be recessed into the wood.

Attaching the stringer to the upper ceiling. Methods of connecting staircase elements.
Attaching the stringer to the floor

Installation of fences

You can give the structure a complete look with the help of auxiliary parts. For this purpose, carved, straight, figured wooden and metal fencing.

Installing posts with balusters is considered a complex task, requiring precise markings and adjustments. In the step, the hole for the dowel is marked at a distance from the edge equal to ½ the width of the base of the baluster. Then holes are made on the steps and dowels are glued into them (they should protrude 1-1.5 cm from the surface).

After this, you need to make holes in the base of the posts and balusters according to the diameter of the dowel and coat them with glue. All elements are mounted on dowels with vertical level adjustment. Next, prepare the handrails by cutting the edges at the desired angle and milling them from the bottom. To connect to the supports, holes are drilled at the edge of the element. The handrail is installed on a dowel glued into the support post.

After the glue has dried, the stairs must be coated with an antiseptic primer, then the surface is treated with transparent or paint. You can install a decorative plinth. In a spiral staircase, you can design it with an axial support in the form of a log or beam, or install a bent string to support the steps. The price of such a design will be high, since viscous material is used in production. flexible wood, but the final effect is worth it.

Without a ladder on the farm it is difficult to either remove fruit or climb onto the roof. In this master class we will tell you in detail how in just a few hours, using the simplest tool, you can make a wooden staircase for household needs: solid, reliable and with a fairly aesthetic appearance.

For such a ladder you will need two 60x40 mm timber, which will go on two bowstrings. Choose the length for yourself, in this case it is 3.6 m. A smaller beam - 50x35 mm - will be used for the crossbars. To determine the number of steps, divide the length of the stairs into sections equal to the height from the floor to the foot when the leg is bent at the knee. In the above version, this is 11 steps every 30 cm.

To work, you will need a hacksaw, a hammer, a pry bar, and a small hatchet - preferably a carpenter's hatchet, with a hammer-shaped head. Power tools include a drill, a belt sander, a plane and a jigsaw (instead of a hacksaw). Nails can be used as the main fasteners, but self-tapping screws will be more reliable. Black hardened ones are not suitable, they can burst under load, so buy regular steel ones with an anodized coating and a countersunk head.

To make the staircase more durable, and to make the upper edge of the step horizontal when tilted, notches need to be made on the short edge of the bowstring. First, mark marks along the length of the block in the places where the steps are installed, step back from them the width of the crossbars - 50 mm, and apply a second mark, drawing the edges of the notches for the square. Transfer the marks to the side edges on both sides, mark the depth of the notch on the bottom - 15-20 mm, and make a cut to this depth. Connect the labels with a slash.

Place the hatchet with the tip on the top mark and, tapping the butt with a hammer, chop off the wood.

Using the ax as a plane, trim the resulting bevel of the notch.

Make notches on both strings to speed up the process - knock them together with nails.

The bars on the bowstrings need to be lightened a little by sanding the edges.

Pay special attention to the nicks and carefully sand the bevel.

Paint inner surface notches and set them aside for a while.

For further work with steps you will need to make one end the base. Draw marks for a square on one of the ends.

Saw off the uneven edges and sand the end with a grinder; for beauty, you can remove a small chamfer. Similar to the bowstrings, lighten the wood a little and make the surface smooth.

Now you need to make the upper and lower crossbars. In order to visually quickly distinguish the top and bottom of the staircase, it is made with a slight narrowing, therefore top bar slightly shorter than the bottom one. Choose the width of the stairs that is convenient, in the above version it is 65 cm at the bottom and 55 cm at the top. Mark the length using a tape measure.

And draw a cutting line under the square.

Cut off the excess timber.

And sand the ends.

Draw a line under the square, stepping back from each edge by half the thickness of the bowstring - 20 mm. Mark the center of this line, you will get this marking:

Drill at the crosshairs through hole so that the self-tapping screw threads pass through it freely.

Make a small countersink with a larger drill bit.

Install the top and bottom rungs into the notches and level the ladder so that the ends of the steps are flush with the sides of the strings.

Measure the diameter of the thread rod and select a drill 0.2-0.3 mm smaller. In this case, the diameter of the rod was 2.8 mm, so a 2.5 mm drill was installed in the drill.

Through the hole in the steps, mark the bevel of the notches, maintaining the position and direction of the drill. Then remove the crossbars and drill a hole 2/3 of the way down. It is necessary to drill holes for the self-tapping screw so that it does not split the wood, otherwise all the work will be in vain.

Paint the edges of the steps on the back side where they meet the bowstring. Then return the steps to their place and tighten the screws.

Now the staircase has required sizes, all that remains is to screw in the missing steps. Place the bars into the notches and align the base ends flush with the side edges of the bowstrings.

Mark on the crossbars the desired length along the opposite string.

Prepare and install the steps as you did the first two: draw cutting lines for the square, cut off the excess and sand the ends. Mark the edges for drilling and make holes with a countersink. Then touch up the edges and install the steps in place, after drilling the string with a small drill.

It's time for painting. There are no special secrets here, but if you want the paint not to clog the slots in the head, unscrew the screws 3-4 turns and tighten them after painting.

If after painting the wood is visible in some places, you need to apply a second coat. Alkyd paint It hardens completely in 30 hours, after which the ladder can be used.

Modern cottages and private houses require the presence of 2 or more floors, and the topmost of them can be either residential or non-residential premises. In any case, a ladder is required.

Make your own reliable interfloor or attic staircase made of concrete or metal structures is quite heavy, which cannot be said about wood.

Even a novice master can assemble it.

From this article you will learn what types of wooden stairs there are, what are their differences, what material is used to make the spans. In addition, each of you will be able to make a wooden staircase to the second floor yourself - in the article we will provide approximate calculations and photos.

Types and types of structures

There are several species wooden staircase designs:

• Marching stairs. They are easy to manufacture and convenient to use, but require a large area of ​​the room. A flight of stairs can be placed along the wall or mounted in the middle of the room;
• . Usually located in limited space. Because throughput The structure is very small, it is better to move through it one at a time. A spiral staircase (if you build it yourself) will cost much less than other structures, and will last about the same;
• Combined stairs. Can be used in the construction of a private house, if the layout allows. Most often, flight stairs are made with a screw element.

Types of structures wooden stairs are the following:

• Stairs on pain– the steps are attached to huge hanging bolts (balusters);
• stairs on the bowstrings– the flight of stairs is mounted to a beam with special cutouts on inside end-to-end;
• stairs on stringers. Stringer is an inclined beam on top of which steps are attached.

What kind of wood can a staircase be made from?

Material selection for depends on the preferences of the owner of the house or apartment, the characteristics of the tree and the cost of it. Various breeds have their advantages and disadvantages:

1. Maple. A staircase made from this type will be the strongest and most durable. Color – light brown. The disadvantage of a maple staircase is its high price.
2. Larch. The color of the structure is golden yellow or dark yellow with brown veins. Great tolerates impacts external factors. A larch staircase will be strong and solid.
3. Oak. The peculiarity of oak stairs is that the older they are, the darker the shade.
4. Spruce. The most popular material due to its low cost. Spruce wood has a uniform structure and light shade.
5. Pine. Due to the low density of wood, it is very easy to process. Additional benefit pine is low cost material. The disadvantage of a pine staircase is its short service life. It is best to install a pine staircase in the country house where it will be used seasonally.

Pros and cons of wooden stairs

Wooden stairs have their advantages and disadvantages. Let's take a closer look at them.

Positive aspects:

• Low cost of building materials;
• environmental friendliness of wood;
• ease of processing;
• possibility of DIY installation;
• light weight;
• aesthetic appearance.

Disadvantages of wood:

• Low strength compared to concrete or metal stairs;
• tree - natural material and it tends to deteriorate and change. Therefore, after some time, preventive work may be necessary;
• fire hazard of the material.

Materials for making stairs

For installation of stairs to the second floor You will need:

• Bars for steps;
• beams for risers (leg supports);
• boards;
• beams width 30 - 40 mm;
• beam for stringer – 50*240 mm;
• screws, self-tapping screws;
• wood glue;
• building level, square, tape measure;
• handrails and, but it is better to purchase them at a hardware store.

Staircase calculations

If you decide to make a wooden staircase with your own hands, think over the nuances of the design: determine its dimensions, calculate the number of steps and supports. It is important to initially imagine what function the staircase will perform: connecting the floors or leading to the top of the attic. (Information about self-insulation attics can be read).

Draw diagram It’s also easy to do it yourself. Most often they make straight staircase. It connects the first floor with the second, and reaches a height of several meters. For convenience, the angle of inclination of the structure should be equal to the value in 30-40 degrees.

Pay attention! Wooden houses give significant shrinkage in the first two years after construction, so the angle of inclination may change.

So, for your convenience, we will provide basic calculations elements of the staircase (using the example of a wooden one) standard designs:

• Base length - 3.5-4 m;
• flight of stairs - 2.5 m;
• width of steps – 30 cm;
• height of steps – 15-20 cm.

Necessary calculations

1. 1. We define height of the stairs. Average value from ceiling to floor – 250 cm. TO given value need to add thickness interfloor covering. Its average 35 cm. We get:
      250+35=285 cm

1. 1. calculate number of steps: divide the height of the stairs by the height of the steps. It is better to take the last value (i.e. the height of the steps) as average - 17 cm. We get:
      285 cm/17 cm =16.76

The value is rounded up. Total we get 17 steps.

1. 1. define step width. It is believed that the permissible tread width (flat facing part of the step) can range from 22-40 cm. In Russian practice, to calculate the width of the step and rise (risers), the formula is used: a + b = 47 cm, Where A- riser height, b- step width. We get:
      47-16.67=30.3 cm

The value is rounded to 30 cm. - this is the width of the step.

1. 1. The width of the flight of stairs must be a multiple of the width of the step. In our case, this value can be equal to 60 cm, 90 cm, 120 cm. etc.
   2. calculate length of stairs. The length of the staircase is equal to the product of the number of steps and their width. We get:
      17*30= 480 cm

• calculate stringer length. We make calculations according to the Pythagorean theorem: the sum of the squares of the legs is equal to the square of the hypotenuse. That is A²+B²=C². In this formula:
  A– height of the stringer,
  IN– length of flight of stairs,
  WITH– stringer length. We get:

230400 + 81225 = 311625
The root of this number is 558.23 cm. Can be rounded to 560 cm.

Advice! If it is difficult to make geometric calculations, you can draw a staircase on paper on an appropriate scale and measure the angle and length of the base.

Assembling the stairs

Before you begin assembling the stairs to the second floor, you need to decide place for installing stringers (load-bearing structure flight of stairs). Installation stairs (in our case, a marching structure) includes several stages:

1. 1. Installation of stringers. Bottom part we fasten the stringer support beam. From above we cut the stringer into the ceiling beam.

1. grinding stairs, coating with a protective composition.
2. varnishing And painting. To do this, use a roller or brush. Paint over need a ladder in 2-3 layers, each subsequent layer must be applied after some time so that the previous layer has time to dry.

Cost of a finished staircase

Those who decided to buy ready wooden staircase or make it order, should be aware that the cost will depend on the complexity of the design and the type of wood.

For example, the most common design of a flight of stairs with a turn at 90 degrees pine will cost 60-80000 rub.., from birch – 100,000 rub..,made of oak – 150,000 rub..

You can order a wooden staircase at specialty store or on company websites. Manufacturing On average it takes up stairs 5-10 working days.

It’s up to you to make a wooden staircase yourself or order it from specialists. Self-installation It's not a quick process, but it has its advantages. First of all, this saving cash and visual quality assessment building materials.

This is how to make a wooden staircase with your own hands video.