Operational (or intermediate) control is carried out on construction sites during production operations or construction processes and should ensure the timely identification of defects, the causes of their occurrence and the adoption of measures to eliminate and prevent them.

The composition and content of operational control is regulated by the instructions of RSN-73. This knowledge establishes the general procedure for monitoring the implementation of construction, installation and special work during the construction of buildings and structures for various purposes. The task of operational control is to ensure compliance of the construction, installation and special work performed with the project and the requirements of regulatory documents (SNiP, GOST, OST, etc.), as well as to increase the responsibility of the performers directly for the quality of the work performed.

Intermediate control is carried out according to operational control schemes (OCC).

The operational quality control scheme should contain:

■ a sketch of the structure indicating the point of application of control;

■ permissible deviations according to SNiP;

■ basic technical specifications material or design (strength, frost resistance, fire resistance, etc.);

■ a list of operations, the implementation of which must be checked with reference to who carries out this control - foreman, foreman);

■ composition of control;

■ control method;

■ timing (stages) of implementation;

■ a list of operations controlled with the participation of a construction laboratory, geodetic service, as well as specialists of certain types of work. If necessary, operations requiring special tests (systems, components, etc.) are indicated;

■ a list of hidden work to be submitted to the customer’s technical supervision representative (examples of the design and content of the operational control scheme are given in Appendices 2 and 3)..

The organization of operational control and verification of its implementation is usually assigned to the chief engineers of enterprises, who are obliged to provide instructions to the linear engineering personnel (before the start of work) on the procedure for conducting operational control with a corresponding entry in the log of work on the construction of the facility. Superintendents (foremen) performing operational control of work must fill out special statistical control charts, which reflect the operation performed in violation regulatory requirements and not accepted upon first presentation. Defects identified during operational control, deviations from the design, GOST, OST must be eliminated before subsequent operations begin.

INSTALLATION OF WALL BLOCKS IN THE UNDERGROUND PART OF BUILDINGS

13.03.01-87 pp. 3.5, 3.6, table. 12

Limit deviations:

- from combining the installation landmarks of the wall blocks with the marks of the alignment axes - no more than 12 mm;

- from the vertical to the top of the planes of the wall blocks -12 mm.

The brand of solution must correspond to the design one.

The mobility of the solution for making a bed should be 5-7 cm.

The installation of wall blocks should be carried out in compliance with the dressing.

Not allowed:

The use of a solution whose setting process has already begun, as well as restoring its plasticity by adding water;

Contamination of supporting surfaces.

Control and measuring instruments: level, tape measure, metal ruler, plumb line, rule.

Operational control carried out by: foreman (foreman), surveyor - in the process of performing work. Acceptance control is carried out by: a quality service employee, a foreman (foreman), and a representative of the customer’s technical supervision.
Requirements for the quality of the structures used

GOST 13580-85*. Reinforced concrete slabs strip foundations. Technical conditions. GOST 13579-78*. Concrete blocks for basement walls. Technical conditions.

Up to 1000 mm - +10 mm;

St. 1000 to 1600 mm - ± 10 mm;

St. 1600 to 3200 mm -±15 mm.

Permissible deviations of length and width:

Deviation of the position of the mounting loop above the plane of the plate + 10...-5 mm. Deviations in the position of embedded products:

In the plane of the slab - 10 mm;

From the plane of the slab - 3 mm.

Non-straightness of the upper plane of the slab in any section over the entire length or width:

Up to 1000 mm - 1.5 mm;

Over 1000 to 1600 mm - 3.0 mm;

Over 1600 to 3200 mm - 4.0 mm.

Not allowed:

On the surface of the slabs there are sinkholes with a diameter of more than 20 mm or chipped ribs with a depth of more than 20 mm.

Permissible deviations in block sizes:

Length - ±13 mm;

in width and height - ±8 mm;

The dimensions of the cutouts are ± 5 mm.

The deviation from the straightness of the profile of the block surfaces should not exceed 3 mm per

the entire length and width of the block.

Not allowed:

— cracks, with the exception of local, superficial, shrinkage cracks with a width of no more than 0.1 mm;

— exposure of reinforcement, with the exception of outlets.

Instructions for carrying out work SNiP 3.03.01-87 pp. 3.9,3.11

Installation of foundation structures is permitted only after the entire complex has been completed earthworks, axle layouts and foundation devices. Before installation begins, marks must be applied with indelible paint on the upper edges of foundation slabs and blocks and at their bases, fixing the position of the axes of the slabs and blocks. The supporting surfaces of the slabs and blocks must be cleaned of contamination. The installation of wall blocks should be done, starting with the installation of lighthouse blocks in the corners of the building and at the intersection of the axes. Lighthouse blocks are installed by combining their axial marks with the marks of the alignment axes in two mutually perpendicular directions. The installation of ordinary blocks should begin after checking the position of the lighthouse blocks in plan and height.

Row blocks should be installed with the bottom oriented along the edge of the blocks of the bottom row, and the top along the alignment axis. External wall blocks installed below ground level must be leveled inner sides e walls, and above - along the outside. Vertical and horizontal seams must be filled with mortar and embroidered on both sides.

INSTALLATION OF BALCONY PLATES AND JUMPERS

Technical requirements

SNiP 3.03.01-87 pp. 3.5, 3.6, table. 12
Balcony slabs:

The difference between the plane levels of the balcony slab and the floor of the room should be no more than 80-1000 mm;

The slope of the balcony slab from outer wall - 2%.

Jumpers:

Permissible deviations of the marks of the supporting surfaces of the wall - 10 mm;

The amount of support of the lintels on the walls is according to the design;

The side surface of the lintels should not extend beyond the plane of the wall.

Requirements for the quality of materials used

GOST 25697-83*. Reinforced concrete slabs for balconies and loggias. General technical specifications. GOST 948-84. Reinforced concrete lintels for buildings with brick walls. Technical conditions.

Composition of operations and controls

Control and measuring instruments: metal tape measure, metal ruler, plumb line, level, level.
Operational control is carried out by: a foreman (foreman), an engineer (laboratory assistant) - during the work process.
Acceptance control is carried out by: quality service workers, foreman (foreman), representatives of the customer’s technical supervision.

Reinforced concrete lintels can be manufactured with a technological slope of the side and end faces. The dimensions of the lower edge of the lintel may be smaller than the corresponding dimensions of the upper edge:

Length - up to 20 mm;

Width - up to 8 mm.

The values ​​of actual deviations of the geometric parameters of lintels and balcony slabs should not exceed the limits indicated in the table.

Fat and grease are not allowed on the front surfaces of reinforced concrete products. rust spots. Markings and signs are applied on the end side of the lintel, and on the balcony slab - on the end side hidden in the wall. The marking must contain:

Product brand;

Short name of the manufacturer;

Date of manufacture;

The mass of the product.

Instructions for carrying out work

SNiP 3.03.01-87 pp. 2.112, 3.4

Balcony slabs and lintels are installed simultaneously with the construction of external walls. Supporting parts for prefabricated masonry reinforced concrete structures must be made from whole brick in bonded rows.

When installing balcony slabs, it is necessary to make temporary fastenings in the form of timber supports. Permanent fastening must be carried out immediately in accordance with the requirements of the project. Metal embedded parts hidden in the masonry must be protected with an anti-corrosion coating.

For welding of reinforcement, embedded parts and for sealing of balcony slabs, inspection reports for hidden work must be drawn up.

11.9.1 During production processes and operations, operational controls are carried out in order to identify defects that may be hidden if the process or operation continues, and to take measures to prevent and eliminate these defects.

11.9.2 With operational control, the person carrying out construction checks:

Compliance of the sequence and composition of the technological operations performed with the technological and regulatory documentation applicable to these technological operations;

Compliance with the technological regimes established technological maps and regulations;

Compliance of quality indicators of operations and their results with the requirements of design and technological documentation, as well as regulatory documentation applicable to these technological operations.

11.9.2 During the construction process, an assessment of the work performed, the results of which affect safety, must be carried out object, but in accordance with the adopted technology become unavailable for control after the start of subsequent work, as well as completed building structures and plots utility networks, the elimination of defects identified by inspection is impossible without dismantling or damaging subsequent structures and sections of utility networks. Representatives of the relevant state supervision bodies, designer’s supervision, as well as, if necessary, independent experts may participate in these control procedures. The contractor notifies the other participants of the timing of these procedures no later than three working days in advance.

11.9.3 The results of acceptance of work hidden by subsequent work, in accordance with the requirements of design and regulatory documentation, are documented in certificates of inspection of hidden work ( Appendix M ). The developer (customer) may require a re-inspection after eliminating the identified defects.

11.9.4 To the procedure for assessing the conformity of individual structures, tiers of structures (floors), the work performer must submit inspection reports of all hidden works included in these structures, geodetic as-built diagrams, as well as test reports for structures in cases provided for in the design documentation and (or) construction contract. The developer (customer) can check the accuracy of the as-built geodetic schemes presented by the contractor. For this purpose, the performer of the work must preserve the alignment axes and installation guidelines fixed in kind until the completion of acceptance.

The results of acceptance of individual structures must be documented in acceptance certificates for critical structures ( Appendix N ).

11.9.5 Tests of sections of utility networks and installed utility equipment are carried out in accordance with the requirements of the relevant regulatory documents and are documented in acceptance certificates for critical structures (Appendix H).

11.9.6 If defects in work, structures, or sections of utility networks are discovered as a result of stage-by-stage acceptance, the corresponding acts must be drawn up only after the identified defects have been eliminated.

In cases where subsequent work must begin after a break of more than 6 months from the completion of phased acceptance, before resuming work, these procedures should be repeated with the execution of the relevant acts.

11.9.7 Places for performing control operations, their frequency, performers, methods and measuring instruments, forms for recording results, the procedure for making decisions when identifying non-compliance with established requirements must comply with the requirements of design, technological and regulatory documentation.

11.9.8 The person carrying out the construction appoints with his administrative documents the responsible executors for performing operational control, documenting its results and eliminating defects identified by the control.

The results of operational control must be documented in special work logs.

Any construction and installation work is accompanied by quality control of the actions performed. Operational quality control of work is part of the activities of supervisory authorities involved in regulation in the field of creation of new capital construction projects. Specialists from these bodies monitor all types of technical activities for compliance with current legislation.

The regulatory authorities will not have any complaints during construction and installation work:

• if you strictly adhere to the construction requirements established in the rules and regulations;
• carry out all activities in accordance with state standards and documents of state supervisory authorities;
• take into account all the requirements of the design documentation.

The objects of operational control are the materials used. In addition, during the inspection, the condition of equipment and machinery, the availability of the necessary construction and installation documentation, and much more are checked.

Operational control is carried out on different stages construction: at the stage of excavation work, at the stages of foundation arrangement, installation, carpentry and finishing operations.

Let's take a closer look at each of these stages.

Excavation control

Initial construction work associated with land plot, where a new facility is being built or an existing one is being reconstructed. At this stage, backfilling, excavation, and construction of trenches and embankments can be performed.

When carrying out control activities, specialists visually check the marks for deviations of land construction formations from the design parameters. In addition, specialists check the compliance of geometric parameters and pits with the values ​​​​specified in the design documentation. At the same time, specialists from the supervisory authority check documents to ensure they comply with general regulatory requirements.

Thus, the operational control scheme for at this stage is aimed at checking compliance with the correct arrangement of the selected area for subsequent construction work.

Laying the foundation

One of the most important stages construction- installation work is the laying of the foundation, which begins immediately after the completion of excavation work.

The quality of the foundation of a capital construction project will subsequently determine its entire integrity, reliability and durability.

Control measures at this stage are aimed at checking the soil layer on which the foundation will be laid. Specialists check the composition of the soil, which should not contain construction debris, ice and snow particles, or any other rotting elements.

At the same time, specialists from the supervisory authority determine the characteristics of the blocks and structures that are planned to be used when laying the foundation of the structure. The installation quality is also controlled building elements, the correctness of their location in structures, distance from each other, density of information and integrity. Any violations identified at this stage, if not eliminated, may subsequently lead to negative consequences and significantly reduce the service life of the facility.

Control of installation work

Supervision of installation work involves a large amount of activity. At this stage, the installation of reinforced concrete columns, beam elements, floor slabs, shafts and panels is controlled.

The entire supervisory process can be divided into two stages:

• external and measuring verification of used building materials and structures (assessment of compliance of beams, slabs and other materials with the requirements of design documentation);
• control of installation actions after their completion (checking the installation of objects for compliance with the initially determined location).

At the first stage, surfaces are inspected, the presence of cracks, concrete sagging and other defects is checked. At the second stage, existing deviations and the reliability of fastenings are assessed. The results of the control measures carried out are the basis for drawing up a report of hidden defects.

Control of carpentry and finishing works

At the next stages, carpentry and finishing work is supervised. As a rule, carpentry activities include the installation of window and door units. Before their installation, the characteristics of the material used are checked, including its compliance with the stated requirements. The appearance and accuracy of the parameters are assessed, after which the installation actions and insulation are directly controlled block structures, the correctness of their locations.

After this, the finishing work is checked: the quality of materials, their compliance with environmental and design requirements.

Completion finishing works entails monitoring the performance properties of the finish. At this stage, it is revealed possible disadvantages coatings and recommendations are given regarding their removal.

Roofing, insulation and finishing measures

Almost every project involves the implementation of hydro, noise and heat insulation measures. They are mandatory for both residential buildings and most industrial facilities, and are designed to neutralize negative factors affecting the facility from the outside.

Particular attention is paid to roofing work when monitoring.

Both basic designs and quality are checked roofing materials, their density and reliability.

Thus, operational quality control includes a whole set of measures that must be implemented at each stage of construction and installation activities. Control activities require a high degree of responsibility on the part of the inspection structures, since the quality of operational control directly affects the safety of operation of the construction site.

The “Operational Control Card” is developed by an enterprise that manufactures, installs or repairs equipment (pipelines) or a specialized design and technological organization and serves to record the results of work control primarily during the preparation and assembly of parts for welding.

The “Map...” should reflect the following information:

name of the enterprise and service performing operational control;

name of the equipment (pipeline) and designation of the drawing or welding form;

availability of markings and/or documentation confirming acceptance of the material (semi-finished product) during incoming inspection;

cleanliness and absence of damage on the edges and adjacent surfaces of parts;

shape and dimensions of edges, boring (expansion, calibration) of pipe parts;

the presence and type of special methods for preparing and assembling parts (surfacing on edges and internal surfaces, hem);

under the condition of bending, the temperature of the metal during this technological operation and the bending angle are indicated, and under the condition of surfacing, its dimensions, welding method and welding materials used, indicating the batch number (melt) and the standard, specifications or passport;

compliance with the requirements of the PDD of the material, shape and size of the backing rings (meltable inserts);

compliance with the PDD for the values ​​of gaps, displacement of edges (from the outer and inner sides), fracture of the axes and planes of the parts being connected in the joint assembled for welding;

the presence of a protective coating on the surfaces of parts (in cases specified by the PDD) and the width of the zone of its application;

correct assembly and fastening of parts, dimensions of the assembled unit (the latter - in cases specified in the PDD);

date of control, last name, first name and patronymic of the person (persons) who performed operational control and his (their) signatures;

conclusion on the preparation of parts for assembly for welding.

The conclusion on the quality of preparation of parts and assembly of joints for welding is signed by the head of the preparation and assembly work and the head of the service that performed the control.

Program for training specialists for legal certification

performing work and managing work on visual

and measurement control

I THEORETICAL TRAINING PROGRAM

A. General technical course

Topic 1 Design and installation of thermal power plant and nuclear power plant equipment

1.1 Thermal and nuclear power plants. Types of thermal and nuclear power plants. The main elements of thermal power plants and their purpose. Physical Basics nuclear energy. Schematic flow diagrams of nuclear power plants. Purpose and classification of pipelines and equipment of thermal power plants and nuclear power plants. NPP equipment and pipeline groups; categories welded joints. Categories of steam and hot water pipelines. Manufacturing, enlargement and installation of pipelines, structures and technological equipment.

1.2 Materials science.

General information about metals, alloys and their properties. Types of steels, their characteristics, the concept of micro- and macrostructure, the relationship between the structure and properties of steel. Technological features various brands steels and areas of their application. Steels and alloys used for the manufacture of thermomechanical equipment, pipelines and structures of thermal power plants and nuclear power plants. Influence of physical and mechanical properties of steel (alloy) on the choice of non-destructive testing method. Basic concepts about destructive testing methods of metals and alloys; methods of destructive testing and areas of their application.

1.3 General information about welding and heat treatment of welded joints.

Welding methods used in the manufacture, installation and repair of equipment and pipelines of thermal power plants and nuclear power plants. Welding materials and areas of their application. Heat treatment of welded joints of products and its purpose. Influence heat treatment on the properties of welded joints. Welded joints. Types of welded connections of pipelines; requirements for structural forms of welded joints. The main zones of a welded joint are: weld metal, fusion zone, heat-affected zone and base metal. The influence of the structural features of the welded joint and the metal of the product on the choice of non-destructive testing methods.

1.4 Types of defects (discontinuities) in welded joints and base metal.

Concept - discontinuity (defect). Classification of defects in welded joints and base metal of products. External (surface) and internal defects. Planar and volumetric defects. Types of defects, causes of their occurrence in welded joints and base metal of products; characteristic types of defects inherent in various welding methods. Measures to prevent the occurrence of defects. The influence of defects on the properties and technological strength of the base metal and welded joints. Methods for correcting defects. Control methods, scope of control and standards for assessing the quality of corrected sections of welded joints. Number of corrections in the same area.

1.5 Technical requirements for the quality of welded joints and base metal.

General requirements for the quality of the welded joint and the base metal of the product. Incoming quality control of base and welding metals. PDD requirements for control during preparation, assembly, welding (surfacing), heat treatment and when correcting defects. Technical requirements for structural forms and location of welded joints on the product. Acceptance quality control of welded joints. NTD requirements for the quality of welded joints of thermal power plant and nuclear power plant products.

1.6 Basic methods of quality control of welded joints (surfacing) of products.

Methods for monitoring welded joints (surfacing) and base metal of products using non-destructive (physical) and destructive (laboratory) testing methods. Areas of their application and physical essence. Visual and measuring control of welded joints (surfacing) and base metal of products. Non-destructive testing methods: capillary, magnetic particle, ultrasonic, radiographic and tightness (gas and liquid). General information about destructive testing methods of welded joints. Advantages and disadvantages of non-destructive testing methods. Integrated use of methods for monitoring welded joints (surfacing) and the base metal of products.