The main types of cables and wires used during installation in an apartment or private house need to be considered in more detail (Fig. 4.22). Careful information about them is required when purchasing, installing, operating and repairing them. Used for transmission and distribution of electric current, operating voltage - 660-1000 V, frequency - 50 Hz. The number of cores can vary from 1 to 5. Cross-section - from 1.5 to 240 mm 2. IN living conditions used as cable with a cross-section of 1.5-6 mm 2, when building a private house - a cable with a cross-section of up to 16 mm 2. The cores can be either single- or multi-wire (Fig. 4.24). There are no restrictions - you can also install a cable with a cross-section of 10 mm 2 in an apartment.

Power cables

Among the most popular types of cable products recently are the VVG cable and its modifications.

VVG denoted by power cable with TPG insulation made of PVC, sheath (cambric) made of PVC, copper material veins without external protection(Fig. 4.23).

VVG is used over a wide temperature range: from -50 to + 50 "C. Withstands humidity up to 98% at temperatures up to +40 "C. The cable is strong enough to withstand tearing and bending, and is resistant to aggressive chemicals. When installing, remember that each cable or wire has a certain bending radius. This means that for a rotation of 90 °C in the case of VVG, the bending radius must be at least 10 diameters of the cable section. In the case of a flat cable or wire, the width of the plane is considered. The outer shell is usually black, although white can sometimes be found. Does not spread fire. TPG insulation is marked in various colors: blue, yellow-green, brown, white with a blue stripe, red and black. The cable is packaged in coils of 100 and 200 m. Sometimes other sizes are also found. Varieties of VVG: AVVG - the same characteristics, only instead of a copper core, aluminum is used (Fig. 4.25); Conductor PVC insulation PVC sheath VVGng - cambric with increased non-flammability (Fig. 4.26); VVGp - the most common type, the cable cross-section is not round, but flat; VVGz - the space between the TPG insulation and the cambric is filled with PVC strands or a rubber mixture. NYM does not have a Russian decoding of the letter designation. This is a copper power cable with TPZh PVC insulation, the outer sheath is made of non-flammable PVC. Between the layers of insulation there is a filler in the form of coated rubber, which gives the cable increased strength and heat resistance. The cores are multi-wire, always copper (Fig. 4.27). The number of cores is from 2 to 5, cross-section is from 1.5 to 16 mm 2. Designed for carrying out lighting and power networks with a voltage of 660 V. It has high moisture and heat resistance. Can be used for outdoor installation. Operating temperature range - from -40 to +70 "C. Disadvantage: does not withstand sunlight well, so the cable must be covered. Compared to VVG of any type, it is more durable and convenient to use. However, it only comes with a round cross-section (it is inconvenient to install it in plaster or concrete) and is significantly more expensive than VVG. Bending radius - 4 cable cross-section diameters. KG deciphered very simply - the cable is flexible. This is a conductor with an operating alternating voltage of up to 660 V, a frequency of up to 400 Hz, or a direct voltage of 1000 V (Fig. 4.28).

Copper conductors, flexible or highly flexible. Their number varies from 1 to 6. TPG insulation is rubber, the outer shell is made of the same material. The operating temperature range is from -60 to +50 "C. The cable is used mainly for connecting various portable devices. Most often these are welding machines, generators, heat guns etc. There is a variety KGng with non-combustible insulation. NOTE KG has proven itself excellently as a cable that operates under almost any outdoor conditions. At a construction site, it is simply irreplaceable for pulling power lines. Although some original people, attracted by the flexibility and reliability of the KG, install it as home wiring. The latter can be either single-wire or multi-wire. Number of cores - from 1 to 5. Section - from 1.5 mm 2 to 240 mm 2. TPG insulation, outer shell, space between the insulation and the cambric - PVC is used in all these places. Then comes the armor of two tapes, wound in such a way that the outer one overlaps the boundaries of the turns of the lower one. On top of the armor, the cable is enclosed in a protective PVC hose, and the VBBShvng modification uses this material of reduced flammability. VBBShv is designed for alternating rated voltages of 660 and 1000 V. Single-core modifications are used to conduct direct current. Installed in pipes, ground and outdoors with protection from the sun. Operating temperature range - from -50 to +50 "C. Moisture resistant: at a temperature of +35 ° C withstands 98% humidity. Used for conducting electricity for stationary installations, as well as for supplying electricity to separate objects. Bending radius of at least 10 section diameters cable. VBBSHv is perfect for underground supply of electricity to a separate building. Modifications: AVBBSHv - cable with aluminum core; VBBShvng - non-flammable cable; VBBShvng-LS - non-flammable cable with low gas and smoke emission at elevated temperatures. Wires The most popular types of wire are PBPP (PUNP) and PBPPg (PUGNP). Say the letter the combination of BPPPg is complex, so it is more often called PUNP or PUGNP.

PBPP (PUNP) refers to installation, or installation. The wire is flat, with single-wire copper cores covered with PVC insulation, the outer sheath is also made of PVC (Fig. 4.30).

Rice. 4.30. PBPP wire

Number of cores - 2 or 3, cross-section - from 1.5 to 6 mm 2. It is used when laying stationary lighting systems, as well as for installing sockets, although it is preferable to use it specifically for lighting. Rated voltage - up to 250 V, frequency - 50 Hz. Operating temperature range - from -15 to +50 "C. Bending radius - at least 10 diameters.

PBPPg (PUGNP) differs from PUNP in conductors - they are multi-wire (Fig. 4.31). That is why the letter “g” is added to the name of the wire - flexible.

All other characteristics correspond to PUNP, only the minimum bending radius is 6. A distinctive property is flexibility, therefore PUGNP are laid in places where the wiring makes frequent bends, or for connection to the network of household appliances. Wires of these brands are sold in coils of 100 and 200 m. The color is usually white, less often black.

A type of PUNP includes a wire with aluminum conductors APUNP (Fig. 4.32). He has exactly the same characteristics as PUNP, adjusted for core material. The only difference is that APUNP cannot be multi-wire, and therefore flexible.

NOTE

In general, wires of the PUNP, PUGNP and APUNP brands have proven themselves to be excellent household wires. In half the cases the master has to deal with them. However, it should be remembered that these brands of wires are highly specialized, and you should not use them instead of power cables (such as NYM or VVG).

ATTENTION!

The popularity of PUNP and PUGNP wires is based primarily on price. However, there is a catch in this. The fact is that recently a discrepancy has been noticed between the declared cross-section of the wire cores and the actual one. After checking, it turned out that the wire marked PUGNP 3x1.5 is actually 3 x 1 - that is, the actual cross-section of the core is smaller. The same applies to isolation. When purchasing wires of this brand, it is necessary to measure the cross-section of the conductors and the thickness of the insulation.

400 Hz. The wire is resistant to aggressive chemical environments, non-flammable, has a wide operating temperature range - from -50 to +70 "C. Moisture resistance - 100% at a temperature of +35 "C. The bending radius during installation is at least 10 diameters of the wire cross-section. Resistant to mechanical damage and vibration. APPV has the same characteristics as PPPV, with the exception of the core material - it is aluminum (see Fig. 4.34). APV - aluminum single-core wire with PVC insulation (Fig. 4.34). The wire is round, single-wire with a cross-section from 2.5 to 16 mm 2 and multi-wire - from 25 to 95 mm 2. The wire is used in almost all types of installation of stationary lighting and power systems. It is laid in voids, pipes, steel and plastic trays. Widely used in installation distribution boards. Chemically resistant temperature regime operation - from -50 to +70 "C. Moisture resistance - 100% at a temperature of +35 "C. The bending radius is at least 10 diameters. Resistant to mechanical damage and vibration. Appearance and the characteristics of PV 1 coincide in everything with the APV, except for the core material: instead of aluminum - copper (Fig. 4.35). The core cross-section starts from 0.75 mm 2. In addition, the core becomes stranded not from 25, but from 16 mm 2. More flexible than automatic reclosure. The characteristics of wire PV 3 coincide with the properties of automatic reclosure and PV 1. Area of ​​application - installation of sections of lighting and power circuits where frequent bending of wires is necessary: ​​in distribution boards, when installing a large number of electrical devices. It is also used for laying electrical circuits in cars. The bending radius is at least 6 wire diameters (Fig. 4.36).

The core is multi-wire, their total number ranges from 2 to 5, cross-section - from 0.75 to 16 mm 2. Rated voltage - up to 380 V, frequency - 50 Hz. The core insulation is color coded, the sheath is white.

The wire is used when connecting various electrical devices, starting with household appliances and ending with garden tools. Due to its flexibility and lightness, it is also used for lighting and even installation of sockets. PVA is a household wire used for making extension cords, cords for any type of equipment and repairing electrical networks. It is non-flammable (does not propagate combustion when laid alone), heat-resistant: temperature range - from -40 to +40 ° C (PVS U version) and from -25 to +40 "C. Due to its design, it is resistant to bending and mechanical wear. PVA can withstand at least 3000 kinks.

SHVVP - copper or tinned copper flat wire (Fig. 4.38). Core insulation and sheath made of PVC.

Rice. 4.38. ShVVP wire

The core is multi-wire, with increased flexibility. Number of cores - 2 or 3, cross-section - from 0.5 to 0.75 mm 2. Voltage - up to 380 V, frequency - 50 Hz. Used as a cord for connecting lighting fixtures and low-power household appliances, such as soldering irons, mixers, coffee grinders and electronic devices.

NOTE

ShVVP is a wire exclusively for household needs; it is not used for wiring lighting or sockets.

Cables for information transmission

In addition to electricity, transmission cablesgive information signals. In byLately there have been a lot ofnew types of information conductors.If 10-15 years ago there wereonly telephone and antenna cables, thennow with the development of computer technologynicknames of types of information wiresthere are a lot more nicknames. MostMost of them are too specializedand is of interest only to narrowspecialized specialists. For homeit is enough for a master to know and be able touse only a few typesmi. We will consider them.

Antenna cables. As of today day most often used RG-6,RG-59, RG-58 or Russian equivalents RK 75 series.

RG-6 - coaxial cable for petransmission of high frequency signals forelectronic equipment, televisionor radio (Fig. 4.39).

Consists of a central copperconductors with a cross section of 1 mm 2 surroundingits insulation is made of polyethylene foamlena, aluminum foil screengi, external conductor made of tinnedcopper braid and PVC sheath.Widely used for transmissioncable and satellite signalstelevision. Has a lot of technologyical characteristics relating to chatransmitting signal strength, resistancelenation, shielding, etc. For example,designation in the name of the cable RK 75means that the conductor resistanceka - 75 Ohm (Fig. 4.40).

This information is intended for specialists. In short, we can say that this cable is ideal for transmitting a video signal from an antenna or video camera to a receiver (TV) and distributing the video signal to several sources (Fig. 4.41).

receiving or transmitting a signal. Each conductor is enclosed in PVC or propylene insulation. The outer shell is also made of PVC. The cable can be additionally equipped with a waterproof polypropylene sheath. There is a breaking thread in the twisted pair design. With its help, the outer sheath can be easily removed from the cable, opening access to the conductive wires.

RG brand cables have many varieties and differ from each other in certain characteristics, such as conductor resistance, resistance to temperature and shock loads, signal decay time, type of screen, etc. (Fig. 4.42). Computer cables (twisted pair). They are used to build computer networks (Fig. 4.43). The cable with which computers connect to the Internet or to each other is just twisted pair(Fig. 4.44 and 4.45). Consists of one or more pairs of wires intertwined in pairs, which is done in order to improve Depending on the type of cable, possible various options protection: ? UTP, or unprotected, without a common shield for pairs of wires; FTP, or foil, with an aluminum foil screen; P STP, or protected, with a common shield made of copper mesh, in addition, each twisted pair is surrounded by a separate shield; Rice. 4.44. twisted pair with a connector for connecting to a computer, protected by a PVC sheath

Rice. 4.45. Tip RJ-45 for connecting to a computer
S/FTP, or foil, shielded with common screen from foil, in addition, each pair is additionally enclosed in a screen. In addition, twisted pair

/are divided into categories according to the number of pairs combined into one cable. The most common type used for computer networks, is a category ria CAT5e. It consists of 4 pairs of wires of different colors. Data transfer speed - up to 1 Gb/s when using all pairs.

You can see such a cable used as a telephone wire of category CAT1 or CAT2, that is, consisting of 1 or 2 pairs of wires.

Telephone cables and wires

Telephone conductors are divided into 2 main types. The first ones are intended for laying several (up to 400) subscriber lines. The second type is used for wiring in a separate apartment or house.

TPPep - the main type of cable for laying a line designed for a large number of subscribers (Fig. 4.46).

The cable consists of two wires twisted into pairs. TPG made of soft copper wire, cross-section 0.4 or 0.5 mm 2, covered with polyethylene insulation. In some types of cable, pairs are combined into groups of 5 or 10 pairs. The outer shell is also polyethylene or vinyl. The letters “e” and “i” in the name stand for film screen. There are varieties of cable armored with tapes, or filled, in which the space between the sheath and the cores is occupied by a hydrophobic seal. In short, this is a cable for telephone communication in apartment building, it is designed for installation in almost all conditions: underground, in cable ducts or by air.

For conducting a telephone line to an individual subscriber and wiring indoors, they are used telephone wires the following two types.

TRV- one- or two-pair telephone distribution wire (Fig. 4.47).
Rice. 4.47. Telephone TRV wire

This is a flat wire withdivided by the base, veincopper, single wire, ce0.4 or 0.5 mm 2. Quantitynumber of cores - 2 or 4. Insulation fromPVC. Designed for conducting telephone lines indoors.

Operated with temperature from -10 to +40 °C. Humidity should not exceed 80% at temperature+30 °С.

TRP - the characteristics coincide with the expansion valve. The only difference is the insulation; for TRP it is made of polyethylene (Fig. 4.48).

Rice. 4.48. TRP wire

Possessing increased resistance to environmental influences. Such places include baths, ovens and cellars. In general, anywhere where it is too hot, humid or cold and there is also a possibility of mechanical damage. It is clear that PVS or VVG cannot be installed in such places, not to mention PUNP or ShVVP.

RKGM - power installation single-core wire of increased heat resistance, flexible. Copper core, multi-wire, cross-section from 0.75 to 120 mm 2. Insulation made of silicone rubber, fiberglass shell, impregnated with heat-resistant enamel or varnish (Fig. 4.51).
Rice. 4.51. Wire RKGM

This wire is designed for rated voltage up to 660 V and frequency up to 400 Hz. Vibration resistant high humidity(up to 100% at a temperature of +35 °C), heat-resistant (operating temperature range from 60 to +180 °C). In addition, the wire is protected from harmful effects varnishes, solvents and fungal mold. The ideal guidefor rooms from abovetemperature (boiler rooms and stoves), suitable for electrical installation in baths, saunas, oven connections.

PNSV- single-core heating wire. TPZh single-wire steel, blued or galvanized steel (Fig. 4.52).
Rice. 4.52. Wire PNSV

Core cross-section - 1.2; 1.4; 2 and 3 mm 2. PVC or polyethylene insulation. Rated voltage up to 380 V, frequency 50 Hz. The wire is heat-resistant: the operating temperature range is from -50 to +80 ° C, it is resistant to alkalis and moisture-resistant (tolerates immersion in water). It is used as a heating element: in domestic conditions, heated floors are installed using PNSV.

runway - single-core copper wire. The core is multi-wire, enclosed in polyethylene insulation, the sheath is also made of polyethylene or PVC (Fig. 4.53).
Rice. 4.53. Wire runway

Core cross-section - from 1.2 to 25 mm 2. Rated voltage - 380 or 660 V, frequency 50 Hz. The wire is resistant to pressure changes. Operating temperature range - from -40 to +80 °C. It is used for motors of artesian wells immersed in water under high pressure conditions.

LED cablea very interesting version of the power one. Under the transparent outer shell along the power TPGs there are additionalwires from the afterbirthtightly connected

LEDs different colors. They are located at a distance of 2 cm from each other, burn with a constant, fairly strong light (Fig. 4.54).

Such a cable performs not only decorative functions, although it can be used to create entire light paintings. In addition to aesthetic purposes, it is very convenient for connecting to portable electrical mechanisms. Most often, LED cables are used to connect stage equipment. It is useful because if it breaks, you don’t have to look for the damage site: the diodes in this area will stop glowing. Such cables are manufactured by Duralight. In addition to power conductors, there are computer luminous cables.

In addition to LED cables, there are electroluminescent cables. They glow evenly along their entire length. With the help of such cables you can create luminous inscriptions and even entire paintings. This great alternative flexible neon tubes, from which such designer jewelry is usually made. In addition, electroluminescent cable is cheaper than neon tubes and is not limited in length.

Used for conducting lines indoors and in telephone sets. Highly flexible wire. PRPPM - a flat wire with a dividing base and single-wire copper conductors with insulation and a polyethylene sheath (Fig. 4.50). There is a modificationPRPVM, the shell of which is made of PVC. Number of cores

Special types of cables and wires

For the installation of electrical systems in places where conditions are very different from usual, special cables are used,

Compared to expansion valves, the wire is more resistant to the external environment and can be laid outside buildings. SHTLP - telephone flat cord with copper stranded conductors. The core insulation is made of polyethylene (Fig. 4.49). Insulated TPGs are covered with a PVC sheath. Number of cores - 2 or 4, cross-section - from 0.08 to 0.12 mm 2.

The modern cable industry has a wide range of different wires. And each type of wire is designed to solve a specific range of problems.

Having connected with electrical installation on your own site or in your own apartment, you can very soon notice that the cables and wires used in the installation are predominantly copper, less often aluminum. There are simply no other materials with all the variety. Further, you can notice that the structure of the cores of these cables is also different: the core can consist of many wires, or it can be solid. The structure of the cores affects the flexibility of the cable, but does not in any way affect its conductivity.

It seems that the spectrum ends there. But where does such a variety of brands come from then? VVG, NYM, SIP, PVS, ShVVP - how do they differ from each other? Mostly - insulation properties.

In this article we will look at the main common types of electrical wires, dwell on their characteristics, and note their areas of application.

For the electrification of residential buildings, different, mainly copper, cables are used, but in recent years, the VVG cable, including its modified versions, can most often be found.

The VVG cable marking means: external insulation is made of polyvinyl chloride, core insulation is also made of polyvinyl chloride, the cable cores are flexible. Although the flexibility of the VVG cable is relative, because up to a cross-section of 25 square meters. mm. inclusive, its cores are made solid and not stranded.

The cable insulation is resistant to aggressive environments, but is quite durable and does not support combustion. The cores can be either single-wire or multi-wire, depending on the modification of the VVG cable.

The main purpose of this cable is the transmission and distribution of electricity in networks with voltages up to 1000 volts at an industrial AC frequency of 50 Hz. For laying home networks, VVG cable with a cross-section of up to 6 sq. mm is used, for electrification of private houses - up to 16 sq. mm. During installation, bending is allowed along a minimum radius of 10 wire sizes in width. The cable is supplied in coils of 100 meters.

Among the varieties of VVG cable there are: AVVG - with an aluminum core, VVGng - with a fire-resistant sheath, VVGp - flat section, VVGz - with the addition of PVC or in rubber insulation also between individual cores.

VVG is the most common copper cable for indoor installation. It is laid openly, in boxes, and placed in grooves. VVG insulation provides it with a long service life - 30 years. The number of VVG cable cores can correspond to the needs of both three-phase and single-phase networks: from two to five.

The most common color of external insulation of VVG cables is black, but recently white VVG has completely ceased to be a rarity. The color of the insulation of individual VVG cores corresponds to the standard marking: for the PE core - yellow-green, for the N core - blue or white with a blue stripe, and the insulation of phase cores is most often made pure white.

Modifications of the VVG cable marked “NG” and “LS” are distinguished, respectively, by the inability of the insulation to propagate fire and low level smoke emissions when exposed to fire. There is also a modification of the VVG, characterized by its ability to completely resist open fire for a certain time in minutes. This modification is designated by the Latin letters FR.

In everyday life, there is practically no cable that is similar in characteristics to the VVG cable, but has aluminum cores - AVVG. Its unpopularity is due to restrictions on the use of aluminum in distribution networks, as well as the disadvantages of aluminum cable products.

In addition, there is foreign analogue cable VVG, manufactured according to international standard DIN. We are talking about NYM cable. It differs from VVG in slightly improved characteristics, in particular, in that it has a special self-extinguishing internal filler that ensures sealing of connections.

The copper solid-wire conductors have PVC insulation, the outer shell is also made of PVC, does not support combustion, and is resistant to aggressive environments. From one to five cores with a cross section from 1.5 to 35 sq. mm. located tightly inside the white protective shell. Between the conductors there is a halogen-free coated rubber seal, which provides the cable with heat resistance and strength. This cable is applicable in a wide temperature range from -40°C to +70°C, and is moisture resistant. Core insulation colors: brown, black, gray, blue, yellow-green.

The NYM cable is intended for installation of power and lighting networks in industrial and residential buildings at a maximum voltage of up to 660 volts (300/500/660). The cable can be laid both indoors and outdoors, taking into account, however, that sunlight damages the cable insulation, therefore, when installed outdoors, it must be protected from sunlight, for example, by placing it in a corrugated cable.

During installation, bending along a radius of at least four cable diameters is allowed. Supplied in coils of 50 meters or more.

Unlike VVG, NYM cable always has only copper and only solid-wire cores (mono-cores). It is quite convenient for normal installation, since it has an ideal round section, but for the same reason it is somewhat inconvenient to lay it in plaster or concrete, otherwise it is similar to VVG.

Cable production on video:

How to distinguish a quality cable when purchasing it:

SIP stands for “self-supporting insulated wire”. This means that SIP is able to withstand significant mechanical loads. If we take into account the fact that the SIP insulation is made of cross-linked polyethylene, which is impervious to moisture and direct sunlight, then the scope of its use becomes obvious: it is an outdoor cable for power transmission lines and. It is slowly replacing the previously widely used non-insulated aluminum wires A and AC.

SIP is an aluminum cable whose cores do not have common insulation. The minimum cross-section of SIP cores is 16 square meters. mm., and the maximum is 150 sq. mm. The marking of this wire does not directly indicate the number of cores - only the nomenclature number is given, in which all data is encrypted.

For example, SIP-1 is a cable of three cores, one of which is a zero carrier. SIP-2 is a cable of four cores, one of which is a zero carrier. And SIP-4 has four current-carrying conductors, the mechanical load on which is evenly distributed.

Since SIP is a very specific cable, a whole range of special fittings are produced for installation using it: branch and connecting clamps and anchor brackets.

PVA - copper wire in vinyl insulation connecting. The sheath is made in such a way that it fills the space between the cores, which gives the wire high strength. The number of cores is from two to five, and the cross-section of each is from 0.75 to 16 sq. mm.

Operating temperature range - from -25°C to +40°C, resistant to chemical influences, 100% ambient humidity is allowed. The wire can withstand repeated bending cycles, up to 3000 times guaranteed. Shell color is white. Core color: red, black, orange, blue, gray, brown, green, yellow, yellow-green.

PVA wire is widely used in everyday life as various household appliances, such as electric kettles, as well as in extension cords. It is designed to operate in alternating current circuits with a frequency of 50 Hz with a voltage of up to 380 volts, so the PVA wire is also used in networks where a flexible wire is required for wiring lighting systems, sockets, etc. Flexibility is one of the most important advantages of this wire.

PVA insulation, both internal and external, is made of polyvinyl chloride. The internal insulation of the cores, like that of VVG, has standard markings. But the PVA cores are multi-wire, so it is a very flexible cable. It is only necessary to take into account that the PVA cores must be terminated or tinned during installation.

Considering that the outer vinyl layer of round PVA is up to several millimeters thick, this cable is excellent for cords. That is, to “connect” them to the network. That's why it's called connecting.

PVA withstands mechanical loads relatively well. The cross-section of its veins varies from 0.75 to 16 square meters. mm., so this cable can be used for the manufacture of any extension cords and carriers that are not used in low temperatures. After all, in the cold, the PVA shell, unfortunately, simply bursts.

SHVVP - a cord in a vinyl sheath, with cores in vinyl insulation, flat. In general, this cable is similar to VVG, but, unlike the latter, ShVVP has flexible stranded copper conductors. Therefore, he, like PVS, often. However, the insulation of SHVVP is not particularly strong, and critically loaded lines are not carried out with this cord.

Accordingly, the cross-sections of ball screws are only small: 0.5 or 0.75 square meters. mm. with the number of cores equal to two or three. The wire is flat in shape. This wire can be used at temperatures from -25°C to +70°C, and can withstand humidity up to 98%. Easily withstands exposure to chemically aggressive environments. The shell color is white or black. Core color: blue, brown, black, red, yellow.

In addition to weak extension cords (which, by the way, often cause trouble in the household of people who are new to electricity), ball-and-socket pumps are most often used in automation to power low-current systems.

It is also used to connect household appliances such as refrigerators, washing machines, personal hygiene devices, etc. It is capable of operating in alternating current networks with a frequency of 50 Hz at voltages up to 380 volts. Very flexible, which is very important in everyday life.

The main function of the SHVVP wire is the connecting cord: there is a device at one end, a plug at the other.

KG is a flexible copper rubber cable with stranded conductors, the cross-section of which varies from 0.5 to 240 square meters. mm. The number of cores can be from one to five. Rubber core insulation is based on natural rubbers.

The operating temperature range of the cable is from -60°C to +50°C with humidity up to 98%. The insulation of the KG cable allows it to be laid in the open air and even in the open sunlight. The cores are always multi-wire, which makes this cable flexible. Color marking of cores: blue, black, brown, yellow-green, gray.

KG is most often used in industrial installations, where it is necessary to provide flexible movable cable entry.

The KG cable is designed to power portable mobile devices, such as heat guns, welding machines, spotlights, etc., from an alternating current network or from generators with a frequency of up to 400 Hz at a voltage of up to 660 volts, or a direct voltage of up to 1000 volts.

During installation, bending along a radius of at least eight outer diameters is allowed. Usually supplied in coils of 100 meters or more. There is a modification of KGng - in non-flammable insulation.

It is very important that the rubber insulation of this cable, even in severe frost, partially retains its properties, and the KG almost always remains flexible, especially when it comes to the HL modification. Therefore, it is often used for the manufacture of extension cords used in a variety of harsh conditions.

Power armored cable with copper conductors, which can be either single-wire or multi-wire. From one to six cores with a cross section from 1.5 to 240 sq. mm. have PVC insulation and PVC sheath. The peculiarity of this cable is the presence of a layer of steel double-tape armor between the cores and the sheath.

The cable can easily withstand temperatures from -50°C to +50°C with humidity up to 98%. PVC insulation provides resistance to aggressive environments. Shell color is black. The color of the core insulation is either solid or in a combination of the main marking colors with white.

Armored cable VBBShv is intended for laying power supply networks of detached buildings and structures, as well as electrical installations, both underground and in pipes in the open air (for protection from sunlight). Maximum AC voltage is up to 6000 volts. For direct current, traditionally single-core modifications of this cable are used.

During installation, bends of a radius of at least ten external cable diameters are allowed. Traditionally supplied in coils of 100 meters. There are modifications: AVBBShv - aluminum conductors, VBBShvng - non-flammable version, VBBShvng-LS - non-flammable version with low gas emission at elevated temperatures.

Flat mounting wire with single-wire copper cores in PVC insulation and PVC sheath. There can be two or three cores, with a cross-section from 1.5 to 6 sq. mm. Operating temperature range from -15°C to +50°C, permissible humidity 98%. Resistant to aggressive environments. Shell color is white or black, core color: white, blue, yellow-green.

Designed for installation of lighting systems and wiring of sockets in buildings, with a maximum AC voltage of industrial frequency of 250 volts. During installation, bends with a radius of at least ten times the width are allowed. Supplied in coils of 100 and 200 meters.

Modification PBPPg (PUGNP) - multi-wire conductors; during installation, bending along a radius of at least six times the width is allowed. Modification of APUNP - aluminum solid-wire (solid-wire only) conductors.

Flat wire with single-wire copper cores in PVC insulation with separating inserts between the cores. There may be two or three veins. The cross section of the cores is from 0.75 to 6 sq. mm. The wire can be used in the temperature range from -50°C to +70°C.

The insulation is resistant to aggressive environments and vibrations, does not support combustion, and the permissible environmental humidity is 100%. The insulation color is traditionally white; no additional protective sheath is required.

The PPV wire is intended for installation of stationary lighting systems and household electrification networks that are laid inside buildings. The maximum voltage is 450 volts with alternating current frequency up to 400 Hz. During installation, a bend with a radius of at least ten times the width is allowed. Supplied in coils of 100 meters. Modification of APPV - with aluminum conductors.

Aluminum single-core round wire in PVC insulation. There are both multi-wire and single-wire. A multi-wire conductor can have a cross-section from 25 to 95 sq. mm, and a single-wire conductor - from 2.5 to 16 sq. mm. The operating temperature range is quite wide - from -50°C to +70°C.

The insulation is resistant to aggressive environments, and the wire itself is vibration-resistant. Humidity up to 100% is allowed. White insulation.

Automatic reclosure wire is used when installing distribution boards, power networks, lighting systems, and electrical equipment, such as machine tools. Can operate under voltages up to 750 volts with alternating current up to 400 Hz, or with direct current with voltage up to 1000 volts.

Laying is allowed indoors or outdoors, but with the obligatory condition - with protection from direct sunlight, in a pipe, in a corrugation, in a special channel, etc. During installation, a bend with a radius of at least ten times the diameter of the wire is allowed. Supplied in coils of 100 meters.

Single-core copper wire of round cross-section in PVC insulation. The minimum number of wires in the core is one, the minimum cross-section of one wire is 0.5 sq. mm. A stranded core can have a cross-section from 16 to 120 sq.mm, and a single-wire core can have a cross-section from 0.5 to 10 sq.mm.

The range of permissible operating temperatures is from -50°C to +70°C, the insulation is resistant to chemical influences, the wire is resistant to mechanical vibrations, permissible humidity is up to 100%. The color of the insulation can be different: red, white, blue, black, yellow-green.

It is used for electrification in various fields, from the installation of distribution boards and lighting systems, to the winding of transformer windings for household needs. The wire is rated for voltages up to 750 volts with alternating current with a frequency of up to 400 Hz, and up to 1000 volts with direct current.

Lay either indoors or in external conditions, but in protective pipes, corrugations, or in cable ducts. Open laying in conditions where the wire is constantly exposed to sunlight is unacceptable.

The bending radius is at least ten times the diameter of the wire. Supplied in coils of 100 meters. The APV wire is a modification of the PV1 wire, but only with aluminum as the core material.

Single-core copper wire of round cross-section in PVC insulation. The stranded wire core can have a cross-section from 0.5 to 400 sq. mm. The range of safe operating temperatures is from -50°C to +70°C, the insulation is resistant to aggressive environments, permissible humidity is up to 100%. The color of the insulation can be different: red, blue, white, black, yellow-green.

It is used for electrification in various fields: installation of distribution boards, wiring of lighting systems, electrical wiring for powering equipment in industrial workshops, etc., that is, where multiple bending is required. The wire is rated for voltages up to 750 volts with alternating current with a frequency of up to 400 Hz, and up to 1000 volts with direct current.

The PV3 wire is laid either indoors or outdoors, but in protective pipes, corrugations, or in cable ducts. Ideal for laying wiring along risers in houses. In addition, this wire is popular in car tuning. Open laying in conditions where the wire is constantly exposed to sunlight is unacceptable. The bending radius is at least five times the diameter of the wire. Supplied in coils of 100 meters.

We hope that this article helped you get general idea about the most common electrical wires, their characteristics and applications, and now you can easily choose the right type of wire for your needs.

In fact, all these electrical products are created to perform a common task: transmitting electricity from a voltage source to a consumer. They must perform their functions for a long time and reliably without creating emergency situations or malfunctions.

Wires and cables work in all branches of practical human activity, when it is necessary to create a closed circuit for the passage of electric current and eliminate its loss through unexpected leaks.

Due to the similarity of the issues being solved, many ordinary people their differences are not distinguished; they are classified into one category.

However, cables, wires and cords operate in different conditions operation, are used in different sections of electric mains, and differ in purpose. Therefore, they have different internal structure and design.

In electrical transmission lines, there are cases where electrical power is transmitted sequentially through overhead wires and cable, as shown in the photo below.

A cable branch on an overhead power line is created to perform specific tasks required by local conditions.

Electric wire

Compound

It has the simplest design, consisting of two parts:

1. a metal core that serves to create a path for electric current;

2. a layer of insulation that prevents the flow of currents in an undesirable direction.

Insulation functions can be assigned to the air surrounding the metal, and not to a special shell of polymers and dielectrics. In this case, the wire core is made bare, and the contact points of the wires with the fastening elements to load-bearing structures create with dielectric properties. They are called insulators.

Materials for the conductive core are most often created on the basis of:

copper and its alloys;

aluminum

A promising design is considered to be a composite one, created for effective use the best performance characteristics the above metals.

To solve specific problems, conductive conductors made of steel alloys, nichrome, other metals and even silver or gold can be used.

Core design

It can be created from:

1. a solid conductor of a certain length;

2. or twisted from thin wires working in parallel. Solid wires are easier to manufacture. They are the most rigid, used for transmitting electrical energy when mounted in a stationary manner, and transmit direct and low-frequency currents well.

Stranded strands are more flexible and work better at high frequencies.

Typically, the term wire refers to a product made from a single wire. In fact, they can be twisted or mounted with multiple strands. Examples include double telephone wires of the “noodle” type and other designs.

All of them are designed to operate in light operating conditions and in most cases require additional mechanical protection from external influences.

Electric cable

Its more complex design is created to ensure reliable operation when exposed to destructive environmental factors.

The number of current-carrying cores is determined by operating conditions. They are insulated among themselves by various dielectric layers. Additional cable elements can be:

protective outer shell made of plastic, steel or wire armor;

aggregate;

core;

Each of these parts performs protective functions for specific conditions.

The main groups of cables for electricians are:

power, operating in electrical installations up to and more than 1000 volts;

control rooms, transmitting information about the state of various elements of the system;

controls used to transmit commands entered manually or by automatic systems;

communications based on the exchange of signals of different frequencies.

IN separate group special purpose cables included:

radiating, used for transmitting high-frequency radio signals;

warming, transforming electrical energy to thermal.

Conductors

They are made according to the same principles as wires. They can be created from different materials with a stranded or solid conductor. Covered with a dielectric layer.

Based on the degree of flexibility of cable design, they are divided into seven groups. The difficult-to-bend category No. 1 includes monocore. The most flexible and, accordingly, expensive is No. 7.

During installation, stranded wires of flexible cables are connected through special tubular lugs called terminations. There is no need to install them on a monocore.

Shell

Protects conductors and their insulation from mechanical damage, seals them from the penetration of moisture and foreign impurities. May contain reinforcing and shielding layers.

The most common shell materials are:

plastics;

• reinforced rubber grades;

Plastic materials can perform the following tasks:

1. provide an insulating layer with high dielectric properties;

2. create a sealed hose that protects the structure placed in it;

3. serve as a screen through the use of semiconductor properties.

Impregnated cable paper is used in high-voltage products up to 35 kV inclusive.

Cross-linked polyethylene is used to ensure the dielectric properties of cables operating in electrical installations with voltages up to 500 kV with high reliability and durability.

For high-voltage circuits 110÷500 kV inclusive, until 2005, oil-filled cables were produced, consisting of shielded conductors mounted inside a sealed sheath with oil. With the massive introduction of insulation based on cross-linked polyethylene, their design has lost its relevance.

Safe working conditions

All cable products are assessed for:

1. behavior during a short circuit in the cable channel;

2. ability to withstand long-term overloads;

3. spread of open fire at high heat;

4. release of toxins during combustion.

Short circuit danger

When a short circuit occurs between the wires, a temperature of up to a thousand degrees is created. It is transmitted to nearby cables with small losses, heats them up, and can involve them in combustion. The resulting gases create high pressure, which depressurizes the cable channel and provides an influx of fresh air with oxygen, which supports the development of the fire.

Long-term overloads

Excessive currents heat up the metal of the conductor and the insulation layer with the sheath. Under the influence of extreme temperatures, chemical reactions decomposition of the insulation layer, gases are released. They begin to mix with air and ignite.

Spread of combustion

A conventional shell made of PVC plastics and certain types of polyethylene can transmit the combustion process further, which contributes to the development of fires. A particular danger is created when cables are installed vertically.

According to this indicator, cable products are divided into:

• flame retardant in a single gasket: vertically and horizontally;

  flame retardant in a group installation: vertically and horizontally;

  fire resistant.

The main indicator of this process is the specific heat of combustion of electrical wiring or cable line, determined experimentally.

Ability to release toxic substances

This takes into account the reaction of the cable sheath to an external fire affecting its structure. Insulation compounds, even non-flammable, can release dangerous toxins when exposed to significant heat.

Such cables are prohibited from being used in places with large crowds of people in subway transport and similar facilities.

Requirements for cable products

To increase operational reliability and safety, modern cables are rated by:

fire resistance;

resistance to dielectric heating and fire resistance;

methods of cutting ends - ending;

protection against moisture penetration.

Each of these parameters has analysis methods and criteria for evaluating the results obtained.

Electrical cord

Its design falls somewhere between electric wire insulated from several cores and cable. It is created using special technological methods to impart properties of increased flexibility, providing long-term operation when creating frequent, numerous bends.

Purpose of the electrical cord: providing connections between the voltage source and mobile electrical appliances.

To highlight the neutral or middle conductor, use light blue. Phase conductors are usually designated in black, brown and gray.

The marking methods given as examples reflect the principles for determining the design of cables and wires. But, they do not contain a complete list of all information about them, which is published in detail in special reference books.

Modern life cannot be imagined without electricity. To ensure comfortable living and working conditions, the electricity necessary for the operation of household appliances is supplied to houses and cottages, offices and apartments.

Electrical wiring is a complex consisting of cables or wires, various fasteners and other elements (clamps, terminals), protecting and supporting structures and parts.

Electrical wiring is considered one of the most important parts of utility networks, based on the purpose of the building they are used various types electrical wiring, used various ways gaskets

Classification of electrical wiring

According to placement, wiring is divided into types:

• internal.

External wiring is arranged according to external walls houses, on supports or under canopies. The internal one is mounted from inside the building.

There are also types of electrical wiring that differ in installation methods:

• hidden;

Open electrical wiring is laid along the ceiling, walls and other building structures. There are several ways to lay wires:

• along the walls;
• in tubes, sleeves, boxes;
• hanging, etc.

Concealed electrical wiring is laid inside the building structures - floor, walls, in the cavities of the foundation and ceilings.

There are many ways to lay wires when installing hidden electrical wiring:

• in flexible sleeves;
• in tubes;
• in special channels and cavities of panels;
• in wall grooves.

The installation of open external electrical wiring is carried out via overhead lines, consisting of individual supports and the wire (cable) itself.

The design of such wiring must be carried out in compliance with the following basic requirements:

• bare wires should be located at a distance of at least 2.75 m from the nearest horizontal surface (for example, the roof of a house);
• when laying over a road, the distance from its surface to the wire should be more than 6 m;
• the overhead line is not allowed to be laid on the roofs of buildings, except for the area necessary for introducing power into the building;
• for lines with a rated voltage of 220V, the gap between adjacent uninsulated wires is taken to be more than 0.15 m;
• the distance from the wires to the windows and balconies of residential buildings should be more than 1.5 m.

Connecting buildings to power lines is usually done using bare aluminum wires, but recently insulated aluminum SIP wire, also known as “tornado”, has become more popular.

The service life of aluminum wire is more than 45 years. It has proven itself well during operation in various climatic regions.

The cross-section of the wires must be selected based on the need to provide power to all consumers, taking into account possible voltage drops, connections and branching of wires through terminals.

Wiring into the building should be carried out using an insulated cable or SIP wire; the wires are connected using clamps. If possible, it is recommended to prefer copper wire to aluminum wire when inserting, because its electrical conductivity is one third higher, and overheating does not occur as often.

It should be noted that direct connection between aluminum and copper wires by twisting is not possible due to their oxidation and decreased conductivity.

It is best to use wires made of the same material when twisting. For example, “aluminium-aluminum”. The aluminum-copper connection can only be used using a clamp adapter.

The insulating layer, made of PVC, has a service life of up to 25 years. Cable grades AVVG (aluminum, PVC insulation) and VVG (copper in PVC insulation) may be produced for connection to “air ducts”, but due to the rapid destruction of PVC under the influence of the sun, it is better to use them as input cables into the building.

External hidden electrical wiring

In urban conditions, due to limited space, the laying of open lines is carried out mainly only for the purpose of organizing street lighting, and all other electrical networks are located below ground level. The buildings are connected to each other through distribution substations via cable routes.

Cables are laid in special concrete gutters or metal pipes, reliably protecting against moisture ingress. Cable protection is provided by insulation made of polymer materials or artificial rubber, since with this installation method the main thing is to protect the terminals and cable from moisture, and not from light.

The cables mainly used are VRG (copper power cable in rubber insulation and PVC sheath) and AVRG (power aluminum cable in rubber insulation and PVC sheath).

Open wiring is convenient primarily in office and rental premises, when each new tenant or owner carries out redevelopment and transfers electrical wiring at his own discretion.

The wire is carried in plastic (PVC) channels, fixed to the walls, and supplied to workplaces and equipment. Terminals are used to branch the wire. PVC is considered not only an excellent insulator, but also a fire-resistant material, which is why box-shaped channels with a tightly closing lid have become widespread.

Installing box-shaped channels on the walls has one significant drawback - it makes all the unevenness and curvature of the walls noticeable.

Open wiring can be arranged both horizontally and vertically. With the horizontal method, the wires are laid parallel to the floor line at a distance of at least 20 cm from the ceiling; when laying a pair of wires between them, it is necessary to maintain an interval of at least 10 cm. Laying vertical way is carried out strictly at right angles to the plane of the ceiling.

The selection of the channel cross-section depends on the diameter and number of wires placed in them; the minimum size, taking into account the possible installation of clamps, is 10 mm. In addition to the channels themselves, there are various elements and parts with which wiring is carried out:

• boxes;
• external and internal corner connections;
• tees;
• crosses;
• terminals.

Internal wiring, laid in the channels, is carried out using standard wires with PVC insulation, their cross-section is taken from the power of the consumers. Typically, copper wire is used for lighting fixtures and sockets.

An alternative to cable ducts can be called hollow baseboards, consisting of two elements - a box mounted on the wall and a decorative, tightly closing lid. These skirting boards carry wires to electrical sockets, and boxes are used to connect to lighting fixtures. The wires are connected using clamps.

It is much less common to see exposed wiring on brackets. These types of electrical wiring, despite being sufficiently reliable, do not differ in aesthetic properties and are more often installed in industrial premises - to organize lighting of workplaces and power supply to machine equipment.

For this purpose, copper wire with rubber insulation in a combined sheath is mainly used (for example, PRS 4 mm brand NRG).

Open types of electrical wiring, in which the wires are laid in insulators made of glass or ceramic materials, are still popular, despite their high cost. For styling old wiring A pair of twisted wires is pulled between the insulators at a distance of more than 25 mm from the surface of the ceiling or walls.

Real ceramic and glass insulators are quite difficult to find these days, which makes such wiring expensive.

The advantage of this method is the complete accessibility of every section of the electrical circuit, starting from the distribution panel, terminals and clamps, and ending with a socket or lamp.

The difficulty of implementation lies not so much in the acquisition of insulators, but in the manufacture of twisted wires - previously they were made from copper wire with insulation made of cotton or rubber.

Hidden types of electrical wiring are more suitable for individual houses, apartments or production premises. The choice of this type of wiring depends primarily on the materials from which the building is constructed. Hidden wiring is where free access to it is prevented by some barrier. The wire can be hidden not only in the ceiling, walls or floor, but also covered with suspended or frame structures.

For example, when installing suspended ceilings, lamps or chandeliers are installed. These devices require a wire supply, which is placed in corrugated tubes made of non-flammable plastic, attached to the frame. The service life of such “corrugations” is more than 15 years.

Inside frame walls and ceilings, boxes made of tin or plastic are laid. The design of such boxes does not provide for the presence of a lid; its function is performed by the covering of the frame or a plastic fastener.

Wiring in concrete or brick walls is hidden behind a layer of plaster.

The wires are laid in grooves - cut grooves, connections are made in boxes, and special sockets are cut for them in the wall. This wiring method is considered irreplaceable.

Generally accepted letter types of marking of wires and cables characterize products by type of purpose, regardless of their manufacturer. Marking letters and numbers indicate various properties of wires and cables: conductor and insulation material, cross-section and number of cores, heat resistance, wear resistance, flexibility, etc.

Electrical wires are made of copper (Cu) and aluminum (Al) and may contain one or more wires. Most often used copper wires, which can withstand heavy loads and have higher flexibility. Aluminum, more fragile and with less conductivity, but due to their lower price they are common when carrying out electrical work. For better insulation protection of electrical wires, plastic (PVC) and rubber are used. The wires can also be bare, i.e. non-insulated. For external work and laying electrical inputs into houses, you need power wires, and for connecting electrical circuits and radio elements, a copper mounting wire. Bare wires are most often used when installing overhead wiring, and bare copper wires are also used for the manufacture of certain types of antennas and for installation work in closed electrical installations. Also, wires can be specialized, only for specific narrow areas, for example: fire alarm, telephone, usb, antenna, compensation and welding wires and others.

Correct reading of markings.

Wire markings consist of several groups.
Let us conditionally denote it as follows: APVXX

• The first group of letters is the core material - “A” is aluminum. For copper wires this designation is not available;
• "P" is a wire;
• The next group is insulation material; “P” is rubber, “B” is polyvinyl chloride (PVC), “P” is polyethylene;
• The next group is construction. “O” - braid, “T” - for laying in a pipe, “P” - flat, “G” - flexible;
• The next one is the number of cores;
• And only then – the section.

For example: APPV 2x4. Aluminum Wire Flat Polyvinyl chloride 2-core 4 mm2.
Or PPV 3x2.5. Since there is no letter “A”, then the wire is copper. And further: Wire Flat Polyvinyl chloride 3-core 2.5 mm2
In some cases, there are numbers that can indicate the flexibility class of wires, such as when marking a wire PV1 And PV3. Here PV3 is a more flexible wire.
Next in the wire PV3 10– “10” – indicates a wire cross-section equal to 10mm2, and accordingly PV3 16– where “16” denotes a section of 16 mm2.

Aluminum electrical wires and cables.

Let's look at some types of aluminum wires and cables.

• APUNP(Al Wire Universal Flat), which has two or three wires laid in parallel, PVC protection. Intended for electrical installation of low current devices, up to 250V and frequency 50 Hz. But, it is better not to use such wires for wiring in houses.
• Automatic reclosing(Al PVC Wire) – single-core wire, with a round cross-section of 2.5–120 mm². APPV – flat stranded wire. Operating voltage 450–750V. Used in the repair of flexible sections of electrical circuits, equipment, machines and various mechanisms. Maximum temperature t 70°C, service life 15 years.
• APR(Al Wire with Rubber protection) has a round cross-section from 2.5 – 120 mm², APPR- flat stranded, with a round cross-section of 2.5 - 6 mm². It is used when laying in pipes and wooden rooms.
• APRN(Al Wire with Rubber insulation in a non-flammable sheath) – single-core wire, cross-section from 2.5 – 120 mm². It is used when laying in dry rooms and outdoor open areas.
• AVVG(Al power cable in PVC sheath) – stranded wire with a round cross-section from 2.5 to 50 mm², maximum temperature t 80°C, service life 30 years. Designed for dry and damp rooms, open spaces, and on highways various types, in fire and explosive places.
• AVRG(Al cable Flexible in PVC sheath with Rubber insulation) – can have up to 4 cores, cross-section from 4 – 300 mm². Rated voltage 0.66 kW, constant 1.0 kW, frequency 50 Hz, temperature 200°C, service life 30 years. Used in areas where there are increased requirements for resistance to short circuits, dry and damp areas, on bridges, canals, mines, overpasses.

Copper electrical wires and cables.

• Characteristics of brand wires PV1, PV2,PV3, PV4(Cu Wire in PVC insulation) the number indicates the flexibility class. Cross section from 0.5 to 120mm², voltage for networks from 450 – 750V, frequency 400Hz. They can be single-wire or multi-wire, have many modifications and a huge range of applications: installations, machines, houses, trays, plastic pipes, etc.
• PPV(Cu Wire Flat with PVC insulation) – two and three wires, has a dividing base with a cross-section of 0.75 – 4 mm², temperature up to 70°C, voltage for networks from 450 – 750V, frequency 400Hz. It is used when installing power lighting networks on walls, as well as when laying them in channels and pipes.
• PVS(Cu Wire with twisted conductors in PVC braid) with a cross-section from 0.5 to 2.5 mm², PRS - cross-section from 0.5 to 4 mm² - flexible wires with copper conductors (2–3). Mainly used for household appliances, extension cords, vacuum cleaners, etc.
• PUNP, PBPP(Cu Wire with PVC insulation) – two or three-core copper wire with a cross-section of up to 4 mm². Widely used in lower current devices.
• MGS(copper electrical Flexible Installation Wire with Silk insulation) with a cross section of 0.5 – 0.12 mm². MGShV single-core flexible cable with a cross-section of 0.12–1.5 mm². Used in electronic devices and interconnections.
• VVG(Cu power cable in PVC sheath and with PVC insulation), which can have from one to four cores, cross-section 1.5 - 502 mm². It is used for laying networks outdoors in shady places. Double insulation of the cable allows you to install wiring in ceilings and partitions of rooms without a channel cable, and make power distribution.
• VRG(Cu Flexible cable with Rubber insulation in PVC sheath) – cross-section 1–240 mm², can have 1–4 cores. Used for overhead installation in various types of premises, bridges and electrical overpasses.
• NWG(Cu Flexible power cable with Rubber insulation protection in Rubber Non-flammable braid) has a circular cross-section of 1–240mm², frequency 50Hz, rated voltage 0.66kW, continuous 1.0kW, service life 30 years. It is used in mines and canals, in rooms with a high probability of flooding.

It is better to use copper wires for wiring in the house. They are more flexible, less likely to break during installation, oxidize less, are soldered in the usual way, and have better electrical conductivity.

Purpose of the winding wire.

Winding wires are used to make windings electric machines and instruments, as well as in the production of radio engineering products, television elements, etc. Such wires are made from high-purity copper with good conductivity.
Here are some of their brands:

• PETV— (Winding wire, Enameled, Heat-resistant, with Enamel insulation), is a copper core wire, with a diameter of 0.063 - 2.500 mm². Enameled wires are highly resistant to heat (up to 120°C) and do not require stripping of insulation.
• Wire PETV2 where “2” is the number of layers of varnish on the wire. The diameter of PETV2 is from 0.08 to 5 mm². Used for windings of power motors, motors for household appliances and tools, transformers, measuring instruments, coils and relays.

Cables and wires of narrow specialization.

• TRP(Cu Telephone Ratification in PVC insulation) – two-core with a dividing base, cross-section 0.4 – 0.5 mm². For laying a telephone network. The so-called telephone noodles.
• KPSng(A) - FRLS, KPSng (A) - FRHF, KPSng (A) - FRLSLTx - these are special low-current cables for installation fire alarm and fire safety system. Interpretation: ng - flame retardant, (A) - category, LS - low smoke generation, HF - low oxidizing activity, LTx - low toxicity, KPS - fire alarm cable. In accordance with regulatory documents GOST 31565-2012 (GOST R 53315-2009), only such cables can be used in fire protection protective system. The alarm wire must be particularly durable, otherwise security system will not respond in time. These wires are manufactured using the latest technology in cable production. fire department and alarms.
  Before the entry into force, in 2009, Federal Law No. 123 “Technical Regulations on fire safety» Fire cables KPSVV and KPSVEV, in red braid, were successfully used. They can now only be used for security alarm systems.
• USB cable. All multimedia devices and gadgets are equipped with a USB connector. USB 2.0 is high speed and consists of one 28 AWG twisted pair cable for data transmission and two 20 AWG to 28AWG power conductors. All USB cables are shielded and have a ferrite ring that acts as a filter. It can be up to five meters long.
• Antenna coaxial cable for TV. It has an electrically conductive braid (screen) and insulation of a certain thickness. That is why it turns out thick (about 6 mm²). The braid protects it from electromagnetic and electrostatic interference, minimizing losses. Has a characteristic impedance of 75 Ohms. For best quality For reception, the central core of a television antenna cable is made of copper, and the screen can be made of either copper braid or aluminum foil. Main types of stamps RK 75, RG 6, RG 59, SAT 50, SAT 703, DG 113 used for both analogue and cable TV and satellite antennas. An F-plug is used to connect to the TV.

Wire for welding machine.

KS– the marking is simply deciphered – welding cable. The letter “P” means that the wire has polymer protection, a combination of the letters “HF” (high frequency) and “PP” (alternating and direct current). The cable for the welding machine is copper and resistant to t °50C. , and has special hose rubber insulation for short circuit protection, non-flammable. Cross section 10–70 mm², operating voltage 600V, frequency 400Hz.
Types of cable markings for connecting a welding machine:

• KG–T, used for work at elevated temperatures. t up to 85°C.
• KG–HL, contains special cold-resistant rubber (t up to –60°C).
• KOG1 has increased flexibility.

Electrical wires are decorative.

wire– different types of wires used both in houses for wiring and on the street, made in the original form. The cross-section is from 0.5 to 2.5 mm², the shell is most often silk. Externally, the decorative retro electrical wire looks in the spirit of the old times and consists of two wires twisted together. Retro wire is used by designers in houses from wooden beam and looks pompous and majestic.
Decorative wires are widely used and come in a variety of modifications. In the interiors of clubs and entertainment venues, you can find glowing neon, multi-colored wires. Decorative braids will allow you to complete work of any complexity not only efficiently, but also beautifully.