Worldview - This is a person’s system of views and principles, his understanding of the world around him and his place in this world. Worldview substantiates an individual’s life position, his behavior and actions. Worldview is directly related to human activity: without it, activity would not be purposeful and meaningful.

The first philosopher to pay attention to worldview was Kant. He called him as worldview.

We will consider examples of worldview when analyzing its classification.

Classification of worldviews.

The classification of worldviews considers three main type of worldview from the point of view of its socio-historical features:

1. Mythological type worldview was formed during the times of primitive people. Then people did not recognize themselves as individuals, did not distinguish themselves from the world around them, and saw the will of the gods in everything. Paganism - main element mythological type of worldview.
2. Religious type worldview, just like the mythological one, is based on belief in supernatural forces. But, if the mythological type is more flexible and allows the manifestation various types behavior (as long as not to anger the gods), then the religious have a whole moral system. A huge number of moral norms (commandments) and examples correct behavior(otherwise the fire of hell never sleeps) keeps society under a tight rein, but it unites people of the same faith. Disadvantages: misunderstanding of people of other faiths, hence division along religious lines, religious conflicts and wars.
3. Philosophical type worldview has a social and intellectual character. The mind (intelligence, wisdom) and society (society) are important here. The main element is the desire for knowledge. Emotions and feelings (as in the mythological type) fade into the background and are considered in the context of the same intellect.

There is also a more detailed classification of worldview types based on worldview attitudes.

1. Cosmocentrism(the ancient type of worldview consists of looking at the world as an ordered system where a person does not influence anything).
2. Theocentrism(medieval type of worldview: God is in the center, and he influences all phenomena, processes and objects; the same fatalistic type as cosmocentrism).
3. Anthropocentrism(after the Renaissance, man becomes the center of worldview in philosophy).
4. Egocentrism(a more developed type of anthropocentrism: the focus is no longer just on man as a biological being, but on each individual person; the influence of psychology, which began to actively develop in the New Time, is noticeable here).
5. Eccentricity(not to be confused with eccentricity in psychology; modern look a worldview based on materialism, as well as individual ideas of all previous types; at the same time, the rational principle is already located outside of man, rather in society, which becomes at the center of the worldview.

When studying such a concept as worldview, one cannot help but touch upon such a term as mentality.

Mentality literally translated from Latin as “the soul of others.” This is a separate element of worldview, which means the totality of the way of thinking, ideas and morals of an individual person or social group. In essence, it is a type of worldview, its particular manifestation.

In our time, mentality is most often considered as a characteristic of the worldviews of a separate social group, ethnic group, nation or people. Jokes about Russians, Americans, Chukchi, and British are based precisely on the idea of ​​mentality. Main feature mentality in this understanding is the transmission of ideological ideas from generation to generation as social level, and genetic.

When studying worldview as a type of perception of the world, in the future it is necessary to study such manifestations as

Coming into this world? What is the purpose of man? What is the meaning of life? All these are so-called eternal questions. They can never be finally resolved. The world and people are constantly changing. Consequently, people’s ideas about the world and man also change. All ideas and knowledge of a person about himself are called his.

Worldview is a complex phenomenon of the human spiritual world, and consciousness is its foundation.

There is a distinction between the self-awareness of an individual and the self-awareness of a human community, for example, a specific people. The forms of manifestation of the self-awareness of the people are myths, fairy tales, jokes, songs etc. The most basic level of self-awareness is primary self-image. It is often determined by other people’s assessment of a person. The next level of self-awareness is represented by a deep understanding of oneself and one’s place in society. The most complex form of human self-awareness is called worldview.

Worldview- is a system or set of ideas and knowledge about the world and man, about the relationships between them.

In a worldview, a person realizes himself not through his attitude towards individual objects and people, but through a generalized, integrated attitude towards the world as a whole, of which he himself is a part. A person’s worldview reflects not just his individual properties, but the main thing in him, which is usually called the essence, which remains the most constant and unchanging, manifesting itself in his thoughts and actions throughout his life.

In reality, a worldview is formed in the minds of specific people. It is also used as a general outlook on life. Worldview is an integral formation in which the connection of its components is fundamentally important. The worldview includes generalized knowledge, certain systems values, principles, beliefs, ideas. The measure of a person’s ideological maturity is his actions; Guidelines for choosing methods of behavior are beliefs, i.e., views actively perceived by people, especially stable psychological attitudes of a person.

Worldview structure

Worldview is a synthesis of various human traits; This is a person’s knowledge and experience of the world. Emotional-psychological The side of the worldview at the level of moods and feelings is the worldview. For example, some people have an optimistic outlook, others have a pessimistic one. Cognitive-intellectual The side of worldview is worldview.

Worldview, like the whole life of people in society, has historical character. The emergence of a worldview is associated with the process of formation of the first stable form of human community - the tribal community. Its appearance became a kind of revolution in the spiritual development of man. Worldview distinguished man from the animal world. Story spiritual development humanity knows several basic types of worldview. These include mythological, religious, philosophical worldview.

Historically, the first stage in the development of worldview was mythological worldview. Mythology consolidated the system of values ​​​​accepted in society, supported and encouraged certain forms of behavior. With the extinction of primitive forms public life the myth has outlived its usefulness and ceased to be the dominant type of worldview.

The fundamental questions of every worldview (the origin of the world, man, the mystery of birth and death, etc.) continued to be resolved, but in other ideological forms, for example in the forms religious a worldview based on belief in the existence of supernatural beings and a supernatural world, and philosophical a worldview that exists as a theoretically formulated system of the most general views on the world, man and their relationships.

Each historical type of worldview has material, social and theoretical-cognitive prerequisites. It represents a relatively holistic ideological reflection of the world, determined by the level of development of society. The features of various historical types of worldviews are preserved in the mass consciousness of modern people.

Components of a person's worldview

Our attitude towards the world and ourselves includes a variety of knowledge. For example, everyday knowledge helps one navigate everyday life - communicate, study, build a career, start a family. Scientific knowledge allows you to comprehend facts in a more high level and build theories.

Our interactions with the world are colored emotions, associated with feelings, transformed by passions. For example, a person is able not only to look at nature, dispassionately recording its useful and useless qualities, but to admire it.

Norms And values are an important component of worldview. For the sake of friendship and love, for the sake of family and loved ones, a person can act contrary to common sense, risking his life, overcome fear, doing what he considers his duty. Beliefs and principles are woven into the very fabric human life and often their influence on actions is much stronger than the influence of knowledge and emotions combined.

Actions of a person are also included in the structure of the worldview, forming its practical level. A person expresses his attitude towards the world not only in his thoughts, but also in all his decisive actions.

It is traditionally believed that knowledge and feelings, values ​​and actions represent components worldview - cognitive, emotional, value and activity. Of course, such a division is very arbitrary: components never exist in pure form. Thoughts are always emotionally charged, actions embody a person’s values, etc. In reality, a worldview is always a whole, and dividing it into components is applicable only for research purposes.

Types of worldview

From the point of view of the historical process, there are three leading historical type of worldview:

• mythological;
• religious;
• philosophical.

Mythological worldview(from the Greek mythos - legend, tradition) is based on an emotional, figurative and fantastic attitude towards the world. In myth, the emotional component of the worldview prevails over reasonable explanations. Mythology grows primarily out of human fear of the unknown and incomprehensible - natural phenomena, illness, death. Since mankind has not yet had enough experience to understand true reasons Many phenomena were explained using fantastic assumptions, without taking into account cause-and-effect relationships.

Religious worldview(from Latin religio - piety, holiness) is based on faith in supernatural forces. In contrast to the more flexible myth, it is characterized by rigid dogmatism and a well-developed system of moral precepts. Religion distributes and supports models of correct, moral behavior. Religion is also of great importance in uniting people, but here its role is dual: while uniting people of the same faith, it often separates people of different faiths.

Philosophical worldview defined as system-theoretical. Characteristics philosophical worldview are logic and consistency, systematicity, and a high degree of generalization. The main difference between the philosophical worldview and mythology is the high role of reason: if myth is based on emotions and feelings, then, first of all, on logic and evidence. Philosophy differs from religion in the permissibility of free-thinking: you can remain a philosopher by criticizing any authoritative ideas, while in religion this is impossible.

If we consider the structure of the worldview at the present stage of its development, we can talk about ordinary, religious, scientific and humanistic types of worldview.

Everyday worldview relies on common sense and everyday experience. Such a worldview takes shape spontaneously, in the process of everyday experience, and is difficult to imagine in its pure form. As a rule, a person forms his views on the world, relying on clear and harmonious systems of mythology, religion, and science.

Scientific worldview based on objective knowledge and represents the modern stage in the development of a philosophical worldview. Over the past few centuries, science has moved further and further away from "foggy" philosophy in an attempt to achieve accurate knowledge. However, in the end, she moved far away from a person with his needs: the result scientific activity is not only a useful product, but also a weapon mass destruction, unpredictable biotechnologies, techniques for manipulating the masses, etc.

Humanistic worldview based on recognition of the value of every human person, his right to happiness, freedom, development. The formula of humanism was expressed by Immanuel Kant, who said that a person can only be a goal, and not simple means for another person. It is immoral to take advantage of people; Every effort should be made to ensure that every person can discover and fully realize himself. Such a worldview, however, should be considered as an ideal, and not as something that actually exists.

The role of worldview in human life

Worldview gives a person whole system values, ideals, techniques, models for life. It organizes the world around us, makes it understandable, points to the most shortcuts achieving goals. On the contrary, the absence of a coherent worldview turns life into chaos, and the psyche into a collection of disparate experiences and attitudes. The state when the old worldview is destroyed and a new one has not yet been formed (for example, disappointment in religion) is called ideological crisis. In such a situation, it is important to restore the ideological integrity of the individual, otherwise its place will be filled with chemical or spiritual surrogates - alcohol and drugs or mysticism and sectarianism.

The concept of “worldview” is similar to the concept of “mentality” (from the French mentalite - mindset). Mentality is a unique alloy of mental qualities, as well as the characteristics of their manifestations. In essence, this is the spiritual world of man, passed through the prism of his personal experience. For a nation, this is the spiritual world, passed through the historical experience of the people. In the latter case, the mentality reflects the national character (“soul of the people”).

PREFACE

In conditions of increasing social contradictions and crisis phenomena in life modern society A special role is played by philosophical knowledge, which determines the nature of people’s ideological and value orientations. Despite the well-known inertia of thinking associated with a negative attitude towards philosophy as a science that does not produce practical results, it should be noted that this kind of ideas does not correspond to modern realities.

This circumstance was pointed out by Aristotle, who noted that of all the arts, the most beautiful is philosophy, despite all its practical uselessness, for it studies the eternal, the persistent, the imperishable. Today we can say with confidence that preserving people’s lives in times of crisis in the environmental, economic, social, political and spiritual spheres of life in modern society is so eternal.

Philosophy has always been focused on the formation of new values ​​in relation to the world as a whole. This circumstance acquires particular significance during turning points, critical epochs, which is inherent in modern stage development of civilization. In such eras, there is always an intense search for ways to further develop humanity, and the task of philosophy itself is not only to clarify ideological structures that determine the image of the world and people’s lives, but also to identify the meaning of life of new values.

This task, associated with determining the strategy for the survival of mankind, directly depends on philosophical developments and students’ assimilation of new ideological orientations in the context of globalization.

It is philosophy, which has accumulated centuries of experience of human culture, that should help people comprehend the new challenges of the time and outline strategic directions for achieving a stable future. Reflecting the self-awareness of the modern era, philosophy occupies a central place among the disciplines of the humanities, contributing to the formation of new views on the place and role of man in nature.

The proposed course of lectures, prepared by teachers of the Department of Philosophy and Law, is aimed at the formation and development of this type of worldview, which is characterized by a critical understanding of the picture of the world, natural and social reality, an orientation toward humanistic values, respect for national traditions, and a deep understanding of achievements modern science and social practice.

CHAPTER I . PHILOSOPHY IN THE HISTORICAL DYNAMICS OF CULTURE

TOPIC 1. PHILOSOPHY AS A SOCIO-CULTURAL PHENOMENON

1.1. The concept of worldview, its structure, functions and historical types

IN everyday life every person in one way or another encounters the phenomena of good and evil, life and death, justice and injustice, thinks about questions about the meaning of his presence in the world, about the structure of the universe, about the problems of transitory existence on Earth and the possibility of eternal existence, makes his life choices, determines guidelines for his attitude towards other people, society and the world as a whole. All these and other questions are resolved by each new generation of people in specific historical conditions. The result of such a decision is the establishment of vital factors (moral norms, interests, knowledge, material and spiritual values, etc.), which serve as the basis for human behavior and activity, his attitude towards people, the world, and himself. A person understands himself, people, the world, his place in life based on his choice. The system of views, a person’s knowledge about himself, about the world, about his attitude towards it and his place in it forms the basis worldview.

Worldview includes in its structure knowledge, beliefs, values, ideals and other components.

Knowledge is a collection of reliable information about natural phenomena, the life of society, the person himself, etc. Knowledge is the main component of a worldview. Thanks to the presence of knowledge in the worldview, it can act as a kind of symbolic model of the world, including ideas about the structure of society, about a person’s attitude towards it, as well as programs for one’s own behavior.

Beliefs represent human needs formed or formed on the basis of knowledge to think and act in accordance with chosen life guidelines or values. The main element of beliefs are the principles or certain rules of a person’s relationship to the world, other people, various phenomena and events, and to himself. Beliefs act as an individual means of regulating relationships in society and human behavior, but they also serve as a specific compass in achieving life goals.

Since beliefs are based on values ​​(beliefs can also be explained as perceived need adherence to one or another value guidelines), then together they form a normative and regulatory mechanism of human life in society. Values ​​constitute the content of the principles of thinking and action.

Value is a concept that characterizes objects and processes, their properties (including ideas, knowledge) that are vital (in positive, negative and neutral meanings) for a person.

Values ​​determine the rules and way of life of a person in society. The active role of values ​​manifests itself in the form of legal, political, religious, moral and other beliefs and principles.

During historical development values ​​are constantly updated. In the life of modern society, environmental values, expressing activities to preserve nature and ensure normal natural conditions for human existence, acquire particular importance.

At all times, material and spiritual guidelines and values ​​have played a fundamental role in choosing a life position. Highest value, integrating and regulating the manifestations of other values, are ideals.

Ideal - a mentally constructed, more perfect in comparison with the present, proper state of reality, to which one should strive.

Values ​​and ideals are always adjusted to the socio-economic, spiritual and, in general, specific historical characteristics of culture. Ideals are associated with resolving the contradiction between the existing economic, political, social and other conditions of human development and his constant desire to improve these conditions and himself.

An important feature of the worldview is comparative characteristics phenomena of the world, interpretation of its origin and variability. All this indicates the presence in the worldview of elements of worldview, which is based on the ability of logical, rational thinking.

A person’s attitude towards the world, events, people, himself, understanding his place and role in the connections of reality, understanding the changes taking place are always emotionally charged and experienced in a certain way. Therefore, the worldview is always formed, develops and manifests itself in the life of every person in connection with his worldview and worldview.

Worldview develops in the process of human activity, his adaptation to social and natural conditions existence and plays an active role in a person’s practical change in the surrounding reality and himself.

In the structure of the worldview, the following interconnected components can be distinguished: 1) cognitive, based on general knowledge about the world, nature, society, and man; 2) value-based, including values, ideals, beliefs; 3) emotional-sensual, based on attitude, worldview, i.e. a certain experience of one’s rational and active attitude to the world and events in it; 4) practical, setting the content and focus human behavior and activities in relation to nature, society, and man himself in order to satisfy material and spiritual needs.

Worldview does the following Features: 1) organizes and systematizes individual knowledge about nature, society, and man in order to create a generalized picture of reality; 2) forms value orientations and normative patterns of human behavior and activity; 3) accumulates cultural achievements and transmits them in the form of ideals, life goals, individual and public interests into the system social relations; 4) activates, regulates and directs the cognitive and practical activities of people in accordance with their beliefs, ideals, and moral standards; 5) “includes” a person in the natural world and the life of society as their component and induces him to act in accordance with their laws, etc.

Worldview , Thus, it is not only a generalized system of knowledge about the world, society, man himself, his role and place in them, but also a set of beliefs, values, ideals, regulatory norms of behavior and human activity in his relations with the world and society.

In modern educational literature on philosophy, it is customary to distinguish five main types of worldview: mythological, religious, philosophical, everyday and scientific.

Historically, the first type of worldview is mythological .Mythology (from Greek mifos- legend, log O s- teaching) is a set of legends, tales that are formed spontaneously in the process (experience) of the everyday life of people, in whose view the world and earthly nature are controlled by supernatural forces, with which it is necessary to conform one’s behavior.

The characteristic features of the mythological worldview are: ideas about the organic unity and interconvertibility of man and natural phenomena; endowment of natural objects human qualities(anthropomorphism); views on similarity, the absence of boundaries between living and nonliving (hylozoism); indissolubility of sensory-figurative and rational reflection of reality, faith and knowledge (syncretism of myth).

1. Define worldview……………………………………………………………3

3. Show the features of the philosophical teachings of the Slavophiles…………………...5

4. What classic shapes did Engels single out the motion of matter?......................5

5. What does anthropology study?................................................. ...............................................6

6. Define scientific knowledge and show its specific features………………………………………………………………………………………...7

7. What is the structure political system society?........................................8

1. Define worldview

Worldview - a system of ideas about the world and a person’s place in it, about a person’s relationship to the surrounding reality and to himself, as well as the basic life positions of people, their beliefs, ideals, and value orientations determined by these views. This is a way for a person to master the world, in the unity of a theoretical and practical approach to reality. Three main types of worldview should be distinguished:

- everyday(ordinary) is generated by the immediate conditions of life and experience transmitted over generations;

- religious- associated with the recognition of the supernatural principle of the world, expressed in emotional and figurative form,

- philosophical - appears in a conceptual, categorical form, in one way or another relying on the achievements of the sciences of nature and society and possessing a certain measure of logical evidence.

Worldview is a system of generalized feelings, intuitive ideas and theoretical views on the world around us and man’s place in it, on man’s many-sided relationship to the world, to himself and to other people, a system of not always conscious basic life attitudes of a person, a certain social group and society, their beliefs, ideals, value orientations, moral, ethical and religious principles of knowledge and assessments. Worldview is a kind of framework for the structure of an individual, class or society as a whole. The subject of the worldview is the individual, social group and society as a whole.

The basis of worldview is knowledge . Any knowledge forms a worldview framework. The greatest role in the formation of this framework belongs to philosophy, since philosophy arose and was formed as a response to the ideological questions of humanity. Any philosophy performs a worldview function, but not every worldview is philosophical. Philosophy is the theoretical core of a worldview.

The structure of a worldview includes not only knowledge but also its assessment. That is, the worldview is characterized not only by information, but also by value saturation.

Knowledge enters the worldview in the form of beliefs . Beliefs are the prism through which reality is seen. Beliefs are not only an intellectual position, but also an emotional state, a stable psychological attitude; confidence in the correctness of one’s ideals, principles, ideas, views, which subjugate a person’s feelings, conscience, will and actions.

The structure of the worldview includes ideals . Ideals can be both scientifically based and illusory, both achievable and unrealistic.. As a rule, they are facing the future. Ideals are the basis of the spiritual life of an individual. The presence of ideals in a worldview characterizes it as an anticipatory reflection, as a force that not only reflects reality but also orients it towards changing it.

Worldview is formed under the influence social conditions, upbringing and education. Its formation begins in childhood. It determines a person’s life position.

It should be especially emphasized that worldview is not only content, but also a way of understanding reality. The most important component of a worldview is ideals as decisive life goals. The nature of the idea of ​​the world contributes to the setting of certain goals, from the generalization of which a general life plan is formed, ideals are formed that give the worldview effective force. The content of consciousness turns into a worldview when it acquires the character of beliefs, confidence in the correctness of one’s ideas.

Worldview is of great practical importance. It affects norms of behavior, attitudes towards work, towards other people, the nature of life aspirations, tastes and interests. This is a kind of spiritual prism through which everything around us is perceived and experienced.

Protagoras . He owned more than a dozen works, but none of them have reached us except for small fragments. The most important sources of our knowledge about Protagoras and his teachings are Plato's dialogues" Protagoras" And " Theaetetus"and treatises of Sextus Empiricus" Against scientists" And "Three books of Pyrrhonian provisions". These treatises carry out Protagoras' idea that the main property of matter is its relativity and fluidity .

A person chooses something in his life and avoids something, i.e. a person always uses some criterion of truth and falsity. If we do one thing and don’t do another, then we therefore believe that one is true and the other is not. To this, Protagoras notes that since everything exists relative to something, then the measure of each action is also a specific person. Every person is a measure of truth. Protagoras pronounces perhaps one of the most famous philosophical statements: “man is the measure of all things.” This entire phrase of Protagoras sounds like this : “man is the measure of all things: existing, that they exist, non-existent, that they do not exist.”

Plato in the dialogue “Theaetetus” devotes many pages to the analysis of this position of Protagoras, showing that in Protagoras this position has the following meaning: what seems to someone, then exists (so it is). If a thing seems red to me, then it is red. If this thing appears green to a colorblind person, it is. The measure is the person. Not the color of the thing, but the person. There is no absolute, objective truth independent of man. What seems true to one, seems false to another; what is good for one, is evil for another. Of the two possible options a person always chooses the one that is more beneficial to him. That's why What is true is what is beneficial to man. The criterion of truth is benefit, usefulness. Therefore, each person, choosing what seems true to him, actually chooses what is useful to him.

Since man as a subject in general is the measure of everything, then existence does not exist in isolation: consciousness in its essence is that which produces content in the objective; subjective thinking, therefore, takes the most essential part in this. And this position reaches all the way to modern philosophy; Thus, Kant says that we know only phenomena, that is, that what seems to us to be objective reality should be considered only in its relation to consciousness and does not exist outside of this relation. It is important to state that the subject, as active and determining, generates content, but everything depends on how this content is further determined; whether it is limited to the particular side of consciousness or whether it is defined as universal, existing in itself and for itself. He himself developed the further conclusion contained in Protagoras’ position, saying: “truth is a phenomenon for consciousness, nothing is one thing in itself, but everything has only relative truth ", that is, it is what it is only for another, and this other is a person.

Socrates will devote his entire life to refuting sophistry, to proving that truth exists, that it exists objectively and absolutely, and that it is not man who is the measure of all things, but man must conform his life and his actions to the truth, which is the absolute good. “Objective truth” is God’s point of view (this is understandable for a religious person). It is difficult for a person to reach this point of view, but, as a norm, this point of view should be present. For a Christian, this should not cause problems: for us, everything is a model of God (we should love each other, how God loves people, etc.).

3. Show the features of the philosophical teachings of the Slavophiles

Slavophilism, as a spiritual phenomenon, goes beyond the scope of philosophy, however, it is the Slavophil idea that forms the basis of original Russian philosophy. It arose as a reaction to Westernism, which argued that only by following in the footsteps of Western civilization could Russia solve its political, economic and other problems. Slavophilism (literally: love for the Slavs) is convinced that the West has reached the limit of its development, it can no longer give anything new and only the Slavic ethnos and Russia in particular, relying on the ideas of Orthodoxy, can offer guidelines and values ​​for the further development of humanity .

Features of Slavophil philosophy

Slavophilism has a deep connection with religion and considers the Orthodox religion and the church as the basis of all philosophical and sociological constructs.

He is characterized by sharp, qualified criticism of Western culture and Western philosophy. The edge of this criticism is directed against the fundamental ideological principle of the West - rationality.

The philosophy of Slavophilism is characterized by such a feature as the idea of ​​the integrity of the spirit. Not only the world and man are integral, but also cognition. To understand the world, knowledge must be whole, and not fragmented into logical fragments.

The general metaphysical principle of being in Slavophil philosophy is conciliarity, which is understood as plurality, a free and limited unity united by the power of love.

Slavophiles contrasted internal freedom and external necessity.

Since ancient times, people have been interested in the arrangement of the world around them, determining their place in it and their relationship both to each other and to themselves. This worldview or attitude determined a person’s position in life, his behavior and aspirations. Read more about what a worldview is in this article.

What is a person's worldview?

Man is a rational being, capable of thinking and predicting the consequences of his actions, and looking for means to realize his goals. All this determines his worldview. Natural instincts, experience, scientific and practical activities form a system of views, assessments and a figurative understanding of the world. The functions of a worldview lie in the organization, meaningfulness and purposefulness of an individual’s activities. That is, worldview is determined by beliefs, life position and moral and ethical values.

How is a worldview formed?

The overall picture of the world is formed in the process of education, training and socialization in society. In general, the formation of a worldview is a very slow and gradual process and depends on the quality of individual knowledge. Young people with insufficient experience and knowledge have an unstable worldview, which makes them an easy target for various manipulators - politicians, religious representatives, etc. As one grows up, the system of life values ​​strengthens, determining the individual’s behavior and acting as a guide to action.

Worldview, its types and forms

There are certain components of worldview:

1. Knowledge. They can be scientific, professional and practical. This is the first element of any worldview. The larger the circle of knowledge, the firmer the life position.
2. Feelings. Types of worldview manifest themselves in accordance with a person’s subjective reaction to external stimuli. Depending on the mental state, the reaction can be either positive, associated with joy and pleasure, or negative, associated with sadness, grief, and fear. There is also a moral aspect - this is duty, responsibility.
3. Values. The concept of worldview is closely related to values. They can be significant, useful and harmful, but they are perceived through the prism of one’s own goals, interests and needs.
4. Actions– positive and negative. This is how a person shows his own views and ideas in practice.
5. Beliefs– firm, strong-willed. This is a set of personal and social views that are a kind of engine and basis of life.
6. Character– will, faith, doubts. Based on the ability to act independently and consciously, trust in others and self-criticism, a worldview is formed and developed.

Philosophical worldview

It is defined as system-theoretical. It differs from the mythological worldview in the high role of reason: if myth uses emotions and feelings as support, then philosophy uses logic and evidence. This type of worldview studies the forces that rule the world. Philosophy and worldview simultaneously emerged in Ancient India, China and Greece. At the same time, a worldview can exist outside of philosophy, but philosophy itself forms a worldview. Philosophical knowledge is elitist and not accessible to everyone. Few pundits are interested in it.

Religious worldview

It arose from the mythological and is based on belief in supernatural forces. As religious movements developed, many mythological features faded into oblivion, but rigid dogmatism and a system of moral commandments remained. Worldview types that include piety and holiness involve dependence on higher powers. At the heart of this worldview is fear of the unknown. A holistic religious worldview was formed when indisputable systems of dogmas and commandments appeared that determined the sinfulness and holiness of certain thoughts and actions.

Mythological worldview

This type was formed under conditions primitive society, when the basis was a figurative perception of the world. Mythology is closely connected with paganism and acts as a set of myths, spiritualizing material objects and phenomena. This human worldview is mixed with the sacred and the profane, but at its core is faith. According to tradition, a follower of such a worldview is able to rise to the level of god, and all the existing myths were useful with practical point vision and were a guide to action.

Scientific worldview

This worldview arose as the opposite of the mythological and religious. The scientific picture of the world is based on the concepts of law and regularity. The main types of worldview - mythological and religious - are based on fictitious, arbitrary and supernatural reasons, and science develops in the course of complicating work and solving practical problems. Such a progressive worldview provides an opportunity to draw new knowledge from previously acquired knowledge. Rationality, transferred to religion and mythology, gave impetus to the development of philosophy.

Everyday worldview

This attitude is formed on its own in each person and is the core common sense. The peculiarities of the worldview lie in the fact that its development partly depends on genetic inheritance. During upbringing by parents, communication with friends and relatives, contact with environment values, priorities and life attitudes are formed, which by puberty acquire the features of a very specific worldview. The most important features in this process are native language and the degree of its assimilation, as well as labor and tool activity.

Historical worldview

In history, the types of worldview remain the same - mythological, religious and philosophical. For those who are interested in what kind of worldview there is, it is worth saying that the first was a myth - a fictitious plot, a figment of the people's imagination. Religion is closely related to mythology: both of them presuppose the presence of a mythological system and provide for the basis of myths on faith. Philosophy stands in a special way knowledge, because what a worldview is is a theory or science that studies the fundamental principles of being and knowledge.

How to change your worldview?

Worldview can undergo changes as a person grows up and acquires new knowledge. It often happens that after some event people completely change their lives and their views on it. Inveterate atheists become churchgoers, and experienced businessmen drop everything and retire to some quiet place. A person’s worldview can be improved, strive for moral ideals, learning new things, communicating with different people, traveling. You need to read a lot - psychological, philosophical literature.

Worldview of modern man

During the collapse of the USSR, an ideological crisis arose, which was a consequence of the collapse of ideals and new ones that did not have time to form. In the era of consumption, characteristic of the present time, such moral guidelines as duty, honor, responsibility have lost their meaning. “You deserve it,” everyone hears from the TV screens and strives to live up to it. The modern worldview in the era of globalization is to reduce the importance of national culture and alienate its values.

People began to see the meaning of life in receiving pleasure. The connection with the native land and ancestors is lost; relationships in marriage and the principles of raising children have become different. At the same time, an increasing number of people are becoming aware of the need for change. The worldview in psychology has become more humanistic. A person wants to be in nature and other people. The number of temples is growing, charitable foundations and environmental organizations.

Books that change a person's worldview

1. Brazilian writer Paulo Coelho . Of particular interest are works entitled "The Alchemist", "Pilgrimage".
2. Books that change worldviews are written by many experts in psychology. Among them Louise Hay, which has helped many to overcome negative emotions, change their thinking and even heal from some ailments, because what a worldview is is a system of values, and it can be changed if it worsens the quality of life.
3. Another author - Alex Baihou. His work "Habit of being happy" is short course on self-development, which talks about how to manage your habits in order to achieve such a goal as happiness.
4. In my manuscript "White Book" Viktor Vasiliev leads psychological techniques, which provide the opportunity to change yourself as a person, because what a worldview is is your “I”, but if you add just a few touches to yours, you can change your outlook on life.