A pressing question that plagues everyone who wants to live in private country houses without the ability to connect to central water supply and drainage, how to do it autonomous sewerage. After all, without it it is not possible to fully use such benefits of civilization as a bath, shower, kitchen sink, washing machine and much more. Sewerage in a private house can be equipped in different ways, which we will talk about in this article. Choosing the right system that suits your individual conditions and needs is even more important than implementing it.

What kind of sewerage system can there be - a private house with permanent and temporary residence

The option for arranging a drainage system in private homes is selected depending on several conditions:

• House with permanent or temporary residence.
• How many people permanently live in the house?
• What is the daily water consumption per person in the house (depends on the number of water consumers, such as a bathtub, shower, toilet, sink, washbasin, washing machine, etc.)
• What is the level of occurrence groundwater.
• What is the size of the site, how much space can be used for treatment systems.
• What is the structure and type of soil on the site.
• Climatic conditions of the area.

You can learn more about the requirements in the relevant sections of SanPin and SNiP.

Conventionally, all sewerage systems in a private house can be divided into only two types:

• Storage systems(cesspool without bottom, sealed container for waste).
• Wastewater treatment plants(the simplest single-chamber septic tank with soil purification, a two-chamber septic tank - overflowing wells with natural purification, a two-three-chamber septic tank with a filtration field, a septic tank with a biofilter, a septic tank (aeration tank) with a constant air supply).

The most ancient method of arranging a sewer system, proven over centuries and even millennia, is a cesspool. Some 50 - 70 years ago there was no alternative to this method at all. But people did not use as much water in private homes as they do today.

A cesspool is a well without a bottom. The walls of the cesspool can be made of brick, concrete rings, concrete or other material. Soil remains at the bottom. When sewage from the house gets into the pit more or less clean water seeps into the soil, purifying itself. Fecal matter and other solid organic waste settles to the bottom and accumulates. Over time, the well becomes filled with solid waste and then needs to be cleaned.

Previously, the walls of the cesspool were not made waterproof; then, when the hole was filled, they simply buried it and dug a new one in another place.

I would like to immediately note that installing a sewer system in a private house using a cesspool is possible only if the average daily volume of wastewater is less than 1 m3. In this case, soil microorganisms that live in the soil and feed on organic matter have time to process the water that penetrates the soil through the bottom of the pit. If the volume of wastewater is greater than this norm, the water does not undergo sufficient purification, penetrates into the soil and pollutes groundwater. This risks contaminating wells and other water sources within a radius of 50 m. Adding microorganisms to the cesspool somewhat reduces the unpleasant odor emanating from it, and also speeds up the process of water purification. But, nevertheless, it is not worth the risk.

Conclusion. A cesspool without a bottom can be built if the house is visited 2-3 days a week and does not consume a lot of water. In this case, the groundwater level must be at least 1 m below the bottom of the pit, otherwise contamination of the soil and water source cannot be avoided. Despite the most low cost arrangement, the cesspool is not popular in modern country houses and cottages.

Sealed container - storage tank

A sealed container is installed on the site near the house, into which wastewater and waste from the entire house flow through pipes. This container can be ready-made, store-bought, and made of plastic, metal or other material. Or it can be assembled independently from concrete rings, the bottom is made of concrete, and the lid is made of metal. The main condition when installing a sewer system in a private house of this type is complete tightness. Pragma corrugated pipes are suitable for sewerage.

When the container is full, it must be cleaned. To do this, a sewer truck is called, the call of which costs from 15 to 30 USD. The frequency of emptying the container, as well as the required volume, depends on the amount of waste. For example, if 4 people permanently live in a house, use a bath, shower, sink, toilet, washing machine, then the minimum volume of the storage tank should be 8 m3, it will have to be cleaned every 10 - 13 days.

Conclusion. A sealed cesspool is one of the options for installing sewerage in a private house if the groundwater level in the area is high. This will completely protect the soil and water sources from possible contamination. The disadvantage of such a sewage system is that you will often have to call a sewer truck. To do this, from the very beginning it is necessary to correctly calculate the location of the container in order to ensure convenient access to it. The bottom of the hole or container should not be deeper than 3 m from the soil surface, otherwise the cleaning hose will not reach the bottom. The lid of the container must be insulated to protect the pipeline from freezing. For such a sewer system in a private house, the cost depends on the material of the container. The cheapest option would be to purchase used Eurocubes, the most expensive would be concrete pouring or brick. In addition there are monthly cleaning costs.

Single-chamber septic tank - the simplest option for soil treatment

A single-chamber septic tank is not far from the cesspool; it is often called that. It is a well, the bottom of which is filled with crushed stone in a layer of at least 30 cm, and on top of coarse sand in the same layer. Wastewater through pipes they enter the well, where the water, seeping through a layer of sand, crushed stone, and then the soil, is purified by 50%. Adding sand and crushed stone improves the quality of water purification and partly feces, but does not radically solve the problem.

Conclusion. Sewerage in a private house using a single-chamber septic tank is impossible with permanent residence and large volumes of wastewater. Only for houses with temporary residence and low level groundwater. After some time, the crushed stone and sand will need to be completely replaced, as they will silt up.

Two-chamber septic tank - overflow settling wells

As one of the economical sewerage options that you can install yourself, arrangement overflow wells-settlers and filter wells are widely popular.

This sewage system in a private house consists of two wells: one with a sealed bottom, the second without a bottom, but with powder, as in the previous method (crushed stone and sand). Wastewater from the house flows into the first well, where solid organic waste and feces sink to the bottom, fatty waste floats to the surface, and more or less clarified water is formed between them. At a height of approximately 2/3 of the first well, it is connected to the second well by an overflow pipe, located slightly at an angle so that water can flow there freely. Partially clarified water enters the second well, where it percolates through a sprinkle of crushed stone, sand and soil, purifies even more and leaves.

The first well is a settling tank, and the second is a filter well. Over time, a critical mass of feces accumulates in the first well, to remove which it is necessary to call a sewer truck. This will have to be done approximately once every 4 - 6 months. To reduce the unpleasant odor, microorganisms are added to the first well that decompose feces.

Overflow sewer in a private house: photo - example

You can make a two-chamber septic tank yourself from concrete rings, concrete or brick, or you can purchase a ready-made (plastic) one from the manufacturer. In the finished two-chamber septic tank, additional cleaning will also occur using special microorganisms.

Conclusion. It is possible to install a sewer system in a private house from two overflow wells only if the groundwater level, even during a flood, is 1 m lower from the bottom of the second well. Ideal conditions are sandy or sandy loam soil on the site. After 5 years, the crushed stone and sand in the filter well will have to be replaced.

Septic tank with filtration field - biological and soil treatment

We move on to a description of more or less serious cleaning systems that allow you not to worry about contamination environment.

This type of septic tank is one container divided into 2 - 3 sections or several separate well containers connected by pipes. Most often, having decided to install this type of sewer system, a factory-made septic tank is purchased.

In the first container, wastewater settles, as in the previous method (settling well). Through the pipe, partially clarified water enters the second container or section, where aerobic bacteria decompose organic residues. Even more clarified water reaches the filtration fields.

Filtration fields are the area underground where wastewater undergoes soil treatment. Thanks to the large area (about 30 m2), the water is purified by 80%. The ideal case is if the soil is sandy or sandy loam, otherwise you will have to equip artificial field filtration from crushed stone and sand. After passing through the filtration fields, the water is collected in pipelines and discharged into drainage ditches or wells. Trees or edible vegetables cannot be planted above the filtration fields; it is only allowed to create a flower bed.

Over time, the fields become silted and need to be cleaned, or rather replaced with crushed stone and sand. You can imagine how much work will have to be done, and what your site will turn into after that.

Conclusion. Laying a sewer system in a private house, which requires the presence of a filtration field, is only possible if the groundwater level is below 2.5 - 3 m. Otherwise, this is quite constructive solution subject to sufficient free space. Also, do not forget that the distance from the filtration fields to water sources and residential buildings should be more than 30 m.

Septic tank with biofilter - natural treatment station

A deep cleaning station allows for complete installation of sewerage in a private house, even if the groundwater level is very high.

A septic tank is a container divided into 3 - 4 sections. It is better to purchase it from a trusted manufacturer, after consulting with professionals about the required volume and equipment. Of course, the price for such a sewer system in a private house is not the lowest, starting from 1200 USD.

In the first chamber of the septic tank, water settles, in the second, organic matter decomposes by anaerobic microorganisms, the third chamber serves for water separation, since in the fourth, organic matter decomposes with the help of aerobic bacteria, which need a constant flow of air. To do this, a pipe is mounted above the chamber, rising 50 cm above the ground level. Aerobic bacteria are added to a filter installed on the pipe leading from the third section to the fourth. In essence, this is the filtration field - only in miniature and concentrated. Thanks to the small area of ​​water movement and the high concentration of microorganisms, the water is thoroughly purified up to 90 - 95%. This water can be safely used for technical needs - watering the garden, washing the car and much more. To do this, their fourth section is given a pipe leading either to a container for storing purified water, or to a drainage ditch or well, where it is simply absorbed into the ground.

Sewage treatment in a private house - operation diagram:

Conclusion. Septic tank with biofilter - good decision for a private home with permanent residence. Microorganisms can be added to the septic tank by simply pouring them into the toilet. There are no restrictions on the use of such a treatment plant. An undeniable advantage is that it does not require electricity. The only drawback is that sewer wiring in a private house requires permanent residence, since without the constant flow of wastewater, bacteria die. When new strains are introduced, they begin active activity only after two weeks.

Septic tank with forced air supply - artificial treatment station

An accelerated treatment station where natural processes occur artificially. Construction of a sewer system in a private house using an aeration tank will require supplying electricity to the septic tank to connect an air pump and air distributor.

Such a septic tank consists of three chambers or separate containers connected to each other. Water enters the first chamber through sewer pipes, where it settles and solid waste precipitates. Partially clarified water from the first chamber is pumped into the second.

The second chamber is actually an aeration tank; here water is mixed with activated sludge, which consists of microorganisms and plants. All microorganisms and bacteria in activated sludge are aerobic. It is for their full functioning that forced aeration is needed.

Water mixed with sludge enters the third chamber - a settling tank for deeper cleaning. The sludge is then pumped back into the aeration tank using a special pump.

Forced air supply provides fairly rapid treatment of wastewater, which can then be used for technical needs.

Conclusion. An aeration tank is an expensive but necessary pleasure in some cases. The price starts from 3700 USD. There are no restrictions on the installation of such sewerage. Disadvantages are the need for electricity and permanent residence, otherwise the activated sludge bacteria die.

Water supply and sewerage of a private house - general rules

The location of sewerage facilities is subject to certain restrictions.

Septic tank should be located:

• no closer than 5 m from a residential building;
• no closer than 20 - 50 m from the water source (well, borehole, reservoir);
• no closer than 10 m from the garden.

Residential building must be remote:

• 8 m from filter wells;
• 25 m from filter fields;
• 50 m from aeration treatment plants;
• 300 m from drainage wells or stations.

The pipes leading to the septic tank must be insulated so that they do not freeze in winter. To do this, they are wrapped with heat-insulating material and inserted into asbestos-cement pipes. External sewerage distribution in a private house is carried out with pipes with a diameter of 100 - 110 mm, the slope should be 2 cm by 2 m, i.e. 2°, in practice they do a little more - 5 - 7° (with a margin). But you shouldn’t joke with this matter, since a larger slope will lead to water quickly passing through the pipes, and feces will linger and clog them, and a smaller slope will not ensure the movement of wastewater through the pipes at all. It is advisable to lay the pipes so that there are no turns or corners. For internal wiring sewer pipes 50 mm diameter is enough. If the house has more than one floor, and baths, sinks, and a toilet are also installed on the upper floors, then a riser with a diameter of 200 mm is used to drain wastewater down.

If you decide that you can do the sewerage of a private house with your own hands, be sure to take into account all the restrictions of SanPin and SNiP regarding the location and design of the sewerage system. In order not to spoil relations with your neighbors, consider the location of their water sources and other buildings.

The sewerage project for a private house is extremely important; you should not try to do without it. Sewerage is not a system that tolerates approximateness. Contact design bureaus or architects, and let the professionals create a working design for you, taking into account all the characteristics of the soil, site, climate and operating conditions. It is better if this project is completed together with the project of the house itself before its construction begins. This will make installation much easier.

If you are interested in the question of how to make a sewer system in a private house at high groundwater levels, then based on all of the above, these could be the following options:

• Sealed container for waste accumulation.
• Septic tank with biofilter.
• Aeration treatment station (aeration tank).

Direct installation work sewer system in a private house - not so complicated. It is necessary to install pipes throughout the house that will collect wastewater from different sources, connect them into a collector and lead them through the foundation or under it along the ground to the septic tank. You can do the excavation work yourself, or you can hire an excavator. But choosing the right sewerage system and drawing up a project is much more important.

Sewerage in a private house: video - example

In order to understand how to make sewerage in a private home efficient and convenient to use, it is necessary to understand the classification of systems. Features of their design and maintenance, installation nuances and cost of equipment largely determine the choice. Great value It also has precision in performing work at all stages.

Types of sewer systems

Sewer systems can be classified according to various parameters, primarily by:

• method of transporting wastewater through communications,
• type of waste disposal.

Depending on where the wastewater is sent, sewers are distinguished:

• diagrams with insertion into centralized systems,
• Autonomous systems with individual storage devices or recyclers.

Depending on the method of transporting wastewater, systems are distinguished:

• gravity sewers (movement through pipelines is carried out due to their inclined position),
• pressure sewers (transportation of wastewater using pumping equipment),
• combined sewers, combining the features of pressure and gravity systems.

It is cheapest to install a sewer system in which wastewater moves by gravity, however, in some cases the layout of the site is such that the sewer horizon is higher than the place where the house is located. It is impossible to lay pipes with the required slope in such a situation, just as in the presence of rocky soil, which does not allow significant deepening of the pipeline.

In such cases, fecal or drainage pumps are used, however, it is not practical to ensure the movement of wastewater using pumping equipment throughout the entire sewer system in a private house. Most often, the optimal solution is a combination of pressure and gravity sections in one sewer system.

Types of recyclers

Before you begin installing and laying a sewer system with your own hands in a private house, the system is designed and, first of all, a disposal method is chosen.

All possible options in this regard can be divided into two types:

• (cesspools),
• treatment facilities (depending on the type of device, cleaning can be carried out completely or partially; in the second case, periodic pumping of the remaining waste will be required).

Note: There is another sewage option - in which part of the wastewater is drained into the soil. But such a design can only be used with a small volume of wastewater, less than 1 cubic meter per day, and is most often installed in dachas or country houses with periodic residence and low groundwater levels.

Various designs can be chosen as a treatment facility for a private home.

• Septic tanks cost less and perform partial wastewater treatment. They may require additional ground treatment (reducing the content of impurities in the water during its drainage) and pumping out the sludge component after partial decomposition of the impurities and settling of the wastewater.
• Biorefinery stations- These are expensive and quite large structures with complex technical equipment and the need to connect to power. After the purification cycle, sewage is converted into safe water suitable for watering plants (up to 98% removal of impurities) and fertile sludge (it can be used as fertilizer).

Important: The volume of a sewage treatment plant is calculated using the formula: the number of residents is multiplied by 200 liters and all this is multiplied by 3.

Interior of the sewer system

Do-it-yourself installation of a local sewer system in a private house involves not only the selection and construction (installation) of a waste disposal unit and the communications lines leading to it, but also the installation of internal wiring and installation of the necessary equipment.

The main elements of the internal part of the sewerage system are:

• plumbing equipment,
• household water-consuming units (including dishwashers and washing machines),
• pipes (in most cases, products of 32-50 mm are used, and for a toilet - 110 mm).

Reception, collection and transportation of wastewater from household appliances and plumbing equipment is carried out using pipes. Their installation can be done in various ways.

• With open installation, communications are fixed to floors, walls and ceilings using.
• When laying pipes in a closed way, the pipes are installed inside the walls, as well as in the ceilings under the floor.

The installation method is selected depending on the design of the building, the requirements of the connected units (in some cases, hidden supply is unacceptable), as well as taking into account aesthetic considerations and ease of maintenance.

To ensure free flow of sewer contents and prevent blockages, it is necessary to install pipes with a certain slope. This value depends on the diameter of the pipes.

• For diameter 50 mm optimal slope is 3.0 cm per meter of highway.
• For a diameter of 110 mm these values ​​are 2.0 cm, respectively.
• For 125 mm – 1.5 cm.

There are certain rules that must be followed during installation internal sewerage.

• When connecting plumbing equipment to risers, the outlet of the unit should always be located above the point where the outlet is inserted into the riser.
• Pipelines no longer than 10 meters are laid in the ceiling, otherwise it will be difficult to detect and eliminate defects (leaks, blockages).
• The connections to the risers are made using fittings (crosses or tees).
• Connections to straight sections of pipelines are always carried out at oblique angles; turns at right angles are made with two 45° fittings, which minimizes the possibility of blockages.

A vertically installed pipe is used as a riser, the diameter of which is more than 110 mm (should not be less than the largest outlet, which is usually a 110 mm outlet from the toilet). The riser must be equipped with an inspection hatch, which is located at a height of 1 m from the floor level. The distance from the toilet to the riser is a maximum of 1 meter.

The connection of the internal part with external communications is carried out using an outlet, which is contained in a protective sleeve and a section of pipe passing through the foundation, the diameter of which corresponds to the diameter of the riser.

The diameter of the sleeve should be about 150 mm, and its edges should extend beyond the foundation on both sides by 100-150 mm

Sewer ventilation system

Ventilation internal system sewerage ensures the removal of generated gases and the flow of air to fill the system. With intensive drainage (large volume or flow rate), low pressure zones are formed in the pipelines. If there is effective ventilation, such a space is quickly filled with air, and the pressure balance is restored. Otherwise, the system will “suck” air through the siphons of nearby plumbing fixtures. As a result, the system operation will be accompanied by loud sounds and the appearance of unpleasant odors indoors.

Ventilation of internal sewerage is carried out using a drain pipe, which structurally represents a continuation of the riser (with a large area of ​​the house and separately, at different ends, installed plumbing, it is advisable to install several risers and, accordingly, several vent pipes).

Exited to the roof through the heated internal space so that its edge is located above the pipes heating devices and general output ventilation system Houses.

The drain (ventilation) pipe is a continuation of the sewer riser and goes to the roof

For those who are interested in how to properly make a sewer system in a private house with their own hands, it is useful to know that the presence of a drain pipe for one-story buildings not necessarily in accordance with the established Rules, but such an addition significantly increases the efficiency and ease of use of the system.

External communications

For the external part of the sewer system, it is important to choose the right pipes.

Do-it-yourself sewerage construction in a private house is usually done using PVC pipes, regular or corrugated products. Despite their light weight, they are quite durable and can withstand temperature changes. In addition, polymer materials are absolutely impervious to corrosion.

The depth of the trenches for laying external sewer pipes must be greater than the freezing level of the soil. If it is impossible to fulfill this condition, you should think about how to insulate the sewer system in a private house with your own hands. Typically used for these purposes thermal insulation materials, for example, Energoflex or extruded polystyrene foam. A more expensive option is to lay a heating electric cable next to the pipeline.

As in the case of internal communications, the efficiency and reliability of the external part of the sewer depends on ensuring the required slope towards the storage tank or disposal unit. If the diameter of the tubes is 110 mm, the optimal angle of inclination will be 2 cm for each meter of communication length.

When choosing a location for a treatment plant on a site, you must adhere to certain rules regarding the distance of the sewerage system from various objects

Unpleasant odor and its elimination

The appearance of a sewer smell in the room indicates a malfunction of the system.

To protect your home from similar phenomena, it is not enough to know how to install a sewer system in a country house; it is necessary to ensure high-quality maintenance of the system, and be able to promptly identify and eliminate defects.

The appearance of sewerage smell in the house is most often caused by increased pressure in the sewer lines. Under its action, gases are forced into the space of the rooms. As elimination measures, it is recommended to carry out a set of measures:

• install siphons with water seals on devices,
• clean the pipes (plugs blocking the lumen are one of the most common causes of malfunctions, and if the blockage is incomplete, such a plug may not reveal its presence in anything other than an odor).

The smell can also appear as a result of a leak in the sewer system. Check all connections thoroughly and eliminate even small leaks.

In order for the wastewater disposal system to function flawlessly, several nuances must be taken into account when arranging it. We will tell you today what a sewer system is for a private home, how to install it correctly and what mistakes should be avoided.

Pipe routing

Sewer installation is one of the most complex processes, so its arrangement should be given the closest attention. Its assembly must fully comply with the requirements of SNiP.

Installation of the sewerage system is carried out in stages:
first laid release(pipe connecting the external street and indoor systems);

Release device

Next is mounted riser– central pipe, located vertically; to facilitate maintenance, it is better if he is alone in the house; as a rule, it is located in utility rooms or toilet; should not be installed in living rooms or kitchen; it is installed openly or placed in a special shaft;

Last to be connected bends, starting from the crosses, only upside down; in this case, the toilet is connected to the riser only separately with a 100-110 mm pipe, the remaining devices can be connected to a single common supply with thin 50 mm pipes.

Advice. To make it easier for the pipes to fit into the fasteners, you can use liquid soap.

Release installation

1. It is better to install a special hole for it during the construction of the house. If it is not there, then a hole is made in the foundation 200-250 mm wider than the diameter of the pipe itself.

2. Hole waterproofed using bitumen mastic.

3. Next, a special sleeve is inserted into it (a section with a diameter of 20-40 mm larger than the outlet pipe). It serves to prevent destruction of the main pipeline. The sleeve should protrude 150 mm from the foundation on both sides.

4. The outlet pipe is placed in the sleeve. The space between them is carefully filled with foam.

5. The sleeve is connected to the internal sewer pipe oblique tee(45° tee) and withdrawal.

Sewer crosses, tees and bends

Slope angle

Since wastewater flows through the pipes by gravity, in order to avoid blockages, the angle of their slope should be correctly determined. It is calculated based on the diameter of the pipeline. Moreover, for each plumbing fixture it is selected separately:

40-55 mm – from 3%;

85-100 mm – from 2%.

Naturally, the further the device is from the riser, the more the slope should be increased. Let’s say the drainage pit is located 200 m from the riser itself. To obtain the required angle of inclination, the pipe should be shifted in height by 60 mm.

Pipe angle

Advice. When choosing pipes for sewerage, please note that street pipes are always painted in orange, and pipes intended for indoor installation are gray.

Riser installation

1. He's only going to from bottom to top. For such a pipe, appropriate openings are prepared in the floors and roof. To reduce the noise of water passage, a distance of 20 mm should be taken from the wall or groove.

2. The riser is mounted only strictly vertical. Minor deviations of up to 2 mm per every 2 m are allowed.

3. To ensure that the joints do not impede the passage of liquid, the sockets are mounted above.

4. When assembled, they are gradually connected side bends And inspection hatches. For this purpose, oblique tees and crosses are used.

5. When connecting bends, pipes running parallel to the floor are laid on special supports.

Sewage system diagram

6. Excessive turns of pipes should be avoided, if you cannot do without them, it is better to use two tees at 45°, or even better, three at 30°; if you choose one at 90°, then there will be waste in it stagnate; in addition, when connecting at a right angle, the pressure in the riser will be extreme, which will lead to excessive noise indoors.

Advice. Since blockages most often occur at turning points, be sure to provide inspection or inspection hatches next to them.

7. The riser is fixed to the wall with clamps, which should be located under the sockets. The distance between the clamps is up to 4 m. In order not to damage the system, the holes for them should be prepared in advance or, when preparing them, the riser should be temporarily dismantled.

Riser assembly diagram

Hood arrangement

To prevent odors from entering the room, there is provision in the lower part of all plumbing fixtures (sinks, toilets, etc.) curved pipe – water seal. However, with intensive use of the sewer system, a vacuum sometimes forms in the riser. In this case, a “water seal failure” occurs - gases begin to penetrate into the house without the resistance of water.

To avoid this, it is necessary to provide for their release into the atmosphere. The drain pipe for ventilation of the sewer system is discharged through the roof. Its diameter is always equal to the diameter of the main pipe. If fan pipe passes through an unheated attic space, it must be insulated.

With small bandwidth sewer Sewage equipment without exhaust is allowed. However, in this case, the riser must necessarily end with a cleaning or inspection hatch.

Inspection hatch and cleaning hole (equipped with a plug)

Basic wiring rules

To ensure that sewerage problems never arise during operation, the following rules should be followed when arranging it:

To prevent sewage from spilling out, all plumbing is connected above the toilet;

To avoid blockages, strong bends and excessive sharp pipe turns;

Installation of sewer system

supply pipe diameter selected equal to or slightly larger than the size of the largest pipe from the plumbing fixture;

If there is a toilet in the house common riser diameter must be greater than or at least equal to 100 mm - the diameter of the toilet pipe;

The line to it should not exceed a meter; from other plumbing fixtures is allowed liner length up to 3 m; if for some reason it is made larger, then its diameter is increased to the size of the total riser (at least 100 mm); in order not to increase its diameter, you can equip a vacuum valve at its upper end;

To service the system, it is necessary to provide inspection hatches and cleaning hatches; they should be located every 10 m;

To prevent pipes from freezing in winter, they should be carefully installed where they pass underground. insulate.

The system is one of the most important and expensive engineering communications private residential building. The efficiency of operation, the complexity of installation, the number and cost of elements of this system depend on the elaboration of the project. The graphic part of the design documentation, in accordance with which a sewer system is installed in a private house with your own hands - a diagram of the location of plumbing devices, connections and revisions. This article provides information about regulatory requirements and the main problems in drawing up layout diagrams, criteria for selecting sewerage equipment and features of its installation.

Read in the article

Rules for drawing up a sewerage diagram with your own hands in a private house

When drawing up a sewerage diagram, it is necessary to take into account regulatory requirements, both sanitary and construction:

• TKP 45-4.01-51-2007“Water supply and sewerage systems for residential estates”;
• SanPiN 42-128-4690-88“Sanitary rules for the maintenance of populated areas”;
• SanPiN 4630“Sanitary rules and norms for the protection of surface waters from pollution”;
• SNiP 30-02-97“Planning and development of territories of gardening associations of citizens, buildings and structures.”

When determining the volume and capacity of sewer pipelines, it is necessary to focus on the average water consumption per person. Septic tanks and cesspools cannot be located closer than 4 m to the border of a neighbor’s property and 15 m to drinking water.

The diagram must describe the mechanism for connecting internal and external sewerage systems, the type and structure of the septic tank, what products and equipment will be used, and its technical parameters. Based on the list of materials used, the cost is calculated. The graphic part must be linked to the plan of the house and garden plot, where the places for laying pipelines and installing plumbing products will be indicated.

Key Factors Influencing Layout and Design

In addition to calculating the average daily water flow, the following factors influence the design of the sewerage scheme:

• Volume of salvo release— peak load on the sewerage system (as a rule, occurs in the morning and evening hours), which depends on the number of plumbing fixtures installed in the house;
• Wastewater treatment plant performance. Depending on this indicator, one of three options for removing treated wastewater is selected:

1. up to 5 m 3 /day – discharge into the soil. Provided that the soil filtration coefficient has comparable indicators, and the discharge point is 1 m above the groundwater level;
2. up to 0.3 m 3 /day – periodic removal by special vehicle is allowed;
3. The discharge of wastewater into a reservoir is regulated not only by its quantity, but also by the degree of purification in accordance with the requirements of SanPiN 4630.

• M material for the manufacture of treatment facilities: , fiberglass, metal, various polymers ( , polyethylene). It depends on the technical characteristics of the material design structures, installation method, further maintenance and operation;
• Providing power supply. Modern highly efficient treatment plants are equipped with various types of compressors and aerators. They are based on electronic control units to which temperature and liquid level detectors are connected;
• Construction site topology– terrain, slope direction, proximity of water bodies and the presence of potential places for discharge of treated sewage water;
• Geodesy of the construction site– the type and structure of the soil, the depth of its freezing, as well as the depth of groundwater are determined. The complexity and cost depend on these factors. installation work, the need for additional or purchase of a sealed septic tank with a closed cleaning cycle.

Types of sewerage structures and features of their functioning

In accordance with TKP 45-4.01-51-2007, the following types of treatment structures are allowed to be used for the installation and installation of sewerage in a private house:

• septic tank;
• filter well;
• underground filtration field;
• filter trench;

Important! In most cases, the listed structures should be used in conjunction with a septic tank, which carries out primary rough cleaning.

Septic tank

The most common types of septic tanks when arranging a sewer system for a private home with your own hands are:

Storage containers are sealed plastic containers. They are affordable, do not require connection to the power supply network, and can be installed in close proximity to sources/wells drinking water. A significant drawback is the need for constant pumping of wastewater, therefore, constant payment for sewerage services.

With soil purification. Primary treatment of sewage water is carried out in sealed containers, where large fecal fractions settle to the bottom and are exposed to anaerobic bacteria. “Clarified” wastewater, the degree of purification of which does not exceed 40%, is pumped forcibly or flows by gravity into filtration structures, from which, after the final stage of cleaning, it seeps into the ground.

Filter well

The wastewater entering the tank passes through a gravel filter and through it seeps to the bottom and perforated walls, and from there into the ground.

1. pipe;
2. Plate bumper;
3. Pipe for the flow of wastewater.

For the arrangement, solid or perforated reinforced concrete rings with a height of 0.9 m, an internal diameter of at least 1.0 m and a wall thickness of 8 cm are used. The filter layer is gravel of medium fractions, which must be periodically removed, washed and returned to the container again, in order to avoid excessive soil pollution. The material used for making the walls is often large-diameter plastic (with holes in the masonry) or car tires. Such options are much cheaper, but significantly reduce the life of the structure.

Underground filtration field

The site is laid with perforated walls. Through them, wastewater is distributed over a large drainage area and is absorbed into the soil, passing more evenly and in small quantities through the gravel filter. This method involves a significant amount of excavation work. When determining the depth of the pit, it is necessary to take into account:

• The thickness of the gravel filter is 20÷50 cm;
• The diameter of perforated pipes is 20÷50 cm;
• The distance from the ground surface to the upper edge of the filtration pipeline is 50 cm.

In addition, when forming the bottom of the pit, it is necessary to provide for a slope from the septic tank along the flow direction of 2 cm per linear meter. The distance between the pipes depends on the type of soil. For sand with a filtration coefficient of 5÷25 m/day, 2.5 m. For coarse sand filler with a filtration coefficient of 25÷100 m/day and a gravel filter with a filtration coefficient of 75÷300 m/day, the distance can be reduced to 2 m.

At the ends of filtration pipelines, it is imperative to install them with a diameter of 100 mm and a height of at least 70 cm above the ground surface.

Filter trench

A filter trench performs the same functions as an underground filtration field: collection of wastewater after a septic tank, its additional purification and discharge into the ground. Significant difference is the vertical arrangement of pipes. This method is no less effective and can be implemented on a much smaller area. Allowed only in areas with a deep groundwater table, since the trench must also have significant depth.

The total length of the pipeline and the number of pipes and trench depth are calculated using the same methodology that is used for underground filtration fields. The width of the trench is assumed to be 0.5 m, the distance between the upper and lower pipes is 0.8÷1 m, the maximum length of the pipeline is 30 m. If it is necessary to construct 2 or more trenches, the distance between them must be at least 3 m.

Components of the WWTP scheme

The most effective for a private home are sewer systems related to deep biological treatment plants. They are sealed containers divided into several functional compartments. As a rule, they have a vertical orientation, can be installed with your own hands and do not take up much space. The principle of operation of such installations is the interaction of fecal matter and organic pollutants with anaerobic bacteria in an environment saturated with air using aeration installations.

Important! Biological treatment plants require some maintenance. First of all, it is necessary to maintain an optimal population of anaerobic bacteria by periodically adding a special concentrate to the appropriate compartment. In everyday life, you should not use excessively aggressive chemicals that can destroy bacteria. The installation must be connected to the power supply.

The cleaning process is carried out in stages:

1. In the first section, which occupies the largest volume, pollutants are separated into fractions. Heavy and insoluble substances sink to the bottom. This chamber must be periodically cleaned using a vacuum cleaner;
2. In the second section (aeration tank), wastewater is enriched with atmospheric oxygen using the aeration method. Here, the active phase of cleaning occurs using biological decomposition using bacteria;
3. In the third section, the settling tank, activated sludge is settled;
4. From the fourth section, where water is supplied by a jet pump from the secondary settling tank, completely purified water through an overflow pipe or drain pump discharged from the cleaning device.

Installation of internal sewerage in a private house - diagram and recommendations

The internal sewage system includes the following elements;

• Plumbing fixtures: , ;
• Sewer riser and attached to it ventilation pipe;
• Branch lines;
• Check valve.

Horizontal pipelines are installed with a slope. When installing sewerage in a private house, the standard slope indicators are often neglected, doing it “by eye”, significantly exceeding the recommended coefficient. As a result, sewage solids do not have time to be washed out of the pipes along with water and accumulate inside, creating traffic jams.

Table of dependence of slope on the diameter of sewer pipes for a private house pipes

Diameter, mm	Optimal slope	Minimum permissible slope
50	0,035	0,025
100	0,02	0,012
150	0,01	0,007
200	0,008	0,003

The connection of branch pipelines to the riser is carried out using oblique tees and crosses. Installation of sewer pipes, utility and technical rooms may be carried out in an open manner. Fastening is carried out using special couplings with dowels, or the pipes are placed on supports. In residential premises, as a rule, they perform hidden installation. Sewage pipelines are located in technical niches and shafts, boxes, under the floor. To carry out maintenance - periodic cleaning, the main riser and sewer drain lines are equipped with inspections in accordance with the standards:

• Sewer riser on the lower and upper floors of a private house;
• Branch lines to which three or more plumbing fixtures are connected;
• At pipeline bends (this is where solid insoluble waste residues most often accumulate);
• On leprous horizontal sections every 8 m.

Video of installing a sewer system in a private house with your own hands, correct styling sloped pipes:

Which pipes to choose

The optimal pipe material for sewerage in a private home is polymers. Products made from them are light in weight and can be installed by hand without the help of assistants. The industry produces a large number of adapters, tees, crosses and couplings across the entire range of diameters used. Installation is carried out without the use of specialized equipment and does not require long training or special skills. The sample material is not susceptible to corrosion and the aggressive effects of household chemicals, and has a long service life. The following polymers are most often used for sewerage in a private home:

• HDPE (high density polyethylene)- affordable, but sensitive to temperature changes. Maximum operating temperature should not exceed +40°C;
• PP()– has good performance characteristics, maximum operating temperature is +100°C, withstands aggressive chemicals and significant mechanical stress, and has a fairly high cost;
• PVC (polyvinyl chloride)- a material with an optimal combination of cost and quality. Can be used for both external and internal sewerage. Resistant to ultraviolet radiation, mechanical influences of medium intensity, temperatures up to +70°C. However, in the process long-term operation Plaque may appear on the walls, which leads to clogging.

Pipe connection

The most common method of installing a plastic pipeline is a socket connection. It is performed if the pipe or fitting has a corresponding structural element - a socket. The connection process is as follows:

• The bell and smooth end are cleaned of dirt;
• It is inserted into a special recess inside the bell rubber seal ensuring tightness of joints;
• Lubricate the smooth end of the other pipe with silicone grease or regular liquid soap, after which it can be easily inserted into the socket until it stops;

Important! It is necessary to provide for the possibility of thermal expansion. To do this, a mark is made on the smooth part of the pipe with a marker, after which it is pulled 1 cm out of the socket.

Stages of work on installing a sewer system in a private house with your own hands

The sequence of arranging the sewer system of a private house can be divided into several stages:

1. Determination of the amount of wastewater, volume and productivity of the septic tank;
2. Determining the location of the septic tank on personal plot in accordance with sanitary standards;
3. Installation of an internal sewer network;
4. Installation of external treatment facilities;
5. Laying pipelines and connections for external treatment facilities and internal sewerage.

Calculation of septic tank volume

Table of water consumption standards for a private residential building.

Type of housing and type of life activity	Consumption, l/day per person
Residential building equipped with running water and sewerage system without bathtub	125÷160
A residential building equipped with a water supply and sewerage system with a bathroom and a local one looks like this: V = n × Q × 3 / 1000 , Where V – volume of the septic tank in m3; n – number of permanent residents; Q – average water consumption per person in m3; 3 – number of days full cycle cleaning (according to SNiP). For example, with an average consumption of 0.2 m 3 / person / day, taking into account a three-day reservation, for a family of 4 people you will need a septic tank with a volume of 2.4 m 3. To make calculations easier, we have developed a convenient calculator especially for our readers. Calculator for calculating the required volume of a septic tank based on the number of residents
For year-round use of a private residential building	During seasonal use of a country house
Gravel, crushed stone	0.15÷0.20	0.18÷0.24
Coarse sand	0.10÷0.15	0.12÷0.18
	0.05÷0.10	0.06÷0.12

Table of the volume of household waste per 1 linear meter of underground filtration field pipeline:

Composition of the filtrate	Maximum volume of treated sewage, m 3 /day per 1 linear meter of drainage pipeline
	Up to 500	500÷600	More than 600
Gravel, crushed stone, coarse sand	0.012÷0.025	0.0096÷0.0225	0.0084÷0.02
Fine sand, sandy loam	0.006÷0.020	0.0048÷0.18	0.0042÷0.016

Table of the volume of domestic waste per 1 linear meter of filtration trench pipeline.

Do-it-yourself internal sewerage wiring in a private house

The efficiency of the sewer system of a private house, as well as the ease of arranging it with your own hands, depends on the layout of the entire structure. It is considered optimal if the kitchen and bathroom are located as close to each other as possible; this minimizes the length of the sewer pipeline and allows you to connect all plumbing fixtures to one riser. When installing the internal sewage system of a private house with your own hands, you must consider the following factors:

• it is necessary to connect directly to the main riser of the sewer system at the minimum possible distance from the pipe, this will reduce the likelihood of blockage of the plumbing fixture;
• It is recommended to connect other plumbing fixtures to the sewer network above the level of the toilet connection, this will eliminate the possibility of fecal matter getting into the drain lines;
• The pipeline must be rotated using several angle bends. For example, two at 45° or three at 30°, this will provide a smoother turn and avoid clogging;
• The sewer riser must be led to the roof, where a fan hood is mounted on it, providing a sewer system inside; Methods for connecting a toilet to sewer riser

  Installation and equipment of a sewerage tank

  To install a septic tank, regardless of its model, a pit is dug with dimensions slightly larger than the dimensions of the tank. A sand cushion about 10 cm thick is placed at the bottom of the pit. It is compacted and leveled as much as possible. To install septic tanks in a pit, it is recommended to use lifting construction equipment, since some models have quite a significant weight. In most cases, fastening elements are provided on the housing. After installation, the container must be leveled. Depending on the design, it may be necessary to install neck extensions.

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