What countries are in southeast asia. General characteristics of the region. Southeast Asia (SEA)

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We present to your attention a video lesson on the topic “Southeast Asia”. The video tutorial allows you to get an interesting and detailed information about the countries of Southeast Asia. From the lesson you will learn about the composition of Southeast Asia, the characteristics of the countries in the region, their geographical location, and population. The lesson focuses heavily on the newly industrialized countries of Asia.

Topic: Foreign Asia

Lesson: Southeast Asia

Rice. 1. Southeast Asia on the map ()

Southeast Asia- a cultural and geographical region covering continental and island territories between China, India and Australia.

Compound:

1. Vietnam.

2. Cambodia.

4. Myanmar.

5. Thailand.

6. Brunei.

7. East Timor.

8. Philippines.

9. Malaysia.

Geologically, the countries of Southeast Asia are located in one of the most volcanic regions on the planet. But this is compensated by the tropical climate, diverse nature, which captivates with its variety and quantity exotic plants and animals.

The subsoil of the territory has been poorly explored, but proven reserves indicate rich deposits mineral resources. Coal there is very little in the region, only in the north of Vietnam there are insignificant reserves. Oil and gas are produced offshore in Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei. The world's largest metallic "Tin Belt" of Asia stretches through the region. Mesozoic deposits provided the richest reserves of non-ferrous metals: tin (in Indonesia - 1.5 million tons, in Malaysia and Thailand - 1.1 million tons each), tungsten (reserves in Thailand - 23 thousand tons, Malaysia - 20 thousand tons). The region is rich in copper, zinc, lead, molybdenum, nickel, antimony, gold, cobalt, the Philippines is rich in copper and gold. Non-metallic minerals are represented by potassium salt (Thailand, Laos), apatites (Vietnam), precious stones(sapphire, topaz, ruby) in Thailand.

Agroclimatic and soil resources: a warm and humid climate is the main prerequisite for the relatively high efficiency of farming; 2-3 crops are harvested here throughout the year.

Forest resources are exceptionally rich. The region is located in the Southern forest belt, forests cover 42% of its territory.

Fish resources of the coastal zone of the seas and inland waters are of considerable importance in every country: fish and other marine products are widely used in the diet of the population. On some islands of the Malay archipelago, pearls and mother-of-pearl shells are mined.

Rice. 4. Selling pearls in Manila ()

Currently, the countries of Southeast Asia are rapidly developing, occupying high positions in the modern world. New industrial countries are developing especially quickly, where much attention is paid to the education of the population, economic development, competition, and new industries. In terms of HDI, Singapore, Thailand, and Malaysia rank high in the world. An important feature of newly industrialized countries is the openness of their economies, the development of high-precision production, the service sector, tourism activities, the export of goods and services, attracting foreign capital, and large investments in their own economy.

Rice. 5. The capital of Malaysia is Kuala Lumpur ()

Homework

1. What are the features geographical location Southeast Asia?

2. Tell us about the economic features of the countries of Southeast Asia.

References

Main

1. Geography. Basic level. 10-11 grades: Textbook for educational institutions / A.P. Kuznetsov, E.V. Kim. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2012. - 367 p.

2. Economic and social geography of the world: Textbook. for 10th grade educational institutions / V.P. Maksakovsky. - 13th ed. - M.: Education, JSC "Moscow Textbooks", 2005. - 400 p.

3. Atlas with set contour maps for 10th grade. Economic and social geography of the world. - Omsk: FSUE "Omsk Cartographic Factory", 2012. - 76 p.

Additional

1. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., map.: color. on

2. Berzin E.O. Southeast Asia in the 13th-16th centuries. - M., 1982.

3. Shpazhnikov S.A. Religion of Southeast Asian countries. - M., 1980.

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections

1. Geography: a reference book for high school students and applicants to universities. - 2nd ed., rev. and revision - M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2008. - 656 p.

Literature for preparing for the State Exam and the Unified State Exam

1. Thematic control in geography. Economic and social geography of the world. 10th grade / E.M. Ambartsumova. - M.: Intellect-Center, 2009. - 80 p.

2. The most complete edition typical options real tasks of the Unified State Exam: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: Astrel, 2010. - 221 p.

3. The optimal bank of tasks for preparing students. Single state exam 2012. Geography: Tutorial/ Comp. EM. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukova. - M.: Intellect-Center, 2012. - 256 p.

4. The most complete edition of standard versions of real Unified State Examination tasks: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2010. - 223 p.

5. Geography. Diagnostic work in the format of the Unified State Exam 2011. - M.: MTsNMO, 2011. - 72 p.

6. Unified State Exam 2010. Geography. Collection of tasks / Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 272 p.

7. Geography tests: 10th grade: to the textbook by V.P. Maksakovsky “Economic and social geography of the world. 10th grade” / E.V. Baranchikov. - 2nd ed., stereotype. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2009. - 94 p.

8. The most complete edition of standard versions of real Unified State Examination tasks: 2009. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2009. - 250 p.

9. Unified State Exam 2009. Geography. Universal materials for training students / FIPI - M.: Intellect-Center, 2009. - 240 p.

10. Geography. Answers to questions. Oral examination, theory and practice / V.P. Bondarev. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2003. - 160 p.

11. Unified State Exam 2010. Geography: thematic training tasks / O.V. Chicherina, Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 144 p.

Materials on the Internet

1. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements ().

2. Federal portal Russian Education ().

IN recent years I have succeeded in my quest to visit the entire planet. This primarily affected the hot tropical countries Southeast Asia. By the end of 2016, I had visited all of them. Including tiny Brunei and unknown East Timor. Probably, now I can be considered an expert both on individual Southeast Asian countries and on the entire region as a whole. I have no illusions and understand that, firstly, you cannot even fully see and understand your own yard in front of your house, much less the country. Secondly, the world does not stand still and the places where you have been before can change. After all, Singapore has grown in 35 years “from the third world to the first.” And you yourself are constantly changing...

I first visited Southeast Asia in 2010. Since then, I spend most of my time in this region every year. I often visit Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia and, of course, the Philippines, where I have my own piece of the jungle and a house with a Russian bathhouse. I’ve been to some countries only once, I’ll definitely return somewhere else, and I don’t want to go to some places. IN this review I will try to describe all the countries in the region. Southeast Asia consists of: Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Brunei, East Timor. There are 11 countries in total.

Thailand

I believe that the Kingdom of Thailand is the best country in many respects for your first acquaintance with Southeast Asia. At the same time, Thailand is suitable for many of my friends and acquaintances for long-term stays. From here you can easily make “forays” into other neighboring countries. In Thailand:

— Lots of sea and sun, beaches and lagoons;

— A lot of historical and natural places interesting for tourists;

- Very good roads and an established transport system;

— Excellent air connections with Russia and most other countries;

— Lots of accommodation offers. Budget, exclusive, for a long time. Anyone.

— Developed infrastructure;

— Delicious and varied fruits.

— High level of security.

I myself have been to Thailand ten times. I have traveled this country length and breadth and am planning to visit there many more times!

Vietnam

This country, although slightly behind Thailand, has a number of advantages. For example, there are more local, tasty and cheap fruits, a unique interesting story, of course, a lot of places for tourism and, importantly, a more loyal migration policy.

I spent 4 months in Vietnam, mostly living in the village of Mui Ne near Ho Chi Minh City. I visited all the main attractions in the country. The most memorable ones are the islands of Halong Bay, roadside dragon fruit stands and target shooting from a Kalashnikov assault rifle in the area of the famous partisan tunnels near Ho Chi Minh City.

Singapore

A city-state with an incomprehensible history of formation and one of the most high levels life on the planet. Safe, comfortable, convenient. Although expensive. I try to spend two or three days in Singapore whenever possible when flying from one Southeast Asian country to another. Fortunately, you can stay here for up to 96 hours without a visa.

Of course, the first thing I remember in Singapore was the Universal amusement park.on Sentosa Island, and the island itself is simply replete with interesting places. Also Marina Sandsand views from skyscrapers, the Ferris wheel, the same Marina Sands park. I like to live in the Chinatown area, although I could try living in a themed Indian quarter someday.

Malaysia

For me, Malaysia is not so much about the attractions that are in abundance here, but about the most delicious durians I have ever tasted. They are not as cheap as in the Philippines and Indonesia, but they taste absolutely divine. My favorite variety Musang King, although other varieties are worth trying. I recommend a visit to Malaysia to all lovers of the King of Fruits.

Of course, when I’m in Kuala Lumpur, the capital of Malaysia, I definitely visit the Petrones Towers area - the twins charge me with their cosmic energy. I also like to go to the mountains - to the entertainment center Genting, where the most interesting thing for me is the funicular ride up over tropical forest and slowly appearing in the clouds himself Genting with its attractions, restaurants, hotels and the only casino in all of Malaysia.

Indonesia

Probably the most interesting country in Southeast Asia for those who like to travel around unknown places, climb the mountains and immerse yourself in the original culture local population. You can “walk” around Indonesia for a very long time and one island will not be similar to another.

Special attention is worth mentioning the island of Bali, which did not leave anyone who visited there indifferent. I was impressed by this place, it was crowded creative people- both expats and locals. I recommend visiting Bali to all my friends.

Philippines

This country, of course, has a special place in my heart. I spent enough time to fall in love with Samal Island, where I bought land, built a house, and met a lot of people. interesting people. I have yet to visit popular resorts like El Nido and Boracay, but I like it here enough to stay in the Philippines forever.

Mostly advanced travelers go to the Philippines. Those who want to enjoy the beauty of the local nature, communicate with some of the most good-natured people on the planet and eat fresh juicy fruits.

Cambodia

I have traveled quite a bit around Cambodia in my time. Let me tell you for sure, the Angkor Watt temple complex is the No. 1 attraction in all of Southeast Asia for tourists and travelers to visit. This is something that is definitely worth seeing - like the pyramids at Giza or Great Wall in China. I myself have been to Angkor Wat several times and will definitely go there again.

The problem is that the rest of Cambodia is generally not as good as its neighboring countries. Resort Sihanoukville, the capital Phnom Penh and fruity Kampot - all this is a C-minus. I don't recommend Cambodia for a long stay. Best option- trip from Thailand to Angkor Watt for 3-5 days. The rest of the places are not worth attention.

Myanmar

I have heard conflicting opinions about Myanmar from travelers who have been there. I myself have only positive memories. And the stunning Bagan, and the high-mountainous Inle Lake, the capital Yangon - all this is simply a must see!

Currently, as far as I understand, the country is not suitable for long-term residence of expats. Corruption is too developed, and the infrastructure, on the contrary, leaves much to be desired. But it’s definitely worth spending a month visiting the main attractions of Myanmar and chatting with the Burmese (in my opinion, the most helpful people on the planet).

Laos

It’s worth going to Laos for nature, nature and more nature. Despite the fact that the country is landlocked, it is rich in mountains, rivers and waterfalls. During my trip to Laos, there were no normal roads in the country, but the exotic nature of untouched nature only benefited from this. Add to this the freedom-loving spirit of the population, somewhat tougher than its southern neighbors, Buddhism, and historical love for Russians - you get a very good place for a trip for a month, or even two.

Brunei

A small sultanate, a tiny state that at one time did not want to become part of Malaysia and remained independent, Brunei Darussalam is considered one of the most inaccessible countries in Southeast Asia. To get to Brunei without a visa, I took a ticket from Kota Kinabalu to Kuala Lumpur with a transfer in Bandar Seri Begawan on an official air carrier Royal Brunei . This gave me the opportunity to stay in the country for three days.

Brunei is clean, cozy and hot. But there's not much to do there. I visited all the main attractions of the capital on the first day of my stay. And since I didn’t plan to leave the city, on the second day I actually repeated the program of the previous day. Conclusion - Brunei is excellent for transit between the island and mainland Malaysia. No more.

East Timor

100% of my friends to whom I told that I had visited East Timor did not know what it was and were surprised when they learned about the existence of an entire country under that name. Before the trip, I realized that there was not much to do in East Timor and planned only a couple of days for this place. But fate had its own way. In May 2016, I lost all my documents and belongings (including my camera) in East Timor. Left in only swimming trunks in a country where there is not even a Russian representative office. I got a colossal, incomparable experience there, found friends, a family of people who sheltered me and helped me get out of trouble. I am grateful to them for this. In the end, my extended trip to East Timor gave me more than it took away!

I'm going back to East Timor in about two or three years. There you can find good mountain trekking, hot springs, snorkeling and diving. And, definitely, you can find good people in East Timor!

I love visiting new countries. They are attractive due to their unknown nature. But I’m also happy to return to my favorite places on the planet. Therefore, my love affair with Southeast Asia is not over, it will continue as long as I have the desire and opportunity to travel!

East Asian countries. Countries located in eastern Asia form the East Asia subregion. The northern, western and southern borders of the subregion run on land, and in the east it is washed by a chain of seas of the Pacific Ocean - the Japanese, Yellow, East China and South China. The total area of the subregion is 11.8 million km2, and the population exceeds 1.5 billion people. East Asia accounts for about 8% of the Earth's total land area, 22.2% of the world's population and more than the world's GNP. There are 5 independent states in the subregion.

East Asia is the largest subregion of Asia by territory. China, located here, ranks 3rd among countries in the world in terms of territory and 1st in terms of population. The smallest country in the subregion is the Republic of Korea, and the least populated country is Mongolia. A notable feature of the subregion is the large differences in political system and economic development of the five states located here. Thus, the People's Republic of China (PRC) is developing on the basis of a combination of socialist statehood and a market economic system, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) is one of the most politically closed countries in the world with a paramilitary totalitarian regime, Japan is the only monarchy in the region, one of the most highly developed countries in the world with a post-industrial economy, the Republic of Korea is one of the new industrial countries of Asia with a dynamically developing economy, while Mongolia belongs to the group of underdeveloped agrarian-industrial countries.

The presence of access to the Pacific Ocean (with the exception of Mongolia), location in one of the most ancient centers of human civilization are positive features of the geographical location of the subregion, the presence of high mountain barriers on the western and southern outskirts, the passage of the Pacific seismic belt through the most densely populated areas are its negative characteristics.

In terms of relief, the countries of East Asia are very similar to each other. In all countries, mountains occupy a large area. At the same time, there are such large deserts as the Gobi and Taklamakan. Important place in the countries of the subregion they occupy river valleys and coastal plains.

The countries of East Asia are located mainly in the temperate, subtropical and tropical zones. Of great importance for the economies of the countries of the subregion are natural resources. All countries of East Asia, except Japan, have mineral resources; Japan and the countries of the Korean Peninsula are best provided with water resources. In addition, land (China), forest (China, countries of the Korean Peninsula), and recreational (Japan, China, Republic of Korea) resources are of great economic importance.

East Asia is considered one of the most densely populated regions in the world. Japan and the Republic of Korea have low birth rates. This leads to changes in the age composition of the population of these countries. China's population growth is influenced by the country's government's demographic policy. Of the East Asian countries, the highest natural population growth is observed in the DPRK and especially in Mongolia. The average population density in the subregion is 136 people/sq. km. The highest population density is observed in the Republic of Korea (510 people/km2), and the lowest in Mongolia (2 people/km2).

The average urbanization rate in the countries of the subregion is 58%, with the highest levels of urbanization observed in Japan (93%), the Republic of Korea (82%), and the DPRK (60%). In the industrial structure, a prominent place is occupied by mining (China, Mongolia, North Korea), fuel and energy (China, Republic of Korea, Japan), ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy (China, Japan, Republic of Korea), mechanical engineering (China, Japan, Republic of Korea), chemical (China, Japan, Republic of Korea, DPRK), forestry and woodworking (China, Republic of Korea), light and food (all countries of the region) industries. The most developed industries are China, Japan and the Republic of Korea. Especially big specific gravity of these countries in ferrous metallurgy, shipbuilding, automotive manufacturing, electronics and electrical engineering, and the chemical industry of the subregion.

In the economies of East Asia big role agriculture plays. In Mongolia and Japan agriculture Livestock farming predominates, while in other countries agriculture predominates. Among the agricultural sectors, grain growing (wheat, rice, corn), cultivation of industrial crops (cotton, tobacco, tea, potatoes, soybeans), and horticulture are well developed. In livestock farming, cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming and fishing play an important role. Sheep, goat, horse, camel and reindeer herding are also developed in Mongolia. In the transport system great value has land transport. In coastal countries, the role of water transport is great.

Countries of Southeast Asia. The Southeast Asia subregion covers the Indochina peninsula, the islands of the Malay Archipelago and the western part of the island of New Guinea. The total area of the subregion is 4.5 million square kilometers, that is, 3% of the total land area of the globe. The total population is about 630 million people (8.5% of the world population). Total number states of the subregion - 11. By geographical location, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand are peninsular, and Brunei, Indonesia, Singapore, the Philippines and East Timor are island countries, Malaysia is partly located on the Malacca Peninsula, partly on the island of Kalimantan. Only Laos is landlocked. 4 states - monarchies, Malaysia and Myanmar have a federal form of national government.

Location at the junction of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, in the zone of cultural influence of two major civilizations - Chinese and Indian, important sea routes of international importance are the main features of the geographical location of the subregion.

The relief combines plains and mountainous areas. However, there are no large plains here. The subequatorial and equatorial climate contributed to the development of moist evergreen forests. The area covered by forest makes up 42% of the entire territory of the countries of the subregion. The largest rivers are the Mekong, Irrawaddy, Chao Phraya, Hong Kha. Large rivers are more typical for the mainland (peninsular) part of the subregion.

The biological resources of the ocean are of great economic importance. They are widely used by the population. On some islands of the Malay archipelago, pearl fishing is practiced.

The mineral resources of the countries of the subregion are of great economic importance. The so-called “tin-tungsten” belt stretches from Myanmar to Indonesia, within which tin is mined in large quantities. In terms of total reserves of this metal, the subregion occupies a leading place in the world, and in terms of antimony reserves, it ranks first among the subregions of Asia. In addition, oil is mined here (Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei), coal (Vietnam, Indonesia), uranium ores (Indonesia, Philippines), gold (Myanmar, Vietnam, Philippines), tungsten (Myanmar, Thailand), bauxite (Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia).

In most countries of the subregion, under the influence of ethnic, religious and other factors, a high level of natural population growth remains. The most populous countries in the subregion are Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam. More than 200 peoples live in Southeast Asia. Among them, the most numerous are the Malays, Lao, Thais, Vietnamese, Semang, Burmese, Filipinos, Javanese, and Chinese.

In Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, Muslims predominate. Buddhism is widespread in Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, and Vietnam, and Confucianism is widespread in Singapore. In some countries there is a large proportion of Catholics (Philippines, East Timor).

The average population density in the subregion is 140 people/km 2. In small countries this figure is much higher (in Singapore it exceeds 8,000 people/km/sq). The urbanization level is on average about 50%. In Singapore this figure is 100%, and in underdeveloped East Timor it does not reach 30%. The largest cities in the subregion are Jakarta, Bangkok, and Manila.

The culture of the countries of Southeast Asia was historically greatly influenced by China and India, but in economic development many of them were guided by the experience of Japan. As a result, Singapore, Thailand, and Malaysia entered the group of dynamically developing newly industrialized countries. Brunei is an oil exporting country with a high standard of living. East Timor and Laos are among the least developed, agricultural countries.

In the countries of the subregion, mining (in almost all countries), fuel and energy (Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, etc.), non-ferrous metallurgy (Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, etc.), mechanical engineering (Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, etc.) have developed. etc.), chemical (Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, etc.), light and food industries (in almost all countries of the subregion).

Agriculture is dominated by farming, with rice being the main crop. Various spices, tea, coffee, coconut palm, and natural rubber are also cultivated in the countries of the subregion. Fishing is well developed. The main modes of transport are water and road.

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Introduction

1. Natural resources

2. Population

3. Agriculture

4. Transport

5. Foreign economic relations

6. Recreation and tourism

7. General characteristics farms

8. Industry

9. Natural conditions

Conclusion

List of sources used

Introduction

Southeast Asia is located on the territory of the Indochina Peninsula and numerous islands of the Malay Archipelago. The countries of the region border South and East Asia, Australia and Oceania. The region consists of 10 countries: Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Laos, Cambodia, Indonesia, Philippines, Brunei, Singapore and East Timor.

Southeast Asia connects Eurasia with Australia, at the same time delimiting the basins of the Pacific and Indian oceans. The region's territory is washed by seas, the largest of which are the South China and Philippine Seas of the Pacific Ocean, and the Andaman Sea of the Indian Ocean.

Important air and sea routes pass through the countries of Southeast Asia: the Strait of Malacca is as important for world shipping as the Strait of Gibraltar, Panama and Suez Canals.

Location between two ancient cells of civilization and the largest populous states modern world- China and India - affected the formation political map region, processes of economic development, ethnic and religious composition of the population, cultural development.

Among the states in the region there is one absolute monarchy- Brunei, three constitutional - Thailand, Cambodia, Malaysia, all others are republics.

The countries of Southeast Asia are members of the UN. All except Cambodia are members of ASEAN; Indonesia - in OPEC; Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines, Brunei, Vietnam - to the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation bloc.

1. Natural resources

The subsoil of the territory has been poorly explored, but explored reserves indicate rich deposits of mineral resources. There was a lot of coal in the region, only in the north of Vietnam there are insignificant reserves. Oil and gas are produced offshore in Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei. The world's largest metallogenic "Tin Belt" of Asia stretches through the region. Mesozoic deposits provided the richest reserves of non-ferrous metals: tin (in Indonesia - 1.5 million tons, Malaysia and Thailand - 1.2 million tons each), tungsten (reserves in Thailand - 25 thousand tons, Malaysia - 20 thousand tons). The region is rich in copper, zinc, lead, molybdenum, nickel, antimony, gold, cobalt, the Philippines is rich in copper and gold. Non-metallic minerals are represented by potassium salt (Thailand, Laos), apatites (Vietnam), and precious stones (sapphire, topaz, ruby) in Thailand.

Agroclimatic and soil resources. The warm and humid climate is the main prerequisite for the relatively high efficiency of farming; 2-3 crops are harvested here throughout the year. On fairly fertile red and yellow feralite soils, many hot zone crops are grown (rice, coconut tree, rubber tree - hevea, bananas, pineapples, tea, spices). On the islands, not only coastal areas are used, but also mountain slopes smoothed by volcanic activity (terraced agriculture).

Water resources are actively used for irrigation in all countries. The lack of moisture in the dry season requires considerable expenditure on the construction of irrigation structures. The water mountain arteries of the Indochina Peninsula (Irrawaddy, Menam, Mekong) and numerous mountain rivers of the islands are capable of meeting the needs for electricity.
Forest resources are exceptionally rich. The region is located in the Southern forest belt, forests cover 42% of its territory. Brunei (87%), Cambodia (69%), Indonesia (60%), Laos (57%) have numerous forests, and in Singapore the total forest area is only 7% (the lowest in the region). The forests of the region are especially rich in wood, which has very valuable properties (strength, fire resistance, water repellency, attractive color): thok, sandalwood, legume trees, local species of pine, sundri (mangrove) tree, palms.

Rich natural resource potential and favorable climatic conditions The region makes it possible to engage in farming throughout the year, and the diverse reserves of mineral resources contribute to the development of the mining industry and oil refining. Thanks to the existence of valuable tree species, the traditional area is forested. However, due to intensive deforestation, their area decreases every year, which worsens the eco-balance. This predetermines the need for environmental protection measures that are carried out in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and other countries to preserve the unique flora and fauna of the region.

2. Population

Population size. 482.5 million people live in the region. The maximum number is in Indonesia (193.8 million), the minimum is in Brunei (310 thousand). The countries are very contrasting in terms of the number of inhabitants.

Demographic features. In Southeast Asia, natural population growth rates have always been high - an average of 2.2% per year, and in some cases - up to 40%. The child population (under 14 years old) is 32%, elderly people - 4.5%. There are more women than men (50.3 and 49.7%, respectively).

Racial composition. The vast majority of the population belongs to the transitional types between the Mongoloid and Australoid races.

In some areas, “pure” Australoid groups not mixed with Mongoloids have been preserved: Vedoids (Malacca Peninsula), residents of Eastern Indonesia close to the Papuans, Negrito type (in the south of the Malacca Peninsula and the Philippines).

Ethnic composition. More than 150 nationalities live in the largest country in the region - Indonesia. In the Philippines, which is small compared to Indonesia, there are up to a hundred unique Malay-Polynesian ethnic groups. In Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, over 2/3 of the inhabitants are Siamese (or Thai), Viet, Khmer, Lao and Burmese. In Malaysia, up to half of the population are peoples close in language to the Malays. The most mixed and multilingual population of Singapore are people from neighboring Asian countries (Chinese - 76%, Malays - 15%, Indians - 6%). In all countries, the largest national minority is the Chinese, and in Singapore they even represent the majority of the population.

The region presents such language families: Sino-Tibetan (Chinese in Malaysia and Singapore, Burmese, Karen in Thailand); Thai (Siamese, Lao); Austro-Asian (Vietnamese, Khmer in Cambodia); Austronesian (Indonesians, Filipinos, Malays); Papuan peoples (in the eastern part of the Malay Archipelago and in the west of New Guinea).

Religious composition. The ethnic composition and historical fate of the peoples of the region determined its religious mosaic. The most common faiths are: Buddhism - in Vietnam (Mahayana is the most loyal form of Buddhism, coexists with local cults), in others Buddhist countries- Hinayana); Islam is professed by almost 80% of the population of Indonesia, Malaysia, and partly in the Philippines; Christianity (Catholicism) is the main religion of the Philippines (a consequence of Spanish colonization), partly in Indonesia; Hinduism is especially pronounced on o. Balle in Indonesia.

Aborigines of Southeast Asian countries widely practice local cults.

The population is distributed extremely unevenly. The maximum density is on the island. Java, where up to 65% of the population of all Indonesia lives. Most of the inhabitants of Indochina live in the valleys of the Irrawada, Mekong, Menem rivers, here the population density reaches 500-600 people/km2, and in some areas - up to 2000. The mountainous outskirts of the peninsular states and most small islands are very sparsely populated, average density population does not exceed 3-5 people/km2. And in the center o. Kalimantan and in the west. New Guinea has uninhabited territories.

The share of the rural population is high (almost 60%). In recent decades, due to the migration of rural residents and natural growth, the number of urban population has been increasing. Large cities are growing rapidly, almost all of them (with the exception of Hanoi and Bangkok) arose during the colonial era. Over 1/5 of the population lives in cities (Laos - 22, Vietnam - 21, Cambodia - 21, Thailand - 20%, etc.), only in Singapore they make up 100%. In general, this is one of the least urbanized regions of the world.

Millionaire cities, as a rule, are port or port centers, which were formed on the basis trading activities. Urban agglomerations in the region: Jakarta (10.2 million people), Manila (9.6 million), Bangkok (7.0 million), Yangon (3.8 million), Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon, 3.5 million), Singapore ( 3 million), Bandung (2.8 million), Surabaya (2.2 million), Hanoi (1.2 million), etc.

Labor resources. Numbers over 200 million people, of which

53% are employed in agriculture, 16% in industry, others are involved in the service sector.

Southeast Asia is a multiethnic region characterized by social contrasts. Fast growth cities led to an influx of unskilled labor into them, which resulted in a concentration of people, an increase in crime, drug trafficking, unemployment, etc. At the same time, since the 60s of the XX century. New business and shopping districts with modern buildings and skyscrapers built by American and Japanese companies are appearing in the countries of the region.

3. Agriculture

Agriculture in the region is insufficiently provided with land resources due to high population density. Agriculture predominates in it over livestock raising, and costs are high self made per unit of land area and low marketability of farms. Techniques and technology are mostly very primitive.