Currently, adaptive classification of colors is considered the most correct. The spectrum was first divided in this way by the Englishman James Maxwell in the second half of the nineteenth century. Earlier studies in this area are also famous for dividing the continuous spectrum into several equal segments. There were as many of them as there were notes - seven. Most likely, this distribution was dictated by sympathy for the then popular science of numerology.
Secondary, tertiary and primary colors
When observing the work of artists, one thing has long been noticed interesting feature: New shades can be easily obtained by mixing different colors with each other. This was the impetus for the creation of a theory about the primary colors existing in nature. At first, blue, yellow and red were mistakenly identified as basic ones. Later, Maxwell conducted research during which the main gamma was redistributed. Another combination was named: green, yellow and red.
In addition, there are so-called secondary and tertiary colors, which were separated into independent categories much later. These are transitional combinations between the three basic segments of the spectrum. The secondary colors include the following: green, orange and violet, forming an isosceles triangle, just like the primary colors of the spectrum. Tertiary colors include six transitional combinations between primary and secondary colors. In total, there are twelve equal segments in the modern spectrum (also known as the Oswald circle).
What is color?
Very often you can read or hear somewhere a phrase that no flowers actually exist. There is some truth in it. Because what we see is unique property initially colorless electromagnetic radiation. Visual perception is directly affected by its spectral composition. The latter, in turn, depends on the properties of the reflecting surface. Depending on the length of the waves reflected or emitted by it, human vision captures one color or another.
In the description you can often find such concepts as brightness, saturation, contrast, intensity and depth. In addition, criteria such as tones and shades are used to characterize colors. Tones mean adding to any of the segments, which allows you to get lighter combinations. An example of this is the colors pink or blue. When they talk about shades, they mean adding black. Then it turns out dark combinations, such as burgundy.
Color as a tool for influencing people
Surely many are interested in what primary colors of the spectrum and their combinations especially strongly influence our mood, and whether they even have such power or is it a myth. Which colors are calming, and which, on the contrary, serve as a subconscious signal to action? Really, various shades and combinations can sometimes have a surprising effect on the mental and physical condition person. At the same time, we don’t even notice how gradually the colors of the world around us change our mood in one direction or another.
Both complementary and primary colors of the spectrum are unique instrument. By mastering it fully, you can learn to evoke any necessary associations and images. This property is very widely used in advertising and design. Many popular brands have not changed a well-chosen product that has already become theirs for decades. hallmark. For example, people strongly associate Coca-Cola with the color red, and Pepsi with blue.
Characteristics of the influence of certain colors
It is known that red is the most active in the spectrum. It is rich and hot, but quite heavy due to high intensity effects on the psyche. It is not recommended to use it in large quantities without a calmer, equalizing shade. This color can symbolize passion and love; it is also considered a symbol of war, flame, and power. It is known that dark shades impart solidity, while light shades encourage action. In addition, red is the color of leaders.
Green is also considered saturated, but its effect is exactly the opposite. This is a calm and peaceful color, gentle and fresh. It is often associated with nature and its vitality. have a calming effect on the human psyche. It is the color of love, peace and tranquility. But it is not recommended for those who need to make quick decisions, as it makes you feel relaxed. But this color has a beneficial effect on people suffering from stressful conditions and inhibitions in expressing emotions.
Yellow by its nature is light and bright, it gives warmth, joy, positive emotions. The symbol of this color is movement, fun, laughter. TO beneficial properties This can also be attributed to the intensification of mental activity, which is why paintings with a high yellow content can be recommended for work areas. But you need to mix this color with others carefully, since in certain combinations it acquires a negative psychological connotation. Yellow with green or gray can cause envy or even be repulsive.
Victoria Smakhtina Student 5), closed 5 years ago
Alchenok Supreme Intelligence(2887) 5 years ago
There is no clear answer in the literature to the question of how many shades of color the human eye can distinguish. Here are some links.
In “Human Physiology”, ed. R. Schmidt and G. Tevs in volume 1 (M. Mir, 1996) on page 269 it is written:
The “color space” of a normal person contains approximately 7 million different valencies, including a small category of achromatic (gray, colorless) and a very large class of chromatic. The chromatic valences of the surface color of an object are characterized by three phenomenological qualities: tone, saturation and lightness. In the case of luminous color stimuli (for example, a colored light source), “lightness” is replaced by “brightness”. Ideally, color tones are “pure” colors. Tone can be mixed with achromatic valency to produce different shades of color. The saturation of a hue is a measure of the relative content of its chromatic and achromatic components, while lightness is determined by the position of the achromatic component on the gray scale.
In the book by V.V. Meshkov and A.B. Matveev “Fundamentals of Lighting Engineering” (M. Energoatomizdat, 1989) on page 100 it is written:
Studies have shown that in the visible part of the spectrum the human eye is able to distinguish favorable conditions about 100 shades of background color. Across the entire spectrum, supplemented by pure purple colors, in conditions of brightness sufficient for color discrimination (&10 cd/m2), the number of distinguishable shades by color tone reaches 150.
In B.I. Stepanov’s book “Introduction to Modern Optics” (Minsk, Science and Technology, 1989) it is written on page:
It has been empirically established that the eye perceives not only seven primary colors, but also a huge variety of intermediate shades of color and colors obtained from mixing light of different wavelengths. In total there are up to 15,000 color tones and shades.
In “Physical Encyclopedia”, ed. A. M. Prokhorov in volume 5 (M. Great Russian Encyclopedia, 1998) on page 420 writes:
An observer with normal color vision when comparing differently colored objects or different sources light can distinguish a large number of colors. A trained observer distinguishes about 150 colors by hue, about 25 by saturation, and by lightness from 64 in high illumination to 20 in low light.
Apparently, the discrepancy in reference data is due to the fact that the perception of color may partially change depending on the psychophysiological state of the observer, the degree of his training, lighting conditions, etc. websib/noos/distan/biolog/.
How many shades of color can the human eye perceive? At different times this question was answered differently. It was claimed that the great artists of the Renaissance - Giotto, Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci - could distinguish up to 3-4 million color shades. IN late XIX century, German doctors came to the conclusion that the eye ordinary person capable of distinguishing not millions, but 3-5 thousand shades of color, although it was assumed that the trained eye of an artist can distinguish up to a million shades. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the Russian physiologist I. Pavlov believed that average person distinguishes more than 100 thousand colors and shades, while artists distinguish up to ten million. magicpc.spb/journal/200409/06/.
Arturo † Dimitriu Sage (12539) 5 years ago
Valeriy Enlightened (30197) 5 years ago
Seriously, there are an infinite number of colors, but our eyes cannot distinguish them all.
Color is determined by the frequency of the light wave, and the frequency can be any. The color smoothly flows from red to purple with increasing frequency.
Captain Genius (68638) 5 years ago
Total of them seven - red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet. White and black are the negation of color. Shades can be created by mixing primary colors - any and as many as you like.
Marina Anatolyeva Oracle (64182) 5 years ago
There is such a fan - it's called Pantone - there are a lot of shades there! Well, the main colors are 4. or 7. Still 6. there is also a rhyme - every hunter knows where the pheasant sits. I'm confused about something - it must be 7_ - the same as the notes.
Lyubov Motyleva Sage (10884) 5 years ago
We are accustomed to the “seven-flowered” - “every hunter wants to know where the pheasant is sitting.”
There are 3 primary colors, the rest are obtained by mixing them. This system was introduced in 1860 by Maxwell - the additive RGB (red, green, blue) system. which is used for color reproduction in monitors. See photo. There are other systems.
The list of color names contains about 1000 shades. I am giving a link to this list - with an image of the flowers and their official parameters (I hope the link will be read).
.
Oleg Shikanov Student (116) 2 months ago
Maxim Kobelan Student (138) 1 month ago
16581375 flowers in the world
Buy:
Family, Elanskaya,
Bely Bom, Teberda, Borovichi,
Order: in Zhigulevsk how many colors and shades are there in the world Cities: Samara
City districts: Oktyabrsk Districts: Shigonsky
We also work with cities:
Poshupovo, Ust-Belsk, Troitsk, Yantarny,
Inya, Safonovo,
> How many types of flowers?
How many types of flowers?
Flowering plants are plants that have a specialized organ called a flower. This is a very important group of terrestrial plants, which surpasses all other groups in the number of species. higher plants, taken together. There are about 258,650 species of flowering plants.
How do flowers reproduce?Each flower has four main parts, one of them is the green outer calyx, consisting of sepals. Inside the sepals are the petals, and inside the petals are the seed-producing organs. In the center of the flower there are one or more pistils, around which the stamens are located. The pistil is the female part of the flower. The male parts of the flower are the stamens, in which pollen develops. In order for a seed to form, pollen must pass through the top of the pistil, called the stigma, and into the ovules, which are located at the bottom, wide part of the flower. By the way, the transfer of pollen from the stamen to the stigma of the pistil is called pollination, and the flower itself can be pollinated, and the transfer of pollen to the flower of another plant occurs with the help of wind, insects, birds and some animals. So, pollen first lands on the stigma and absorbs the moisture of the sweet liquid on its surface, then it swells and grows. As a result, a speck of dust grows into the tube, and the tube grows through the pistil column and enters the ovule, fertilizing it. The seeds can be transported to another location where they take root and grow into flowers.
What are the rarest flowers?The rarest flower is the Teide violet, which grows on the island of Tenerife in the rocky caldera of Las Cañadas and on the slopes of Teide at an altitude of over 3,500 meters. Many rare flowering plants, are listed in the Red Book, for example, Schrenk's tulip and Lipsky's tulip, several types of snowdrops, several types of cornflowers, white-tongued dandelion, Chekanovsky's forget-me-not, several types of bells and lilies, peonies, poppies and many, many others. Orchids have also become rare plants, the most beautiful of which are lady's slippers.
What flowers are the most beautiful?One of the most beautiful flowers are orchids different types and the most beautiful orchid middle zone In Russia, the lady's slipper is listed in the Red Book, since it is also a rare flower. The height of the plant is 30 centimeters, the length of the shoe is up to 3 centimeters, and it blooms in the 15-17th year of life, and it blooms for two weeks - from late May to early June. Beautiful flowers are considered and various types roses, which amaze with their variety of colors and wonderful aroma. It should be noted that there is not just one thing in the world beautiful flower because every flower is beautiful in its own way, and people like it too different flowers, someone prefers lilies and considers them beautiful, while others think beautiful tulips. Since each person sets for himself a certain measure of beauty, he, accordingly, chooses the flower that he likes most, but which others may perceive as the ugliest.
Why do flowers have smell and color?Flowers smell due to the presence of certain oils on the petals, which are produced by the plant and are integral part his height. These oils have a complex structure, which when different conditions decomposes and forms a volatile oil that evaporates quickly. So when this happens, we smell the scent that the flower gives off. Various combination chemical elements oils create different odors. Flowers have different color Thanks to pigments, for example, anthocyanin gives them red, lilac, blue, purple and other shades. Other colors, for example, yellow, orange, green, are formed due to other pigments, which include chlorophyll, carotene, etc. These pigments also have different chemical structures.
Which flowers smell the most?All flowers smell differently and differ in the intensity of the odors, for example, hyacinths smell strongly of garden flowers, and you don’t have to go up to them and sniff them, because their aroma spreads very far. They have an intense odor and garden lilies, which are not even recommended to be placed in the room, especially leaving them overnight, because it can give you a headache, just like hyacinths do. The smell of chrysanthemums is pleasant and unobtrusive. By the way, there are flowers that have very bad smell, for example, amorphophallus, which belongs to the lily family. Its flowers are huge leaves dissected in the middle, from which a large cob emerges. The aroma of amorphophallus is reminiscent of the smell of rotten eggs, spoiled fish or meat, however, it attracts insects that pollinate it. This flower was discovered in the 19th century in Sumatra, and it lives for about 40 years, during which it blooms only a couple of times.
Studying subjective experience, even your own, is a difficult matter. Different people have this ability to varying degrees. Some generally think in categories almost exclusively of the external world, as if they were observing objects directly, and not through sensations. The very idea that in cognition only sensations (and other elements of subjective experience) are available to us, and external physical objects are cognized only through them, did not immediately receive general recognition in philosophy. In science, many still tend to think as if the observer and sensations do not exist, but there are only physical objects “directly known” to us. Although in fact, it is sensations that are “directly known” to us - regardless of whether they actually have a physical nature. I have always considered myself a person with a good capacity for self-knowledge, but just recently the thought struck me that on one of these “immediately obvious” questions I had been living in error for more than 20 years. This question is about the number of basic colors available to human perception.
Basic colors we will name the minimum possible group of colors that subjectively seem to us to differ from each other qualitatively, and not quantitatively.
Examples. Between lilac and violet (Fig. 1), the difference seems to us only quantitative (different degrees of redness and blueness), and the difference between blue and violet is qualitative (one has a red component, and the other has a green one). If you take a larger group, it is more difficult to find a combination of qualitatively different colors. For example, in a group of four colors, green, red, cyan and blue, a qualitative difference is observed between red, green and blue, while blue is perceived as a mixture of green and blue and does not contain components that are not reducible to the first three colors.
The generally accepted view among non-specialists is that there are three basic colors. True, disagreements are already beginning on the question of what specific colors these are. When I first read in a children's book that any color can be created by mixing red, yellow and blue, it seemed terribly counterintuitive to me. I could still admit that green contains a yellow component, but I didn’t see a blue component there. However, experiments have at least demonstrated that green can still be obtained from yellow and blue. This was an interesting discovery. And I got so used to this fact that when I read in another children's book about three cones - red, green and purple (!), I was indignant at the illiteracy of the authors. In particular, of course, I was outraged by the idea of the basicity of violet, which clearly contains a red component, and therefore cannot be “orthogonal” (in the language of quantum mechanics and color spaces unknown to me at that time) to red. The idea that green, and not yellow, is the base color gradually convinced me. After all, as a child it already seemed basic to me, which means that mentioning yellow was a mistake. Not even an error, but simply a fact that did not pretend to explain physiology. After all, if we talk about mixing colors, then you can choose both yellow and green as the base color. However, for me for a long time(especially acute during my student years while studying optics) two questions remained, to which a third was later added:
1. Even if we admit that yellow is just a mixture of red and green, why is it so clearly highlighted in color space? We feel well in which direction this or that color is deviated from it: green (then it becomes light green) or red (then it becomes orange). Nothing similar is observed when mixing, for example, blue and green. There are also several gradations - blue, cyanide, blue-green - but they all differ from each other only quantitatively. Among them there is no particularly distinguished color that is easily distinguishable from others.
2. Why does purple look like a mixture of blue and red, even though it is on the opposite end of the spectrum from red? The action of the red cone there, in theory, ends a long time ago. At first I thought there was nothing purple at the end of the spectrum there is none, and in the printing house it is obtained only by mixing blue and red. But at the university, during optics classes, I did experiments with narrow-band filters. There was also a purple filter... You can guess what it looked like. For some time I thought that the redness of the violet color was associated with the second harmonic, but then I rejected this idea.
3. Why do we hardly see pure green anywhere? We usually see yellow-green. Occasionally - blue-green. It is extremely difficult to find a neutral green color in the outside world - unlike, for example, the supposedly non-basic yellow. It is difficult to obtain on a computer, and even then it looks different people in different ways (see Fig. 1). Some still feel blue in it, others - yellow. For those who are involved in music and sound, I note that a similar color appears in the interface of the Cool Edit program (and partly Audition).
Reasoning regarding the color green shows that the visual analyzer is not at all obliged to accurately repeat the signals of the cones. But realizing this, Until recently, I still did not dare to draw a generally simple conclusion: nothing prevents the existence of four e m, and not three, qualitatively different colors. Instead, for a long time I tried to convince myself that in the color yellow I really see red and green components .. Only recently did I question this and admit that the visual analyzer can allocate a separate register for a signal that is a combination of two strong signals with red and green cones, and subjectively color it yellow. True, in this case, such unknown colors as blue-yellow and red-green become theoretically possible when the corresponding registers work simultaneously. But you won’t be able to get such sensations by simply mixing colors: any color will be passed through the “Procrustean bed” of three visual cells (by the way, it is now suspected that the functions of blue cones are actually performed by rods, but this hypothesis is not generally accepted), and a mixture of blue and yellow will appear as gray or white. Nevertheless, perhaps there are some psychotechnics for observing such colors.
Surprised by my own guess, I went to read the literature. And I quickly discovered that neurophysiologists have not been clinging to the RGB model for a long time. The following three-dimensional algorithm is considered more likely (David H.Hubel and Torsten N.Wiesel), Nobel Prize 1981 in medicine).
1. Brightness Analysis. Depending on the result of the analysis, the color is declared black, white or potentially colored. This scale is the most ancient and “obsessive”. Even if colors have the same brightness, the visual analyzer always tries to logically separate them into bright and dark. Many of us are familiar with the situation when advertising poster blue and red, or green and red colors are used side by side. If their brightness is really the same, then the eyes begin to naturally “ripple”
2. Heat Analysis. If the signal is potentially colored, then the contribution of long-wave (sum of R+G) and short-wave (B) components is compared. If there is a bias towards the long-wavelength side, then the signal is declared yellow and “warm”; if towards the short-wavelength side, then it is declared blue and “cold”. If there are no distortions, then the color is tentatively declared gray, but the final decision should be made at the next stage of analysis. This scale is evolutionarily newer, but also very intrusive. Analyzers try to look for yellow and blue components everywhere. They literally cannot tolerate a situation where a certain color contains neither one nor the other. Perhaps it is precisely for these reasons, and not for the above reasons, that pure green is so difficult to find. The same problem, by the way, is different gray: It is almost always further classified as yellowish or bluish.
3. Final color analysis. The contributions of the green and red components are compared. If they are balanced, then everything remains within the blue-gray-yellow scale. If there is a bias towards red, then the red component is mixed into the result of the previous stage of analysis; if towards green, then green. At the same time, the subjective feeling of warmth does not change. For example, lilac color it seems “cold” to us despite the presence of redness. Presumably, the red-green scale arose with the appearance of the green cone (before that, animals saw blue and yellow, and without color halftones, only gradations of brightness and saturation!), and it is this scale that does not work well for some color-blind people (of course, not those who some cones are physically damaged or absent). This scale is the least intrusive. It is easy to imagine a blue or yellow color without red and green impurities. Gray is almost never perceived by us as greenish or reddish; usually it is either bluish or yellowish.
As a result, all colors can be obtained color wheel different brightness and saturation. True, red-green colors cannot be obtained this way. Unless the analyzer fails. Thus, the idea of four basic colors is known to science and is not particularly disputed. Live forever, learn forever
If you try to scientifically explain the concept of primary or dominant color and try to explain the reasons for its choice, then preference will not determine uniqueness and individuality.
It's clear that there are many things and thoughts that could be collected in the hope of justifying color preferences - but with all the variety of choices, our choices almost always seem the same.
A study that looked at color preferences in 30 different countries found that the tendency to certain colors depends more on factors such as gender and age, and other features (for example, geographical location) have much less influence.
A person's dominant or favorite color
Sociologists found a 78% correlation after a survey of 2,000 people between the answers of men and women to the question: what is your favorite color?
Is it a coincidence, best choice for both sexes there was green in second place.
So while we may all be different to each other, when looking at demographic groups, our tastes seem predictable.
In some ways, this shouldn't surprise us. This appeal also penetrates our taste: people overwhelmingly prefer to watch pictures of outdoor scenes 88% versus 5% indoors. People are partial to things like lakes, rivers and oceans (49%) and forests (19%) - which together are: many, many shades of blue and green. So this is enough to explain color preference as a matter of human nature, or whether there is something else that influences how people choose their primary color.
How many different colors are there in the world?
There are more colors than meets the eye.
Color science points to this as a result of the sensation our eyes pick up from the refraction of the sun's rays.
Taking this into account, we can also simply say that color is only what we (humans) can distinguish, and this count would spin from about 1 to 7 million options with significant variation in the upper range.
And even so, there is no real way tell exactly how many colors there are in the world. A very rough estimate of the total number of colors that actually exist and which we can quantitatively distinguish (despite the fact that we cannot see them) is 100,000 shades - this large number that some have just concluded that the universe offers an infinite number of color shades.
However, we are talking about shades. We give them names and associate things with them, at times imposing powerful beliefs around the concept.
This is how the names of new shades of blue appeared: aqua, cadet, cornflower blue, indigo, lavender, heliotrope, orchid, cobalt, ultramarine, etc. Green: chartreuse, trefoil, lime, jade, malachite, viridian, marsh, mint, etc.
But in reality the names refer more to the concepts of color rather than the actual thing.
So white: this is understood as the complete refraction of light from an object. Conversely, black is the complete absorption of light.
In nature, we almost never encounter such absolutes in the way light interacts with matter - white and black are the same in this sense. These are the concepts around which we reason.
Admittedly used to create or isolate substances close to the absolute understanding of pure white and pure black. Nature or the human eye can rarely match the great level of detail.
Therefore, shades of ideal blue or ideal green are largely based on proximity to our ideal blue or green. And we do this because, as with most human attempts to understand the innumerable, simplifications are made based on the most obvious.
Historical scientific explanation of the concept of color
Isaac Newton is credited with creating the bias we have for the colors of the rainbow. 
He pushed chromatic theory into a scientific paradigm once he described how white light splits into distinct colors after passing through a prism. Moreover, Isaac Newton also showed how white light could be recreated by passing different wavelengths of light through a prism.
This evolution in the perception of color has prompted a painstaking endeavor to try to describe the concept of color and the ways in which they interact with each other in a methodological way—so that it is not simply based on aesthetics. In turn, the spread of knowledge about colors has changed modernity so much that it is difficult to believe that other people can perceive what their eyes see differently.
But our understanding of what the eye can see appears to be as biological as social process: What we call color depends largely on our cultural background.
It has been shown that African peoples use a completely different classification than Western societies do.
Thus, the concept of color, for all its universality in the human race, is ultimately rather subjective.
When did people begin to distinguish between primary colors?
There have been color differences since ancient humans have functioned as a species. 
However, people have been trying to place the concept of color into taxonomy ever since order and arrangement came into existence. One of the earliest color maps was developed in 1686 by an English naturalist named Richard Waller. This was a structured attempt to show how colors are substituted for each other and how they interact.
Waller's work is attractive and looks like a lot of work. But people highlight primary colors much longer than the mid-1600s. Primary colors occupy a huge space in our societies, and although the spread of chromatic science (and pseudoscience) has only recently become a thing in itself, it can be argued that we owe to our very nature the adaptive trait of recognizing shades and associating symbols with them.
Paleolithic archaeological evidence shows that art and primary colors were incorporated around the same time into the development of our species. Modern people People first began using color to paint approximately 50,000 years ago and, amazingly, it would seem that it was polychromatic from the very beginning. However, although we can be proud of the artistic ability of early man, this should not be understood as a unique ability.
Seeing in colors happened long before humans and most other things for that matter. About 800 million years ago, almost simultaneously with the development of the eye itself, photoreceptor cells appeared on early living creatures, which convert light into nerve signals. Although there are at least ten various types ocular systems, the ability to distinguish primary colors is believed to have evolved from a single common ancestor.
Since then, the planet has been inhabited by all kinds of creatures that use their vision in a chromatic way to serve clearly defined roles in nature: to attract or repel members of the same species and, conversely, to attract or repel members of another species.
And we humans are very good at these functions, at least as mammals.
We may lack the ability to see ultraviolet light or see well in the dark, but most mammals lack the full depth of color perception that humans have.
The use of pigments as a means of coloring the things around us may be a prehistoric practice. However, more recently people have begun to develop ways artificial creation primary colors that once required enormous effort and patience to get your hands on this tool.
Technology and color
Modern science and industry have made colors more commonplace - we find them easily accessible and require little effort to obtain them or change them around us based on our color preferences. In the light modern technologies and science, we incorporate color into absolutely everything we do.
Interestingly, research shows that despite this chromatic generosity, we are still quite boring when it comes to the colors we prefer, showing no real loyalty to a particular genus.
A survey conducted among citizens shows that people are inclined towards bright (36%) and pale (32%) shades, with a slight aversion to dark tones (22%).
One cluster of hypotheses around this hints that we go into certain bodily reactions when exposed to certain colors (e.g., being physically weaker after being exposed to pink hues, more creative when surrounded by green, and smarter when around blue). If there is any truth to these results, it should be noted that we are more instinctive than we admit. So we use colors for the same reasons our ancestors did: to distinguish safe things from dangerous ones.
An attempt to quantify the incalculable
Recent research has come up with the idea of color perception. The results showed that our initial reactions are instinctive, but there is an ability to respond due to our metacognition. 
This means that we react very quickly when colors are inappropriate, but under certain circumstances we may like shades that contrast beyond the perceptual level. This gives us the opportunity to choose our favorite color first.
