When constructing garden paths and sites with various types of coatings, a number of general construction norms and rules are observed. First, the entire road and path network with platforms is laid out in accordance with the project and the layout drawing according to generally accepted methods using geodetic tools and instruments (Fig. 31, 32). The routes of the main roads are drawn along their axes with reference to the main baselines according to the alignment drawing. Then the longitudinal slopes are checked in accordance with the vertical layout project, and the points of intersection of paths, turns and radii of curvature, as well as relief fractures are fixed in nature. Subsequently, a complex earthworks by cutting out the “trough” and planning the track surface in accordance with the required slopes. After preparing the road surface and trough for the sites, it is again necessary to check the longitudinal slopes of the surface. Then the boundaries of the structures are marked out and marked in kind with pegs and stretched twine. An important point is the creation of a cross-section of roads. The transverse profile of small tracks is created manually using a specially cut template from thick plywood with a given profile. On large roads and alleys, the profile is created using a motor grader or bulldozer with a profile knife on the blade. The transverse gable profile of the structure is given an appropriate slope. For example, with a surface slope of 2%, the rise of soil on 1 m of the surface of a road section will be 2 cm. All microrelief changes on the surface of the road surface are leveled, construction waste is removed or can be partially used when constructing the base. The flat surface is compacted with motor rollers, passing from the edge to the middle 5-6 times along one track. Before compaction, the roadbed is irrigated with water to impregnate a layer of 5...6 cm. The soil surface of the roadbed or site is considered ready and well compacted if thin round objects - nails, wire, etc. - are pulled out of the soil without violating its integrity.
After preparing the road surface and sites, work is carried out on the construction of the base and covering.
Paths and areas covered with concrete slabs OK
The designs of paths and platforms covered with slabs can be:
- improved;
- simplified.
Advanced designs include durable designs that include the following elements:
- leveled and compacted base, a layer of crushed stone, 5 cm thick - fractions 2... 3 cm;
- leveling layer of stone castings - fractions 0.5... 1 cm;
- a dry mixture of cement, sand, granite castings - fractions up to 0.5 cm, - up to 2 cm thick or liquid cement mortar - cement screed;
- a tile spread over the surface of a mixture or mortar.
Simplified designs include coatings made of slabs laid on a layer of sand - a “sand cushion” - 6...10 cm thick. The layout of the slabs and the coating pattern itself are determined by the designer and depicted on the working drawings of the project. Layout techniques can be very diverse and depend on the compositional design of the territory. Tiles can be laid with joints that are filled with small concrete blocks, In some cases, the seams are filled with plant soil and sown with seeds lawn grass, a kind of “lawn-tile” coating is obtained. When constructing garden paths and tile platforms, the class and type of structures are taken into account. The base is made of crushed stone or clean sand (see above). A layer of crushed stone is laid on the prepared canvas of the main alleys, which is laid along the slopes and rolled with rollers. A layer of lean concrete or cement-sand mixture is laid over the rolled base, and tiles are laid on this layer (Fig. 34). When laying tiles by hand, the underside of the tile is wetted with water and placed on the surface of the concrete, then carefully driven into position using the handle of a hammer. The surface of the laid slabs is checked with a special template. Special attention is given to sealing seams. As a rule, they are filled with cement mortar or covered with a cement-sand mixture. Remains of mortar and mixture must be immediately removed from the surface of the tiles. Small tiles are laid by hand, large slabs weighing more than 50 kg are laid using special devices and mechanisms - “grabs”. When constructing secondary paths along the lawn, the tiles are laid on a sand cushion 10...15 cm thick. The tiles are sunk into the sand to 2/3 of its thickness and “deposited” with a wooden mallet. The seams between the tiles are filled with plant soil and sown with lawn grass seeds. The vertical displacement of the tiles should not exceed 1.5 cm; The tiles are settled by compacting them through the applied board. The sandy base must have side supports made of a tightly compacted earthen edge or a garden concrete curb. It is necessary to ensure a tight fit of the tiles when laying them to the edge and to each other. Tiles are usually laid 2 cm above the adjacent surface of the lawn (or flush with it).
Paths and areas covered with stone, brick and wood
Laying coatings on a finished base made of machine-sawn stone slabs, bricks, wood - end blocks - is not fundamentally different from laying concrete slabs. Laying is done manually on a leveled base. The base, in turn, is laid on well-compacted soil of the path or platform. The material for the base is, as mentioned above, sand or crushed slag. 
In some cases, a cement-sand mixture is applicable. The thickness of the “pillow” must be at least 10 cm. The seams between the tiles are covered with sand or a mixture. Between the tiles it is possible to lay clinker bricks laid on the edge. When installing coverings on large areas, you should carefully adhere to the design slopes and monitor the correct laying of the tiles, their fit, settlement, compaction, and leveling of the surface. The paving stone covering is made in the same sequence, but according to the drawing - “fan”, “mesh”, etc. The brick covering is created on a sandy base cushion, which is carefully leveled and planned; a slight slope is made to allow water to drain. Bricks are laid in different patterns. When laying, the bricks are compacted. If necessary, cut the brick for adjustment using a chisel: the brick is cut on all four sides, and the required part is broken off with a blow. The seams between the bricks are filled with slightly damp sand; excess sand is removed from the surface with a broom. At the joints, the sand is compacted to the same level as the surface. It is recommended to cure all completed coatings for 3-4 days. The coatings are arranged in the form of “circles” of granite stones of various sizes, shapes, colors and called “breccia”. Breccia paving is widely used on paths and platforms in certain areas of gardens and parks. For heavy loads, slabs, blocks, bars, stones are laid on a well-planned base of sand, small crushed stone: fractions of at least 1...2 cm; layer thickness - 10 cm. A layer of cement-sand mixture 3...5 cm thick is laid on the planned surface of the crushed stone layer. For light loads, the stone covering is laid on a sand “cushion” 12...15 cm thick. The top layer of the cushion is leveled cement-sand mixture 1:10. The coating is made of rounded pebbles, which are distributed over a layer of cement mortar; the thickness of the sand cushion is 20 cm, the concrete layer is 5...6 cm, the cement mortar layer is 2 cm. In practice, various options for covering areas and paths made of natural materials are known. Garden paths can be lined with end blocks rectangular shape and of various sizes; the checkers are placed at different levels in the gravel covering on cement mortar. End cuts of logs can also be used as an original covering in small areas of the garden. Such sections can be of different diameters. The gaps between the large ends are densely filled with small and medium ends. The ends are usually laid on cement preparation. There are free gaps between the ends. 
Wooden end coverings are made over a compacted and even layer of crushed stone; in some cases used cement screed, spreading a thin layer of cement mortar over the surface. End blocks, pre-impregnated with an antiseptic, are laid along the base. Seams 3...6 mm wide are filled with sand. The sand cushion is placed on a well-planned surface of the roadbed with a thickness of at least 20 cm, a layer of concrete is 5...6 cm at a grade of 300 kg/cm2, a decorative layer of gravel or pebbles is 2...3 cm. 5.4.3. Paths and areas covered with monolithic concrete Process the construction of paths and platforms covered with monolithic concrete is in principle no different from conventional ones road works using monolithic concrete. The main requirements are:
- ensuring clear contours of the paving surface by installing special formwork made of wood or a curb made of concrete;
- preparation of the crushed stone base and its leveling, laying the concrete mass, its distribution over the surface of the base;
- leveling with a special spatula, trowel or special
board.
After leveling, the surface is treated with a roller with two horizontal drums having a mesh texture. When rolling roughly leveled concrete, large grains of aggregate are pressed down, leaving small particles on the surface. Currently, various motor mechanisms are used to level and compact the concrete surface. The pattern is applied to the surface after the moisture has evaporated from it and while the concrete retains its plasticity. Various devices are used for drawing. After the concrete has sufficiently set, the surface and seams are treated with a soft brush. The drawing can be applied using various devices and obtain patterns in the form of combinations of circles, squares, waves, etc. In some cases, monolithic concrete is used with bare aggregate, which is colored gravel with grains 1...2 cm in diameter. Gravel is applied to the concrete surface, which is first smoothed with a spatula and trowel. As soon as the concrete hardens, the surface is rubbed with a special board made of magnesium or aluminum alloy (or the same trowel). The solution should completely envelop the individual aggregate grains without leaving holes on the surface. After this, the solution is removed with a brush or a stream of water from a hose; extensive exposure of gravel grains is not recommended. Then the surface of the coating is ground and polished; expansion and decorative joints are applied along the surface with a saw to a depth of 2...3 cm. Expansion joints can be laid wooden slats, which are placed before laying concrete on the base. Laying the slats imitates a tiled covering. A decorative surface can be created by simply pressing colored pebbles into concrete that has not yet hardened, but such a coating is not always strong and stable. Colored pebbles can be alternated with gravel to create varied areas. The simplest platforms of a curved configuration with a coating of monolithic concrete are made by laying out the site (or path) according to the drawing, excavating the soil to a given depth, leveling and compacting the canvas (trough) and filling the resulting “form” with concrete solution. Subsequently, all the above operations are performed.
Paths and areas covered with special mixtures
When constructing paths and platforms with bulk (filled) “clothing” structures great value attached to the arrangement of supporting edges along the boundaries and contours. The supporting edges are arranged strictly along the cord. The edge is arranged along the borders of the path by adding a roller of plant soil. The height of the roller must be at least 15 cm and can be increased depending on the thickness of the clothing by 5 cm or more. The roll of earth is compacted tightly, and a strip of turf is spread over its surface, sloping towards the path or area. Instead of a supporting edge, a curb or garden curb made of stone or concrete is built from the ground. To install the curb, a groove 10 cm deep and 12 cm wide is torn off; the groove bed is planned. Using the cord, the height position of the curb is determined and then the curb itself is installed. The grooves are filled with soil, watered and thoroughly compacted. The seams between the curbs are filled with cement mortar. The reference line from the curb must be straight in horizontal and vertical positions. The curves of roads and sites are smoothly outlined with a curb, while filling the resulting corners with cement mortar. On the main paths and platforms, a permanent installation of curbs - side stones - is carried out. First, a groove is made with a depth of 25 cm. A concrete mixture - a “cushion” - 10 cm thick is placed in the prepared groove, onto which the curb is installed, sunk into the concrete mass and leveled manually with wooden tampers. The seams between the curbs are filled with cement mortar, and concrete mass is added to the base, compacting it. After installing the curb and preparing the canvas (see above), a layer of crushed stone is scattered over the surface. The crushed stone layer is leveled in accordance with the transverse and longitudinal profile of the path. The profiled surface is moistened with water - 10 l/m2 of surface - and rolled with a roller weighing at least 1.0 t 5-7 times, one trace from the edges to the middle, overlapping each trace by 1/3. The first rolling achieves the “squeezing” of the placer and ensures a stable position of the crushed stone. The second rolling imparts rigidity to the base due to the mutual “jamming” of the crushed stone. During the third rolling, a dense crust forms on the surface: small fractions of crushed stone “weed out” and close the holes and pores. The thickness of the compacted layer of crushed stone should not exceed 15 cm. The crushed stone base is considered prepared when there is no mobility of crushed stone particles on the surface, and a piece of crushed stone thrown under the rollers of the roller is crushed. A layer of a special mixture is applied to the prepared base according to the established recipe and leveled according to templates in accordance with the transverse profile and longitudinal slope of the path; the coating is moistened with water - 10 l/m2 of surface - and then, after the moisture has dried, it is rolled with a roller weighing up to 1.5 tons 5-7 times along one track until the coating density, elasticity and elasticity of its surface are achieved. Sand-gravel and soil-cement mixtures are laid on a previously prepared and profiled soil base. The base fabric is first subjected to fine loosening or milling, and the specified mixtures are scattered over it. After these operations, the web is profiled and subsequently rolled. It is recommended to begin operation of the finished paths and platforms after 3-5 days.
5.4.5. Paths and areas with combined surfaces
Construction of paths and platforms with combined types coatings requires knowledge of the structural and mechanical qualities of the materials from which these coatings are composed. In accordance with their characteristics, the foundations are constructed and the covering elements are laid. It is necessary to strive for such a selection of materials that make up the combined coating that it would be possible to adopt a common base design and the same installation method. For a covering of stone and concrete slabs, with the correct selection of technical characteristics and dimensions, you can make one base and use one laying technique. For each type of coating, it is necessary to follow the appropriate technology or, for a general basis, choose the design that has the highest strength indicators; otherwise, the coating will quickly deform and collapse.
Sports grounds
Sports grounds include:
- football field;
- volleyball and basketball courts;
- tennis;
- towns;
- gymnastics classes.
The choice of coverings for sports fields depends on their size and purpose. Dry, ventilated and insulated areas are allocated for the sites. All surface slopes should facilitate the unhindered discharge of surface precipitation. To ensure that the top soft cover of sports grounds does not generate dust and is kept in an optimally moist state at all times, it is necessary to lay a water supply system for watering the surface of the playgrounds. To fill the skating rink for the winter, the water supply is laid below the freezing depth of the soil. The placement of sports facilities in gardens and parks must correspond to their purpose, location and contribute to the formation of the architectural appearance of the entire facility, taking into account climatic and local conditions. Venues and fields for sports games, as a rule, are located in accordance with the orientation to the cardinal points. The long axis of the site is located along the meridian or with a deviation of 15...20°. The structures of sports grounds consist of multi-layer “clothing” and special equipment. Clothing consists of a subgrade, a base of several load-bearing layers of materials of different purposes or combinations of them, and a top cover of a special mixture of inert, astringent and neutral materials (Fig. 36). Mandatory for flat sports structures are utility networks that facilitate proper operation and rapid restoration of the top cover in any case. climatic conditions. This is, first of all, drainage with storm sewer elements, irrigation water supply and lighting. Coatings must have a smooth and non-slip surface that does not become wet when over-moistened and does not generate dust during the dry season. In conditions of low permeability underlying soils, ring drainage is laid along the boundaries of sites and fields, consisting of collecting drains and water intake wells. The “body” of collecting drains can be tubular with the ditches filled with inert materials or simply filled with inert materials of various fractions. Intake wells can be concrete with water transferred to the sewer network or simply filled with materials that absorb and transport water through aquifers. The technology for constructing the simplest sites in gardens and parks includes the following main issues:
1) definition building dimensions sites;
2) foundation design - a trough with a surface drainage system and circular collecting drainage;
3) for low-permeability soils - preparation of an underlying layer of draining and filtering medium-grained materials or an elastic-moisture-absorbing layer capable of not only retaining moisture, but also transporting it along drainage marks;
4) layer-by-layer arrangement of the middle intermediate layer made of inert materials;
5) applying an insulating layer of elastic and moisture-absorbing materials;
6) laying the top cover from a special mixture;
7) installation of special equipment and horizontal marking of the sports ground.
This sequence of work and choice of materials are typical for mass objects in residential buildings and physical education classes in outdoors. The construction of sports grounds begins with the determination of the dimensions of the playgrounds using a layout drawing and a level, marking in situ corners or characteristic points, driving metal pipes to a depth of 80 cm. After this, a foundation is arranged - a “trough” and surface drainage is organized, with mandatory consideration of the composition of the foundation soils . If there are sandy or light loamy soils at the base, which are good guides moisture, drainage of the territory is not provided. The presence of a water-resistant layer in the base - clay, heavy or medium loam - creates the need for the construction of water-carrying drains and absorption wells. In this case, the underlying soils are first loosened with a milling cutter to make them porous. The lower elastic-moisture-holding layer receives moisture through the underlying layers of clothing and accumulates part of it, and directs part along the slope into water-conducting drains and subsequently into absorption wells. The body of the drainage drain and absorption well consists of inert materials of different sizes. The materials are laid in layers, with a decrease in the fractions of each material from bottom to top. A more complex ring drainage body may consist of pipeline drains and reinforced concrete prefabricated wells: without bottom - absorbent; with a collective bottom 
Water is drained from collecting wells through pipelines into storm sewers (see Fig. 22). Laying the elastic-moisture-absorbing layer begins after all work on drainage installation and foundation preparation has been completed. A lightweight concrete curb or wooden formwork 10x15 cm in height, equal to the thickness of all layers of the structure. The curb is installed on cement mortar. The formwork is made from edged antiseptic boards measuring 20 x 120 cm and 4 cm thick. The boards are laid “on edge” and nailed to pegs, which are first driven into the ground at a distance of at least 1 m from each other. The length of the pins is 30...40 cm, thickness 8...10 cm, bottom part must be pointed. The jokes are driven into the ground by outside platforms, after which a board is attached to them. Formwork or a curb along the boundaries of the site allows you to maintain clear boundary lines and keep layers of clothing from spreading. An elastic-moisture-absorbing layer 8...10 cm thick (in a tightly rolled state) is laid in two steps on a carefully planned and rolled base. The elastic, moisture-absorbing layer is watered and rolled with a roller weighing up to 2 tons. Rolling is carried out with the roller passing at least 5-6 passes along one track. To prevent the wetted material from sticking to the rollers of the roller during rolling, a layer of 1...2 cm of inert materials (fine crushed stone, 2 mm fraction) of the middle intermediate layer is placed on it. When calculating the need for materials for an elastic-moisture-intensive layer, take into account their significant compaction - up to 50...55%. The middle intermediate layer of inert materials is laid out over an elastic-moisture-absorbing layer. It consists of M-800 crushed stone. Layer thickness 10...12 cm, grain fraction 20...35 mm. The layer is carefully leveled, giving it the design slopes. The surface is watered abundantly with water at the rate of 10... 12 l/m and compacted with rollers weighing 3... 5 tons, passing 5~7 times in one place. The layer is considered prepared if, when the roller passes, “waves” do not appear on the surface of the layer and crushed stone of softer rocks placed on it is crushed by the roller. The next layer is insulating. The insulating layer is laid 4 cm thick in a dense body of elastic and moisture-absorbing materials. Its components are special mixtures for top coverings of sports fields. Recommended designs for tennis court surfaces (experience from St. Petersburg) The base of the court is compacted soil; Top coating, 4 cm thick, from a special mixture: clay-powder -45%; ground clinker - 45%; fluff lime - 10; Elastic layer of lignin, thickness 1 cm; Limestone crushed stone (fraction 10...20 mm), thickness 2 cm; Granite crushed stone(fraction 20...40 cm), thickness 13 cm; The sand is coarse-grained, 5 cm thick. The coating is watered by sprinkling, rolled with a roller weighing 2 tons, passing over one place 2-3 times. To prevent sticking to the roller rollers, the surface is sprinkled with thin layer stone chips. Laying the top cover layer (special mixture) is an important part of creating the site. The cover must have high quality, therefore, materials for it are selected according to one of the recommended recipes, taking into account the granulometric composition of the mixture:
fractions 2... 4 mm-18.., 23%
0.05...2mm-47...52%
0.002...0.05mm-18...23 96
0.002mm - 6...7%
Currently, artificial types of surfaces made from synthetic * materials have been developed for football fields, replacing sports lawns made from cereal grasses.
The road and path network and special planar structures of a garden and park facility must constantly carry a sanitary, hygienic, architectural, artistic and utilitarian principle. This is only possible with constant preservation and proper maintenance - cleaning, watering and washing of coatings, removing weeds, caring for edges and borders, adding inert materials to the top layer with rolling of the structure, current and major repairs. In winter, paths and areas should be constantly cleared of snow and ice. Such measures make it possible to safely use them by passers-by, as well as preserve the top cover of the road pavement. Loose snow on paths up to 2.5...3 m wide is removed using special machines. On wide alleys and areas, snow is removed using small tractors with brushes. Compacted or hilled snow is removed using a front-end bucket, a loader with transportation on small-sized dump trucks or self-propelled carts. Every day, the paths are cleared of various household waste, which is placed in garbage containers. Spring work. With strong warming and snow melting, movement on paths and areas with a soft (crushed stone) surface becomes impossible, as it leads to damage to the top layer. Therefore, such paths are temporarily closed and warning signs are placed near them, signs and signs and fences are installed. After clearing snow and ice and drying the surfaces, the paths and areas are opened to visitors. In places with surface quicksand or streams that temporarily drain melt water, temporary shield bridges, wooden or metal, should be laid, which can be used after drying the paths and for other purposes or in the autumn-spring of the next period. To speed up the melting, snow is loosened on the sides of paths and platforms and scattered on the lawn. The formed ice is chipped off, the covers of storm sewer or drainage wells are freed from it and the melt water is allowed to flow freely. In the absence of a sewer or drainage network at the facility, water flow is provided along surface slopes with the construction of temporary grooves to the nearest city, storm well or water intake - pond, lake, river - inside the facility. Summer work. The road and path network is cleared of household waste, fallen leaves, small stones, and glass packages 1-2 times a day. The placement of garbage bins and containers depends on the intensity of the site being visited, the average litter content of the site per unit area, for example, 100 m2, and the distance of moving garbage in different ways. All this must be taken into account when planning the acquisition of equipment and its placement. Cleaning of wide alleys and park roads with hard surfaces is carried out with special cleaning machines. Small paths are cleaned using brushes on small tractors or manually with steel brooms from the edge of paths or areas to the middle, capturing and moving only debris. During the summer, paths and areas are systematically watered to create comfortable conditions for rest and movement. Road pavements with a soft top coating are watered moderately in hot weather, so as not to erode the surface of the coating, daily at the rate of 3...5 l/m2, which allows you to knock down dust. Alleys and driveways with hard surfaces are watered from watering machines 1-2 times a day, washing off dust and removing it into the storm network. Children's and sports grounds with soft surfaces are watered daily 2-3 times using hoses with sprayers and a sprinkler at a rate of 5...8 l/m2. The fight against grown weeds on paths and platforms is carried out mechanically or chemically. The mechanical method consists of weeding and pruning with special scrapers and hoes unpretentious, fast-growing grasses, such as bird's-eye buckwheat, dandelion, plantain, etc. This work is very labor-intensive, ineffective, and, in addition, destroys the top road surface. The chemical method is more effective - introducing various chemicals by sprinkling or pouring a solution onto the grown weed grass. In parks, a 1% aqueous solution of bertholite salt is used in an amount of 20...30 g per 1 m2 of area. Various herbicides are also effective, which should quickly decompose in plants and soil and be non-toxic to humans and animals. Herbicides are diluted in water - 5 l active substance preparation per 80 liters of water - and then carefully spray the paths from the sprayer, 3 times every 20 days, without applying the solution to the edges and border areas of the lawns. The surface of the paths should be treated in warm, windless weather at an outside temperature of 18...24 °C. The recommended mixture is simazine and atro-zine1 in equal volumes with optimal timing application - early spring, before or after weed emergence. The organization of the movement of visitors and transport, as well as the appearance of paths and platforms, depend on the condition and clarity of curbs - curbs or earthen edges. Borders (curbs) made of artificial or natural stones are carefully inspected, the shifted parts are installed flush with the line. Individual curbs that have lost their decorative properties are replaced using the original installation technology. During the season, the earthen edge is cut 1-2 times mechanically - with an edge trimming machine or manually - with a rectangular sharpened blade - along a cord. The cord is pulled along pegs installed on the design (or established by measurements in several places) boundaries of road structures. You need to cut the edge turf with a slight slope towards the path, observing its transverse profile. Deformed edges are sown after loosening or pulled into a tape. Sowing is done with a double rate of lawn grass seeds identical to those growing in the existing lawn. Trimming the edge into a strip is preferable to sowing seeds, but is complicated by the lack of high-quality turf, which can be obtained either from specially arranged nurseries or from good meadows
Practical experience shows that the sod allows you to keep the earthen edge in in good condition within 5-6 years. As the territory of the garden and park facility dries out, correctional or routine repairs of paths and sites begin. Repairs are carried out if, as a result of intensive use - the passage of vehicles or machinery on unsettled surfaces in spring or autumn, etc. - road pavements with a soft top coating are damaged by significant depressions and pits. It is best to identify all the irregularities and mark the contours of microdepressions at the moment when the existing depressions are filled with water. After removing the water and drying, such places are loosened, leveled by hand and covered with crushed stone wedges in a layer of 3...3.5 cm, which is either rolled out or compacted with a tamper. Then a layer of a special mixture made up of materials present in the original topcoat is applied on top. This layer is leveled by hand, spilled and rolled flush with the general surface of the adjacent track surface. To better preserve the top cover, 1...2 cm of crumbs of inert material included in the special mixture should be added annually and rolled with a roller 5-6 times in 4-5 tracks to create a wear layer. Tile coverings are repaired by replacing individual damaged tiles; the base is leveled and compacted, then the tiles are laid on concrete mortar or sand, fitting them tightly to each other and compacting them with a tamper through a plank pad. Major repairs are carried out depending on the age of current repairs and the degree of wear of the road pavement: the absence of a top cover of up to 70%, the presence of numerous holes with all layers or an earthen edge knocked out. The minimum service life of tracks for major repairs is 10 years; under special circumstances - laying utility networks, etc. - at least 5 years after major construction or the next major overhaul. During repairs, all technological operations must be strictly carried out in a certain sequence, observing the longitudinal and transverse slopes of paths and platforms. Overhaul of garden roads and sites consists of the following operations:
1) hilling (if possible) the top layer of seedings with a bulldozer - after removing the layer of contaminants and storing them outside the track; removing broken tiles;
2) loosening the crushed stone base to its entire depth using a pick operator coupled with a tractor;
3) leveling the crushed stone raised to the surface with a bulldozer;
4) manual repair of a curb or earthen edge;
5) adding new crushed stone in a volume of more than 50% of the designed road pavement with careful profiling along slopes and rolling with rollers;
6) laying the mixture or tiles, existing and newly imported seedings, with all the operations described when constructing paths and platforms.
For each independent technological operation, hidden work reports are drawn up, in which it is necessary to specifically indicate the degree of wear of each structural element- top covering, crushed stone base, other layers, curb, etc., - since the amount of new added material and the estimated cost of major repairs depend on this. Before repairing flat sports facilities, the drainage system is carefully inspected and tested to determine the need for partial improvement or complete replacement. All layers of site clothing are gradually removed and transported to the storage site. Practical experience shows that major renovation The entire structure of the sports ground in parks is carried out after 20-30 years of its operation. To check the stability of the top coating of the sites, at least 10 samples of the coating mixture are taken in different places of the sites and analyzed for particle size distribution. Particular attention is paid to the most exploited parts of the sites, the cover of which must be determined more carefully and separately. First, analyzes are carried out on the granulometric composition of the top layer of the coating. By comparing the analysis results with the particle size distribution of the optimal mixture, the missing or excess fractions are determined by groups of materials. A mixture is then selected which, when added to the existing cover, will adjust it and lead to the optimal composition. The top cover must be thoroughly loosened using a cutter, large lumps must be broken up and inconvenient places must be eliminated to introduce the missing volume of the new mixture found. After laying, the new mixture must be mixed very well with a rake, leveled along the slope marks, poured and rolled, using the technology for constructing the top cover of flat sports structures.
Types of tracks
There are two types of paths: transport and walking. Depending on the expected load, use different ways installation of underlying layers when preparing the base of the path, as well as when choosing materials for paving.
The width of the tracks also depends on their purpose. The path leading to the house is between 1 meter and 1.5 meters wide. Two adults should separate on it without interfering with each other. For paths of secondary importance, for example from a house to a garage, or from a house to a recreation area, a width of 80 centimeters to 1 meter is sufficient, step by step paths and the paths between the beds in the garden are approximately 50-60 centimeters wide.
Today, two standards are used for the height of the path relative to the soil level. In the first case, the path is arranged above the level of the lawn, while a slight transverse slope is planned along the entire length of the path to allow water to drain. This version of the device is used in well-drained areas so that water rolling off the path does not stagnate on the adjacent lawn and does not lead to its getting wet.
In the second case, the paths themselves can serve to drain water from the site, located below the level of the lawn. The use of this option requires strict adherence to the design heights when installing paths and other coverings to avoid blocking the flow along the paths.
Types of coverage
path garden pedestrian drainage
Today, there are a huge number of coating materials that can make the path not just durable, but also truly beautiful.
Hard coatings
Traditionally, hard surfaces are used in areas that need to be cleared of snow in winter. They are made of tiles, stone or concrete, clinker bricks, etc. They have a hard surface and are divided into monolithic and paving.
Monolithic coatings are made from hot or cold mixtures laid on a prepared base. When solidified, monolithic coatings form a uniform surface.
Paving is made from individual elements, laying them on a prepared base. Properly executed paving is not inferior in strength to monolithic paving.
Soft coverings
In most cases, soft surfaces suffer during winter cleaning, regardless of its type. Soft coatings traditionally include:
Ground coatings
Coatings made of bulk materials (gravel, pebbles, bark, etc.)
Rubber coverings
Wood coverings
Grass (lawn) coverings
Combined coatings
This type of coating is especially decorative. Combined coatings involve the use of solid elements laid with gaps, filled with lawn or bulk inert materials.
Strengthening the edge of the path
Strengthening the edges of the road surface increases its stability, prevents the edges from slipping, and prevents the pavement from becoming overgrown with vegetation. For paths and areas with soft and combined surfaces, securing the edges is mandatory!
Path drainage
A necessary stage of paving is the installation of a drainage base for a path or platform. It is this that provides the outlet excess water into the lower layers of the soil.
Drainage is of particular importance in severe clay soils, poorly permeable to water. The accumulation and further freezing of water in such soil leads to a significant expansion of the soil volume, which entails damage to the paving.
When constructing paths, it is advisable to use a linear drainage system. This will avoid the formation of puddles and, as a result, the rapid destruction of paths. Linear drainage systems consist of drains, gratings and other special elements of different sizes and strength characteristics.
Depending on the intensity of the load and the functional purpose, when constructing paths, a hard covering of paving stones, bridge stones, tiles on a concrete or sand base, or a soft covering of gravel, granite stones or brick chips are used. The simplest paths are dirt, sprinkled with sand. Another type of covering is garden parquet or wood flooring - usually in the form of square panels, but the most common different designs, right down to wooden circles. However, wood quickly rots even with special treatment, so it is recommended to dry the panels for the winter and put them in a non-damp room. A separate type of paths are paths with non-continuous coverage. Sometimes such paths are very convenient; they are laid in those places where a path is needed, but they are rarely used. For example, from time to time there is a need to go to a flower garden, pond or alpine slide to plant a new plant, weed out weeds, or prune faded perennials. Obviously, a permanent track is not needed in this case. It is better to place individual tiles, flat stones or round wood pieces - cuts of thick logs - in place of the removed turf with the plant. A layer of gravel and sand is added under the tiles, so that the path is slightly below the level of the lawn, then it will not interfere with mowing. Another advantage of such a path is that the tiles can be easily and quickly removed as they are no longer needed, the remaining depressions can be filled with plant soil and sown with lawn grass mixture seeds. After some time, not a trace of the tiles will remain.
Soft cover(gravel, sand, brick chips) is intended only for pedestrian paths; even a heavily loaded wheelbarrow or baby stroller can leave a rut on such a path. Sand-backed tiles are more reliable, while those laid on concrete or dry cement mixture, will also withstand light garden equipment.
Combined coatings.
Some variety and unusualness are given to the garden by combined coverings that combine different types materials. For example, gravel goes well with colored tiles, flagstones and garden parquet; clinker bricks- with natural boulders and paving stones, mosaic ceramic tiles- with breccia or flagstone. The color of the road surface should not be overlooked. In addition to the traditional gray or reddish-burgundy color, the bridge stone can also be black or green. River pebbles, which are heterogeneous in composition, are usually variegated, and fine gravel has shades from white to yellowish. The color of flagstone depends on the nature from which it is made, and is also very diverse: from almost black, burgundy to light with a pinkish or yellowish tint.
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
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Lesson topic: Application modern materials in the construction of paths and areas with different types of coatings. Purpose of the lesson: - educational: studying modern materials for constructing garden paths, using the acquired knowledge for further application in practical classes - educational: nurturing the motives of work, involving in active practical activities; education of general culture, aesthetic perception of the surrounding world; fostering a culture of educational work, self-education skills, and economical use of time
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Modern landscape design Modern garden design amazes with its diversity. Today you can use the most various elements to give the landscape originality, attractiveness and comfort, to divide it into separate functional zones. Making them with your own hands is not so difficult; you can even use such simple materials like sea or river pebbles of different shades
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Purpose of garden paths Garden paths are the main element of the garden composition; they create perspective, close the visual perception of the site, this is not only a way to move around the garden, but also an opportunity to correctly divide the space into separate zones, set a certain tone for the entire garden design, and give the landscape more attractiveness and originality. You can make such paths on the site from any materials, they all differ in their own characteristics. Let's look at how to make garden paths made of stone, brick, concrete and even pebbles.
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The purpose of garden and park roads The purpose of alleys, roads in parks, gardens, squares is to provide convenient pedestrian connections of entrances with all functional areas, structures, devices and separate sections, while moving, to reveal the aesthetic merits of green spaces and the natural landscape.
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Types of garden paths Paths made of gravel and sand. Gravel and sand paths are comfortable and aesthetically pleasing. They do not create dust when walking, but their surface will have to be periodically leveled using ordinary garden rakes. To prevent the material from crumbling, it is necessary to install a border made of brick, stone or concrete along the perimeter of the paths. It is better to use a clay mixture with sand as the base for the path, which is laid on a layer of gravel of small and medium fractions.
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Cobblestone paths Construction of cobblestone paths. Such schemes are among the most durable and reliable. The construction of garden paths from natural cobblestones is extremely simple. The base for the path is made as follows: 1) after marking, a layer of turf is removed to the required depth, taking into account the thickness of the stone and bedding; 2) a layer of crushed stone is laid on the bottom, after which a cushion is made of a mixture of clay and sand, which allows you to securely hold the cobblestone in place, creating a strong, durable base; 3) the stone must be paved in accordance with the chosen type of pattern, but in any case such a path will look elegant and stylish.
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Paths made of natural stone A path made of natural stone looks very attractive and stylish. Large and small slabs of hewn granite and marble, paving stones and even pebbles of different shades can be used for this.
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The process of laying a stone path can be carried out using various methods. First option Large and massive slabs of stone are laid on a sand cushion, previously leveled and compacted. The gaps between the slabs can be filled with sand or left unfilled. It all depends on what appearance is required. Today, paths that are as close to nature as possible are popular. After marking, it is necessary to remove a layer of turf of such depth that the stone slabs have. Sand is poured onto the bottom of the base; after laying, the slabs should be buried approximately halfway into the soil. The appearance of such a path is very attractive; the slabs seem to be scattered among bright green grass or yellow sand. The second option is suitable for creating a path made of natural pebbles. In this case, the stone is held together with concrete mortar. The result is unusual, original paths, often reminiscent of stone streams meandering among garden plants. After installation, such areas can resemble colorful panels with images of animals and plants or luxurious oriental carpets.
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The process of laying a stone path After marking, it is necessary to remove a layer of turf of such depth that the stone slabs have. Large and massive slabs of stone are laid on a sand bed, previously leveled and compacted.
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The process of laying a stone path. Geotextiles are spread at the bottom of the base and sand is poured. After installation, the slabs should be buried approximately halfway into the soil. The appearance of such a path is very attractive; the slabs seem to be scattered among bright green grass or yellow sand.
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The process of laying a stone path The gaps between the slabs can be filled with sand or left unfilled. It all depends on what appearance is required. Today, paths that are as close to nature as possible are popular.
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Concrete path monolithic slabs One option for constructing a path in a country house is to use concrete slabs. The simplest option is to use large monolithic reinforced concrete slabs. But such a path is not very attractive; it can be used in a utility yard and near the entrance.
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Constructing a garden path using attractive concrete tiles is more in demand. Such tiles can externally imitate the surface of natural paving stones, bricks and stones, but you can make original and beautiful products with your own hands, thanks to which the path will become a real highlight of the entire landscape design.
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the process of producing attractive concrete tiles You can make tiles using silicone molds and concrete mortar. 1). It is necessary to prepare molds for tiles. For concrete mortar, you need to take sand, cement, and concrete dyes (the tiles will become very bright and beautiful). 2). All components are mixed, after which the forms are filled with concrete mass. Future products should be left to dry in a room reliably protected from the sun and precipitation. 3). After the tiles have dried, they are removed from the molds and left to fully gain strength (about three to four weeks). 4). While the tiles for paving the path are drying, you need to mark the work area and remove the fertile layer of soil. Laying tiles is carried out as follows: 1). a layer of purified sand is poured, moistened with water and compacted. 2). the tiles are laid out as necessary, 3). after paving, all cracks are filled with sand, which can be painted with pigments. The path is ready! When paving, you need to make sure that the surface is strictly horizontal, there are no bumps or protrusions, and the tiles go smoothly.
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garden path from colored pebbles - unusual way creating garden paths that resemble bright oriental carpets For preparation, you can take small or large pebbles, their color can be different; paths with contrasting shades are popular today. Screening must be thorough, since the accuracy of the drawing depends on it. To create a path we will need: The pebbles themselves of the selected color in the estimated quantity Consumables to prepare the base: to mix the concrete solution, you can use a ratio of 1:4. For mixing, purified sand and cement are taken. Boards for assembling the track template. The width of such a board should be 30 cm, and the height - 5 cm. Such a frame will be attached using ordinary nails. Tools for work: shovel; bucket; trowel; rigid mesh, metal reinforced mesh, the dimensions of which should be approximately one cm smaller than the future size of the template for the track.
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Marking the territory It is necessary to begin work on creating a path in the country by marking the territory. The simplest option is to create a straight path, for which it will be much easier to create a template. Marking is the installation of wooden pegs along the edges of the future path, between which a regular rope. Stages of laying a pebble path. 1). Remove the layer fertile soil. This must be done because grass, growing through the pebbles, can spoil the pattern, making the path indistinguishable and not very attractive. 2). After this, two or three layers of sifted sand should be poured onto the bottom. After laying, each layer is compacted and leveled; it will serve as a reliable foundation before applying the concrete solution. It is recommended to fill in the sand itself after the template from the board has been assembled. This will not only make the filling of the solution better, but also preserve the exact contours of the path. The formwork itself is disassembled after the solution has set, after which the concrete will continue to dry.
