The concepts of “innovation”, “innovation process”, “ innovation activity" Types of innovation and subjects of innovation activity

The concept of “innovation” appeared in scientific research of the 20th century. and originally meant the penetration of some elements of one culture into another. In Russia, innovation was originally understood as a newly formed word in a language that arose in a given language later

Innovation and innovation are identical categories. Innovation and innovation are different categories.

An innovation can be a discovery of fundamental science or an invention by an innovator, a pattern established by a scientist or a new property and (or) phenomenon found in any product, substance, design solution, and also an innovation will be new way in the organization, in production management.

Innovation is implemented new product, a new production method mastered new material, carried out implementation a new way of organizing and managing the activities of an enterprise. Consequently, innovation (innovation) is an innovation (idea, discovery) introduced into practice.

At the same time, the concept of innovation is identical to the concept of the innovation process. The innovation process is a sequential chain of events during which the idea of a proposed innovation is transformed into a specific product, technology or service, implemented and distributed to consumers. Thus, the stages or stages of the innovation process are carried out sequentially:

1. Origin (awareness of the need and search for innovation, idea, discovery, invention). To begin the innovation process, it is necessary to select the goals of the innovation and the tasks that the innovation should solve, search for the idea of innovation, its feasibility study, that is, show the economic feasibility and technical feasibility of creating a new product. Finding an innovation idea is a creative process that is closely related to intuition and insight;

2. Development and implementation of innovations. Materialization of an idea represents the transformation of an idea into a new product, into a document of property rights (license for the right to use know-how, technology) or into a document on a technological operation;

3. Multiple replication. Thanks to advertising and the organization of the process of trade in innovation, the implementation and promotion of innovation is carried out;

4. Rutinization – subsequent improvement. Innovation is spreading in new regions, in new markets and in a new financial and economic situation.

The innovation process is completed if all stages from the origin of innovation to routinization have been completed.

The effectiveness of the innovation process depends on the time aspect of the stages of the innovation process in their strict logical sequence and at the same time in complex.

Innovation activity is the activity of creating, mastering and implementing the results of intellectual work, scientific research, new goods and technologies. Innovation activity ensures: production of competitive products, new level interaction of production factors, satisfaction of social needs. The world is changing or improving, new ideas and knowledge take on real forms and have practical results. Innovation activities include facilitating the implementation of the innovation process.

Sales of a scientific product in material production, subject to the protection of intellectual property rights and the right to the product scientific activity provided by the innovation sector of the economy. The result of the innovation sphere is an innovative product, the cost of which is determined by its novelty.

Let's consider the classification of innovations by characteristics.

Classification of innovations according to the degree of innovative impact on areas of activity:

1. Revolutionary or basic. These are fundamentally new scientific ideas, technologies, types of products or management methods. They conquer new markets and guarantee the company’s survival. The core innovation is based on “disruptive technology”, which attracts buyers with its low cost and ease of use. Often a hitherto unknown company enters the market with a “disruptive technology”. In our time, “disruptive technology” - personal computer, in the 50s - a transistor, etc.

2. Based on a change in generation of technology, the emergence of new technologies based on the original fundamental principle.

3. Modifying, associated with updating models and modifications of products, technologies, forms economic activity, its improvement.

Innovations (2) and (3) classes in life are necessary, since they significantly improve the properties of the product, but do not significantly increase the company’s competitiveness in the market. The basis of these innovations is “supporting technologies”.

Another type of classification according to the type of innovation or the scope of its proposal:

1. Technical and technological. This is the production of new products due to improvement technological processes, saving resources, solving problems of improving the quality of products, reducing costs, expanding the range. They are the basis of technological progress and technical re-equipment of production. They are carried out through equipment modernization, reconstruction and new construction.

2. Organizational and managerial. This is the organization of new departments, services, new forms of hiring, contracts, methods of remuneration, methods of operation of the management apparatus due to the acceleration of the solution of the tasks assigned to the enterprise. They are carried out through the effective connection of labor (workers) with elements of production (subjects of labor).

3. Ecological. Recently, they have acquired paramount importance for society as a whole and each person individually, especially in industrialized countries. These include changes in technology, organization and management of the enterprise, eliminating and preventing negative impacts on the environment.

4. Financial. This is economic innovation, expressed in a positive change in the financial and accounting areas of activity, in planning, pricing, and performance assessment. And also - new forms of control and accounting, new financial transactions, a new financial product.

As a rule, innovations in a modern enterprise are complex in nature; interrelated changes are observed in the range of products, technologies, organization and personnel management, sales, finance, and ecology.

There are imaginary innovations that make changes based on fluctuations in consumer preferences.

The subjects of innovation activity are:

Individuals(citizens of the Russian Federation, foreigners) carrying out innovative activities;

Legal entities(domestic and foreign enterprises, organizations, regardless of organizational and legal forms, engaged in innovative activities);

Owners of intellectual property objects;

Investors;

Intermediaries providing support for innovative activities (marketing, advertising, leasing, personnel, information);

Specialized subjects of innovation activity (incubators, technology parks, technopolises);

State authorities.

TOPIC 2. Formation of the theory of innovation (historical aspect)

The foundations of the theory of innovation were laid by the Russian scientist-economist N.D. Kondratiev. He substantiated the theory of large cycles of conjuncture (economic situation).

Nikolai Dmitrievich Kondratyev was born in 1892 into a peasant family, the first of 10 children. He studied at parochial, church-teacher schools, at an agricultural school, and received a matriculation certificate as an external student. From 1911 to 1915 he studied at the Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg University, where he remained to work upon graduation. Thesis dedicated to agriculture of his native Kostroma province. From 1917 he worked under the Provisional Government in the Land Committee. He did not immediately accept the October Revolution. From 1919 to 1920 he taught at the Agricultural Academy. K.A. Timiryazev, at the same time was a member of the All-Russian Purchasing Union, dealt with problems of cooperation and food supply. After 1920, he headed the Institute of Market Studies under the Narkomfin, which analyzed the economic situation of the USSR. During this period, he wrote major works that received reviews from leading Western economists (J. Keynes, S. Kuznets, M. Fisher, W. Mitchell). He developed the foundations for the development agriculture and plans for industrialization of the economy. He proposed to give peasants and all producers a financial interest in the results of their labor, to develop light industries, to participate in the world market, and equated wage growth with increased labor productivity. He was criticized for these ideas, for example, Zinoviev called him a “kulak”, “liberal bourgeois”. In 1930 he was arrested, in 1931 he was sentenced to 8 years in prison, in 1938 the case was reviewed, and N.D. Kondratyev was sentenced to death. Currently, he has been posthumously rehabilitated, his works have been recognized worldwide, the magazine “Cycles” is published in America, conferences dedicated to his name are held in Russia, and an entire institute dedicated to the study of cycles has been organized in Austria.

N.D. Kondratiev processed methods mathematical statistics economic indicators (commodity prices, interest on capital, wages, foreign trade turnover) of the most developed countries of the USA, England, Germany, France for 150 years (since the end of the 18th century). He received two complete and one unfinished cycle of the conjuncture and made an assumption about the cyclical pattern of development of society. In the 20-30s, a crisis erupted in the West, called the Great Depression in America, which allowed the USSR to confidently assert about the decay of capitalism and its imminent end, at this time Kondratiev refutes this thesis, proves the cyclical development of the capitalist (market) economy, that also, in turn, served as the reason for his arrest and execution.

Each cycle was 48-55 years long. The long cycle of economic conditions breaks down into upward and downward parts of the cycle, lasting 25-30 years. His explanation of the alternation of crises, recovery, boom and recession in the economy is associated with the emergence of new inventions and innovations, which entail a change in the passive part of capital (buildings, structures, bridges, canals, railways, workforce qualifications). Moreover, these inventions are revolutionary, they affect the fundamental principles of human existence, and sometimes change the living conditions of society. In an upward wave, there is the necessary availability of savings, a low percentage of loans, low level prices for goods that activate the scientific and technical potential of society. As the economy revives, there is a gradual increase in interest rates on loans, a situation arises of a shortage of loan capital, resulting in a curtailment of economic activity, entrepreneurs are looking for ways to reduce the cost of production, and there is an accumulation of technical inventions, the implementation of which will be possible under the condition of cheap loan capital.

These ideas were developed by the outstanding American scientist Joseph Schumpeter.

J. Schumpeter was born in 1883 into the family of a manufacturer in Austria-Hungary. Received legal education, but got carried away economic theory and began to engage in science while working at the university. In 1912, he taught in Chernivtsi (on the outskirts of the empire), where he was sent for using mathematical techniques in economic analysis, which was not welcomed by the then elite of scientists. Later he was a professor at the University of Graz, his friend and scientific mentor was the famous economist Böhm-Bawerk. After the First World War, the states of Russia, Germany, and Austria-Hungary no longer existed in their original form. The Socialist government of Germany and the head of the economic commission, Kautsky, invited Schumpeter in 1918 to be an adviser on the issue of socialization of industry. Then, after the socialist government came to power in Austria in 1919, J. Schumpeter was its minister of finance, then director of the bank, which went bankrupt in 1924. While a professor in Bonn, he founded the journal Econometrics. The advent of the Nazis and relative recognition forced Schumpeter to emigrate overseas, where he was a professor at Harvard University from 1932. Schumpeter died on January 7, 1950. His works: “The Theory of Economic Development,” written by him at the age of 29 in 1912, “Economic Cycles” (1939), “Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy” (1942), “History economic analysis"(1944).

He completely agreed that development in the world occurs in waves, the cycle is approximately 50 years. J. Schumpeter noted that these waves of development are innovative waves. Each new wave brings a new economic era, which is characterized initially by an increase in economic activity and a sharp increase in investment. Companies specializing in new technologies at the “upward” wave receive super-profits, become leaders in their industry, then at the “downward” stage of the wave the market becomes saturated and mature, the super-profit turns into profit and then decreases, subsequently investments move to new technologies. They proposed new economic concepts: “creative destruction” (competition based on innovation leads to the destruction of existing industries and markets through the research activities of corporations and innovative entrepreneurs capable of turning new ideas into effective technical solutions); effective monopoly (using innovation and making a profit due to this, and not due to special rights or ownership of any good) and effective competition (not on prices, but on innovations).

Over the past two centuries, the world has seen successive waves of innovation:

1. The first wave of innovation from the 1780s to the 1840s. Associated with new technologies in the textile industry and metallurgy.

2. The second wave of innovation from the 1840s to 1900. Initiated by the development of railway transport, the steel industry and the advent of the steam engine.

3. The third innovation wave from 1900 to the 1940s. Based on use in industrial production and in everyday life electrical energy and internal combustion engine. Radio communications, telegraphs, cars, airplanes are widely used; non-ferrous metals, aluminum, and plastics are used. Large firms, cartels, and trusts have formed in the market. The concentration of banking and financial capital began.

4. The fourth innovation wave from the early 1950s to the late 1980s lasted about forty years. If the duration of the previous wave was 50 years or more due to the coincidence of the period of decline of the outgoing wave with the period of growth of the new one, then this wave, due to the emergence of transnational and international companies that themselves actively developed new technologies and made direct investments, received acceleration. The main achievements are in the areas of aerospace, electronics, and the chemical industry. The wave is characterized by mass production of cars and airplanes. The first computers and software products for them appear. The atom is used for peaceful purposes. Conveyor production has been organized.

5. The fifth innovation wave began in 1988. More expected greater reduction its duration compared to the previous one due to the greater acceleration of scientific and technological progress. The wave will last 20-25 years. It draws on advances in microelectronics, corporate networking, software development, biotechnology, genetic engineering, telecommunications, multimedia, new types of energy, space exploration.

6. Currently, the contours of the sixth innovation wave, which will take hold in the 20-30s of the 21st century, have been outlined. If the fifth innovative wave arose in the depths of industrial society, the basis of which was microelectronics, processes for collecting, processing and transmitting information, then the sixth innovative wave will rely in its development on post-industrial society, whose priority spiritual development human, solving the problem of irretrievably destroyed planetary material and technical resources, smoothing out global material and spiritual inequality of the planet's population.

The support of this wave is initially microelectronics, then nanoelectronics, human genetic engineering, non-traditional energy, second-level informatization (post-Internet), a biocomputer compatible with the human mind. Society and the state are being integrated into a global socially interconnected system. We are already observing the globalization of the world today, when, thanks to the concentration of production, monopolization, functioning transnational corporations(TNC) activities cover not only national markets, but regional and global ones.

The concept of a market product has changed; now it is not only material goods, but also computer programs, services, knowledge, ideas.

We have lived through four long cycles, until 2010 we will be in the stage of an upward wave. It is noted that upward phases are rich in wars and revolutions (1789-1812, 1896-1920).

During the long-term Kondratiev cycle, equipment generations change 5-7 times on the main technology base. Meanwhile, periodic crises of 7-11 years correlate with the corresponding phase of the long wave and change their dynamics in accordance with the type of wave, for example, during the upswing period more time is spent on “prosperity”, and during the downturn, crisis years become more frequent.

Since the mid-1970s, the ideas of N.D. Kondratiev and J. Schumpeter have attracted close attention of economists due to the fact that, under the influence of the new economic and ecological crisis a wave of basic innovation began.

Gerhard Mensch found that the mass adoption of technical innovations occurs in the middle of the depression phase, followed by a rise in economic activity after a certain time, and proposed the classification of innovations we use into basic and improving.

A. Kleinknecht processed statistical data and showed that the transition to the next “long waves” in economic development is based on groups (clusters) of basic innovations, which are widely carried out during periods of depression and help overcome the crisis.

The following ideas are important for modern innovation theory:

1. Friedrich von Hayek. He believed that the presence of a competitive market environment predetermines the emergence of innovators and inventors. The market identifies, coordinates and uses the knowledge of independent people; competition plays a decisive role in the emergence of a new discovery.

2. Douglas North. He showed that competition based on innovation is facilitated by a developed system of institutions (branched formal relations and mechanisms that ensure higher market efficiency and lower transaction costs), that is, there is a relationship between the intensification of innovation processes and the presence of a system state institutions supporting innovations that directly and indirectly impact knowledge and technology.

Note that the cyclical development of the economy, in addition to the theory of innovation, is explained by the following theories: monetary theory, according to which cyclicality is determined by the expansion and contraction of bank credit (Hawtrey); psychological theory, which interprets the cycle as a consequence of the will of pessimistic and optimistic moods sweeping the population (Pigou, Bagehot); the theory of underconsumption, which sees the cause of the cycle in too large a share of income going to rich and thrifty people compared to what can be invested (Hobson, Foster, Catchings); the theory of overinvestment, whose proponents believe that the cause of a recession is overinvestment rather than underinvestment (Hayek, Mises); theory of sunspots - weather - crops (Jevons, Moore). The listed theories do not contradict the explanation of cycles in the economy by the theory of innovation; they complement it in their own way.

Innovation process

1. The innovation process is the process of creating and disseminating innovations (innovations).

2. The innovation process is understood as an activity that permeates scientific, technical, production, marketing and sales processes in the production of new products and services and is aimed at meeting specific social needs.

The concept of “innovation process” is broader than the concept of “innovation”, because innovation itself (innovation) is one of the components of the innovation process.

One of the fundamental issues concerning the dynamics of the innovation process is the reduction of the time interval, the lag between the emergence of new knowledge and its use, implementation, i.e. innovation. In other words, there is often a significant time gap between the first two components of the innovation process - innovation and innovation, which slows down the innovation process as a whole.

Important side this process is innovative ability. Innovation ability is understood as a structural characteristic of an organization of social and economic life in a country or an individual corporation to the rapid adoption of production and distribution of new products and services.

Main components of the innovation process

Thus, the innovation process is a sequential chain of events from a new idea to its implementation in a specific product, service or technology, and the further dissemination of the innovation.

Generalized logical model of the innovation process based on American approaches

In general, a generalized logical model of the innovation process based on American approaches reveals two strategic lines:

1) development of social needs,

2) development of science and technology.

Both of these somewhat isolated directions closely interact with each other through three enlarged blocks:

1. Development of a conceptual solution (taking into account unmet market needs, new ideas and financial and other opportunities to ensure implementation).

2. Development technical solution(based on research, technical development and experimentation).

3. Introduction of new products on the market (based on conducting market research and organizing the production of new products on the required scale).

To organize the management of a complex innovation process, it is necessary to carry out the so-called structuring of this process, that is, breaking it down into certain component parts.

In an enlarged form, the structuring scheme is usually formulated as follows: research - development - production - marketing - sales. It is presented in more detail in the following form, more suitable for practical work:

a) fundamental research - applied research - development - market research - design - market planning - pilot production - market testing - commercial production - marketing of new products.

b) FI – PI – R – Pr – S – OS – PP – M – Sat,

where FI is fundamental (theoretical) research;

PI – applied research;

R – development;

Pr – design;

C – construction;

OS – mastering;

PP – industrial production;

M – marketing;

Sat – sales.

From the above it follows that innovation - the result - must be considered taking into account the innovation process. Three properties are equally important for innovation: scientific and technical novelty, industrial applicability, commercial feasibility. The absence of any of them has a negative impact on the innovation process.

Structuring the innovation process by stages:

1. Generating a new idea

2. Development and experimental implementation of the idea

3. Development in production

4. Mass release

5. Sales (consumption)

From the moment it is accepted for distribution, an innovation acquires a new quality and becomes an innovation.

The process of introducing an innovation to the market is called commercialization process. The period of time between the emergence of an innovation and its implementation into an innovation is called innovation lag.

There are three forms of the innovation process: simple intra-organizational (natural), simple inter-organizational (commodity) and extended.

A simple intra-organizational innovation process involves the creation and use of an innovation within the same organization. The innovation in this case does not directly take commodity form.

In a simple inter-organizational individual entrepreneur, the innovation acts as an object of purchase and sale. This form of the innovation process means separating the function of the creator and producer of innovation from the function of its consumer.

Enhanced Innovation Process is manifested in the fact that new innovation producers emerge and break the monopoly of the pioneer producer. As a result, through mutual competition, the consumer properties of the manufactured product are improved. In the conditions of a commodity individual entrepreneur, there are two economic entities: the producer (creator) and the consumer (user) of innovations.

A simple innovation process turns into a commodity process in two phases:

1. creation of an innovation and its dissemination;

2. diffusion of innovation.

The first phase is the successive stages of scientific research, development work, the organization of pilot production and sales, and the organization of commercial production. In the first phase, the beneficial effect of the innovation is not yet realized, but only the prerequisites for such implementation are created.

In the second phase, the socially beneficial effect is redistributed between the producers of the innovation, as well as between producers and consumers. The second phase is preceded by the diffusion of innovation.

Diffusion of innovation is an information process, the form and speed of which depend on the power of communication channels, the characteristics of the perception of information by business entities, and their ability to practically use this information.

Diffusion of innovation- the process by which an innovation is transmitted through communication channels between members of a social system over time. Innovations can be ideas, objects, technologies, organizational structures, which are new for the relevant business entity. Diffusion is the spread of an innovation that has already been mastered and used in new conditions or places of application.

In the world practice of developed countries, three main forms can be distinguished: organization of innovations:

Administrative and economic;

Target;

Initiative.

Administrative and economic form is based on stable goals and strategies and a sustainable production and technological base. It is suitable for the systematic and evolutionary use of scientific and technical potential. This form of organization is used in large scientific and technical centers and in the scientific divisions of large corporations.

Target form organization of innovation is used in cases of sudden changes in requirements from external environment; it is adapted to meet changing goals requiring rapid changes in production and technology.

This form enables technological breakthroughs when large economic reserves need to be pooled. It is implemented in industry through various types interorganizational cooperation.

To implement large projects where there is scientific novelty (for example, the creation of a new type of aircraft), targeted forms of organizing innovative processes are used. Here we can distinguish two types of organization: program-targeted and cooperative-targeted.

The first, program-targeted, is focused on the specified final goal of the program. A program management body is being created, which is based on economic relations(agreements, contracts) between the participants in its implementation. Once the goal is achieved, the organization ceases to exist.

The cooperative-target form of organization provides for the creation by interested organizations of a new enterprise that carries out certain stages innovation process mainly on their own. Upon achieving the set goal, the organization is either disbanded or transformed into another field of activity. Initiative form the organization of innovative activities is focused on the maximum use of human potential, which operates in conditions of uncertainty in the scientific and technical environment.

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Research and development

Stages of the innovation process

Development work

Under development work the application of the results is understood applied research to create samples of new equipment, material, technology. Development work is the final stage of scientific research, the transition from laboratory conditions and experimental production to industrial production.

Development work includes:

release of working design documentation, including drawings for parts, assembly connections, and the product as a whole;
production and testing of prototypes;
development of a specific design of an engineering object or technical system;
development of ideas and options for a new object;
development of technological processes;
determination of the product name, trademark, labeling, packaging.

The main scientific and technical results of development work: prototype, industrial design, utility model, computer programs, databases, scientific and technical documentation. Development work is carried out with financial support from the state budget or at the expense of the customer’s own funds.

Life cycle of an innovative product

The practical implementation of the results of innovative activity is carried out at the market stage, which includes the following stages: market introduction, production growth, slowdown in growth and decline in sales volumes.

Product introduction to the market

At this stage, the manufacturer produces a trial batch of the product. The company also conducts marketing research in the form of market probing in small batches of a new product. If market probing is successful, preparations begin for large-scale promotion of the product to the market.

Preparation is carried out in two main areas:

creation of appropriate capacities for a sharp increase in production volumes. For these purposes, technical preparation of production is carried out and, if necessary, construction of new production facilities is carried out;
A strong advertising campaign for the innovation is carried out through the marketing departments and a sales network is organized.

Growth in production volumes

If there are no close analogues of a new product on the market, its price can be artificially increased for a certain period of time, which will provide the company with excess profits. At this stage of the innovation process, product production expands. There is a reduction in current production costs, which helps reduce prices. Profit from the sale of goods often reaches its peak. According to some estimates, the amount of profit during this period can be 50-70% of the profit received over the entire life cycle of the product.

Slower production growth

Gradually, the rate of production growth is decreasing. The share of costs for advertising and supporting product competitiveness is growing. New markets are being sought. Improved product modifications are being developed and technological processes are being improved.

At this time, many companies are also trying to establish themselves in a new market. Some of them acquire a license to produce a new product. Others release a product in violation of patent laws. Still others organize the clandestine release of a product, often of low quality, under the developer’s trademark. Finally, the fourth competitors produce similar products with a higher technical level, using possible loopholes in patent law.

Decline in sales volumes

Offensive this stage means that the moment has come when the market begins to become oversaturated with this product. There is a steady decline in sales volumes and a decrease, perhaps even to zero, in the amount of profit received. The decline occurs both due to the obsolescence of the product, and due to changes in technology, changing tastes and preferences of consumers, as well as due to the appearance on the market of more advanced products offered by competitors.

Literature used

Medynsky V. G. Innovative management: Textbook. - M.: INFRA-M, 2008. - P. 168-173. ISBN 978-5-16-002226-0;
Durovich A. P. Fundamentals of Marketing: Textbook. - M.: New knowledge, 2004. - P. 24-30. ISBN 5-94735-046-7

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Innovative management Makhovikova Galina Afanasyevna

1.1. The concept of innovation, innovation process, innovation cycle and innovation activity

World historical experience irrefutably proves that the effective and sustainable development of enterprises in various areas of business is achieved through the prompt use in their economic activities of discoveries, inventions and other innovations that provide strategic competitive advantages on the market.

Semantically, the word “new” has several meanings: first made, recently appeared, replacing the previous one, just the next one.

The term “innovation” is often understood by authors in different ways. The greatest contribution to the development of the theory of innovation was made by the Austrian economist J. Schumpeter, who developed in the 30s. XX century own theory of economic development. He believed that the basis of economic growth is innovation. Later, developing this theory, Schumpeter used the term innovation, which means “innovation” in English.

In accordance with J. Schumpeter’s classification, the concept of “innovation” is considered as:

1) the production of a new, i.e., not yet known to consumers, good or the creation of a new quality of a particular good;

2) the introduction of a new, i.e. still practically unknown to this industry, method (method) of production, which is based on a new scientific discovery and which may also consist in a new method of commercial use of the corresponding product;

3) development of a new sales market, that is, a market in which a given industry of this country has not yet been represented, regardless of whether this market existed before or not;

4) obtaining a new source of raw materials or semi-finished products, equally regardless of whether this source existed before, or was considered inaccessible, or had yet to be created;

5) carrying out appropriate reorganization, for example, ensuring a monopoly position or undermining the monopoly position of another enterprise.

D. V. Sokolov, A. B. Titov, M. M. Shabanova understand innovation (innovation) as the final result of the creation and development (implementation) of a fundamentally new or modified means (innovation), satisfying specific social needs and giving a number of effects (economic , scientific and technical, social, environmental).

Yu. P. Morozov understands innovation as the profitable use of innovations in the form of new technologies, types of products, organizational, technical and socio-economic solutions of a production, financial, commercial or other nature.

A.P. Prigozhy believes that innovation comes down to the development of technology, equipment, management at the stages of their origin, development, diffusion, etc.

In the dictionary “Scientific and Technological Progress,” innovation (innovation) means the result of creative activity aimed at developing, creating and distributing new types of products, technologies, introducing new organizational forms, etc.

The authors of the reference manual “Innovation Management” understand innovation as the use of the results of scientific research and development aimed at improving the production process, economic, legal and social relations in the field of science, culture, education and other areas of society.

Thus, in the above definitions two points of view are clearly visible: first, when innovation is presented as the result of a creative process in the form of new products (equipment), technology, method, etc.; the second - as a process of introducing new products, elements, approaches, principles instead of existing ones.

Innovation process can be defined as the process of transforming scientific knowledge into innovation or the process of consistently transforming an idea into a product, technology or service. The direction, pace, and goals of the innovation process depend on the socio-economic environment in which it operates and develops.

The basis of the innovation process is the process of creation and development new technology(technologies), which begins with fundamental research (FI), aimed at obtaining new scientific knowledge and identifying the most significant patterns. The goal of FI is to reveal new connections between phenomena, to understand the patterns of development of nature and society, regardless of their specific use. FIs are divided into theoretical and search ones.

Results theoretical research manifest themselves in scientific discoveries, substantiation of new concepts and ideas, creation of new theories. The next stage of the innovation process is applied research work (applied R&D), aimed at exploring ways of practical application of previously discovered phenomena and processes.

The stage of development work (R&D) is associated with the use of the results of applied research to create (or modernize) samples of new equipment, material, technology. R&D – transition from laboratory conditions and experimental production to industrial production. The results of the development work can be transferred after appropriate tests to mass production or directly to the consumer.

The final stage of the sphere of science is the development of industrial production of new products, which includes scientific and production development: testing of new products on the experimental basis of science, as well as technical and technological preparation of production. In this case, the industrial production process is also carried out in two stages: own production new technology on a scale determined by consumer demands, and the sale of new products to consumers.

The production of innovations is followed by their use by the end consumer with the parallel provision of services, ensuring trouble-free, economical operation, as well as the necessary elimination of obsolete production and the creation of new production in its place.

Thus, the innovation process is defined as a complex of sequential works from obtaining theoretical knowledge to the use of a product created on the basis of new knowledge by the consumer.

The concept " innovation cycle“assumes the presence of feedback between the consumer of a new product and the scientific field. Innovation cycles can be of varying length depending on what stage of scientific research the consumer turns to to improve the way to satisfy their needs.

Among Russian scientists who study the problems of cyclicity and have contributed to the development of many theoretical and practical aspects of this problem, one can name Yu. V. Yakovets and E. G. Yakovenko. Yu. V. Yakovets identified cycles and phases of technology development, and also carried out a periodization of scientific and technological revolutions. The works of E. G. Yakovenko and his colleagues examine the life cycles of products and the modeling of cyclical processes at the micro level.

According to N. Kondratiev's theory of long waves, the scientific and technological revolution develops in waves with cycles lasting approximately 50 years. There are 5 known technological structures (waves).

The first wave (1785–1835) formed a technological structure based on new technologies in the textile industry and the use of water energy.

The second wave (1830–1890) is associated with the development of railway transport and mechanical production in all industries based on the steam engine.

The third wave (1880–1940) is based on the use of electrical energy in industrial production, the development of heavy mechanical engineering and the electrical industry based on the use of rolled steel, and new discoveries in the field of chemistry. The same wave is associated with the concentration of banking and financial capital.

The fourth wave (1930–1990) is based on the development of energy using oil and petroleum products, gas, communications, and new synthetic materials.

The fifth wave (1985–2035) will be based on advances in microelectronics, computer science, biotechnology, genetic engineering, new types of energy, materials, space exploration, satellite communications, etc.

Innovation activity– activities aimed at using the results of scientific research and development to expand and update the range and improve the quality of products (goods, services), improve the technology of their production with subsequent implementation and effective sales in domestic and foreign markets.

Innovation activity “involves a whole range of scientific, technological, organizational, financial and commercial activities, and it is in their totality that they lead to innovation.”

The basis of innovative activity is scientific and technical activity (STA), closely related to the creation, development, dissemination and application of scientific and technical knowledge in all fields of science and technology.

Innovation activity includes all activities within the framework of the innovation process, as well as marketing research sales markets and search for new consumers, information support possible competitive environment and consumer properties of products of competing companies, searches for innovative ideas and solutions; partners for the implementation and financing of an innovative project.

Innovation activities are based on the following principles:

1) priority of innovation over traditional production;

2) cost-effectiveness of innovative production (achieving commercial success);

3) flexibility (under new idea an independent innovation structure, which may be completely unsuitable for solving other problems);

4) complexity (a cardinal innovation, as a rule, causes the emergence of a whole set of accompanying smaller innovations).

From the book Investment projects: from modeling to implementation author Volkov Alexey Sergeevich

8.1. An example of an innovative project Academician Yunitsky's String Transport (STU) is a special car on steel wheels (rail car), placed on two string rails mounted on supports. STU is intended for both passenger and

From the book Management. Crib author Druzhinina N G

69 THE ESSENCE OF INNOVATION MANAGEMENT Innovation management is a relatively new concept for the Russian scientific community. Currently, Russia is going through a period of innovation. In such conditions, almost everyone is engaged in innovative activities.

From the book Russia's Innovation Path by Danilin Pavel

Appendix 1 BUSINESS TOOLS OF INNOVATION PROCESS Like every aspect of the activities of a corporation, firm, industry, the innovation process can be described and systematized. Of course, we are talking about a diagram, however, even a schematic description has its value.

From the book Innovation Management: training manual author Mukhamedyarov A. M.

1.4.1. Stages and stages of the innovation cycle Effective innovation management (innovation management) largely depends on the innovation cycle, the correct identification of its boundaries components and their content, as well as knowledge of the patterns of their development. Important

From the book Mechanisms and methods of regulation in the conditions of transition to innovative development author Author unknown

5.2. Extra-budgetary funds for financing the innovation process 5.2.1. The need to create extra-budgetary funds One of the sources of financing innovation activities are extra-budgetary funds. They function as sources of funding for innovation

From the book Russian Economy at a Crossroads... author Aganbegyan Abel Gezovich

7.3. Organs government regulation innovation process In Russia, a four-level system for managing the innovation process has developed: 1) highest state, federal; 2) average state, industry; 3) state regional; 4) bottom

From the book Innovation Management author Makhovikova Galina Afanasyevna

1.2. Information as a factor of innovative development Development modern production is increasingly mediated not by material resources, but by others, including information. Information is increasingly recognized as an economic resource. Markets emerge

From the author's book

The rise of education is the basis of Russia's innovative development. Our country has accumulated a wealth of experience in the development of education. In a short time, from the poorly educated, semi-literate population that predominates in Russia, along with an intellectually developed, but narrow stratum

From the author's book

Chapter 2 ESSENCE OF INNOVATION MANAGEMENT 2.1. Concept and content innovation management 2.2. Goals, objectives and functions of innovation management 2.3. Technology and methods of innovative management 2.4. Theoretical approaches to development and current state

From the author's book

2.1. Concept and content of innovation management In order to manage innovation activities, clearly formulate management goals, set realistic tasks for implementation, evaluate possible options, form organizational and production structures,

From the author's book

2.2. Goals, objectives and functions of innovation management The goal is the final state, desired result which every organization strives to achieve. The goal sets certain development guidelines for a given period. On the one hand, the goal acts as a result

From the author's book

2.3. Technology and methods of innovation management Technology and methods of innovation management determine the content of the procedural functions of innovation management. They reflect the most common elements controls that do not depend on the nature of innovation,

From the author's book

6.4. Foreign experience innovative financing Financing the creation of a new innovative product has different forms of implementation in different countries. The most effective is investing in small innovative companies development-oriented and

From the author's book

10.1. The concept and essence of an innovation project An innovation project is a system of interconnected goals and means of achieving them. It represents a complex of research, development, production, organizational, financial,

From the author's book

10.2. Development of an innovative project An innovative project, considered as a process taking place over time, includes the following stages:1. Formation of an innovative idea (plan). On the one hand, an innovative idea forms the basis of an innovative project,

From the author's book

11.1. System of indicators for assessing the effectiveness of an innovation project The implementation of any innovation project must be preceded by the solution of two interrelated tasks: 1) assessment of the profitability of each of possible options implementation of the project; 2) comparison of options and